237 lines
28 KiB
XML
237 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="A1E7CF6EB4271A3179F2514B9268B493" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F5071399D7FF6D064BF556FDE9F4FF" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Cephalophus adersi Thomas 1918" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="728" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="727" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="DE28B6066ED508539647C85FE8B8F803">
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<mods:title id="032A2EB78A7CCDC01622C48E0BB61AFA">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3DE132B0724725D0E4B5D029D9A8B20C">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BBE09E953F873191C5A907908A41CDA3">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="94DDB42F6C3C65BEFBDC8FB3D82C0C31">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="055370DACE7071728A52B11B03564810">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="45A133E504CFBDDE95D1514F2C44B705">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="FE8530DDA7E67A5454A07967D8F48F8A">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="9D547157EFD83C69643D28EEC37E6323">
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<mods:classification id="7124A369793096107E8AC87A2984487E">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="03F5071399D7FF6D064BF556FDE9F4FF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6584140" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659345" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6584140" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F5071399D7FF6D064BF556FDE9F4FF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F5071399D7FF6D064BF556FDE9F4FF" lastPageId="157" lastPageNumber="728" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D7FF6C064BF556FA42F487" box="[1373,1455,2772,2822]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D7FF6C064BF556FA42F487" blockId="156.[1370,2224,2772,2900]" box="[1373,1455,2772,2822]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">
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<heading id="D0AB016999D7FF6C064BF556FA42F487" box="[1373,1455,2772,2822]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA8099D7FF6C064BF556FA42F487" box="[1373,1455,2772,2822]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="156.[100,130,3345,3370]" captionTargetBox="[13,2771,13,3637]" captionTargetPageId="155" captionText="On following pages: 259. Western White-bellied Duiker (Cephalophus leucogaster); 260. Uele White-bellied Duiker (Cephalophus arrhenii); 261. Red-flanked Duiker (Cephalophus rufilatus); 262. Natal Red Duiker (Cephalophus natalensis); 263. Harvey's Duiker (Cephalophus harveyi); 264. Black-fronted Duiker (Cephalophus nigrifrons); 265. ltombwe Duiker (Cephalophus hypoxanthus); 266. Rwenzori Duiker (Cephalophus rubidus); 267. Mount Elgon Duiker (Cephalophus fosteri); 268. Mount Kenya Duiker (Cephalophus hooki)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512973" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512973/files/figure.png" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">258.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D7FF6C06ABF556F91CF487" box="[1469,1777,2772,2822]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D7FF6C06ABF556F91CF487" blockId="156.[1370,2224,2772,2900]" box="[1469,1777,2772,2822]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">
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<heading id="D0AB016999D7FF6C06ABF556F91CF487" box="[1469,1777,2772,2822]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99D7FF6C06ABF556F91CF487" box="[1469,1777,2772,2822]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">Aders’s Duiker</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D7FF6C042DF556F763F487" box="[1851,2190,2772,2822]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D7FF6C042DF556F763F487" blockId="156.[1370,2224,2772,2900]" box="[1851,2190,2772,2822]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">
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||
<heading id="D0AB016999D7FF6C042DF556F763F487" box="[1851,2190,2772,2822]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D7FF6C042DF556F763F487" ID-CoL="SDRC" authority="Thomas, 1918" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1918" box="[1851,2190,2772,2822]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adersi">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799D7FF6C042DF556F763F487" box="[1851,2190,2772,2822]" italics="true" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">Cephalophus adersi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D7FF6C064AF495F919F4D2" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D7FF6C064AF495F742F4AD" blockId="156.[1370,2224,2772,2900]" box="[1372,2223,2839,2860]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">
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||
<heading id="D0AB016999D7FF6C064AF495F742F4AD" box="[1372,2223,2839,2860]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799D7FF6C064AF495FA44F4AD" bold="true" box="[1372,1449,2839,2860]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99D7FF6C06A4F495F991F4AD" box="[1458,1660,2839,2860]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">Céphalophe d'Aders</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799D7FF6C0587F495F901F4AD" bold="true" box="[1681,1772,2839,2860]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99D7FF6C05E3F495F87AF4AD" box="[1781,1943,2839,2860]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">Sansibar-Ducker</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799D7FF6C04BDF495F7EBF4AD" bold="true" box="[1963,2054,2839,2860]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99D7FF6C0B06F495F742F4AD" box="[2064,2223,2839,2860]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">Duiker de Aders</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D7FF6C064AF4BCF919F4D2" blockId="156.[1370,2224,2772,2900]" box="[1372,1780,2878,2899]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">
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<heading id="D0AB016999D7FF6C064AF4BCF919F4D2" box="[1372,1780,2878,2899]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799D7FF6C064AF4BCF9BCF4D2" bold="true" box="[1372,1617,2878,2899]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99D7FF6C054CF4BCF919F4D2" box="[1626,1780,2878,2899]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599D7FF6C054CF4BCF941F4D2" box="[1626,1708,2878,2899]" name="Tanzania" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
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Duiker
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D7FF6C064DF40BF824F423" box="[1371,1993,2953,2978]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D7FF6C064DF40BF824F423" blockId="156.[1369,2572,2953,3263]" box="[1371,1993,2953,2978]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799D7FF6C064DF40BFA18F423" bold="true" box="[1371,1525,2953,2978]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D7FF6C0512F40BF829F423" ID-CoL="SDRC" authority="Thomas, 1918" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1918" box="[1540,1988,2953,2978]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adersi">Cephalophus adersi Thomas, 1918</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D7FF6C04C3F40BF7BFF423" box="[2005,2130,2953,2978]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D7FF6C04C3F40BF7BFF423" blockId="156.[1369,2572,2953,3263]" box="[2005,2130,2953,2978]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B34BC5899D7FF6C04C3F40BF7BFF423" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198310" box="[2005,2130,2953,2978]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">
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||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599D7FF6C04C3F40BF7A3F423" box="[2005,2126,2953,2978]" name="Tanzania" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D7FF6C064CF42EF689F448" box="[1370,2404,2988,3017]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D7FF6C064CF42EF689F448" blockId="156.[1369,2572,2953,3263]" box="[1370,2404,2988,3017]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">A taxonomically distinct duiker with poorly resolved affinities. Monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D7FF6C064DF456F8CDF3BE" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D99D7FF6C064DF456F8CDF3BE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512871" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512871/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" targetBox="[211,805,284,699]" targetPageId="157">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D7FF6C064DF456F8CDF3BE" blockId="156.[1369,2572,2953,3263]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799D7FF6C064DF456F9E7F470" bold="true" box="[1371,1546,3028,3057]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599D7FF6C0500F456F97DF470" box="[1558,1680,3028,3057]" name="Tanzania" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
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I,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599D7FF6C05A3F456F8D8F470" box="[1717,1845,3028,3057]" name="Tanzania" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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, and the Arabuko Sokoke Forest in SE
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599D7FF6C0A4DF456F65FF470" box="[2395,2482,3028,3057]" name="Kenya" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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; a second mainland population has very recently been confirmed in the Boni and Dodori National Rerserves in NE
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599D7FF6C05D3F3A0F8F1F3BE" box="[1733,1820,3106,3135]" name="Kenya" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D7FF6D064DF3C4FA6EFBC4" lastPageId="157" lastPageNumber="728" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D7FF6D064DF3C4FA6EFBC4" blockId="156.[1369,2572,2953,3263]" lastBlockId="157.[208,1418,705,2942]" lastPageId="157" lastPageNumber="728" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799D7FF6C064DF3C4F9BEF3E6" bold="true" box="[1371,1619,3142,3175]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 63-78 cm, tail 6-13.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099D7FF6C0B37F3C4F78AF3E6" box="[2081,2151,3142,3175]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" unit="cm" value="8.0">8 cm</quantity>
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, shoulder height 37-5—-44 cm; weight
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099D7FF6C06A8F3EFFA15F30F" box="[1470,1528,3181,3214]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.0" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" unit="kg" value="9.0">9 kg</quantity>
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(range: 6.8-12.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099D7FF6C05C4F3EFF8F9F30F" box="[1746,1812,3181,3214]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.0" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" unit="kg" value="4.0">4 kg</quantity>
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). The pelage of Aders’s Duikeris soft, with a consistent texture across the neck and body. Overall color is tawny red, growing darker and more richly colored on the rump and becoming somewhat grayer on the neck. Specimens from southern
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599D6FF6D0733FEE1FB72FE01" box="[1061,1183,355,384]" name="Tanzania" pageId="157" pageNumber="728">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
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(Jozani forest) are reportedly paler. The darker dorsum gradually pales on the flanks; the belly and inner surfaces of the upper limbs are white, and the underside of the neck is pale gray. There is no dorsal stripe. Leg coloration is reddish, darkening to blackish-brown at the hooves. All limbs, especially the front legs, are marked with distinctive irregular white spots on their lower halves. The rump and upper hindlegs are characteristically marked with a horizontal band of white hair (approximately
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099D6FF6D0625FD6BFA69FC8B" box="[1331,1412,745,778]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="157" pageNumber="728" unit="cm" value="15.0">15 cm</quantity>
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wide) that merges with the paler underparts at the stifle. The tail is slender and mostly tawny in color, with a terminal tuft of whitish hair. The face is grayish-fawn with a rufous forehead. Preorbital glands are present, but are quite small (the slits are never more than 1-8 cm long). A tuft of bright red hairs is present at the top of the forehead, forming a flat-topped crest; its hairs are approximately
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099D6FF6D00C3FC2FFBFAFC4F" box="[981,1047,941,974]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="157" pageNumber="728" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
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long. Spike-like horns are present in both sexes, but they are much shorter and often hidden within the coronal tuft in females. Horn length averages 4-6 cm in males (range: 3.5-5.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099D6FF6D079BFC7EFB3EFB9C" box="[1165,1235,1020,1053]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="157" pageNumber="728" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
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) and 2-8 cm in females (range: 1.4-3.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099D6FF6D013BFBAEFD9AFBC4" box="[557,631,1068,1093]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="157" pageNumber="728" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
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). Dental formula is10/3,C0/1,P 3/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 32.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF23E68D99D7FF6C0372F293FC43F2F9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512973" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512973" captionStart="53" captionText="255. Weyns’s Duiker (Cephalophus weynsi), 256. Johnston's Duiker (Cephalophus johnstoni), 257. Lestrade’s Duiker (Cephalophus lestradei), 258. Aders’s Duiker (Cephalophus adersi), 259. Western White-bellied Duiker (Cephalophus leucogaster), 260. Uele White-bellied Duiker (Cephalophus arrhenii), 261. Red-flanked Duiker (Cephalophus rufilatus), 262. Natal Red Duiker (Cephalophus natalensis), 263. Harvey's Duiker (Cephalophus harveyi), 264. Black-fronted Duiker (Cephalophus nigrifrons), 265. Itombwe Duiker (Cephalophus hypoxanthus), 266. Rwenzori Duiker (Cephalophus rubidus), 267. Mount Elgon Duiker (Cephalophus fosteri), 268. Mount Kenya Duiker (Cephalophus hooki)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512973/files/figure.png" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" startId="156.[100,130,3345,3370]" targetBox="[13,2771,13,3637]" targetPageId="155">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D7FF6C0372F293FC43F2F9" blockId="156.[98,2558,3345,3454]" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">
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||
On following pages: 259. Western White-bellied Duiker (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D7FF6C01C7F293FC0BF2AB" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1873" box="[721,998,3345,3370]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucogaster">Cephalophus leucogaster</taxonomicName>
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||
); 260. Uele White-bellied Duiker (
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D7FF6C064DF293FA05F2AB" box="[1371,1512,3345,3370]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cephalophus</taxonomicName>
|
||
arrhenii); 261. Red-flanked Duiker (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D7FF6C047BF293F7B6F2AB" box="[1901,2139,3345,3370]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufilatus">Cephalophus rufilatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 262. Natal Red Duiker (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D7FF6C0A79F293FF3CF2D0" authorityName="A. Smith" authorityYear="1834" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="156" pageNumber="771" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natalensis">Cephalophus natalensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 263. Harvey's Duiker (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D7FF6C02CCF2BAFD50F2D0" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1893" box="[474,701,3384,3409]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="156" pageNumber="772" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="harveyi">Cephalophus harveyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 264. Black-fronted Duiker (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D7FF6C00EFF2BAFB18F2D0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1871" box="[1017,1269,3384,3409]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrifrons">Cephalophus nigrifrons</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 265. ltombwe Duiker (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D7FF6C0517F2BAF963F2D0" box="[1537,1678,3384,3409]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cephalophus</taxonomicName>
|
||
hypoxanthus); 266. Rwenzori Duiker (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D7FF6C0B22F2BAF6F7F2D0" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1901" box="[2100,2330,3384,3409]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubidus">Cephalophus rubidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 267. Mount Elgon Duiker (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D7FF6C03ACF2DDFEAAF2F9" box="[186,327,3423,3448]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cephalophus</taxonomicName>
|
||
fosteri); 268. Mount
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599D7FF6C0125F2DDFD9FF2F9" box="[563,626,3423,3448]" name="Kenya" pageId="156" pageNumber="727">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
Duiker (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D7FF6C01C4F2DDFC8DF2F9" box="[722,864,3423,3448]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="156" pageNumber="727" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cephalophus</taxonomicName>
|
||
hooki).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D6FF6D03C3FBC9FE00FAD8" pageId="157" pageNumber="728" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D6FF6D03C3FBC9FE00FAD8" blockId="157.[208,1418,705,2942]" pageId="157" pageNumber="728">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799D6FF6D03C3FBC9FEAEFBED" bold="true" box="[213,323,1099,1132]" pageId="157" pageNumber="728">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Undisturbed coastal thickets and forests. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599D6FF6D00D7FBC9FBD7FBED" box="[961,1082,1099,1132]" name="Tanzania" pageId="157" pageNumber="728">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Aders’s Duiker is most common in tall thicket forest on coral rag substrates, a habitat with a relatively high canopy (at least
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE099D6FF6D02D0FB18FE12FB3A" box="[454,511,1178,1211]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="157" pageNumber="728" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
|
||
) and an open understory. Population densities are highest in undisturbed older growth areas (averaging 11-4 ind/km?), but the speciesis also occasionally encountered at secondary thicket. The species is restricted to Cynometra manilkera forest in Arabuko Sokoke Forest, where it occurs in densities of approximately 2-8 ind/km?®.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D6FF6D03C2FAE1FB84F963" pageId="157" pageNumber="728" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D6FF6D03C2FAE1FB84F963" blockId="157.[208,1418,705,2942]" pageId="157" pageNumber="728">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799D6FF6D03C2FAE1FE08FA01" bold="true" box="[212,485,1379,1408]" pageId="157" pageNumber="728">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Aders’s Duikers feed primarily on fallen fruits, dicotyledoneus leaves (both fresh and fallen), and flowers, seeds, buds, and sprouts. Groups of Sykes’ Monkeys (Cercopithecus albogularis) or
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599D6FF6D01F3FA33FC8DFA4F" box="[741,864,1457,1486]" name="Tanzania" pageId="157" pageNumber="728">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
|
||
Red Colobus (Piliocolobus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D6FF6D07C3FA33FAFAFA4F" box="[1237,1303,1457,1486]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="157" pageNumber="728" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kirkii">kirkii</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are often followed: the items dropped, discarded, and dislodged by the primates are a principal food source. Most specific dietary information is anecdotal. Stomach contents of a single adult male contained the fruits of Tetracella littoralis, Diospyros consolatae, and Ficus sur. Other species reported to be consumed include Mystroxylon aethipicum, Cassine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D6FF6D0205F9F4FDC5F912" authority="Canthium" authorityName="Canthium" box="[275,552,1654,1683]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="157" pageNumber="728" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aethiopica">aethiopica, Canthium</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., Polyspheria sp., and Fuclea schimperi. Aders’s Duikers can apparently glean sufficient water from their diet to manage without drinking from pools (surface water is absent in the majority of coral rag forests).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D6FF6D03C3F96AFB6CF8D9" pageId="157" pageNumber="728" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D6FF6D03C3F96AFB6CF8D9" blockId="157.[208,1418,705,2942]" pageId="157" pageNumber="728">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799D6FF6D03C3F96AFEB6F888" bold="true" box="[213,347,1768,1801]" pageId="157" pageNumber="728">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
There is little specific information available for this species. Aders’s Duiker is reported to breed throughout the year; pregnant females have been captured in June-November, and a lactating female was observed in December.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D6FF6D03C5F8DCFBD7F84F" pageId="157" pageNumber="728" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D6FF6D03C5F8DCFBD7F84F" blockId="157.[208,1418,705,2942]" pageId="157" pageNumber="728">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799D6FF6D03C5F8DCFE28F8FE" bold="true" box="[211,453,1886,1919]" pageId="157" pageNumber="728">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Diurnal or crepuscular feeding occurs from dawn until around 11:00 h, followed by a period of rest and rumination. At about 15:00 h, Aders’s Duikers generally become active and continue foraging until nightfall.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D6FF6D03C3F856FBAEF73B" pageId="157" pageNumber="728" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D6FF6D03C3F856FBAEF73B" blockId="157.[208,1418,705,2942]" pageId="157" pageNumber="728">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799D6FF6D03C3F856FC7AF874" bold="true" box="[213,919,2004,2037]" pageId="157" pageNumber="728">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
There islittle specific information available for this species. Usually solitary, but sometimes observed in groups of two or three individuals. Regular pathways are commonly used. Aders’s Duikeris reported to defend territories. Although the preorbital glands are small, their secretions are used to mark prominent twigs; dung heaps may also help delineate territories. This species is very shy, alert, and has excellent senses of hearing and smell.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D6FF6D03C0F742FBC4F4AE" pageId="157" pageNumber="728" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D6FF6D03C0F742FBC4F4AE" blockId="157.[208,1418,705,2942]" pageId="157" pageNumber="728">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799D6FF6D03C0F742FDD6F760" bold="true" box="[214,571,2240,2273]" pageId="157" pageNumber="728">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. There are no remaining natural predators on
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599D6FF6D0097F76AFC10F688" box="[897,1021,2280,2313]" name="Tanzania" pageId="157" pageNumber="728">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
|
||
; pythons (Python sebae) are uncommon and generally small, and Leopards (Panthera pardus) are extremely rare and possibly extirpated. Humans have a major impact on the continued survival of Aders’s Duiker. Overhunting has led to long-term declines in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599D6FF6D074FF6DCFB3FF6FE" box="[1113,1234,2398,2431]" name="Tanzania" pageId="157" pageNumber="728">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
|
||
. At Mtende, Aders’s Duikers were once estimated to comprise 70% of hunters’ kills, although trapping success has decreased dramatically in recent decades. Habitat destruction and fragmentation threaten remaining populations, primarily as the result of collection of firewood (which is a principal source of income for many families). Dogs are known to have destroyed an introduced population of Aders’s Duiker on Funzi Island, where these antelopes had previously thrived. The last formal estimates of population size (.1999) concluded that perhaps 600 Aders’s Duikers remain on
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599D6FF6D0761F5F3FB1CF513" box="[1143,1265,2673,2706]" name="Tanzania" pageId="157" pageNumber="728">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
|
||
and fewer than 300-420 live in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599D6FF6D0064F51AFC24F538" box="[882,969,2712,2745]" name="Kenya" pageId="157" pageNumber="728">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Since these estimates, a third population has been discovered in north-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599D6FF6D0088F541FC1FF561" box="[926,1010,2755,2784]" name="Kenya" pageId="157" pageNumber="728">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Boni and Dodori National Reserves). Aders’s Duikers are commonly recorded in camera-traps in this area, and this population may prove to be a stronghold for the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D6FF6D03CEF4BCFDE9F4FF" pageId="157" pageNumber="728" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D6FF6D03CEF4BCFDE9F4FF" blockId="157.[208,1418,705,2942]" pageId="157" pageNumber="728">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799D6FF6D03CEF4BCFE9FF4D6" bold="true" box="[216,370,2878,2903]" pageId="157" pageNumber="728">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Andanje et al. (2011), Daniels (2004), East (1999), Finnie (2008), Kanga (1995), Kingdon (1982, 1997), Wilson (1987, 2001).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |