treatments-xml/data/03/F3/87/03F387BFFFE2D57CFF18D9E3FF11F9BF.xml

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<mods:title id="6CE55FCF6D70E4D150D98D9708256207">Another alien terrestrial planarian in the United Kingdom: Australopacifica atrata (Steel, 1897) (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Continenticola)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F387BFFFE2D57CFF18D9E3FF11F9BF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5925041" ID-GBIF-Taxon="157141502" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5925041" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F387BFFFE2D57CFF18D9E3FF11F9BF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387BFFFE2D57CFF18D9E3FF11F9BF" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="578" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
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<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE2D57DFF18D9E3FD84FD63" blockId="2.[151,591,657,684]" box="[151,591,657,684]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
<heading id="D0AD81C5FFE2D57DFF18D9E3FD84FD63" bold="true" box="[151,591,657,684]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D2AFFE2D57DFF18D9E3FD84FD63" authority="(Steel, 1897)" baseAuthorityName="Steel" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[151,591,657,684]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Australopacifica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="atrata">
<emphasis id="B92EEABBFFE2D57DFF18D9E3FD84FD63" bold="true" box="[151,591,657,684]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
<emphasis id="B92EEABBFFE2D57DFF18D9E3FE64FD64" bold="true" box="[151,431,657,684]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Australopacifica atrata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCB4B58FFE2D57DFE31D9E3FD8CFD63" author="Steel, T." box="[446,583,657,683]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" pagination="104 - 119" refId="ref7132" refString="Steel, T. (1897) Australian land planarians: descriptions of new species and notes on collecting and preserving. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 22, 104 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 12706" type="journal article" year="1897">Steel, 1897</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE2D57DFF18D9ABFED2FD3B" blockId="2.[151,750,729,1031]" box="[151,281,729,755]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Synonymy:</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3406522FFE2D57DFF18D988FD25FBCF" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE2D57DFF18D988FD0AFCDA" blockId="2.[151,750,729,1031]" box="[151,705,761,786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D2AFFE2D57DFF18D988FDCDFCDA" authority="Steel, 1897, p. 105" authorityName="Steel" authorityPageNumber="105" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,518,761,786]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="atrata">
<emphasis id="B92EEABBFFE2D57DFF18D988FEF4FCD9" box="[151,319,762,786]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Geoplana atrata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCB4B58FFE2D57DFEC9D98BFE71FCDA" author="Steel, T." box="[326,442,761,786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" pagination="104 - 119" refId="ref7132" refString="Steel, T. (1897) Australian land planarians: descriptions of new species and notes on collecting and preserving. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 22, 104 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 12706" type="journal article" year="1897">Steel, 1897</bibRefCitation>
, p. 105
</taxonomicName>
, Plate VII, Fig 10.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE2D57DFF18D86AFDA3FCF8" blockId="2.[151,750,729,1031]" box="[151,616,792,817]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D2AFFE2D57DFF18D86AFDE9FCF8" authority=": Winsor, 1973, p. 101" authorityName="Winsor" authorityPageNumber="101" authorityYear="1973" box="[151,546,792,817]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="atrata">
<emphasis id="B92EEABBFFE2D57DFF18D86AFEF4FCF8" box="[151,319,792,816]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Geoplana atrata</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCB4B58FFE2D57DFEC3D86AFE1CFCF8" author="Winsor, L." box="[332,471,792,817]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" pagination="101 - 102" refId="ref7232" refString="Winsor, L. (1973) Geoplana atrata Steel, 1897 - a new planarian record for Victoria. Victorian Naturalist, 90, 101 - 102." type="journal article" year="1973">Winsor, 1973</bibRefCitation>
, p. 101
</taxonomicName>
, 
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE2D57DFDA2D86AFDA8FCF8" box="[557,611,792,817]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1765,1790]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,184,1710]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,184,1710]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Australopacifica atrata: a, dorsal view of a live specimen. Grooves on the background stone 1 cm apart; b, underside. Lines 1 cm apart; c, lateral view of a crawling specimen. Note that much of the body is raised off the substrate with only intermittent ground contact; d, dotted trail in condensate on the wall of a container resulting from intermittent ground contact whilst crawling; e, four fragments resulting from fission of specimens, smallest about 5 mm long; f, three specimens feeding on raw chicken liver. (Specimens in a-f from Pontardawe.); g, live specimen showing the sharp lateral margin to the dorso-lateral intense black colour; h, anterior end, eyes (black spots) visible in the grey margin. (Specimens g &amp; h from Wisley, Surrey.)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839367/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Fig 1</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE2D57DFF18D845FDECFC87" blockId="2.[151,750,729,1031]" box="[151,551,822,847]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D2AFFE2D57DFF18D845FDE8FC87" authority=": Winsor, 1977, p. 140" authorityName="Winsor" authorityPageNumber="140" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,547,822,847]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="atrata">
<emphasis id="B92EEABBFFE2D57DFF18D845FEF4FC87" box="[151,319,823,847]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Geoplana atrata</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCB4B58FFE2D57DFEC3D844FE1CFC87" author="Winsor, L." box="[332,471,822,847]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" pagination="137 - 146" refId="ref7261" refString="Winsor, L. (1977) Terrestrial planarians and nemerteans of the Otway Region. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 89, 137 - 146." type="journal article" year="1977">Winsor, 1977</bibRefCitation>
, p. 140
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE2D57DFF18D824FDA3FCA6" blockId="2.[151,750,729,1031]" box="[151,616,853,878]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D2AFFE2D57DFF18D824FDE9FCA6" authority=": Winsor, 1979, p. 156" authorityName=": Winsor" authorityPageNumber="156" authorityYear="1979" box="[151,546,853,878]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="atrata">
<emphasis id="B92EEABBFFE2D57DFF18D824FEF4FCA5" box="[151,319,854,878]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Geoplana atrata</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCB4B58FFE2D57DFEC3D827FE1CFCA6" author="Winsor, L." box="[332,471,853,878]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" pagination="155 - 161" refId="ref7291" refString="Winsor, L. (1979) Land planarians (Tricladida: Terricola) of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne. Victorian Naturalist, 96, 155 - 161." type="journal article" year="1979">Winsor, 1979</bibRefCitation>
, p. 156
</taxonomicName>
, 
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE2D57DFDA2D827FDAFFCA6" box="[557,612,853,878]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1736,1761]" captionTargetBox="[243,1344,151,1706]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[243,1344,151,1706]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Australopacifica atrata: a, several specimens apparently feeding on a rotten plum (photo Mari Lloyd, specimens from Llanbedr, Gwynedd); b, specimens feeding on an earthworm (photo Paul Chanin, specimens from Crediton, Devon); c, specimen showing the ventral and lateral striation (photo Lloyd Davies, specimen from Dorset, this and other photos at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/155359040@N04/sets/72157669386440579/); d, UK distribution map as currently known. The Ordnance Survey 100 km grid is shown, each dot represents a single 10 km x 10 km square; e, Figure 10 of Steel (1897) (as Geoplana atrata). In the original figure the worm is about 51 mm long reproduced at x3, thus 17 mm long (a, b and c are dorsal, ventral and transverse section respectively); f, ventro-lateral view of a preserved specimen from Wisley, Surrey, showing the anterior sensory margin and pharyngeal aperture. The circle in the container is 2.5 mm in diameter, the worm is 13 mm long; g, NHMUK97.11.1.47, Geoplana atrata,?co-type, Manning River NSW, ventral view showing striations, length 12 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839379/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Fig 2</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE2D57DFF18D806FD23FC44" blockId="2.[151,750,729,1031]" box="[151,744,884,909]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D2AFFE2D57DFF18D806FD28FC44" authority=": Ogren &amp; Kawakatsu, 1991, p. 42" authorityName=": Ogren &amp; Kawakatsu" authorityPageNumber="42" authorityYear="1991" box="[151,739,884,909]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Australopacifica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="atrata">
<emphasis id="B92EEABBFFE2D57DFF18D806FE4FFC44" box="[151,388,884,908]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Australopacifica atrata</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCB4B58FFE2D57DFE1DD806FD6FFC44" author="Ogren, R. &amp; Kawakatsu, M." box="[402,676,884,909]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" pagination="25 - 102" refId="ref6991" refString="Ogren, R. &amp; Kawakatsu, M. (1991) Index to the species of the family Geoplanidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part II: Caenoplaninae and Pelmatoplaninae. Bulletin of the Fuji Women's College, Series II, No 29, 25 - 102." type="journal article" year="1991">Ogren &amp; Kawakatsu, 1991</bibRefCitation>
, p. 42
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE2D57DFF18D8E1FDF0FC63" blockId="2.[151,750,729,1031]" box="[151,571,914,939]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D2AFFE2D57DFF18D8E1FDFCFC63" authority=": Winsor, 1991, p. 45" authorityName="Winsor" authorityPageNumber="45" authorityYear="1991" box="[151,567,914,939]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Parakontikia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="atrata">
<emphasis id="B92EEABBFFE2D57DFF18D8E1FEABFC63" box="[151,352,915,939]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Parakontikia atrata</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCB4B58FFE2D57DFEE2D8E0FE3CFC63" author="Winsor, L." box="[365,503,914,939]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" pagination="42 - 49" refId="ref7383" refString="Winsor, L. (1991) A provisional classification of Australian terrestrial geoplanid flatworms (Tricladida: Terricola: Geoplanidae). Victorian Naturalist, 108, 42 - 49." type="journal article" year="1991">Winsor, 1991</bibRefCitation>
, p. 45
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE2D57DFF18D8C0FD83FC02" blockId="2.[151,750,729,1031]" box="[151,584,945,970]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D2AFFE2D57DFF18D8C0FD8FFC02" authority=": Winsor, 1997, p. 577" authorityName="Winsor" authorityPageNumber="577" authorityYear="1997" box="[151,580,945,970]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Parakontikia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="atrata">
<emphasis id="B92EEABBFFE2D57DFF18D8C0FEABFC01" box="[151,352,946,970]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Parakontikia atrata</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCB4B58FFE2D57DFEE2D8C3FE3CFC02" author="Winsor, L." box="[365,503,945,970]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" pagination="575 - 579" refId="ref7415" refString="Winsor, L. (1997) The biodiversity of terrestrial flatworms (Tricladida: Terricola) in Queensland: a preliminary report. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 52, 575 - 579. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 1997.56.52" type="journal article" year="1997">Winsor, 1997</bibRefCitation>
, p. 577
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE2D57DFF18D8A2FD66FC21" blockId="2.[151,750,729,1031]" box="[151,685,976,1001]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D2AFFE2D57DFF18D8A2FD62FC21" authority=": Jones, Johns &amp; Winsor, 1998, p. 95" authorityName="Jones, Johns &amp; Winsor" authorityPageNumber="95" authorityYear="1998" box="[151,681,976,1001]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Kontikia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="atrata">
<emphasis id="B92EEABBFFE2D57DFF18D8A2FEF8FC20" box="[151,307,976,1000]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Kontikia atrata</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCB4B58FFE2D57DFECFD8A3FDA2FC20" author="Jones, H. D. &amp; Johns, P. M. &amp; Winsor, L." box="[320,617,976,1001]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" pagination="91 - 96" refId="ref6583" refString="Jones, H. D., Johns, P. M. &amp; Winsor, L. (1998) The proposed synonymy of Parakontikia ventrolineata (Dendy 1892) and Kontikia mexicana (Hyman, 1939): what is a penis papilla? Hydrobiologia, 383, 91 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1003478218873" type="journal article" year="1998">Jones, Johns &amp; Winsor, 1998</bibRefCitation>
, p. 95
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE2D57DFF18D89DFD25FBCF" blockId="2.[151,750,729,1031]" box="[151,750,1006,1031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D2AFFE2D57DFF18D89DFD21FBCF" authority=": Johns, Boag and Yeates, 1998, p. 473" authorityName=": Johns, Boag and Yeates" authorityPageNumber="473" authorityYear="1998" box="[151,746,1006,1031]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Parakontikia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="atrata">
<emphasis id="B92EEABBFFE2D57DFF18D89DFEABFBCF" box="[151,352,1007,1031]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Parakontikia atrata</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCB4B58FFE2D57DFEE2D89CFD56FBCF" author="Johns, P. M. &amp; Boag, B. &amp; Yeates, G. W." box="[365,669,1006,1031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" pagination="469 - 476" refId="ref6427" refString="Johns, P. M., Boag, B. &amp; Yeates, G. W. (1998) Observations on the geographic distribution of flatworms (Turbellaria: Rhynchodemidae, Bipaliidae, Geoplanidae) in New Zealand. Pedobiologia, 42, 469 - 476." type="journal article" year="1998">Johns, Boag and Yeates, 1998</bibRefCitation>
, p. 473
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3406522FFE2D57DFF18DF47FEEAFA37" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE2D57DFF18DF47FCC4FBBB" blockId="2.[151,1437,1077,2040]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
<emphasis id="B92EEABBFFE2D57DFF18DF47FE4BFB98" bold="true" box="[151,384,1077,1104]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Material examined.</emphasis>
NHMUK (18)97.11.1.47, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D2AFFE2D57DFD26DF47FCA9FB87" authorityName=": Winsor" authorityYear="1979" box="[681,866,1077,1103]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="atrata">
<emphasis id="B92EEABBFFE2D57DFD26DF47FCA9FB87" box="[681,866,1077,1103]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Geoplana atrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, labelled “?co-type, Manning River, NSW, 
<collectingCountry id="F34D7639FFE2D57DFAC7DF44FF7DFBBB" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Australia</collectingCountry>
, Mr. W.T. Steel”. One specimen preserved in ethanol.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE2D57DFF48DF0CFA5BFA5B" blockId="2.[151,1437,1077,2040]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
NHMUK 2018.12.7.1-7. Specimens from Pontardawe, Glamorgan, 
<date id="FFE41069FFE2D57DFC36DF0FFB80FB50" box="[953,1099,1149,1176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" value="2015-07-18">18 July 2015</date>
, D. R. James: three specimens preserved in 100% ethanol, separate vials; four sectioned specimens on slides: DJ1, anterior portion, 
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long, longitudinal sections at 
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, 5 slides; mid-portion about 
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long, transverse sections at 
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, 2 slides; posterior portion about 
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long, longitudinal sections at 
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, 5 slides. DJ3, anterior portion, 
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long, longitudinal sections at 
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, 6 slides; mid-portion about 
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long, transverse sections at 
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, 2 slides; posterior portion about 
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long, longitudinal sections at 
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, 11 slides. DJ4, anterior portion, 
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long, longitudinal sections at 
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, 5 slides; posterior portion about 
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long, longitudinal sections at 
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, 8 slides. DJ9, whole specimen (apparently the anterior end of a specimen after fission), 
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long, longitudinal sections at 
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, 7 slides.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE2D57DFF48DEEFFCC8FA70" blockId="2.[151,1437,1077,2040]" box="[199,771,1437,1464]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Other specimens have been deposited in NHMUK:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE2D57DFF48DEB0FEEAFA37" blockId="2.[151,1437,1077,2040]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
<materialsCitation id="3B323CF4FFE2D57DFF48DEB0FEEAFA37" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2242232129" collectingDate="2016-06-30" collectionCode="NHMUK" location="Crediton" municipality="Four" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Devon">
<collectionCode id="ED4BAE6CFFE2D57DFF48DEB0FEFAFA14" box="[199,305,1474,1500]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
2018.12.7.8-11. 
<collectingMunicipality id="6B81ACD3FFE2D57DFE7FDEB0FDEEFA14" box="[496,549,1474,1500]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Four</collectingMunicipality>
specimens in 100% ethanol collected from 
<location id="8E856072FFE2D57DFB9EDEB3FBBDFA13" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F387BFFFE2D57CFF18D9E3FF11F9BF:8E856072FFE2D57DFB9EDEB3FBBDFA13" box="[1041,1142,1473,1499]" municipality="Four" name="Crediton" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" stateProvince="Devon">Crediton</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="499EF84BFFE2D57DFB0DDEB0FB04FA14" box="[1154,1231,1474,1500]" country="United Kingdom" name="Devon" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Devon</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingDate id="EFA0E981FFE2D57DFB54DEB3FAB8FA13" box="[1243,1395,1473,1500]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" value="2016-06-30">
<date id="FFE41069FFE2D57DFB54DEB3FAB8FA13" box="[1243,1395,1473,1500]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" value="2016-06-30">30 June 2016</date>
</collectingDate>
, Dr Paul Chanin
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3406522FFE2D57CFF48DD78FF11F9BF" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="578" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE2D57DFF48DD78FF3BF98F" blockId="2.[151,1437,1077,2040]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
<materialsCitation id="3B323CF4FFE2D57DFF48DD78FF27F98F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2242232127" collectingDate="2016-07-14" collectionCode="NHMUK" location="Crediton" municipality="Eight" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Devon">
<collectionCode id="ED4BAE6CFFE2D57DFF48DD78FEFAF9EC" box="[199,305,1546,1572]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
2018.12.7.12-19. 
<collectingMunicipality id="6B81ACD3FFE2D57DFE73DD7BFDF2F9EB" box="[508,569,1545,1571]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Eight</collectingMunicipality>
specimens in 100% ethanol; collected 
<location id="8E856072FFE2D57DFC69DD7BFB80F9EB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F387BFFFE2D57CFF18D9E3FF11F9BF:8E856072FFE2D57DFC69DD7BFB80F9EB" box="[998,1099,1545,1571]" municipality="Eight" name="Crediton" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" stateProvince="Devon">Crediton</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="499EF84BFFE2D57DFBDADD78FB69F9EC" box="[1109,1186,1546,1572]" country="United Kingdom" name="Devon" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Devon</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingDate id="EFA0E981FFE2D57DFB23DD7BFAF6F9EB" box="[1196,1341,1545,1571]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" value="2016-07-14">
<date id="FFE41069FFE2D57DFB23DD7BFAF6F9EB" box="[1196,1341,1545,1571]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" value="2016-07-14">14 July 2016</date>
</collectingDate>
, Dr Paul Chanin
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE2D57DFF48DD20FEFBF947" blockId="2.[151,1437,1077,2040]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
<materialsCitation id="3B323CF4FFE2D57DFF48DD20FC77F9A3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2242232130" box="[199,956,1617,1644]" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="Three" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED4BAE6CFFE2D57DFF48DD20FEFAF9A4" box="[199,305,1618,1644]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
2018.12.7.20-22. 
<collectorName id="26AF537FFFE2D57DFE70DD23FD8BF9A3" box="[511,576,1617,1643]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Three</collectorName>
specimens in 100% ethanol from
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B323CF4FFE2D57DFC4BDD23FEFBF947" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2242232128" collectingDate="2018-11-14" collectionCode="RHS" collectorName="Dr Fryni Drizou." pageId="2" pageNumber="577" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED4BAE6CFFE2D57DFC4BDD23FC31F9A3" box="[964,1018,1617,1643]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b13i-fg9i" name="Plant Pathology, The Royal Horticultural Society" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">RHS</collectionCode>
Wisley, 
<collectingDate id="EFA0E981FFE2D57DFBD2DD23FAF1F9A3" box="[1117,1338,1617,1643]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" value="2018-11-14">
<date id="FFE41069FFE2D57DFBD2DD23FAF1F9A3" box="[1117,1338,1617,1643]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" value="2018-11-14">14 November 2018</date>
</collectingDate>
, coll. 
<collectorName id="26AF537FFFE2D57DFAF0DD20FEFBF947" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Dr Fryni Drizou.</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE2D57DFF48DDEBFF09F933" blockId="2.[151,1437,1077,2040]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
<emphasis id="B92EEABBFFE2D57DFF48DDEBFE92F97C" bold="true" box="[199,345,1689,1716]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Description.</emphasis>
The length of individuals varies considerably due to fragmentation and regeneration; the longest was about 
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long. They are slender; all are less than 
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wide and almost circular in cross section when crawling.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE2D57DFF48DC77FAA6F878" blockId="2.[151,1437,1077,2040]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
Living flatworms are uniform intense black dorsally and laterally (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE2D57DFC2ADC77FC20F8D7" box="[933,1003,1797,1823]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1765,1790]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,184,1710]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,184,1710]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Australopacifica atrata: a, dorsal view of a live specimen. Grooves on the background stone 1 cm apart; b, underside. Lines 1 cm apart; c, lateral view of a crawling specimen. Note that much of the body is raised off the substrate with only intermittent ground contact; d, dotted trail in condensate on the wall of a container resulting from intermittent ground contact whilst crawling; e, four fragments resulting from fission of specimens, smallest about 5 mm long; f, three specimens feeding on raw chicken liver. (Specimens in a-f from Pontardawe.); g, live specimen showing the sharp lateral margin to the dorso-lateral intense black colour; h, anterior end, eyes (black spots) visible in the grey margin. (Specimens g &amp; h from Wisley, Surrey.)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839367/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Figs 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE2D57DFC78DC77FBCCF8D7" box="[1015,1031,1797,1823]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1736,1761]" captionTargetBox="[243,1344,151,1706]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[243,1344,151,1706]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Australopacifica atrata: a, several specimens apparently feeding on a rotten plum (photo Mari Lloyd, specimens from Llanbedr, Gwynedd); b, specimens feeding on an earthworm (photo Paul Chanin, specimens from Crediton, Devon); c, specimen showing the ventral and lateral striation (photo Lloyd Davies, specimen from Dorset, this and other photos at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/155359040@N04/sets/72157669386440579/); d, UK distribution map as currently known. The Ordnance Survey 100 km grid is shown, each dot represents a single 10 km x 10 km square; e, Figure 10 of Steel (1897) (as Geoplana atrata). In the original figure the worm is about 51 mm long reproduced at x3, thus 17 mm long (a, b and c are dorsal, ventral and transverse section respectively); f, ventro-lateral view of a preserved specimen from Wisley, Surrey, showing the anterior sensory margin and pharyngeal aperture. The circle in the container is 2.5 mm in diameter, the worm is 13 mm long; g, NHMUK97.11.1.47, Geoplana atrata,?co-type, Manning River NSW, ventral view showing striations, length 12 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839379/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">2</figureCitation>
), the intense black colour terminates sharply at the lateral margin (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE2D57DFE54DC5BFD89F88C" box="[475,578,1833,1860]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1765,1790]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,184,1710]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,184,1710]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Australopacifica atrata: a, dorsal view of a live specimen. Grooves on the background stone 1 cm apart; b, underside. Lines 1 cm apart; c, lateral view of a crawling specimen. Note that much of the body is raised off the substrate with only intermittent ground contact; d, dotted trail in condensate on the wall of a container resulting from intermittent ground contact whilst crawling; e, four fragments resulting from fission of specimens, smallest about 5 mm long; f, three specimens feeding on raw chicken liver. (Specimens in a-f from Pontardawe.); g, live specimen showing the sharp lateral margin to the dorso-lateral intense black colour; h, anterior end, eyes (black spots) visible in the grey margin. (Specimens g &amp; h from Wisley, Surrey.)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839367/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
Fig 
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, h
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). Ventrally there is a median dark grey line, two slightly wider pale grey lines and two still wider dark grey lines (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE2D57DFDA2DC3FFD4FF8AF" box="[557,644,1869,1895]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1765,1790]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,184,1710]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,184,1710]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Australopacifica atrata: a, dorsal view of a live specimen. Grooves on the background stone 1 cm apart; b, underside. Lines 1 cm apart; c, lateral view of a crawling specimen. Note that much of the body is raised off the substrate with only intermittent ground contact; d, dotted trail in condensate on the wall of a container resulting from intermittent ground contact whilst crawling; e, four fragments resulting from fission of specimens, smallest about 5 mm long; f, three specimens feeding on raw chicken liver. (Specimens in a-f from Pontardawe.); g, live specimen showing the sharp lateral margin to the dorso-lateral intense black colour; h, anterior end, eyes (black spots) visible in the grey margin. (Specimens g &amp; h from Wisley, Surrey.)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839367/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Figs 1b</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE2D57DFD1DDC3FFCCBF8A0" box="[658,768,1869,1896]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1736,1761]" captionTargetBox="[243,1344,151,1706]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[243,1344,151,1706]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Australopacifica atrata: a, several specimens apparently feeding on a rotten plum (photo Mari Lloyd, specimens from Llanbedr, Gwynedd); b, specimens feeding on an earthworm (photo Paul Chanin, specimens from Crediton, Devon); c, specimen showing the ventral and lateral striation (photo Lloyd Davies, specimen from Dorset, this and other photos at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/155359040@N04/sets/72157669386440579/); d, UK distribution map as currently known. The Ordnance Survey 100 km grid is shown, each dot represents a single 10 km x 10 km square; e, Figure 10 of Steel (1897) (as Geoplana atrata). In the original figure the worm is about 51 mm long reproduced at x3, thus 17 mm long (a, b and c are dorsal, ventral and transverse section respectively); f, ventro-lateral view of a preserved specimen from Wisley, Surrey, showing the anterior sensory margin and pharyngeal aperture. The circle in the container is 2.5 mm in diameter, the worm is 13 mm long; g, NHMUK97.11.1.47, Geoplana atrata,?co-type, Manning River NSW, ventral view showing striations, length 12 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839379/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">2c, e, f, g</figureCitation>
). At the lateral margin of the worm, the wider dark ventral lines are separated from the margin of the dorsal intense black colour by a narrow pale grey line, only obvious in live specimens under magnification and strong illumination (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE2D57DFC9FDCE7FCBCF878" box="[784,887,1941,1968]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1765,1790]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,184,1710]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,184,1710]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Australopacifica atrata: a, dorsal view of a live specimen. Grooves on the background stone 1 cm apart; b, underside. Lines 1 cm apart; c, lateral view of a crawling specimen. Note that much of the body is raised off the substrate with only intermittent ground contact; d, dotted trail in condensate on the wall of a container resulting from intermittent ground contact whilst crawling; e, four fragments resulting from fission of specimens, smallest about 5 mm long; f, three specimens feeding on raw chicken liver. (Specimens in a-f from Pontardawe.); g, live specimen showing the sharp lateral margin to the dorso-lateral intense black colour; h, anterior end, eyes (black spots) visible in the grey margin. (Specimens g &amp; h from Wisley, Surrey.)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839367/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
Fig 
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, h
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) but visible in preserved specimens (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE2D57DFA98DCE7FAABF878" box="[1303,1376,1941,1968]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1736,1761]" captionTargetBox="[243,1344,151,1706]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[243,1344,151,1706]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Australopacifica atrata: a, several specimens apparently feeding on a rotten plum (photo Mari Lloyd, specimens from Llanbedr, Gwynedd); b, specimens feeding on an earthworm (photo Paul Chanin, specimens from Crediton, Devon); c, specimen showing the ventral and lateral striation (photo Lloyd Davies, specimen from Dorset, this and other photos at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/155359040@N04/sets/72157669386440579/); d, UK distribution map as currently known. The Ordnance Survey 100 km grid is shown, each dot represents a single 10 km x 10 km square; e, Figure 10 of Steel (1897) (as Geoplana atrata). In the original figure the worm is about 51 mm long reproduced at x3, thus 17 mm long (a, b and c are dorsal, ventral and transverse section respectively); f, ventro-lateral view of a preserved specimen from Wisley, Surrey, showing the anterior sensory margin and pharyngeal aperture. The circle in the container is 2.5 mm in diameter, the worm is 13 mm long; g, NHMUK97.11.1.47, Geoplana atrata,?co-type, Manning River NSW, ventral view showing striations, length 12 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839379/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Fig 2f</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE2D57CFF48DCC8FA8AFF1F" blockId="2.[151,1437,1077,2040]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,152,1655]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="578" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
Eyes (black spots) are not readily visible in living worms, or in preserved worms. Under strong illumination and magnification uniserial eyes can be seen (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE2D57DFDFDDCAFFD74F830" box="[626,703,2013,2040]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1765,1790]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,184,1710]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,184,1710]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Australopacifica atrata: a, dorsal view of a live specimen. Grooves on the background stone 1 cm apart; b, underside. Lines 1 cm apart; c, lateral view of a crawling specimen. Note that much of the body is raised off the substrate with only intermittent ground contact; d, dotted trail in condensate on the wall of a container resulting from intermittent ground contact whilst crawling; e, four fragments resulting from fission of specimens, smallest about 5 mm long; f, three specimens feeding on raw chicken liver. (Specimens in a-f from Pontardawe.); g, live specimen showing the sharp lateral margin to the dorso-lateral intense black colour; h, anterior end, eyes (black spots) visible in the grey margin. (Specimens g &amp; h from Wisley, Surrey.)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839367/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Fig 1h</figureCitation>
), sparsely distributed laterally in the grey line just ventral to the sharp margin of the intense black dorsal colour. In longitudinal sections eyes can be seen regularly spaced 
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apart in the anterior (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFE20DBCFFE31FF10" box="[431,506,189,216]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1923,1948]" captionTargetBox="[177,1403,151,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[177,1410,151,1892]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Australopacifica atrata: a, transverse section. The asterisks (*) indicate the limits of the ciliated creeping sole; b, enlargement of the dorsal region; c, enlargement of the ventral region; d, glancing longitudinal section showing three eyes near the anterior end to the left. Scales as shown, (b) and (c) to same scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839387/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">Fig 3d</figureCitation>
) and about 
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apart posteriorly. Each eye is about 
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in diameter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE3D57CFF48DB93FF3EFEE8" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1655]" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">
Anteriorly there is a sensory margin about 
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long on either side, clearly visible only in preserved specimens (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFF10DA77FF23FEE8" box="[159,232,261,288]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1736,1761]" captionTargetBox="[243,1344,151,1706]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[243,1344,151,1706]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Australopacifica atrata: a, several specimens apparently feeding on a rotten plum (photo Mari Lloyd, specimens from Llanbedr, Gwynedd); b, specimens feeding on an earthworm (photo Paul Chanin, specimens from Crediton, Devon); c, specimen showing the ventral and lateral striation (photo Lloyd Davies, specimen from Dorset, this and other photos at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/155359040@N04/sets/72157669386440579/); d, UK distribution map as currently known. The Ordnance Survey 100 km grid is shown, each dot represents a single 10 km x 10 km square; e, Figure 10 of Steel (1897) (as Geoplana atrata). In the original figure the worm is about 51 mm long reproduced at x3, thus 17 mm long (a, b and c are dorsal, ventral and transverse section respectively); f, ventro-lateral view of a preserved specimen from Wisley, Surrey, showing the anterior sensory margin and pharyngeal aperture. The circle in the container is 2.5 mm in diameter, the worm is 13 mm long; g, NHMUK97.11.1.47, Geoplana atrata,?co-type, Manning River NSW, ventral view showing striations, length 12 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839379/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">Fig 2f</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE3D57CFF48DA5BFB45FE43" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1655]" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">
The mouth (pharyngeal opening) is visible on the ventral surface (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFC10DA5BFC2EFE8C" box="[927,997,297,324]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1736,1761]" captionTargetBox="[243,1344,151,1706]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[243,1344,151,1706]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Australopacifica atrata: a, several specimens apparently feeding on a rotten plum (photo Mari Lloyd, specimens from Llanbedr, Gwynedd); b, specimens feeding on an earthworm (photo Paul Chanin, specimens from Crediton, Devon); c, specimen showing the ventral and lateral striation (photo Lloyd Davies, specimen from Dorset, this and other photos at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/155359040@N04/sets/72157669386440579/); d, UK distribution map as currently known. The Ordnance Survey 100 km grid is shown, each dot represents a single 10 km x 10 km square; e, Figure 10 of Steel (1897) (as Geoplana atrata). In the original figure the worm is about 51 mm long reproduced at x3, thus 17 mm long (a, b and c are dorsal, ventral and transverse section respectively); f, ventro-lateral view of a preserved specimen from Wisley, Surrey, showing the anterior sensory margin and pharyngeal aperture. The circle in the container is 2.5 mm in diameter, the worm is 13 mm long; g, NHMUK97.11.1.47, Geoplana atrata,?co-type, Manning River NSW, ventral view showing striations, length 12 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839379/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">Fig 2f</figureCitation>
) of larger specimens. Its position varies considerably between specimens, from 47% to 74% of body length (median 54.5%, n = 10) and it cannot be seen on small (&lt;
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long) specimens. There is no sign of a gonopore in any examined specimen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE3D57CFF48DAE7FF26FDAB" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1655]" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">
The ciliated creeping sole is about half the width of the sections, a little wider than the paired ventral nerve cords (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFF10DACBFF21FE1B" box="[159,234,441,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1923,1948]" captionTargetBox="[177,1403,151,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[177,1410,151,1892]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Australopacifica atrata: a, transverse section. The asterisks (*) indicate the limits of the ciliated creeping sole; b, enlargement of the dorsal region; c, enlargement of the ventral region; d, glancing longitudinal section showing three eyes near the anterior end to the left. Scales as shown, (b) and (c) to same scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839387/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">Fig 3a</figureCitation>
). The ventral cilia are about 
<quantity id="4CA29B4CFFE3D57CFDA6DACAFDA8FE1B" box="[553,611,440,467]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="578" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 µm</quantity>
long (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFD25DACBFD34FE1B" box="[682,767,441,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1923,1948]" captionTargetBox="[177,1403,151,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[177,1410,151,1892]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Australopacifica atrata: a, transverse section. The asterisks (*) indicate the limits of the ciliated creeping sole; b, enlargement of the dorsal region; c, enlargement of the ventral region; d, glancing longitudinal section showing three eyes near the anterior end to the left. Scales as shown, (b) and (c) to same scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839387/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">Figs 3c</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFC83DACBFCE0FE1C" box="[780,811,441,468]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1918,1943]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,151,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1418,151,1887]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Australopacifica atrata: transverse sections showing the black pigment granules in the following areas: a, middorsal; b and c, lateral; d, mid-ventral. All to the same scale, scale lines as shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839397/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">4d</figureCitation>
). The ventral epidermis is a columnar monolayer, 
<quantity id="4CA29B4CFFE3D57CFAD4DACBFF76FE3F" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="578" unit="mm" value="11.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="10.0">10-12 µm</quantity>
thick (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFE85DAAFFE94FE3F" box="[266,351,477,503]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1923,1948]" captionTargetBox="[177,1403,151,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[177,1410,151,1892]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Australopacifica atrata: a, transverse section. The asterisks (*) indicate the limits of the ciliated creeping sole; b, enlargement of the dorsal region; c, enlargement of the ventral region; d, glancing longitudinal section showing three eyes near the anterior end to the left. Scales as shown, (b) and (c) to same scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839387/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">Figs 3c</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFEE4DAAFFE40FE30" box="[363,395,477,504]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1918,1943]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,151,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1418,151,1887]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Australopacifica atrata: transverse sections showing the black pigment granules in the following areas: a, middorsal; b and c, lateral; d, mid-ventral. All to the same scale, scale lines as shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839397/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">4d</figureCitation>
). Subcutaneous ventral circular muscle is about 
<quantity id="4CA29B4CFFE3D57CFC2ADAAEFC14FE3F" box="[933,991,476,503]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="578" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 µm</quantity>
thick, longitudinal muscle is in bundles about 
<quantity id="4CA29B4CFFE3D57CFF53D972FEEEFDD3" box="[220,293,512,539]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="578" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 µm</quantity>
thick (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFEFDD973FE0CFDD3" box="[370,455,513,539]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1923,1948]" captionTargetBox="[177,1403,151,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[177,1410,151,1892]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Australopacifica atrata: a, transverse section. The asterisks (*) indicate the limits of the ciliated creeping sole; b, enlargement of the dorsal region; c, enlargement of the ventral region; d, glancing longitudinal section showing three eyes near the anterior end to the left. Scales as shown, (b) and (c) to same scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839387/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">Figs 3c</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFE5CD973FE38FDD4" box="[467,499,513,540]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1918,1943]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,151,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1418,151,1887]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Australopacifica atrata: transverse sections showing the black pigment granules in the following areas: a, middorsal; b and c, lateral; d, mid-ventral. All to the same scale, scale lines as shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839397/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">4d</figureCitation>
). Dorsal and lateral epidermis is a non-ciliated, columnar monolayer (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFB71D973FAA4FDD3" box="[1278,1391,513,539]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1923,1948]" captionTargetBox="[177,1403,151,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[177,1410,151,1892]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Australopacifica atrata: a, transverse section. The asterisks (*) indicate the limits of the ciliated creeping sole; b, enlargement of the dorsal region; c, enlargement of the ventral region; d, glancing longitudinal section showing three eyes near the anterior end to the left. Scales as shown, (b) and (c) to same scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839387/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">Figs 3a, b</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFAF4D973FF0AFDF7" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1918,1943]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,151,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1418,151,1887]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Australopacifica atrata: transverse sections showing the black pigment granules in the following areas: a, middorsal; b and c, lateral; d, mid-ventral. All to the same scale, scale lines as shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839397/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">4a, b, c</figureCitation>
), 
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thick; dorsal subcutaneous musculature 
<quantity id="4CA29B4CFFE3D57CFD67D956FC9DFDF7" box="[744,854,548,575]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="578" unit="mm" value="27.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="25.0">25-30 µm</quantity>
in total, mostly longitudinal muscle in bundles (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFAFAD957FF7DFDAB" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1923,1948]" captionTargetBox="[177,1403,151,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[177,1410,151,1892]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Australopacifica atrata: a, transverse section. The asterisks (*) indicate the limits of the ciliated creeping sole; b, enlargement of the dorsal region; c, enlargement of the ventral region; d, glancing longitudinal section showing three eyes near the anterior end to the left. Scales as shown, (b) and (c) to same scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839387/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">Fig 3b</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFF4DD93BFF2BFDAB" box="[194,224,585,611]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1918,1943]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,151,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1418,151,1887]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Australopacifica atrata: transverse sections showing the black pigment granules in the following areas: a, middorsal; b and c, lateral; d, mid-ventral. All to the same scale, scale lines as shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839397/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">4a</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE3D57CFF48D91FFF35FC03" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1655]" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">
Small (&lt;
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) black pigment granules are present scattered in the epidermis, subepidermal muscle layer and parenchyma, but their distribution round the circumference of the body varies (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFB98D9E3FB9CFD63" box="[1047,1111,657,683]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1918,1943]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,151,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1418,151,1887]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Australopacifica atrata: transverse sections showing the black pigment granules in the following areas: a, middorsal; b and c, lateral; d, mid-ventral. All to the same scale, scale lines as shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839397/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">Fig 4</figureCitation>
). Dorsally, pigment granules are present scattered in the epidermis, most numerous immediately ental to the epidermis, and scattered in the subepidermal muscle and parenchyma (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFDA5D9ABFDBDFD3B" box="[554,630,729,755]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1918,1943]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,151,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1418,151,1887]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Australopacifica atrata: transverse sections showing the black pigment granules in the following areas: a, middorsal; b and c, lateral; d, mid-ventral. All to the same scale, scale lines as shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839397/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">Fig 4a</figureCitation>
). The pigment granules become less numerous at the lateral margin (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFAFAD9ABFF1BFCDF" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1918,1943]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,151,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1418,151,1887]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Australopacifica atrata: transverse sections showing the black pigment granules in the following areas: a, middorsal; b and c, lateral; d, mid-ventral. All to the same scale, scale lines as shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839397/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">Fig 4b, c</figureCitation>
). Ventrally, pigment granules are present within the sub-epidermal muscle and the parenchyma as far dorsally as the nerve cords (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFEF8D853FE0DFCF4" box="[375,454,801,828]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1918,1943]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,151,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1418,151,1887]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Australopacifica atrata: transverse sections showing the black pigment granules in the following areas: a, middorsal; b and c, lateral; d, mid-ventral. All to the same scale, scale lines as shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839397/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">Fig 4d</figureCitation>
), but more numerous in the mid-line and towards the margins. The distribution of the granules corresponds with the dark pigment in the live animals. The more numerous and superficial pigment granules dorsally are presumed to account for the intense black colour, the less intense ventral dark lines being the result of fewer and less superficial pigment granules and the ventral pale lines by even fewer and less superficial pigment granules.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE3D57CFF48D8A7FBDDFBFF" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1655]" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">
There is a ventral nerve plexus, about the same width as the ciliated sole, immediately dorsal to the longitudinal muscle bundles. A pair of ventral nerve cords, with transverse commissures, is present, about 
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apart (centre to centre) (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFE9FDF6FFE97FBFF" box="[272,348,1053,1079]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1923,1948]" captionTargetBox="[177,1403,151,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[177,1410,151,1892]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Australopacifica atrata: a, transverse section. The asterisks (*) indicate the limits of the ciliated creeping sole; b, enlargement of the dorsal region; c, enlargement of the ventral region; d, glancing longitudinal section showing three eyes near the anterior end to the left. Scales as shown, (b) and (c) to same scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839387/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">Fig 3a</figureCitation>
). Eyes are ental to the cutaneous longitudinal muscle (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFC31DF6FFBC2FBFF" box="[958,1033,1053,1079]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1923,1948]" captionTargetBox="[177,1403,151,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[177,1410,151,1892]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Australopacifica atrata: a, transverse section. The asterisks (*) indicate the limits of the ciliated creeping sole; b, enlargement of the dorsal region; c, enlargement of the ventral region; d, glancing longitudinal section showing three eyes near the anterior end to the left. Scales as shown, (b) and (c) to same scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839387/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">Fig 3a</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE3D57CFF48DF33FAF0FBB7" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1655]" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">
Some parenchymal longitudinal and transverse muscle fibres are present, a few ventrally and dorsally to the ventral nerve cords (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFEF2DF17FE26FBB7" box="[381,493,1125,1151]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1923,1948]" captionTargetBox="[177,1403,151,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[177,1410,151,1892]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Australopacifica atrata: a, transverse section. The asterisks (*) indicate the limits of the ciliated creeping sole; b, enlargement of the dorsal region; c, enlargement of the ventral region; d, glancing longitudinal section showing three eyes near the anterior end to the left. Scales as shown, (b) and (c) to same scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839387/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">Figs 3a, c</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFE76DF16FDE6FB48" box="[505,557,1124,1152]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1882,1907]" captionTargetBox="[191,1395,151,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[191,1395,151,1852]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Australopacifica atrata: a and c, longitudinal sections through an ovary at different magnifications; b and d, longitudinal sections through testes at different magnifications; e, mid-ventral transverse section showing the parenchymal musculature; f, mid-ventral longitudinal section showing the parenchymal musculature; g, longitudinal section through the pharynx and pharyngeal opening, anterior to the left. Scales as shown, that in e = 500 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839403/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">5e, f</figureCitation>
)). There is no ring zone of parenchymal longitudinal muscle (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFB6DDF17FAE6FBB7" box="[1250,1325,1125,1151]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1923,1948]" captionTargetBox="[177,1403,151,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[177,1410,151,1892]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Australopacifica atrata: a, transverse section. The asterisks (*) indicate the limits of the ciliated creeping sole; b, enlargement of the dorsal region; c, enlargement of the ventral region; d, glancing longitudinal section showing three eyes near the anterior end to the left. Scales as shown, (b) and (c) to same scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839387/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">Fig 3a</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE3D57CFF48DFFBFAD7FB0F" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1655]" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">
The pharynx is cylindrical, about 
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long, 
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in diameter (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFC4BDFFBFBD9FB6B" box="[964,1042,1160,1187]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1882,1907]" captionTargetBox="[191,1395,151,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[191,1395,151,1852]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Australopacifica atrata: a and c, longitudinal sections through an ovary at different magnifications; b and d, longitudinal sections through testes at different magnifications; e, mid-ventral transverse section showing the parenchymal musculature; f, mid-ventral longitudinal section showing the parenchymal musculature; g, longitudinal section through the pharynx and pharyngeal opening, anterior to the left. Scales as shown, that in e = 500 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839403/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">
Fig 
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</figureCitation>
). The pharyngeal opening is about 
<quantity id="4CA29B4CFFE3D57CFF18DFDEFF30FB0F" box="[151,251,1196,1223]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="3" pageNumber="578" unit="mm" value="1.25">1.25 mm</quantity>
from the anterior end of the pharyngeal pouch (63% of its length). The gut is typically triclad.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE3D57CFF48DFA3FCD7FA0C" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1655]" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">
A pair of presumed early stage ovaries is present in each of the four sectioned specimens (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFB2EDFA3FAC9FB23" box="[1185,1282,1232,1259]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1882,1907]" captionTargetBox="[191,1395,151,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[191,1395,151,1852]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Australopacifica atrata: a and c, longitudinal sections through an ovary at different magnifications; b and d, longitudinal sections through testes at different magnifications; e, mid-ventral transverse section showing the parenchymal musculature; f, mid-ventral longitudinal section showing the parenchymal musculature; g, longitudinal section through the pharynx and pharyngeal opening, anterior to the left. Scales as shown, that in e = 500 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839403/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">Fig 5a, c</figureCitation>
) immediately dorsal to the ventral nerve cord on either side. In DJ1 and DJ3 they are respectively about 
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and 
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behind the anterior end, in DJ3 they are about 
<quantity id="4CA29B4CFFE3D57CFDCDDE6BFD53FAFB" box="[578,664,1305,1331]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="578" unit="mm" value="320.0">320 µm</quantity>
apart. Each is about 
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long, 
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high and 
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wide. There is partial development of the ovovitelline duct from the postero-ventral surface of each ovary running posteriorly for a short distance along the dorsal surface of the ventral nerve cord on each side (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFBA3DE13FB5BFAB3" box="[1068,1168,1376,1403]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1882,1907]" captionTargetBox="[191,1395,151,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[191,1395,151,1852]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Australopacifica atrata: a and c, longitudinal sections through an ovary at different magnifications; b and d, longitudinal sections through testes at different magnifications; e, mid-ventral transverse section showing the parenchymal musculature; f, mid-ventral longitudinal section showing the parenchymal musculature; g, longitudinal section through the pharynx and pharyngeal opening, anterior to the left. Scales as shown, that in e = 500 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839403/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">Fig 5a, c</figureCitation>
). However, ovovitelline ducts are not evident in more posterior transverse sections (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFCCCDEF7FC45FA57" box="[835,910,1413,1439]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1923,1948]" captionTargetBox="[177,1403,151,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[177,1410,151,1892]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Australopacifica atrata: a, transverse section. The asterisks (*) indicate the limits of the ciliated creeping sole; b, enlargement of the dorsal region; c, enlargement of the ventral region; d, glancing longitudinal section showing three eyes near the anterior end to the left. Scales as shown, (b) and (c) to same scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839387/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">Fig 3a</figureCitation>
) or in posterior longitudinal sections (in fully mature specimens of land flatworms they are distinctive).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE536A9FFE3D57CFF48DEBFFF11F9BF" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1655]" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">
Numerous presumed early-stage testes are present lateral to the ventral nerve cord on either side from just behind the presumed ovaries to behind the pharyngeal pouch (
<figureCitation id="13612A2CFFE3D57CFCD7DE83FC08F9C4" box="[856,963,1520,1548]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1882,1907]" captionTargetBox="[191,1395,151,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[191,1395,151,1852]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Australopacifica atrata: a and c, longitudinal sections through an ovary at different magnifications; b and d, longitudinal sections through testes at different magnifications; e, mid-ventral transverse section showing the parenchymal musculature; f, mid-ventral longitudinal section showing the parenchymal musculature; g, longitudinal section through the pharynx and pharyngeal opening, anterior to the left. Scales as shown, that in e = 500 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839403/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="578">Fig 5b, d</figureCitation>
). They are ovoid, about 
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maximum dimension. Maturing spermatozoa are clearly visible in some. Sperm ducts cannot be distinguished with certainty. There is no sign of any development of the copulatory apparatus or of a gonopore in any of the sectioned specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>