201 lines
22 KiB
XML
201 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document id="AAEF26B91AF6809E2AE47583903F7807" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4121.4.9" ID-CLB-Dataset="38892" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4121.4.9" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b5b97f2a-6dd8-44da-9bc8-dfcb21377623" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="265634" ID-ZooBank="654741AA-437A-4CBB-A8F7-268AA30F0498" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1465543097057" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shinohara, Akihiko" docDate="2016" docId="03F687ADFFF41B6AFF6489F9FD27A904" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4121.4.9.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4121 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pleroneura subulata Shinohara 1995" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="499" masterDocId="FFCFFFD5FFF01B6EFFF38B65FFA2AC71" masterDocTitle="The sawfly genus Pleroneura (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of Japan: P. itoi n. sp. and a key to species" masterLastPageNumber="500" masterPageNumber="495" pageNumber="499" updateTime="1698662819031" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="7600CEB86E400DE6D59E3771F4CA9F11" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="79ABDDEF8D8CA179CBDB91392A0E179F">
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<mods:title id="1D434D859AEFF986EFFA40CA076F3092">The sawfly genus Pleroneura (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of Japan: P. itoi n. sp. and a key to species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="F8C0388025B237E160571D737E1A8DFB" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="ECC27F21D3DCD319A6F79B91CBC32152">
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<mods:roleTerm id="952C5533756115CDFC02144E63795BB7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="BC8837224C3DCFF739CDE97B917C8716">Shinohara, Akihiko</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="51A49C03C1E8E20F7093DBC3E02C3B45">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="D746B453DE93505AB4678C6130BB67E6">
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<mods:title id="D006AA0EA1C8F86EC7D054BFED1896CA">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="59BEBB9149EBAA4F5FCD9AB027A4C1D7">
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<mods:date id="662D114F23069DE7FC86B1A1898FD76F">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="13E59D335A8DF28B5606D42D8195A8CC" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="1BE98FE508CB02CE276846FA5453B5B4">4121</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="61CDAD1E888E2ABDEEF9E0F20B87A5B0" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="E504E95674AC76C7E28B676C1D8AD61D">4</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="5F400F5C455A047E5DF8E8118F1E7DCD">495</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="21D968ABECE28E9B170DCC33FE08802F">500</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="DFEB36A1545A6A9EF307281FFA46F3CE">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="9D272944A37F8DDF826CA3C726473EFB" type="CLB-Dataset">38892</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4867D962D5D48F5A79E780A9D4610117" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4121.4.9</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="10D8D79F22EDB588F154749A56DFE468" type="GBIF-Dataset">b5b97f2a-6dd8-44da-9bc8-dfcb21377623</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="469FE8FA8777176C565B6D886022C85D" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="6AE57762CDF4DD48CB18CD01876965BC" type="Zenodo-Dep">265634</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E677AF459B6709A570AD006A40186EA7" type="ZooBank">654741AA-437A-4CBB-A8F7-268AA30F0498</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F687ADFFF41B6AFF6489F9FD27A904" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6067196" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120827367" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6067196" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F687ADFFF41B6AFF6489F9FD27A904" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F687ADFFF41B6AFF6489F9FD27A904" lastPageNumber="499" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
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<subSubSection id="C3456530FFF41B6AFF6489F9FEC6AEA9" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE036BBFFF41B6AFF6489F9FDC0AEC6" blockId="4.[151,610,668,728]" box="[151,610,668,695]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
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<heading id="D0A881D7FFF41B6AFF6489F9FDC0AEC6" bold="true" box="[151,610,668,695]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D38FFF41B6AFF6489F9FDC0AEC6" authority="Shinohara, 1995" authorityName="Shinohara" authorityYear="1995" box="[151,610,668,695]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Pleroneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subulata">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAA9FFF41B6AFF6489F9FDC0AEC6" bold="true" box="[151,610,668,695]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAA9FFF41B6AFF6489F9FE2DAEC7" bold="true" box="[151,399,668,694]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Pleroneura subulata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B4AFFF41B6AFE6589F8FDC0AEC6" author="Shinohara" box="[406,610,669,695]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" refString="Shinohara, A. (1995) The sawfly genus Pleroneura (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) in East Asia. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 63, 825 - 840." type="journal article" year="1995">Shinohara, 1995</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE036BBFFF41B6AFF6489DAFEC6AEA9" blockId="4.[151,610,668,728]" box="[151,356,703,728]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13642A3EFFF41B6AFF6C89DAFF43AEA9" box="[159,225,703,728]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1889,1911]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,807,1864]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,807,1864]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Pleroneura spp., ♀. A, B, P. hi k o s an a, Mt. Kiyosumiyama, Chiba; C, D, P. itoi, holotype; E, F, P. piceae, Asahidake-onsen, Hokkaido; G, H, P. subulata, paratype, Meotobuchi-onsen, Tochigi." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265635/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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G, H, 2F, J)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3456530FFF41B6AFF64886DFDE4AF2A" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE036BBFFF41B6AFF64886DFDCCAF6F" blockId="4.[151,1008,776,859]" box="[151,622,776,798]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4F1195FFF41B6AFF64886DFDCCAF6F" box="[151,622,776,798]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D38FFF41B6AFF64886DFD8AAF6F" authority="Takeuchi, 1938: 204" authorityName="Takeuchi" authorityPageNumber="204" authorityYear="1938" box="[151,552,776,798]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Pleroneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dahlii">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAA9FFF41B6AFF64886DFEF1AF6F" box="[151,339,776,798]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Pleroneura dahlii:</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFE10AAFFF41B6AFEAA886DFD8AAF6F" author="Takeuchi" box="[345,552,776,798]" page="204" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" year="1938">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B4AFFF41B6AFEAA886DFE5BAF6F" author="Takeuchi" box="[345,505,776,798]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" refString="Takeuchi, K. (1938) A systematic study on the suborder Symphyta (Hymenoptera) of the Japanese Empire (I). Tenthredo, Kyoto, 2 (2), 173 - 229" type="journal article" year="1938">Takeuchi, 1938</bibRefCitation>
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: 204
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(part).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE036BBFFF41B6AFF648843FDE4AF2A" blockId="4.[151,1008,776,859]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4F1195FFF41B6AFF648843FDE4AF2A" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D38FFF41B6AFF648843FDEBAF4D" authority="Shinohara, 1995: 832" authorityName="Shinohara" authorityPageNumber="832" authorityYear="1995" box="[151,585,806,828]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Pleroneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subulata">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAA9FFF41B6AFF648843FEC4AF4D" box="[151,358,806,828]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Pleroneura subulata</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFE10AAFFF41B6AFE9E8843FDEBAF4D" author="Shinohara" box="[365,585,806,828]" page="832" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" year="1995">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B4AFFF41B6AFE9E8843FDB4AF4D" author="Shinohara" box="[365,534,806,828]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" refString="Shinohara, A. (1995) The sawfly genus Pleroneura (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) in East Asia. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 63, 825 - 840." type="journal article" year="1995">Shinohara, 1995</bibRefCitation>
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: 832
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFE10AAFFF41B6AFDA08843FC92AF4D" author="Shinohara" box="[595,816,806,828]" page="389" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" year="1998">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B4AFFF41B6AFDA08843FD5CAF4D" author="Shinohara" box="[595,766,806,828]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" refString="Shinohara, A. (1998) Collection records of two rare xyelid sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) in Japan. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, Matsuyama, 4, 389 - 390." type="journal article" year="1998">Shinohara, 1998</bibRefCitation>
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: 389
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFE10AAFFF41B6AFCC98843FC4EAF4D" author="Blank" box="[826,1004,806,828]" page="202" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" year="2002">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B4AFFF41B6AFCC98843FC18AF4D" author="Blank" box="[826,954,806,828]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" refString="Blank, S. M. (2002) The Western Palaearctic Xyelidae (Hymenoptera). In: Viitasaari, M. (Ed.), Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) I. Tremex, Helsinki, pp. 197 - 233." type="book chapter" year="2002">Blank, 2002</bibRefCitation>
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: 202
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</treatmentCitation>
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. See
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B4AFFF41B6AFF318820FED0AF2A" author="Shinohara" box="[194,370,837,859]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" refString="Shinohara, A. (1995) The sawfly genus Pleroneura (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) in East Asia. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 63, 825 - 840." type="journal article" year="1995">Shinohara (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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for more references.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3456530FFF41B6AFF6488E2FE6AAFB4" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BE036BBFFF41B6AFF6488E2FC68AFD1" blockId="4.[151,1436,903,1397]" box="[151,970,903,928]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAA9FFF41B6AFF6488E2FE8BAFD1" bold="true" box="[151,297,903,928]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Distribution</emphasis>
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.
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<collectingCountry id="F348762BFFF41B6AFEC488EDFED5AFEE" box="[311,375,904,927]" name="Japan" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Japan</collectingCountry>
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(Honshu, Shikoku);
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<collectingCountry id="F348762BFFF41B6AFD9188EDFD08AFEE" box="[610,682,904,927]" name="South Korea" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Korea</collectingCountry>
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;
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<collectingCountry id="F348762BFFF41B6AFD4688E2FCA2AFD1" box="[693,768,903,928]" name="Russia" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Russia</collectingCountry>
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(Primorskij kraj).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE036BBFFF41B6AFF3488C9FE6AAFB4" blockId="4.[151,1436,903,1397]" box="[199,456,940,965]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAA9FFF41B6AFF3488C9FEE6AFB4" bold="true" box="[199,324,940,965]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Host plant</emphasis>
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. Unknown.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3456530FFF41B6AFF3488AAFD27A904" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE036BBFFF41B6AFF3488AAFD05A841" blockId="4.[151,1436,903,1397]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAA9FFF41B6AFF3488AAFE96AF99" bold="true" box="[199,308,975,1000]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Remarks</emphasis>
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. This species is known from three specimens from Honshu and two specimens from Shikoku,
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<collectingCountry id="F348762BFFF41B6AFAAF88B5FA3EAF96" box="[1372,1436,976,999]" name="Japan" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Japan</collectingCountry>
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and one specimen each from
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<collectingCountry id="F348762BFFF41B6AFE2F8890FD82A87D" box="[476,544,1013,1036]" name="South Korea" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Korea</collectingCountry>
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and Primorskij kraj,
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<collectingCountry id="F348762BFFF41B6AFCFF8891FCF5A87C" box="[780,855,1012,1037]" name="Russia" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Russia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B4AFFF41B6AFC968891FBB8A87C" author="Shinohara" box="[869,1050,1012,1037]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" refString="Shinohara, A. (1995) The sawfly genus Pleroneura (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) in East Asia. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 63, 825 - 840." type="journal article" year="1995">Shinohara 1995</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B4AFFF41B6AFBD68891FBC2A87D" author="Shinohara" box="[1061,1120,1012,1036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" refString="Shinohara, A. (1998) Collection records of two rare xyelid sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) in Japan. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, Matsuyama, 4, 389 - 390." type="journal article" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B4AFFF41B6AFB988891FB53A87D" author="Blank" box="[1131,1265,1012,1037]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" refString="Blank, S. M. (2002) The Western Palaearctic Xyelidae (Hymenoptera). In: Viitasaari, M. (Ed.), Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) I. Tremex, Helsinki, pp. 197 - 233." type="book chapter" year="2002">Blank 2002</bibRefCitation>
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). No additional specimens were available for the present study.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE036BBFFF41B6AFF348F59FD27A904" blockId="4.[151,1436,903,1397]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
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The host plant of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D38FFF41B6AFE788F58FDA5A825" box="[395,519,1084,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Pleroneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subulata">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAA9FFF41B6AFE788F58FDA5A825" box="[395,519,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">P. subulata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is unknown. The Japanese specimens were collected at the high altitudes of about
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<date id="FFE1107BFFF41B6AFF648F05FEE2A809" box="[151,320,1119,1144]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" value="1100" valueMax="2100">1100 and 2100</date>
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meters in central Honshu and about 1800 meters in Shikoku, where
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<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D38FFF41B6AFBA68F05FAEDA809" authority="Lindley" authorityName="Lindley" box="[1109,1359,1119,1144]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="veitchii">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAA9FFF41B6AFBA68F05FB4CA809" box="[1109,1262,1120,1144]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Abies veitchii</emphasis>
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Lindley
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</taxonomicName>
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(or its variety,
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<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D38FFF41B6AFF058FE0FD81A8EC" authority="in Shikoku" authorityName="in Shikoku" box="[246,547,1156,1181]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" rank="variety" variety="sikokiana">
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var.
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<emphasis id="B92BEAA9FFF41B6AFED88FE1FE35A8ED" box="[299,407,1156,1180]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">sikokiana</emphasis>
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in Shikoku
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</taxonomicName>
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) and
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<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D38FFF41B6AFD9F8FE1FCA1A8ED" box="[620,771,1156,1180]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="homolepis">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAA9FFF41B6AFD9F8FE1FCA1A8ED" box="[620,771,1156,1180]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">A. homolepis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(and
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<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D38FFF41B6AFCBE8FE1FB1BA8EC" authority="Masters in Honshu" authorityName="Masters in Honshu" box="[845,1209,1156,1181]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mariesii">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAA9FFF41B6AFCBE8FE1FC6CA8ED" box="[845,974,1156,1180]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">A. mariesii</emphasis>
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Masters in Honshu
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</taxonomicName>
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) occur (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B4AFFF41B6AFAEC8FE1FA32A8ED" author="Liu" box="[1311,1424,1156,1181]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" refString="Liu, T. - S. (1971) A Monograph of the Genus Abies. National Taiwan University, Department of Forestry, College of Agriculture, Taipei, 608 pp." type="book" year="1971">Liu 1971</bibRefCitation>
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). However, these fir species are not distributed in
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<collectingCountry id="F348762BFFF41B6AFD458FC2FCE0A8CE" box="[694,834,1191,1216]" name="North Korea" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">North Korea</collectingCountry>
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and Primorskij kraj, where
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<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D38FFF41B6AFB8E8FCDFABDA8B1" box="[1149,1311,1192,1216]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nephrolepis">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAA9FFF41B6AFB8E8FCDFABDA8B1" box="[1149,1311,1192,1216]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">A. nephrolepis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is the only fir species recorded (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B4AFFF41B6AFE8C8FA9FE48A895" author="Liu" box="[383,490,1228,1253]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" refString="Liu, T. - S. (1971) A Monograph of the Genus Abies. National Taiwan University, Department of Forestry, College of Agriculture, Taipei, 608 pp." type="book" year="1971">Liu 1971</bibRefCitation>
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). If
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<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D38FFF41B6AFDE48FA8FD30A895" box="[535,658,1228,1252]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Pleroneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subulata">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAA9FFF41B6AFDE48FA8FD30A895" box="[535,658,1228,1252]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">P. subulata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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feeds on
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<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D38FFF41B6AFD0E8FA9FC99A895" box="[765,827,1228,1252]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAA9FFF41B6AFD0E8FA9FC99A895" box="[765,827,1228,1252]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Abies</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as in most of its congeners (Ohmart & Dahlsten 1977;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B4AFFF41B6AFF648F8AFEBEA979" author="Blank" box="[151,284,1263,1288]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" refString="Blank, S. M. (2002) The Western Palaearctic Xyelidae (Hymenoptera). In: Viitasaari, M. (Ed.), Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) I. Tremex, Helsinki, pp. 197 - 233." type="book chapter" year="2002">Blank 2002</bibRefCitation>
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), the sawfly is not strictly monophagous but associated with two or more fir species. Larval oligophagy has been demonstrated at least for the western Palaearctic
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<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D38FFF41B6AFCAF8E70FB1EA95D" authority="Hartig, 1837" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1837" box="[860,1212,1300,1325]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Pleroneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coniferarum">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAA9FFF41B6AFCAF8E70FBAAA95D" box="[860,1032,1300,1324]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">P. coniferarum</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B4AFFF41B6AFBEE8E71FB16A95D" author="Hartig" box="[1053,1204,1300,1325]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" refString="Hartig, T. (1837) Die Aderflugler Deutschlands mit besonderer Berucksichtigung ihres Larvenzustandes und ihres Wirkens in Waldern und Garten fur Entomologen, Wald- und Gartenbesitzer. Die Familien der Blattwespen und Holzwespen nebst einer allgemeinen Einleitung zur Naturgeschichte der Hymenopteren. Haude und Spenersche Buchhandlung, Berlin, 14 + 4 16 + 8 pp." type="book" year="1837">Hartig, 1837</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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(see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B4AFFF41B6AFAF78E71FA33A95D" author="Blank" box="[1284,1425,1300,1325]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" refString="Blank, S. M. (2002) The Western Palaearctic Xyelidae (Hymenoptera). In: Viitasaari, M. (Ed.), Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) I. Tremex, Helsinki, pp. 197 - 233." type="book chapter" year="2002">Blank 2002</bibRefCitation>
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). Following collection observations of adults of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D38FFF41B6AFD528E5CFBA2A921" authority="Ashmead, 1898" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1898" box="[673,1024,1335,1360]" class="Insecta" family="Xyelidae" genus="Pleroneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californica">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAA9FFF41B6AFD528E5CFC95A921" box="[673,823,1336,1360]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">P. californica</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B4AFFF41B6AFCB58E52FC5AA921" author="Ashmead" box="[838,1016,1335,1360]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" refString="Ashmead, W. H. (1898) Table of genera of Xyelidae. In: Dyar, H. G., Description of an unusual saw-fly larva belonging to the Xyelinae. Psyche, 8, 214." type="journal article" year="1898">Ashmead, 1898</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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(see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B4AFFF41B6AFBC88E52FAA2A921" author="Smith" box="[1083,1280,1335,1360]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" refString="Smith, D. R., Ohmart, C. P. & Dahlsten, D. L. (1977) The fir shoot-boring sawflies of the genus Pleroneura in North America (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Baltimore / Maryland, 70, 761 - 767." type="journal article" year="1977">
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Smith
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<emphasis id="B92BEAA9FFF41B6AFB768E5CFB17A921" box="[1157,1205,1336,1360]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">et al</emphasis>
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. 1977
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</bibRefCitation>
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), this life trait might apply to this Nearctic species as well.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |