369 lines
42 KiB
XML
369 lines
42 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="410CF82789D33EFD11A3BED883EFC96C">Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="98C2ADB93771E0DF5AE6B87CC3C5CC8D">Peloso, Pedro L. V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3D61B8E29F94AA65ACE0E276FF41F436">Sturaro, Marcelo José</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6221E87563BA2E6871AA5288B88704A5">Forlani, Mauricio C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5E3E67DDB5A55D3EA006E73638AA0E9A">Gaucher, Philippe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="073745CC9D2EB7BB3F3B4795280F9076">Motta, Ana Paula</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B0053BF1EB0C2B39DFEA341CA3DFD061">Wheeler, Ward C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="9E34AC213A97A4B0B9B66834F4766045">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="99F534B84E0FED74E44283DC46928894" type="ISSN">0003-0090</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F8878E6F468422FD0EF9E67265F951" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F8878E6F468422FD0EF9E67265F951" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F8878E6F468422FD0EF9E67265F951" lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">
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<subSubSection id="C34B65136F468421FD0EF9E67554FA1B" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36986F468421FD0EF9E67554FA1B" blockId="52.[702,1158,1600,1653]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">
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<heading id="D0A681F46F468421FD0EF9E67554FA1B" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F468421FD0EF9E675F8FA39" ID-CoL="TZ2P" authority="Dunn, 1949" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" box="[702,1158,1600,1623]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shudikarensis">
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<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F468421FD0EF9E6728CFA38" box="[702,1010,1600,1623]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">Chiasmocleis shudikarensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F468421FC4BF9E775F8FA39" author="Dunn, E. R." box="[1019,1158,1601,1622]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref47290" refString="Dunn, E. R. 1949. Notes on South American frogs of the family Microhylidae. American Museum Novitates 1419: 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1949">Dunn, 1949</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation id="136A2A1D6F468421FCA9F9F972E9FA1B" box="[793,919,1631,1653]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="54.[116,155,975,994]" captionTargetBox="[93,1194,211,945]" captionTargetId="figure-307@54.[93,1194,211,945]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Fig. 33. Holotype of Chiasmocleis shudikarensis Dunn, 1949 (AMNH 43674), in (A) dorsal, and (B) ventral views. SVL 5 23.3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5378669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5378669/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">Figures 33</figureCitation>
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, plates 7, 14
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34B65136F468420FD08F92D7015F947" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36986F468420FD08F92D71AFF8FB" blockId="52.[667,1193,1675,1759]" lastBlockId="53.[128,654,1063,1759]" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">
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<materialsCitation id="3B393CC56F468420FD08F92D71AFF8FB" collectionCode="AMNH" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="AMNH 43674" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="54EA883A6F468421FD08F92D7246FACD" box="[696,824,1675,1699]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
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(fig. 33):
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<specimenCode id="DBF79EE36F468421FC1FF92B7525FACC" box="[943,1115,1677,1699]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">AMNH 43674</specimenCode>
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; adult, probably female specimen. The chest is cut open. Both hands are partially destroyed and so is the dorsal portion of the left foot. Other than that, the specimen is well preserved and some details of color pattern are still clearly visible.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF2E66106F478420FF26FC697000FF92" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5378667" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5378667" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5378667/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" startId="53.[150,188,975,994]" targetBox="[128,1228,211,945]" targetPageId="53">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36986F478420FF26FC697000FF92" blockId="53.[128,1228,974,1021]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">
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Fig. 32.
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F478420FEB1FC687095FF8D" authorityName=", Moravec and Kohler" authorityYear="2007" box="[257,491,974,994]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magnova">
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<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F478420FEB1FC687095FF8D" box="[257,491,974,994]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">Chiasmocleis magnova</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(AMNH 103550) from Iquitos, Peru, in (
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<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F478420FC03FC6972BBFF8D" bold="true" box="[947,965,975,994]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">A</emphasis>
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) dorsal, and (
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<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F478420FBD1FC69750FFF8D" bold="true" box="[1121,1137,975,994]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">B</emphasis>
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) ventral views. SVL 5 16.7 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36986F478420FF2CFB3D7015F947" blockId="53.[128,654,1063,1759]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">
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<collectionCode id="ED40AE5D6F478420FF2CFB3D701BF8DE" box="[156,357,1179,1203]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">TYPE LOCALITY</collectionCode>
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: Shudikar-Wau, Upper Essequibo River,
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<collectingCountry id="F34676086F478420FEECFB1C736EF8BF" box="[348,528,1210,1232]" name="Guyana" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">British Guiana</collectingCountry>
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(now the Co-operative Republic of
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<collectingCountry id="F34676086F478420FE52FB71733AF882" box="[482,580,1239,1261]" name="Guyana" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">Guyana</collectingCountry>
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). No geographic coordinates were given in the original description.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34B65136F478420FF2CFA887528FA24" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36986F478420FF2CFA887528FA24" blockId="53.[128,654,1063,1759]" lastBlockId="53.[701,1228,1063,1759]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">
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DIAGNOSIS: A medium-sized species for the genus; SVL in males
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<quantity id="4CA99B7D6F478420FE14FAEB7336F90C" box="[420,584,1357,1379]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.21" metricValueMax="2.55" metricValueMin="1.8699999999999999" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="22.1" valueMax="25.5" valueMin="18.7">18.7–25.5 mm</quantity>
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(
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<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F478420FDE9FAE87310F90C" box="[601,622,1358,1379]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">N</emphasis>
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5 22); in females
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<quantity id="4CA99B7D6F478420FE9FFACD70AFF9EF" box="[303,465,1387,1408]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.53" metricValueMax="2.9699999999999998" metricValueMin="2.09" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="25.299999999999997" valueMax="29.7" valueMin="20.9">20.9–29.7 mm</quantity>
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(
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<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F478420FE52FACD7089F9EF" box="[482,503,1387,1408]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">N</emphasis>
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5 11). Body ovoid, robust; head triangular, snout round- ed in dorsal and lateral views. Four distinctive fingers, all but FI fringed in males, much less fringed in females; fingers not webbed; FI well developed with a distinct well-developed subarticular tubercle present between the proximal phalanges; distinctly visible subarticular tubercles present on all fingers; adpressed FI reaches or extends beyond the subarticular tubercle of FII; adpressed FIV does not reach or barely reaches distal tubercle of FIII; palmar tubercles protuberant, divided; relative finger lengths I,IV,II,III. Five distinctive and well-developed toes present; toes fringed, less distinct in females; toes usually extensively webbed in males (fig. 5C) and only basally webbed in females (fig. 5B); TI with a distinct welldeveloped subarticular tubercle; adpressed TI does not touch or barely touches subarticular tubercle of TII; adpressed TV does not touch or reaches only the middle of subarticular tubercle of TIV; TII–V with terminal discs; relative toe lengths I,II, V,III,IV. Males with many dermal spines on fingers and toes; both sexes may show dermal spines on dorsum, fingers, and toes, much more numerous and developed in males; males with many spines on anterior portion of chin, lacking in females. Femoral line is always present (see pl. 7E).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34B65136F478422FD6AF9F47310FE33" lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36986F478423FD6AF9F471BDF950" blockId="53.[701,1228,1063,1759]" lastBlockId="54.[93,620,1084,1759]" lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">
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VARIATION: In almost all populations where large series of both males and females were examined (e.g., FLONA do Amapá, Amapá, and Manaus, Amazonas), marked sexual dimorphism in fringes on hands was observed, with males having conspicuously more developed fringes than females. The fringes in males are usually ornamented with numerous dermal spines. Males from Petit Saut,
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<collectingCountry id="F34676086F448423FF02FB157009F8A6" box="[178,375,1203,1225]" name="French Guiana" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
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, also show more developed fringes in fingers than females, but the difference is not as conspicuous as in other populations (e.g., Manaus and Amapá).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF2E66106F448423FFC4FC6970D2FF92" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5378669" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5378669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5378669/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" startId="54.[116,155,975,994]" targetBox="[93,1194,211,945]" targetPageId="54">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36986F448423FFC4FC6970D2FF92" blockId="54.[93,1193,975,1021]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">
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Fig. 33. Holotype of
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F448423FED6FC69727EFF8D" authority="Dunn, 1949" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" box="[358,768,975,995]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shudikarensis">
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<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F448423FED6FC697305FF8C" box="[358,635,975,995]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">Chiasmocleis shudikarensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F448423FD33FC76727EFF8D" author="Dunn, E. R." box="[643,768,975,995]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref47290" refString="Dunn, E. R. 1949. Notes on South American frogs of the family Microhylidae. American Museum Novitates 1419: 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1949">Dunn, 1949</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(AMNH 43674), in (
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<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F448423FC56FC697286FF8D" bold="true" box="[998,1016,975,994]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">A</emphasis>
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) dorsal, and (
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<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F448423FB21FC6975DFFF8D" bold="true" box="[1169,1185,975,994]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">B</emphasis>
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) ventral views. SVL 5 23.3 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36986F448423FFCAFAEE75D9F81F" blockId="54.[93,620,1084,1759]" lastBlockId="54.[667,1194,1084,1759]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">
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In life, the dorsum of males is usually reddish or grayish but is commonly marbled in shades of yellow or orange (pl. 7). Dorsum of females is usually more uniformly colored, gray or blackish. Snout follows the same general pattern of the dorsum, or is whitish (pl. 7A, C). A dorsal line may be present, varying in extent (as shown in fig. 10). Hind limbs of males and females usually yellow, orange, or reddish. Forelimbs grayish, yellow, or reddish, being uniform in females and usually marbled (as in the dorsum) in males. Venter color pattern varies in much the same way as it does in
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F448423FE92F96F70B7FAB0" authorityName="Peloso and Sturaro" authorityYear="2008" box="[290,457,1736,1759]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avilapiresae">
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<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F448423FE92F96F70B7FAB0" box="[290,457,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">C. avilapiresae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(illustrated in fig. 20). An inguinal blotch is invariably present, although variable in shape and size.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36986F448423FD08FBD07544FA25" blockId="54.[667,1194,1084,1759]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">
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CALL AND TADPOLE: The advertisement call of
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F448423FD4CFB337546F8C3" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" box="[764,1080,1173,1196]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shudikarensis">
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<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F448423FD4CFB337546F8C3" box="[764,1080,1173,1196]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">Chiasmocleis shudikarensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F448423FC98FB1575D7F8A6" author="Zimmerman, B. L. & J. P. Bogart" box="[808,1193,1203,1225]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" pagination="97 - 108" refId="ref51383" refString="Zimmerman, B. L., and J. P. Bogart. 1988. Ecology and calls of four species of Amazonian forest frogs. Journal of Herpetology 22: 97 - 108." type="journal article" year="1988">Zimmerman and Bogart (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from Manaus, Amazonas,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F448423FC41FB777547F888" box="[1009,1081,1233,1255]" name="Brazil" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
; and by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F448423FD2BFB49728DF96A" author="Lescure, J. & C. Marty" box="[667,1011,1262,1285]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 388" refId="ref48750" refString="Lescure, J., and C. Marty. 2000. Atlas des amphibians de Guyane. Patrimoines Naturels 45: 1 - 388." type="journal article" year="2000">Lescure and Marty (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F448423FBE6FB487388F94D" name="French Guiana" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Both calls presented distinct acoustic parameters: Manaus,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F448423FC37FA8C72B9F92F" box="[903,967,1322,1344]" name="Brazil" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
—‘‘frequency range’’ 5890–7510 Hz; note duration 10–60 ms; interval between notes 10–30 ms (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F448423FC6CFAC3723DF9F6" author="Zimmerman, B. L. & J. P. Bogart" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" pagination="97 - 108" refId="ref51383" refString="Zimmerman, B. L., and J. P. Bogart. 1988. Ecology and calls of four species of Amazonian forest frogs. Journal of Herpetology 22: 97 - 108." type="journal article" year="1988">Zimmerman and Bogart, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F448423FCD3FA247561F9F7" box="[867,1055,1410,1432]" name="French Guiana" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
—call rate 360 notes/min; dominant frequency 3380– 3750 Hz; note duration 98 ms (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F448423FBA6FA187247F99D" author="Lescure, J. & C. Marty" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 388" refId="ref48750" refString="Lescure, J., and C. Marty. 2000. Atlas des amphibians de Guyane. Patrimoines Naturels 45: 1 - 388." type="journal article" year="2000">Lescure and Marty, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The difference in dominant frequency is striking and deserves further scrutiny as it suggests the possible that at least two distinct taxa are present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F448423FD08F9F475D4FAB0" blockId="54.[667,1194,1084,1759]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">
|
||
The tadpole of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F448423FCC3F9F475D7FA06" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" box="[883,1193,1618,1641]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shudikarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F448423FCC3F9F475D7FA06" box="[883,1193,1618,1641]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">Chiasmocleis shudikarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was supposedly illustrated but not described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F448423FD73F9287228FACB" author="Hero, J. M." box="[707,854,1678,1700]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" pagination="201 - 262" refId="ref48281" refString="Hero, J. M. 1990. An illustrated key to tadpoles occurring in central Amazon rainforest, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Amazoniana 11: 201 - 262." type="journal article" year="1990">Hero (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The illustrations were later reported to belong to another microhylid,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F448423FD2BF96E75DBFAB0" authority="(Menin et al., 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Menin" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[667,1189,1736,1759]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Ctenophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geayi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F448423FD2BF96E7203FAB0" box="[667,893,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">Ctenophryne geayi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F448423FC2BF96F75E3FAB0" author="Menin, M. & L. Sousa-e-Sousa & D. J. Rodrigues" box="[923,1181,1737,1759]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" pagination="223 - 228" refId="ref48977" refString="Menin, M., L. Sousa-e-Sousa, and D. J. Rodrigues. 2011. Tadpole and breeding habitats of Chiasmocleis shudikarensis (Anura, Microhylidae) in Central Amazonia, Brazil. South American Journal of Herpetology 6: 223 - 228." type="journal article" year="2011">Menin et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F458422FDDBFF707530FD6E" blockId="55.[253,1102,214,257]" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">
|
||
TABLE 10
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F458422FF4DFF487530FD6E" bold="true" box="[253,1102,237,257]" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">
|
||
Uncorrected pairwise distances between 16S sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F458422FCF0FF4B7530FD6E" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" box="[832,1102,237,257]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shudikarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F458422FCF0FF4B7530FD6E" bold="true" box="[832,1102,237,257]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Chiasmocleis shudikarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F458422FEF1FE8575E9FD87" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<table id="F951C4386F457BEAFF30FE8575E9FD87" box="[128,1175,291,488]" colsContinueFrom="36.[93,1151,291,488]" gridcols="7" gridrows="7" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<tr id="356134DA6F457BEAFF30FE8575E9FD5A" box="[128,1175,291,309]" gridrow="0" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="76B05DA66F457BEAFF1CFE857377FD5A" box="[172,521,291,309]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Locality</th>
|
||
<th id="76B05DA66F457BEAFDFBFE857302FD5A" box="[587,636,291,309]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">1</th>
|
||
<th id="76B05DA66F457BEAFD7FFE85727EFD5A" box="[719,768,291,309]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">2</th>
|
||
<th id="76B05DA66F457BEAFCE3FE8572FAFD5A" box="[851,900,291,309]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">3</th>
|
||
<th id="76B05DA66F457BEAFC67FE857576FD5A" box="[983,1032,291,309]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">4</th>
|
||
<th id="76B05DA66F457BEAFBD6FE8575E9FD5A" box="[1126,1175,291,309]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">5</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356134DA6F457BEAFF30FEF775E9FD0C" box="[128,1175,337,355]" gridrow="1" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th id="76B05DA66F457BEAFF30FEF771F5FD0C" box="[128,139,337,355]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">1</th>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F457BEAFF1CFEF77377FD0C" box="[172,521,337,355]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Brazil: Amazonas (AMNHFS 20018)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356134DA6F457BEAFF30FECA75E9FD11" box="[128,1175,364,382]" gridrow="2" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th id="76B05DA66F457BEAFF30FECA71F5FD11" box="[128,139,364,382]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">2</th>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F457BEAFF1CFECA7377FD11" box="[172,521,364,382]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Brazil: Amazonas (AMNHFS 20039)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F457BEAFDFBFECA7302FD11" box="[587,636,364,382]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">0.000</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356134DA6F457BEAFF30FE2075E9FDF7" box="[128,1175,390,408]" gridrow="3" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th id="76B05DA66F457BEAFF30FE2071F5FDF7" box="[128,139,390,408]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">3</th>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F457BEAFF1CFE207377FDF7" box="[172,521,390,408]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Brazil: Amazonas (AMNHFS 20040)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F457BEAFDFBFE207302FDF7" box="[587,636,390,408]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">0.000</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F457BEAFD7FFE20727EFDF7" box="[719,768,390,408]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">0.000</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356134DA6F457BEAFF30FE0775E9FDDC" box="[128,1175,417,435]" gridrow="4" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th id="76B05DA66F457BEAFF30FE0771F5FDDC" box="[128,139,417,435]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">4</th>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F457BEAFF1CFE077377FDDC" box="[172,521,417,435]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Suriname: Sipaliwini (JIW 458)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F457BEAFDFBFE077302FDDC" box="[587,636,417,435]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">0.004</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F457BEAFD7FFE07727EFDDC" box="[719,768,417,435]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">0.004</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F457BEAFCE3FE0772FAFDDC" box="[851,900,417,435]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">0.004</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356134DA6F457BEAFF30FE1D75E9FDA2" box="[128,1175,443,461]" gridrow="5" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th id="76B05DA66F457BEAFF30FE1D71F5FDA2" box="[128,139,443,461]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">5</th>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F457BEAFF1CFE1D7377FDA2" box="[172,521,443,461]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Brazil: Pará (MPEG 28328)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F457BEAFDFBFE1D7302FDA2" box="[587,636,443,461]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">0.002</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F457BEAFD7FFE1D727EFDA2" box="[719,768,443,461]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">0.002</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F457BEAFCE3FE1D72FAFDA2" box="[851,900,443,461]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">0.002</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F457BEAFC67FE1D7576FDA2" box="[983,1032,443,461]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">0.002</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356134DA6F457BEAFF30FE7075E9FD87" box="[128,1175,470,488]" gridrow="6" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<th id="76B05DA66F457BEAFF30FE7071F5FD87" box="[128,139,470,488]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">6</th>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F457BEAFF1CFE707377FD87" box="[172,521,470,488]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Guyana: Brokopondo (MVZ 247574)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F457BEAFDFBFE707302FD87" box="[587,636,470,488]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">0.004</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F457BEAFD7FFE70727EFD87" box="[719,768,470,488]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">0.004</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F457BEAFCE3FE7072FAFD87" box="[851,900,470,488]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">0.004</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F457BEAFC67FE707576FD87" box="[983,1032,470,488]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">0.004</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F457BEAFBD6FE7075E9FD87" box="[1126,1175,470,488]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">0.002</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F458422FF30FD8E7310FE33" blockId="55.[128,654,551,1759]" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">
|
||
Tadpoles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F458422FEAFFD8E709EFE51" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" box="[287,480,551,574]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shudikarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F458422FEAFFD8E709EFE51" box="[287,480,551,574]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">C. shudikarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were recently described in detail by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F458422FE34FDE37314FE33" author="Menin, M. & L. Sousa-e-Sousa & D. J. Rodrigues" box="[388,618,581,604]" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" pagination="223 - 228" refId="ref48977" refString="Menin, M., L. Sousa-e-Sousa, and D. J. Rodrigues. 2011. Tadpole and breeding habitats of Chiasmocleis shudikarensis (Anura, Microhylidae) in Central Amazonia, Brazil. South American Journal of Herpetology 6: 223 - 228." type="journal article" year="2011">Menin et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B65136F458422FF2CFDC475C9FFF0" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F458422FF2CFDC4703AF94D" blockId="55.[128,654,551,1759]" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">
|
||
REMARKS:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F458422FE9DFDF87323FE15" author="Avila-Pires, T. C. S. & M. S. Hoogmoed & W. A. Rocha" box="[301,605,606,634]" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" pagination="13 - 112" refId="ref45987" refString="Avila-Pires, T. C. S., M. S. Hoogmoed, and W. A. Rocha. 2010. Notes on the vertebrates of northern Para, Brazil: a forgotten part of the Guianan Region, I. Herpetofauna. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 5: 13 - 112." type="journal article" year="2010">Ávila-Pires et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
referred to a presumably undescribed species from the portion of the state of Pará north of the Amazon River. P.L.V.P. was present on a fieldtrip where two of the specimens were collected (Estação Ecológica Grão Pará: CN2112, CN2185—MPEG 28327, MPEG 28328, respectively; see pl. 7A) and we have carefully examined some additional specimens from the series mentioned by Ávila- Pires et al. (2010) at the MPEG collection. We disagree with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F458422FEFCFC027322FFD0" author="Avila-Pires, T. C. S. & M. S. Hoogmoed & W. A. Rocha" box="[332,604,932,959]" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" pagination="13 - 112" refId="ref45987" refString="Avila-Pires, T. C. S., M. S. Hoogmoed, and W. A. Rocha. 2010. Notes on the vertebrates of northern Para, Brazil: a forgotten part of the Guianan Region, I. Herpetofauna. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 5: 13 - 112." type="journal article" year="2010">Ávila-Pires et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and consider the populations to be unambiguously assignable to either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F458422FE00FC437315FF94" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" box="[432,619,996,1019]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shudikarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F458422FE00FC437315FF94" box="[432,619,996,1019]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">C. shudikarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F458422FF30FBA4707FF877" authorityName="Parker" authorityYear="1940" box="[128,257,1025,1048]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hudsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F458422FF30FBA4707FF877" box="[128,257,1025,1048]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">C. hudsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see appendix 1 for identifications). The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F458422FEBCFB8670B4F859" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" box="[268,458,1055,1078]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shudikarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F458422FEBCFB8670B4F859" box="[268,458,1055,1078]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">C. shudikarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens from ‘‘Calha Norte’’ do have a smaller SVL than specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F458422FE8FFBFD708DF81E" box="[319,499,1115,1137]" name="French Guiana" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Amazonas, but they agree with the variation we observed in larger samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F458422FE4AFB3071C8F8A6" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shudikarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F458422FE4AFB3071C8F8A6" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">C. shudikarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and also agree with the original description of the species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F458422FE70FB777331F888" author="Dunn, E. R." box="[448,591,1233,1255]" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref47290" refString="Dunn, E. R. 1949. Notes on South American frogs of the family Microhylidae. American Museum Novitates 1419: 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1949">Dunn, 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the general morphology with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EA883A6F458422FD97FB4973F3F96A" box="[551,653,1263,1285]" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(AMNH 43674).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F458422FF2DFA8D75C9FFF0" blockId="55.[128,654,551,1759]" lastBlockId="55.[701,1228,552,1342]" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">
|
||
Despite distinct advertisement call parameters, we have decided not to name an additional species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F458422FE37FAC37365F913" baseAuthorityName="McDiarmid and Altig" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[391,539,1381,1404]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F458422FE37FAC37365F913" box="[391,539,1381,1404]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Chiasmocleis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
allied to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F458422FF30FA227047F9F5" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" box="[128,313,1411,1434]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shudikarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F458422FF30FA227047F9F5" box="[128,313,1411,1434]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">C. shudikarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at this time for the following reasons: we have examined specimens of the population assigned to the ‘‘Manaus call type’’ (INPA 245, 277–78, 289, 320), but have not examined the vouchers for the ‘‘
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F458422FD87FA5C71A9FA42" name="French Guiana" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
call type.’’ The specimens from Manaus agree with the original description and with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EA883A6F458422FE95F9F570F2FA06" box="[293,396,1619,1641]" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F458422FE26F9F5732AFA06" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" box="[406,596,1618,1641]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shudikarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F458422FE26F9F5732AFA06" box="[406,596,1618,1641]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">C. shudikarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We have examined a series of specimens from Petit Saut,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F458422FEA2F92870B2FACB" box="[274,460,1678,1700]" name="French Guiana" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
(MPEG 5106– 5107, 5121, 5029–5033, 5060) and the only morphological differences are that male specimens from Sinnamary River show considerably less fringed fingers than those from Manaus, Amazonas,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F458422FC02FDC57284FE16" box="[946,1018,611,633]" name="Brazil" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and females from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F458422FD0DFD267204FEF9" box="[701,890,640,662]" name="French Guiana" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
are slightly more robust. Therefore, the population from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F458422FB89FD387396FEBE" name="French Guiana" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
is also unambiguously assignable to
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F458422FB00FD1A7223FE80" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F458422FB00FD1A7226FE80" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shudikarensis">C. shudikarensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In this particular case, examination of specimens and advertisement calls from the vicinities of the type locality (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F458422FD75FC977243FF28" box="[709,829,817,839]" name="Guyana" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Essequibo</collectingCountry>
|
||
River) is advisable before nomenclatural actions are taken. Genetic distances between 16S sequences included in our analysis very low and are given in table 10.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B65136F458422FD6AFC007265F951" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F458422FD6AFC007265F951" blockId="55.[701,1228,552,1342]" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">
|
||
DISTRIBUTION (fig. 34): Restricted to the Guiana Shield in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F458422FC3CFC607292FFB4" box="[908,1004,966,987]" name="Guyana" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Guyana</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F458422FC49FC607522FFB3" box="[1017,1116,966,988]" name="Suriname" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Surinam</collectingCountry>
|
||
(we have not examined any specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F458422FBE8FC4575C1FF96" box="[1112,1215,995,1017]" name="Suriname" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Surinam</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F458422FD0DFBA77204F878" box="[701,890,1025,1047]" name="French Guiana" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F458422FC7BFBA7756DF878" box="[971,1043,1025,1047]" name="Brazil" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, north of Rio Amazonas (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4995F87A6F458422FCE1FBB872D6F85B" box="[849,936,1054,1076]" country="Brazil" name="Amapa" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Amapá</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Amazonas, Pará, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4995F87A6F458422FD0DFB9A7254F83D" box="[701,810,1084,1106]" country="Brazil" name="Roraima" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Roraima</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F458422FC8EFB9A7525F83D" author="Rodrigues, M. T. & R. Reynolds & C. Gascon" box="[830,1115,1084,1106]" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" pagination="2012" refId="ref50211" refString="Rodrigues, M. T., R. Reynolds, and C. Gascon. 2004 b. Chiasmocleis shudikarensis. In IUCN 2012, IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2012.1. Online resource (http: // www. iucnredlist. org)." type="book chapter" year="2004">Rodrigues et al. (2004b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided a map that likely overestimates the distribution of the species, extending south of Rio Amazonas (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4995F87A6F458422FC3FFB3272B5F8C6" box="[911,971,1172,1193]" country="Brazil" name="Acre" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Acre</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4995F87A6F458422FC50FB3375F4F8C6" box="[992,1162,1172,1194]" country="Brazil" name="Mato Grosso" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4995F87A6F458422FD0DFB147249F8A7" box="[701,823,1202,1224]" country="Brazil" name="Rondonia" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Rondônia</collectingRegion>
|
||
). All of the specimens previously identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F458422FCD6FB6975DDF889" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" box="[870,1187,1231,1254]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shudikarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F458422FCD6FB6975DDF889" box="[870,1187,1231,1254]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Chiasmocleis shudikarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in collections from southern Amazonia were identified by us as either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F458422FC50FAAD75F6F94E" authorityName="Peloso and Sturaro" authorityYear="2008" box="[992,1160,1290,1313]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avilapiresae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F458422FC50FAAD75F6F94E" box="[992,1160,1290,1313]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">C. avilapiresae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F458422FB00FAAD7265F951" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F458422FB00FAAD7268F951" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">C. bassleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |