220 lines
25 KiB
XML
220 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document id="7B15A12B45CDBC6386A09F214CF1462F" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F50713990CFFB806DEF366F8CCF803" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Addax nasomaculatus" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="643" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="642" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="051A5377E36BEBC4DE113555B71B0901" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="807A20B3485A8670854685D2E5743900">
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<mods:title id="2FE85B009F6DFFB6FEFD78E2A2A6FF7F">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A1819B4DD76DE81915ACCAECCE1D87DF">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="CD29C077255826717F69F4A8A8ECFB3E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B9F5757549BA36DE66EDEE55FADA34E6">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="377F8126578EC5961A8D08E502C56460">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="F539B0295AC6C5CA3502CE9B073D6C04">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="1754A48BB2DCE18129CE326924A17FE8" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="B43938E9D5F129E05839E7966BA6A18A">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="34CBFA16DC2884DD1C9D77BED30C3D81">
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<mods:placeTerm id="5254C9EB54A28DCEBB5F212281D5F101">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="0789008CA74D5DEC832F70933E1E2F7B">
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<mods:title id="29EF8CBEF8AFC9C3BA8B74737009BB26">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="8811C2B614F5835D3B4593CA01303501">
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<mods:identifier id="D2B2FF8EC5348DE2B35F8FDF0DCE4148" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F50713990CFFB806DEF366F8CCF803" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6581660" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659418" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6581660" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F50713990CFFB806DEF366F8CCF803" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F50713990CFFB806DEF366F8CCF803" lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="643" pageId="71" pageNumber="642">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E990CFFB706DEF366F9F5F28B" box="[1480,1560,3300,3338]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605990CFFB706DEF366F9F5F28B" blockId="71.[1476,2184,3299,3379]" box="[1480,1560,3300,3338]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642">
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<heading id="D0AB0169990CFFB706DEF366F9F5F28B" box="[1480,1560,3300,3338]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA80990CFFB706DEF366F9F5F28B" box="[1480,1560,3300,3338]" captionStart="Plate 39: Bovidae" captionStartId="70.[92,122,3433,3454]" captionTargetBox="[12,2753,13,3636]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="134. Roan Antelope (Hippotragus equinus), 135. Southern Sable Antelope (Hippotragus niger), 136. Roosevelt's Sable Antelope (Hippotragus roosevelti), 137. Addax (Addax nasomaculatus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512942" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512942/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="642">137.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E990CFFB70530F366F95DF28B" box="[1574,1712,3300,3338]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605990CFFB70530F366F95DF28B" blockId="71.[1476,2184,3299,3379]" box="[1574,1712,3300,3338]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642">
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<heading id="D0AB0169990CFFB70530F366F95DF28B" box="[1574,1712,3300,3338]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B990CFFB70530F366F95DF28B" box="[1574,1712,3300,3338]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642">Addax</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E990CFFB705F7F366F765F28B" box="[1761,2184,3300,3338]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605990CFFB705F7F366F765F28B" blockId="71.[1476,2184,3299,3379]" box="[1761,2184,3300,3338]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642">
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<heading id="D0AB0169990CFFB705F7F366F765F28B" box="[1761,2184,3300,3338]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86990CFFB705F7F366F765F28B" ID-CoL="652YZ" baseAuthorityName="Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[1761,2184,3300,3338]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Addax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="71" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasomaculatus">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17990CFFB705F7F366F765F28B" box="[1761,2184,3300,3338]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="642">Addax nasomaculatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E990CFFB706D3F29EF85AF2B0" box="[1477,1975,3356,3377]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605990CFFB706D3F29EF85AF2B0" blockId="71.[1476,2184,3299,3379]" box="[1477,1975,3356,3377]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642">
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<heading id="D0AB0169990CFFB706D3F29EF85AF2B0" box="[1477,1975,3356,3377]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17990CFFB706D3F29EF9FFF2B0" bold="true" box="[1477,1554,3356,3377]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B990CFFB7050CF29EF9B5F2B0" box="[1562,1624,3356,3377]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642">Addax</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A17990CFFB7057AF29EF925F2B0" bold="true" box="[1644,1736,3356,3377]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B990CFFB705C6F29EF8E3F2B0" box="[1744,1806,3356,3377]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642">Addax</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A17990CFFB70434F29EF890F2B0" bold="true" box="[1826,1917,3356,3377]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B990CFFB70490F29EF85AF2B0" box="[1926,1975,3356,3377]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642">Adax</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E990CFFB706D2F2E4F770F2FE" box="[1476,2205,3430,3455]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605990CFFB706D2F2E4F770F2FE" blockId="71.[1475,2394,3429,3463]" box="[1476,2205,3430,3455]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17990CFFB706D2F2E4F9B2F2FE" bold="true" box="[1476,1631,3430,3455]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86990CFFB7057CF2E4F774F2FE" authority="de Blainville, 1816" authorityName="de Blainville" authorityYear="1816" box="[1642,2201,3430,3455]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Antilope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="71" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasomaculata">Antilope nasomaculata de Blainville, 1816</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E990CFFB70BBEF2E4F6B4F2FE" box="[2216,2393,3430,3455]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605990CFFB70BBEF2E4F6B4F2FE" blockId="71.[1475,2394,3429,3463]" box="[2216,2393,3430,3455]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC58990CFFB70BBEF2E4F6B4F2FE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198374" box="[2216,2393,3430,3455]" pageId="71" pageNumber="642">Senegambia.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9903FFB801DAFE9BFB3BFE76" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059903FFB801DAFE9BFB3BFE76" blockId="72.[715,1301,281,699]" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">The question of whether there could be differences between the eastern and western Saharan populations of this species has been raised several times, but there appears to be nothing to substantiate it. This species is considered monotypic here.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9903FFB801DDFD83FE84FC89" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D9903FFB801DDFD83FE84FC89" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512623" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512623" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512623/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" targetBox="[97,692,280,695]" targetPageId="72">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059903FFB801DDFD83FE84FC89" blockId="72.[715,1301,281,699]" lastBlockId="72.[92,1300,705,1918]" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179903FFB801DDFD83FC96FD9F" bold="true" box="[715,891,513,542]" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Only confirmed existing population in Termit and Tin Toumma regions of EC
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959903FFB800B7FDD6FC1CFDEC" box="[929,1009,596,621]" name="Niger" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">Niger</collectingCountry>
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; however, there is a recent confirmed sighting from C
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959903FFB807D9FDF5FCCBFD3A" name="Mauritania" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">Mauritania</collectingCountry>
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and sporadic records from E Air Mountains in
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959903FFB80226FD43FE90FD63" box="[304,381,705,738]" name="Niger" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">Niger</collectingCountry>
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, the Equey region in W
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959903FFB801FBFD43FCD4FD63" box="[749,825,705,738]" name="Chad" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">Chad</collectingCountry>
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, S
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959903FFB8007CFD43FC3CFD63" box="[874,977,705,738]" name="Algeria" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">Algeria</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959903FFB800F3FD43FBDFFD63" box="[997,1074,705,738]" name="Libya" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">Libya</collectingCountry>
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, and the
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959903FFB807D2FD43FAEAFD63" box="[1220,1287,705,738]" name="Serbia" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">Mali</collectingCountry>
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/
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959903FFB80372FD65FF10FC89" box="[100,253,743,776]" name="Mauritania" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">Mauritania</collectingCountry>
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border.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9903FFB80375FC92FBFEFA74" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059903FFB80375FC92FBFEFA74" blockId="72.[92,1300,705,1918]" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179903FFB80375FC92FEB4FCB0" bold="true" box="[99,345,784,817]" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 120-130 cm, tail 25-35 cm, shoulder height 105-115 cm (males) and 95-110 cm (females), ear 17-20 cm, hindfoot 44-45 cm; weight
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09903FFB807F3FCB9FF22FCFE" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.125" metricValueMax="1.25" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" unit="kg" value="112.5" valueMax="125.0" valueMin="100.0">100 —125 kg</quantity>
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(males) and 60-90 kg (females). The
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869903FFB801F1FCDCFCAEFCFE" box="[743,835,862,895]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Addax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Addax</taxonomicName>
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is a rather heavily built antelope; its barrel shape reduces the surface-to-volume ratio, advantageous for thermoregulation. The muzzle is hairy except for a thin strip between and above nostrils. The terminal tail tuft is small. Hooves are wide, low, rounded anteriorly and posteriorly; lateral hooves are well developed. Foot glands present in all four feet; inguinal glands absent and, unlike the
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869903FFB80251FBA1FE6BFBC5" box="[327,390,1059,1092]" genus="Tawrotragus" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" rank="species" species="oryx">oryx</taxonomicName>
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, preorbital glands are absent, but the area is covered by a large tuft of hair. Both sexes have horns, but those of the male are longer (males, 70-85 cm, max. 109-2 cm; females, 55-80 cm). Horns are spirally twisted, with 2-5-3 loose turns in males and 1-5-2 in females, diverging from base; the tips generally point outward. Horns are ringed strongly at the base, but the rings become reduced along the length. Color pale gray-brown on nose, neck, and body, whitish on legs and haunches as well as on underparts; the tone becomes paler with age. The pelage of the Addaxis grayer in the winter, paler in the summer. The forehead is dark, sometimes blackish-brown; a white H-shaped band occurs across the nose,its lower edges extending almost to the Jaw line and its upper edges extending back above the eyes. There is a scruffy short mane around the neck. The diploid chromosome number is 58. Molars are hypsodont, and the dental formulais10/3,C0/1,P3/3,M 3/3 (x2) = 32.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9903FFB80377FA79FD34F9C2" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059903FFB80377FA79FD34F9C2" blockId="72.[92,1300,705,1918]" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179903FFB80377FA79FF22F99D" bold="true" box="[97,207,1531,1564]" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Deserts and semi-desert country, even going into sand dunes, to which it is well adapted, with its wide, spreading hooves.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9903FFB80377F9C8FE65F8AF" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059903FFB80377F9C8FE65F8AF" blockId="72.[92,1300,705,1918]" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179903FFB80377F9C8FE88F9EA" bold="true" box="[97,357,1610,1643]" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Desert grasses, shrubs, and trees; capable of going for long periods without water. It has been found that dietary fluids are retained in the stomach for an average of 20 hours, and non-fluid particles for an average of 42 hours, longer than most other ruminants—an evident adaptation to the slow-fermenting grasses ofits diet and the need to conserve water. Addaxes do not require standing water, but they will drink if it is available.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9903FFB80376F8B4FA3FFD3D" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059903FFB80376F8B4FA3FFD3D" blockId="72.[92,1300,705,1918]" lastBlockId="72.[1368,2576,282,1924]" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179903FFB80376F8B4FF0AF8D6" bold="true" box="[96,231,1846,1879]" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">Breeding.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869903FFB803E2F8B4FEBDF8D6" box="[244,336,1846,1879]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Addax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Addax</taxonomicName>
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courtship includes ritualized foreleg kicking called “laufschlag,” as with its close relatives. The bull rests his chin on the female’s croup as a prelude to mounting. The female responds by circling, her head low, like the Roan
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869903FFB80AD7FE9EFA74FEDC" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Antelope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Antelope</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869903FFB806A6FEBEF928FEDC" box="[1456,1733,316,349]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Hippotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="equinus">Hippotragus equinus</taxonomicName>
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), the Southern Sable
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869903FFB804E1FEBEF797FEDC" box="[2039,2170,316,349]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Antelope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Antelope</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869903FFB80B87FEBEF6E9FEDC" baseAuthorityName="Harris" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[2193,2308,316,349]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Hippotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">H. niger</taxonomicName>
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), and
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869903FFB80A4DFEBEF675FEDC" box="[2395,2456,316,349]" genus="Tawrotragus" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" rank="species" species="oryx">oryx</taxonomicName>
|
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species. While mating, the male rears upright, firmly grasping the female's loins. Estrus lasts 24-48 hours, gestation is 257-270 days, and postpartum estrus occurs within 2-3 days. Females give birth to a single offspring, weighing about
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09903FFB80B69FE33F751FE53" box="[2175,2236,433,466]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" unit="kg" value="5.0">5 kg</quantity>
|
||
, at any time during the year, with modest peaks in winter and spring. Females alternately stand and lie down during parturition. Neonates are hiders, rejoining the herd, but forming a créche with other calves, after about two weeks. The calves stand to suckle at first, and then, after about 15 weeks, kneel; they are weaned at 23-29 weeks. Maximum longevity was about 28 years for a captive female, but survival of both sexes is no doubtfar less in the wild.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9903FFB8064CFD46F955FC51" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059903FFB8064CFD46F955FC51" blockId="72.[1368,2576,282,1924]" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179903FFB8064CFD46F9AEFD64" bold="true" box="[1370,1603,708,741]" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Addaxes are active in the morning and evening, lying in the shade of vegetation during the heat of the day. Because of their build, they move heavily and are not fast runners. Addaxes once moved north and south across the Sahara according to season. In cold or windy weather, they dig depressions in the sand in which theylie for protection. Oryxes and Addaxes amble, nodding their heads when walking fast. An addax walks with one foot behind the other, leaving a single line of tracks. It has a flat, ratherstiff-legged gallop.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9903FFB8064DFC5AF8ECFAB3" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059903FFB8064DFC5AF8ECFAB3" blockId="72.[1368,2576,282,1924]" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179903FFB8064DFC5AF7CBFC78" bold="true" box="[1371,2086,984,1017]" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Apparently, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869903FFB80A0CFC5AF69BFC78" box="[2330,2422,984,1017]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Addax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Addax</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not territorial but lives in harems of a single male and several females and young. Group sizes are typically 5-20 individuals. Groups undertake long-distance movements in search of food under the leadership of a dominant female. Movements have been described as nomadic, but rainfall can trigger directed movements. Females in these herds are ranked, with well-marked dominance and subordination rituals. The extreme defecation crouch of the male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869903FFB805A2FB4AF8FDFB64" box="[1716,1808,1224,1253]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Addax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Addax</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869903FFB804A9FB4AF811FB64" box="[1983,2044,1224,1253]" genus="Tawrotragus" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" rank="species" species="oryx">oryx</taxonomicName>
|
||
species) is a striking visual and olfactory act that advertises rank. Surplus males apparently tend to associate with groups of Dama Gazelles (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869903FFB8052BFA97F94DFAB3" box="[1597,1696,1301,1330]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Nanger" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanger</taxonomicName>
|
||
dama).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9903FFB8064CFABCF81EF88B" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059903FFB8064CFABCF81EF88B" blockId="72.[1368,2576,282,1924]" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179903FFB8064CFABCF950FADA" bold="true" box="[1370,1725,1342,1371]" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix I. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Formerly found across the Sahara as far S as
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE68D0C29903FFB80BC4FAE3F6F0FA03" box="[2258,2333,1377,1410]" degrees="15" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" precision="55555" value="15.0">15° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
and E across the Nile and into the Middle East. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869903FFB8044FFA0FF858FA2B" box="[1881,1973,1421,1450]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Addax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Addax</taxonomicName>
|
||
is almost extinct in the wild, with a maximum of only about 500 individuals over its former vast distributional range. Because the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869903FFB80687FA55FA00FA79" box="[1425,1517,1495,1528]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Addax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Addax</taxonomicName>
|
||
is slow-moving and relatively docile around humans, overexploitation has been the primary cause of population declines, along with loss of prime habitat from extended droughts and encroaching human settlements and associated livestock. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869903FFB8064EF9CFFA59F9EF" box="[1368,1460,1613,1646]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Addax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Addax</taxonomicName>
|
||
breeds well in captivity and has been introduced into some ranches in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79903FFB80AABF9CFF5E7F9EF" box="[2493,2570,1613,1646]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79903FFB8068EF9FEF9A8F914" box="[1432,1605,1660,1685]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959903FFB80543F9FEF978F914" box="[1621,1685,1660,1685]" name="United States of America" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where it can be hunted. There are about 1700 Addaxes in captivity. Reintroductions in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959903FFB805D7F922F8D0F93C" box="[1729,1853,1696,1725]" name="Morocco" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959903FFB8049EF922F800F93C" box="[1928,2029,1696,1725]" name="Tunisia" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Jebil National Park) are contemplated, and there are herds in fenced enclosures also in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959903FFB80B5CF945F72BF965" box="[2122,2246,1735,1764]" name="Morocco" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Souss-Massa National Park) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959903FFB806F8F96FF9BEF88B" box="[1518,1619,1773,1802]" name="Tunisia" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Bou-Hedma National Park).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9903FFB8064CF89CF8CCF803" pageId="72" pageNumber="643" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059903FFB8064CF89CF8CCF803" blockId="72.[1368,2576,282,1924]" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179903FFB8064CF89CFA1EF8B2" bold="true" box="[1370,1523,1822,1843]" pageId="72" pageNumber="643">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Asa et al. (1996), Claro et al. (1996), Dolan (1966), East (1999), Estes (1991a, 1991b), Haltenorth & Diller (1980), Hummel et al. (2008), Krausman & Casey (2007), Newby & Wacher (2008), Reason & Laird (1988), Spevak et al. (1993), Weigl (2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |