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<document id="A9C5D720B040EE7D82F0E40EDD7FB4D0" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F5071399CBFF70037DF38DF882F95B" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Rupicapra asiatica" docType="treatment" docVersion="17" lastPageNumber="699" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="699" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="7C595F24B6EF44C6598D33137C1C8C6E">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8D3D9B3A685E0B326827A1C553671609">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EAF9FB7FCC1D3FD8EFE764D59E922038">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:publisher id="9B1CB3E0C9EFE3EC23F980CABE241B1B">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:title id="3C0DC90D7C12CEE50CA2B4160323B53C">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F5071399CBFF70037DF38DF882F95B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6636970" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659241" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6636970" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F5071399CBFF70037DF38DF882F95B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F5071399CBFF70037DF38DF882F95B" lastPageNumber="699" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CBFF70037DF38DFF50F3BC" box="[107,189,3087,3133]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CBFF70037DF38DFF50F3BC" blockId="128.[105,1053,3087,3210]" box="[107,189,3087,3133]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<heading id="D0AB016999CBFF70037DF38DFF50F3BC" box="[107,189,3087,3133]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<figureCitation id="1367AA8099CBFF70037DF38DFF50F3BC" box="[107,189,3087,3133]" captionStart="Plate 48: Bovidae" captionStartId="126.[107,137,3382,3407]" captionTargetBox="[12,2764,12,3635]" captionTargetPageId="125" captionText="208. Pyrenean Chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica), 209. Abruzzi Chamois (Rupicapra ornata), 210. Cantabrian Chamois (Rupicapra parva), 211. Alpine Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), 212. Carpathian Chamois (Rupicapra carpatica), 213. Asia Minor Chamois (Rupicapra asiatica), 214. Himalayan Brown Goral (Nemorhaedus goral), 215. Himalayan Gray Goral (Nemorhaedus bedfordi), 216. Chinese Goral (Nemorhaedus griseus), 217. Burmese Goral (Nemorhaedus evansi), 218. Long-tailed Goral (Nemorhaedus caudatus), 219. Red Goral (Nemorhaedus baileyi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512963/files/figure.png" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">213.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CBFF7003DDF38DFD98F3BC" box="[203,629,3087,3133]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CBFF7003DDF38DFD98F3BC" blockId="128.[105,1053,3087,3210]" box="[203,629,3087,3133]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<heading id="D0AB016999CBFF7003DDF38DFD98F3BC" box="[203,629,3087,3133]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<vernacularName id="055FC62B99CBFF7003DDF38DFD98F3BC" box="[203,629,3087,3133]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599CBFF7003DDF38DFE5CF3BC" box="[203,433,3087,3133]" name="Turkey" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Asia Minor</collectingCountry>
Chamois
</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CBFF7001BFF38DFBE3F3BC" box="[681,1038,3087,3133]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CBFF7001BFF38DFBE3F3BC" blockId="128.[105,1053,3087,3210]" box="[681,1038,3087,3133]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<heading id="D0AB016999CBFF7001BFF38DFBE3F3BC" box="[681,1038,3087,3133]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699CBFF7001BFF38DFBE3F3BC" baseAuthorityName="Lydekker" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[681,1038,3087,3133]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="asiatica">
<emphasis id="B9286A1799CBFF7001BFF38DFBE3F3BC" box="[681,1038,3087,3133]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Rupicapra asiatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CBFF70037CF3CCFD3AF30B" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CBFF70037CF3CCFBF0F3E2" blockId="128.[105,1053,3087,3210]" box="[106,1053,3150,3171]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<heading id="D0AB016999CBFF70037CF3CCFBF0F3E2" box="[106,1053,3150,3171]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<emphasis id="B9286A1799CBFF70037CF3CCFF5AF3E2" bold="true" box="[106,183,3150,3171]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055FC62B99CBFF7003D6F3CCFE7FF3E2" box="[192,402,3150,3171]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Chamois du Caucase</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B9286A1799CBFF7002BEF3CCFDEFF3E2" bold="true" box="[424,514,3150,3171]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055FC62B99CBFF70011BF3CCFD52F3E2" box="[525,703,3150,3171]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Kleinasien-Gamse</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B9286A1799CBFF7001C5F3CCFCC3F3E2" bold="true" box="[723,814,3150,3171]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055FC62B99CBFF70002FF3CCFC6EF3E2" box="[825,899,3150,3171]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Rebeco</vernacularName>
de Asia Menor
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CBFF70037FF3F7FD3AF30B" blockId="128.[105,1053,3087,3210]" box="[105,727,3189,3210]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<heading id="D0AB016999CBFF70037FF3F7FD3AF30B" box="[105,727,3189,3210]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<emphasis id="B9286A1799CBFF70037FF3F7FE8CF30B" bold="true" box="[105,353,3189,3210]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055FC62B99CBFF70027FF3F7FDCBF30B" box="[361,550,3189,3210]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Anatolian Chamois</vernacularName>
,
<vernacularName id="055FC62B99CBFF700124F3F7FD3AF30B" box="[562,727,3189,3210]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Turkish Chamois</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CBFF70037FF335FCD6F359" box="[105,827,3255,3288]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CBFF70037FF335FCD6F359" blockId="128.[105,1306,3255,3446]" box="[105,827,3255,3288]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<emphasis id="B9286A1799CBFF70037FF335FEE8F359" bold="true" box="[105,261,3255,3288]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699CBFF700207F335FCDBF359" authority="Lydekker, 1908" authorityName="Lydekker" authorityYear="1908" box="[273,822,3255,3288]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="tragus" subSpecies="asiatica">Rupicapra tragus asiatica Lydekker, 1908</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CBFF700050F335FAE1F359" box="[838,1292,3255,3288]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CBFF700050F335FAE1F359" blockId="128.[105,1306,3255,3446]" box="[838,1292,3255,3288]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<materialsCitation id="3B34BC5899CBFF700050F335FAE1F359" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198341" box="[838,1292,3255,3288]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<collectingRegion id="499878E799CBFF700050F335FC35F359" box="[838,984,3255,3288]" country="Turkey" name="Trabzon" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Trebizond</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599CBFF7000F1F335FB6CF359" box="[999,1153,3255,3288]" name="Turkey" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Asia Minor</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599CBFF700781F335FB12F359" box="[1175,1279,3255,3288]" name="Turkey" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Turkey</collectingCountry>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CBFF70037DF35DFE4AF2A9" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CBFF70037DF35DFE4AF2A9" blockId="128.[105,1306,3255,3446]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Rupicapra probably spread from Asia to Europe during the Middle Pleistocene. Two subspecies recognized.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CBFF70037CF2B0F625FED3" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" type="distribution">
<caption id="DF23E68D99CBFF70037CF2B0F625FED3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512781" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512781/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" targetBox="[1373,1967,274,691]" targetPageId="128">
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CBFF70037CF2B0FE17F2CE" blockId="128.[105,1306,3255,3446]" box="[106,506,3378,3407]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<emphasis id="B9286A1799CBFF70037CF2B0FE17F2CE" bold="true" box="[106,506,3378,3407]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CBFF70037DF2DFFD05F2F7" blockId="128.[105,1306,3255,3446]" box="[107,744,3421,3446]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699CBFF70037DF2DFFD05F2F7" authority="Lydekker, 1908" authorityName="Lydekker" authorityYear="1908" box="[107,744,3421,3446]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="asiatica" subSpecies="asiatica">R.a.asiaticaLydekker,1908—NE&amp;ETurkey.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CBFF7004DEFE90F625FED3" blockId="128.[1990,2576,274,691]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699CBFF7004DEFE90F687FEAA" authority="Lydekker, 1910" authorityName="Lydekker" authorityYear="1910" box="[1992,2410,274,299]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="asiatica" subSpecies="caucasica">R. a. caucasica Lydekker, 1910</taxonomicName>
— Caucasus in S
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599CBFF700B13FEBBF7B0FED3" box="[2053,2141,313,338]" name="Russia" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Russia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599CBFF700B78FEBBF732FED3" box="[2158,2271,313,338]" name="Georgia" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Georgia</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599CBFF700A3DFEBBF629FED3" box="[2347,2500,313,338]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CBFF7004D1FEDAF5E0FD32" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CBFF7004D1FEDAF5E0FD32" blockId="128.[1990,2576,274,691]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<emphasis id="B9286A1799CBFF7004D1FEDAF754FEF8" bold="true" box="[1991,2233,344,377]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head—body 125-135 cm (males) and ¢c.
<quantity id="4CA41BE099CBFF700B89FE06F71EFE20" box="[2207,2291,388,417]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" unit="cm" value="96.0">96 cm</quantity>
(females), tail c.
<quantity id="4CA41BE099CBFF700AF1FE06F7F2FE49" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" unit="cm" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">8— 10 cm</quantity>
, shoulder height 78-86 cm; weight 30-50 kg (males) and 25-42 kg (females). Horn length 14-25 cm (males), horn basal girth 6-10 cm (males). The
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599CBFF700A61FDA3F5FDFDBF" box="[2423,2576,545,574]" name="Turkey" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
Asia
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699CBFF700AACFDA3F5FDFDBF" authority="Chamois" authorityName="Chamois" box="[2490,2576,545,574]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minor">Minor</taxonomicName>
</collectingCountry>
Chamois is similar in body coloration to Alpine Chamois (
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699CBFF700BAFFDEDF6B2FD0D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[2233,2399,623,652]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rupicapra">R. rupicapra</taxonomicName>
), but smaller in size. Diploid chromosome numberis 58.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CBFF700649FD40F777FCF9" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CBFF700649FD40F777FCF9" blockId="128.[1374,2580,706,1754]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<emphasis id="B9286A1799CBFF700649FD40FA23FD5A" bold="true" box="[1375,1486,706,731]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Habitat.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599CBFF7006CEFD40F99FFD5A" box="[1496,1650,706,731]" name="Turkey" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
Asia
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699CBFF70050DFD40F99FFD5A" authority="Chamois" authorityName="Chamois" box="[1563,1650,706,731]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minor">Minor</taxonomicName>
</collectingCountry>
Chamois occur at elevations of 200-2850 m. In the Caucasus, they occur in the alpine zone in September—-November and lowest elevations during December-May. Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) and Eurasian Lynxes (Lynx lynx) are predators. Chamois remains were found in 12% of wolf droppings and 18% of lynx scats. Domestic dogs can be predators in some areas.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CBFF700676FCFCF960FC49" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CBFF700676FCFCF960FC49" blockId="128.[1374,2580,706,1754]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<emphasis id="B9286A1799CBFF700676FCFCF98BFC1E" bold="true" box="[1376,1638,894,927]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
Feed principally on forbs and graminoids during summer and on browse during winter.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CBFF700676FC53F5E3FBBD" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CBFF700676FC53F5E3FBBD" blockId="128.[1374,2580,706,1754]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<emphasis id="B9286A1799CBFF700676FC53FA09FC6F" bold="true" box="[1376,1508,977,1006]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Breeding.</emphasis>
Mating season of the
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599CBFF700409FC53F857FC6F" box="[1823,1978,977,1006]" name="Turkey" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
Asia
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699CBFF700472FC53F857FC6F" authority="Chamois" authorityName="Chamois" box="[1892,1978,977,1006]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minor">Minor</taxonomicName>
</collectingCountry>
Chamois is from late October to early December, and kids are born from late April to mid-June after gestation of 165-175 days. Most kids are born in May—earlyJune. A single offsping is usually born; twinning is rare.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CBFF700648FBC1F63EFB32" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" type="activity">
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CBFF700648FBC1F63EFB32" blockId="128.[1374,2580,706,1754]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<emphasis id="B9286A1799CBFF700648FBC1F9AAFBE5" bold="true" box="[1374,1607,1091,1124]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Probably similar to Alpine Chamois. The
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599CBFF700B9FFBC1F6CCFBE5" box="[2185,2337,1091,1124]" name="Turkey" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
Asia
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699CBFF700BDCFBC1F6CCFBE5" authority="Chamois" authorityName="Chamois" box="[2250,2337,1091,1124]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minor">Minor</taxonomicName>
</collectingCountry>
Chamois is mostly diurnal but known to forage at night. In the Caucasus, they feed between 05:00 h and 11:00 h followed by a midday rest period. Foraging resumes at about 17:00 h.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CBFF700676FB3BF692FAD1" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CBFF700676FB3BF692FAD1" blockId="128.[1374,2580,706,1754]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<emphasis id="B9286A1799CBFF700676FB3BF7F5FB5B" bold="true" box="[1376,2072,1209,1242]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Seasonal migrations occur between alpine areas occupied in summer and lower-elevation forested areas in winter. Summer and winter areas can be up to
<quantity id="4CA41BE099CBFF70045DFA8EF85DFAA8" box="[1867,1968,1292,1321]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" unit="m" value="2500.0">2500 m</quantity>
apart. In the Caucasus, age composition of populations consisted of 44-85% adults, 13-29% kids and 7-14% yearlings.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CBFF700676FAD8F7E1F9E5" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CBFF700676FAD8F7E1F9E5" blockId="128.[1374,2580,706,1754]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<emphasis id="B9286A1799CBFF700676FAD8F951FAF6" bold="true" box="[1376,1724,1370,1399]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699CBFF700AB9FAD8FA4AFA1F" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rupicapra">R. rupicapra</taxonomicName>
asiatica and R. rv.
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699CBFF700588FAFFF8F0FA1F" box="[1694,1821,1405,1438]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caucasica">caucasica</taxonomicName>
). Populations of the
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599CBFF700B54FAFFF733FA1F" box="[2114,2270,1405,1438]" name="Turkey" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
Asia
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699CBFF700B91FAFFF733FA1F" authority="Chamois" authorityName="Chamois" box="[2183,2270,1405,1438]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minor">Minor</taxonomicName>
</collectingCountry>
Chamois continue to decline, and in the Caucasus they occur only in fragmented protected areas. Populations are largely unmonitored and unprotected, and status is unknown.
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699CBFF700A61FA4EF627FA6C" box="[2423,2506,1484,1517]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Boselaphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">Major</taxonomicName>
concerns include poaching, even in protected areas, and competition with domestic sheep and goats for forage and space. Some populations in
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599CBFF700B74F999F72FF9BD" box="[2146,2242,1563,1596]" name="Turkey" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Turkey</collectingCountry>
are probably stable because of protection afforded in hunting reserves.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CBFF700677F9F0F882F95B" pageId="128" pageNumber="699" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CBFF700677F9F0F882F95B" blockId="128.[1374,2580,706,1754]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">
<emphasis id="B9286A1799CBFF700677F9F0FA16F90A" bold="true" box="[1377,1531,1650,1675]" pageId="128" pageNumber="699">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Aulagnier et al. (2008), Baskin &amp; Danell (2003), Corlatti et al. (2011), Groves &amp; Grubb (2011), Grubb (2005), Heptner et al. (1988), Kence &amp; Tarhan (1997), Lovari &amp; Scala (1984), Rodriguez et al. (2009), Simpson &amp; Epley (2002), Weinberg et al. (1997).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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