201 lines
21 KiB
XML
201 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="34911A3762C5EA724F6F28FA7BD41E77" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F507139928FF9303DBFB5AF8DEFD65" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Budorcas bedfordi" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="670" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="670" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="BFC9729D67565F29B07728CB634AC864" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="C6E081BCCD64A717B6DB6907EDFCEF34">
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<mods:title id="92B645FDBD9FF17D59934FF42DF20473">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="3C2E13745263E994BFF758F1252A9EBB" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="742DD456E48B6C213E2E50F28825CA5A">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="6CD7E85BE28B2EEF676DF4EA86463DCA" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="1B3E56AA6ABA299110907C6458E47092">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="0441D13DA8D92862FD713A1B680012A2">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="561A521CEB019509963630781F4540E9">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="C24AFA6A4675B7B4A7B7198AE7CEA940">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="A6BA61E9B0C0946F0E6DBE23CB661A7A" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="E45E45F6C3E3684D1A8B3D8C64890CCB">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="853F3381A8C6F225A4988D70AE1AF1D3">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="9BB490D081CC4819210AC2E307FF0B07">
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<mods:title id="752455321CE6ECA9006441F890B84EAC">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F507139928FF9303DBFB5AF8DEFD65" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6636913" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659223" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6636913" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F507139928FF9303DBFB5AF8DEFD65" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F507139928FF9303DBFB5AF8DEFD65" lastPageNumber="670" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9303DBFB5AFEF0FA8B" blockId="99.[201,971,1240,1334]" box="[205,285,1240,1290]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
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<heading id="D0AB01699928FF9303DBFB5AFEF0FA8B" box="[205,285,1240,1290]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA809928FF9303DBFB5AFEF0FA8B" box="[205,285,1240,1290]" captionStart="Plate 44: Bovidae" captionStartId="96.[94,124,3392,3417]" captionTargetBox="[13,2757,13,3636]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="167. Chiru (Pantholops hodgsonii), 168. Rocky Mountain Goat (Oreamnos americanus), 169. Mishmi Takin (Budorcas taxicolor), 170. Bhutan Takin (Budorcas whitei), 171. Sichuan Takin (Budorcas tibetana), 172. Golden Takin (Budorcas bedfordi), 173. Aoudad (Ammotragus lervia), 174. Arabian Tahr (Avabitragus jayakari), 175. Himalayan Tahr (Hemutragus jemlahicus), 176. Greater Blue Sheep (Pseudois nayawr), 177. Dwarf Blue Sheep (Pseudois schaeferi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512953" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512953/files/figure.png" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">172.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF930239FB5AFDA7FA8B" blockId="99.[201,971,1240,1334]" box="[303,586,1240,1290]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
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<heading id="D0AB01699928FF930239FB5AFDA7FA8B" box="[303,586,1240,1290]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9928FF930239FB5AFDA7FA8B" box="[303,586,1240,1290]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Golden Takin</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF930184FB5AFC27FA8B" box="[658,970,1240,1290]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF930184FB5AFC27FA8B" blockId="99.[201,971,1240,1334]" box="[658,970,1240,1290]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
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<heading id="D0AB01699928FF930184FB5AFC27FA8B" box="[658,970,1240,1290]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869928FF930184FB5AFC27FA8B" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[658,970,1240,1290]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Budorcas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bedfordi">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF930184FB5AFC27FA8B" box="[658,970,1240,1290]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Budorcas bedfordi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF9303DCFA9EFCA2FAB0" box="[202,847,1308,1329]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9303DCFA9EFCA2FAB0" blockId="99.[201,971,1240,1334]" box="[202,847,1308,1329]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
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<heading id="D0AB01699928FF9303DCFA9EFCA2FAB0" box="[202,847,1308,1329]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF9303DCFA9EFEFAFAB0" bold="true" box="[202,279,1308,1329]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9928FF930209FA9EFE69FAB0" box="[287,388,1308,1329]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Takin doré</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF93028FFA9EFE19FAB0" bold="true" box="[409,500,1308,1329]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9928FF9302E8FA9EFDB7FAB0" box="[510,602,1308,1329]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Goldtakin</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF930179FA9EFD27FAB0" bold="true" box="[623,714,1308,1329]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9928FF9301C4FA9EFCEEFAB0" box="[722,771,1308,1329]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Takin</vernacularName>
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dorado
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF930027FADDFC2DFA26" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF930027FADDFC2DFA26" blockId="99.[817,1403,1375,1802]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF930027FADDFC21FA01" bold="true" box="[817,972,1375,1408]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869928FF9300CCFADDFC51FA26" authority="Thomas, 1911" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1911" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Budorcas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="taxicolor" subSpecies="bedford">Budorcas taxicolor bedford: Thomas, 1911</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF9300DCFA0CFA9AFA26" box="[970,1399,1422,1447]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9300DCFA0CFA9AFA26" blockId="99.[817,1403,1375,1802]" box="[970,1399,1422,1447]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC589928FF9300DCFA0CFA9AFA26" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198453" box="[970,1399,1422,1447]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
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Tai-pei Shan, S
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79928FF930788FA0CFAE3FA26" box="[1182,1294,1422,1447]" country="China" name="Shaanxi" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Shaanxi</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959928FF930608FA0CFA99FA26" box="[1310,1396,1422,1447]" name="China" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">China</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF930024FA2FFC23F9ED" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF930024FA2FFC23F9ED" blockId="99.[817,1403,1375,1802]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
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Usually classified as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869928FF930676FA2FFC73FA77" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1850" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Budorcas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taxicolor">B. taxicolor</taxonomicName>
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. The four takin species are differentiated on the basis of body color and mtDNA analysis of Chinese populations. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF930027F9F0FC58F93A" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D9928FF930027F9F0FC58F93A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512698" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512698/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" targetBox="[199,793,1385,1802]" targetPageId="99">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF930027F9F0FC58F93A" blockId="99.[817,1403,1375,1802]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF930027F9F0FC0DF912" bold="true" box="[817,992,1650,1683]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Distribution.</emphasis>
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C
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959928FF93071DF9F0FBB2F912" box="[1035,1119,1650,1683]" name="China" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">China</collectingCountry>
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(Quinling Range, S
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79928FF930024F91CFC45F93A" box="[818,936,1694,1723]" country="China" name="Shaanxi" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Shaanxi</collectingRegion>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF930027F943FCDDF874" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF930027F943FCDDF874" blockId="99.[817,1403,1375,1802]" lastBlockId="99.[200,1404,1812,3452]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF930027F943FBD2F963" bold="true" box="[817,1087,1729,1762]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body ¢.170-220 cm, tail 7-12 cm, shoulder height ¢.107-140 cm; weight ¢.150-350 kg. Horn length up to
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09928FF9300D0F896FBF5F8B0" box="[966,1048,1812,1841]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" unit="cm" value="64.0">64 cm</quantity>
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(males), horn basal girth up to
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09928FF93020AF8B5FE83F8D9" box="[284,366,1847,1880]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" unit="cm" value="38.0">38 cm</quantity>
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(males), horn tip-to-tip spread up to
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09928FF93006FF8B5FC26F8D9" box="[889,971,1847,1880]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.1" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" unit="cm" value="91.0">91 cm</quantity>
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(males). Horns grow vertically in the form of a short, thickened horn base, then curve outward and backward, with tips upward. Adult male body pelage is shaggy and creamy white to golden yellow with distinctly golden hair on the neck and chest of adult males. Golden Takins usually have black hairs on muzzle, knees, hock, and tail.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF930965F85BF599F877" box="[2675,2676,2009,2038]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">.</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF9303DFF782FB29F73B" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9303DFF782FB29F73B" blockId="99.[200,1404,1812,3452]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF9303DFF782FED5F79C" bold="true" box="[201,312,2048,2077]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Golden Takins occur at elevations of 1300-2800 m in diverse plant communities, depending on elevation. A mixed coniferous and broadleaf deciduous forest predominates at 1000-2200 m, a subalpine coniferous zone occurs at 2200-2900 m, and subalpine meadows above ¢.
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. They use salt licks, and these sites influence their movement patterns and the location and size of their home ranges.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF9303DFF742FAEDF688" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9303DFF742FAEDF688" blockId="99.[200,1404,1812,3452]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF9303DFF742FE22F760" bold="true" box="[201,463,2240,2273]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Golden Takins feed on 161 plant species and are primarily browsers, with twigs, shoots, stems, leaves, and bark important dietary components.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF9303DFF691FD0EF59A" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9303DFF691FD0EF59A" blockId="99.[200,1404,1812,3452]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF9303DFF691FEA2F6B1" bold="true" box="[201,335,2323,2352]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Mating occurs in June-August, and calves are born in February-March. Females reach sexual maturity at 4-5 years and males at 5-5 years. Gestation is about 220 days. Birth sites are in deciduous broadleaf or mixed coniferous and broadleafforests, high on south-facing slopes (2000-2404 m) with less than 5% snow cover, or in thick bamboo communities or against a steep slope. Females give birth in female herds and do not segregate newborns. Calves are able to follow their mothers soon after birth. Longevity in the wild is about 16 years.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF9303DEF5A4FBFEF538" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9303DEF5A4FBFEF538" blockId="99.[200,1404,1812,3452]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
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||
<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF9303DEF5A4FE5EF5C2" bold="true" box="[200,435,2598,2627]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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During spring and summer, Golden Takins are most active feeding, standing, and walking at about 06:00-08:00 h, 10:00-12:00 h, and 18:00-20:00 h. There is one active peak at night at 00:00-01:00 h. They most actively feed at 06:00-07:00 h and 18:30-19:30 h. Predation is not a major mortality factor.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF9303DFF541FBE9F2FD" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9303DFF541FBE9F2FD" blockId="99.[200,1404,1812,3452]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF9303DFF541FC65F561" bold="true" box="[201,904,2755,2784]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Elevational movements occur four times a year. Takins remain at 2200-2800 m in summer (June-August), in winter (December—March) at 1900-2400 m, and at lower elevations, between
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and
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, for short periods in spring (April-May) and autumn (September-November). Solar radiation and vegetation phenology are the factors that instigate these seasonal movements. Mean seasonal home ranges of four takins were 19-5 km? in summer,
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? in autumn, and
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||
? in winter. Within a nature reserve, mean group size of herds was 10-8 takins, with a maximum herd size of 59. Fifty percent of the animals were in herds larger than 15, and 53% of groups had more than one adult female. Mean group size of herds formed by adults with subadults or calves was 14-8, and 63-3% of herds had more than one subadult or calf. Only one all-male herd was recorded. The adult sex ratio was 49 males:100 females. The population consisted of 17-3% males, 35-4% females, 35% subadults, and 12-:2% calves. In another study, mixed group composition was unstable because subadults moved between herds. Home ranges of subadult females were larger than those of adult females. Solitary individuals were common, especially during the mating season. Densities were 1-29-1-56 ind/km? in a high-density population within a protected area, but the range of densities in the Qinling Mountains was 0-14-0-22 ind/km?*.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF9306D4FE91F64EFE79" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9306D4FE91F64EFE79" blockId="99.[1473,2674,275,746]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF9306D4FE91F8F0FEB5" bold="true" box="[1474,1821,275,308]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II (under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869928FF930BB8FE91F6A9FEB5" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1850" box="[2222,2372,275,308]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Budorcas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taxicolor">B. taxicolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List (as B. t. bedfordi). Total population is ¢.5000. Most takins occur in protected areas. Human encroachment and disturbance due to roads and poaching are concerns, as well as habitat loss and fragmentation even within nature reserves. Addditional protected areas and enlargement of existing areas are needed. Strict enforcement of wildlife and habitat protection laws are a priority.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF9306D4FD85F8DEFD65" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9306D4FD85F8DEFD65" blockId="99.[1473,2674,275,746]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF9306D4FD85F9B1FDA1" bold="true" box="[1474,1628,519,544]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Groves & Grubb (2011), Grubb (2005), MacKinnon (2008), Neas & Hoffmann (1987), Simpson & Epley (2002),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79928FF93056DFDACF95DFDC6" box="[1659,1712,558,583]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Song</collectingRegion>
|
||
Yanling et al. (2000), Wang Xuezhi et al. (2005), Zeng Zhigao &
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79928FF930A82FDACF624FDC6" box="[2452,2505,558,583]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Song</collectingRegion>
|
||
Yanling (2001, 2002), Zeng Zhigao, Beck et al. (2010), Zeng Zhigao, Skidmore et al. (2008), Zeng Zhigao,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79928FF930AD1FDD7F611FDEF" box="[2503,2556,597,622]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Song</collectingRegion>
|
||
Yanling & Gong Huisheng (1998), Zeng Zhigao,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79928FF930449FDFFF879FD17" box="[1887,1940,637,662]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Song</collectingRegion>
|
||
Yanling, Zhong Wengin et al. (2001), Zeng Zhigao, Zhong Wenqin,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79928FF9306D4FD26FA1AFD3C" box="[1474,1527,676,701]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Song</collectingRegion>
|
||
Yanling, Li Junsheng & Guo Feng (2002), Zeng Zhigao, Zhong Wengin,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79928FF930A18FD26F6AEFD3C" box="[2318,2371,676,701]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Song</collectingRegion>
|
||
Yanling, Li Junsheng, Zhao Leigang & Gong Huisheng (2003).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |