treatments-xml/data/03/F3/2B/03F32B77FFECFFAC0E88FD9BFBCB4EB6.xml

<document id="022B388B389B0070C5BBE388E3225405" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11240120" ID-ZooBank="5D6C7EBF-E568-4100-9364-2DD357003878" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1716361325736" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio &amp; Ferraris Jr, Carl J." docDate="2024" docId="03F32B77FFECFFAC0E88FD9BFBCB4EB6" docLanguage="en" docName="zlad078.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.5:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Cathorops Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1883" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="439" masterDocId="FFCA530FFFE7FFA10D44FFD6FFAB4A1E" masterDocTitle="A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data" masterLastPageNumber="476" masterPageNumber="426" pageNumber="437" updateTime="1716560620312" updateUser="guilherme">
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<mods:title id="88AE7E3ACDF95956E5C36F08805363C8">A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="27FF5E51E3F3F7746E5E1EC52B298FEB">Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="6F4B7A83AB6CC8A6E9DFDD01A6F38FFE">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, conjunto Presidente Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB 58050 - 000, Brazil &amp; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, PB 58429 - 500, Brazil &amp; Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618 - 970, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D65DBB51B6E28276DC9A2AD326ABFA8D">Oliveira, Claudio</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="FB414EE3E6BD2F00D8AF4E16C09CFBC8">Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618 - 970, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="AABDC386A0BDCEBC0D0F53881A0B9BC3">Ferraris Jr, Carl J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="EAC0A172081274B19C6F611FD35005A9">2024</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C340C9EAFFECFFAA0E88FD9BFA844879" box="[972,1327,589,616]" pageId="11" pageNumber="437" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFECFFAA0E88FD9BFA844879" blockId="11.[972,1327,590,616]" box="[972,1327,589,616]" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFECFFAA0E88FD9BFA844879" ID-CoL="3JGS" ID-ENA="243727" authority="Jordan &amp; Gilbert, 1883" authorityName="Jordan &amp; Gilbert" authorityYear="1883" box="[972,1327,589,616]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFECFFAA0E88FD9BFA844879" bold="true" box="[972,1327,589,616]" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFECFFAA0E88FD9BFB9E4876" bold="true" box="[972,1077,589,616]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">Cathorops</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F34DDAF1FFECFFAA097EFD98FB294876" box="[1082,1154,590,616]" name="Jordan" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">Jordan</collectingCountry>
&amp; Gilbert, 1883
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</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C340C9EAFFECFFAA094DFDACFB7448DF" pageId="11" pageNumber="437" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFECFFAA094DFDACFB59488A" blockId="11.[1033,1266,634,660]" box="[1033,1266,634,660]" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">
<heading id="D0AD2D0DFFECFFAA094DFDACFB59488A" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1033,1266,634,660]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="437" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFECFFAA094DFDACFB59488A" bold="true" box="[1033,1266,634,660]" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">
<collectionCode id="ED4B02A4FFECFFAA094DFDACFB9B488A" box="[1033,1072,634,660]" country="0" name="Mohonk Preserve, Inc." pageId="11" pageNumber="437">MP</collectionCode>
100, BI 1, 
<collectionCode id="ED4B02A4FFECFFAA09DAFDACFB6E488A" box="[1182,1221,634,660]" country="France" name="Musee de Lectoure" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">ML</collectionCode>
100
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFECFFAA0959FD71FB7448DF" blockId="11.[825,1247,679,741]" box="[1053,1247,679,705]" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFECFFAA0959FD71FB7448DF" bold="true" box="[1053,1247,679,705]" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">
(
<figureCitation id="136186E4FFECFFAA0963FD71FB2A48DF" box="[1063,1153,679,705]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStartId-0="3.[129,194,1805,1829]" captionStartId-1="3.[825,890,1803,1827]" captionStartId-2="4.[113,178,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox-0="[152,776,143,1771]" captionTargetBox-1="[843,1439,143,1771]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,708,146,1775]" captionTargetId-0="figure-8@3.[152,744,149,1755]" captionTargetId-1="figure-61@3.[851,1439,143,1771]" captionTargetId-2="figure-643@4.[149,717,144,1776]" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionText-0="Figure 1. MP analysis.Subfamilies (SF) Galeichthyinae (pink), Bagreinae (bright blue), and Ariinae (dark blue). Tribe (T) Ariini (blue), Cathopsini (orange), Genidentini tribe nov. (brown), and Sciadeini tribe nov. (light green).Subtribe (ST) Ariina (light blue) and Doiichthyina (green). Incertae sedis taxa (IS) (red). Numbers over branches correspond to the bootstrap support." captionText-1="Figure 2. ML analysis. Subfamilies (SF) Galeichthyinae (pink), Bagreinae (bright blue), and Ariinae (dark blue). Tribe (T) Ariini (blue), Cathopsini (orange), Genidentini tribe nov. (brown), and Sciadeini tribe nov. (light green). Subtribe (ST) Ariina (light blue) and Doiichthyina (green). Incertae sedis taxa (IS) (red). Numbers over branches correspond to the bootstrap support." captionText-2="Figure 3. BI analysis.Subfamilies (SF) Galeichthyinae (pink), Bagreinae (bright blue), and Ariinae (dark blue). Tribe (T) Ariini (blue), Cathopsini (orange), Genidentini tribe nov. (brown), and Sciadeini tribe nov. (light green).Subtribe (ST) Ariina (light blue) and Doiichthyina (green). Incertae sedis taxa (IS) (red). Numbers over branches correspond to the bootstrap support." figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240122" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240126" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/11240122/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/11240126/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">Figs 1–3</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136186E4FFECFFAA09CFFD71FB0048DF" box="[1163,1195,679,705]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="12.[113,178,1620,1644]" captionTargetBox="[116,1458,151,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-88@12.[114,1458,144,1593]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 9. Representative skulls, in dorsal view, and distribution of Cathoropsini tribe nov. A, Cathorops hypophthalmus, USNM 293275. B, Notarius grandicassis, MPEG 30647. * marine, ** brackish waters, *** freshwater." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240139/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">9A</figureCitation>
– 
<figureCitation id="136186E4FFECFFAA09FEFD71FB7F48DF" box="[1210,1236,679,705]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="13.[129,194,740,764]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,723]" captionTargetId="figure-673@13.[129,1473,144,723]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 10. Cathorops hypophthalmus, USNM 293275, Panama Pacific drainage rivers, type species of the genus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240141" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240141/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">10</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C340C9EAFFECFFAA0E7DFD18FB7148FB" box="[825,1242,717,741]" pageId="11" pageNumber="437" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFECFFAA0E7DFD18FB7148FB" blockId="11.[825,1247,679,741]" box="[825,1242,717,741]" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFECFFAA0E7DFD18FB7D48FB" authority="Steindachner, 1876" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1876" box="[825,1238,717,741]" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypophthalmus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFECFFAA0E7DFD18FBA248FB" box="[825,1033,717,741]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">Arius hypophthalmus</emphasis>
Steindachner, 1876
</taxonomicName>
.
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<subSubSection id="C340C9EAFFECFFAA090BFCC0FAB14DA1" pageId="11" pageNumber="437" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFECFFAA090BFCC0FB074931" blockId="11.[1103,1196,790,815]" box="[1103,1196,790,815]" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFECFFAA090BFCC0FB074931" box="[1103,1196,790,815]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFECFFAA0E7DFCEAFBBC4D1E" blockId="11.[825,1474,828,1792]" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">
Posterior branches of mesethmoid narrow (6, 0&gt; 1); posterior branches of mesethmoid parallel throughout their entire extension (7, 0&gt; 1); frontal as main component of bony bridge formed by lateral ethmoid and frontal (15, 0&gt; 2); fenestra delimited by lateral ethmoid and frontal very large (17, 1&gt; 2); epioccipital contacting both diagonal and transversal crests associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra (44, 0&gt; 1); accessory tooth plates small, vertically oval (60, 2&gt; 3); otic capsules weakly differentiated 
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFECFFAA09CCFBE0FAAE4E50" bold="true" box="[1160,1285,1078,1103]" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">(69, 0&gt; 1)</emphasis>
; anterior margin of subvertebral process keeled (
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFECFFAA09D6FB80FAA94E70" bold="true" box="[1170,1282,1110,1134]" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">81, 0&gt; 1)</emphasis>
; basioccipital lateral process very long (
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFECFFAA097FFBA3FB074E93" bold="true" box="[1083,1196,1141,1165]" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">84, 0&gt; 1)</emphasis>
; transcapular process depressed (88, 0&gt; 1); premaxilla narrow and very long, its length two to three times in width (120, 1&gt; 2); anteroventral portion of opercle subtrapezoidal, very short (127, 1&gt; 2); anteroventral margin of opercle concave or almost straight (128, 0&gt; 1); posterior margin of interopercle straight and inclined (130, 0&gt; 1); anterior portion of interopercle compressed and bifurcate (132, 0&gt; 1); metapterygoid anterior process rounded (138, 0&gt; 2); ventral crest of hyomandibula absent (142, 0&gt; 1); second external branchiostegal ray almost as wide as first ray (148, 0&gt; 1); anterior portion of anterior ceratohyal compressed (150, 0&gt; 1); anterior margin of urohyal not notched (154, 0&gt; 1); posterolateral processes of urohyal short (160, 1&gt; 0); transverse crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra very high (200, 0&gt; 1); median crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra very high (202, 0&gt; 1); general aspect of superficial ventral ossification of Weberian ossification regularly arched (211, 0&gt; 1); 18 or fewer precaudal vertebrae (215, 1&gt; 0); second dorsal cleithral process dorsally directed and parallel to first dorsal process (226, 0&gt; 1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFECFFAA0E7DF8FCFAB14DA1" blockId="11.[825,1474,1834,1983]" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFECFFAA0E7DF8FCFB914D5F" box="[825,1082,1834,1858]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">Ambiguous optimization:</emphasis>
Temporal fossa very reduced (39, 1&gt; 0); anterior margin of otolith markedly irregular, concave (
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFECFFAA0E00F8BEFC1C4D9E" bold="true" box="[836,951,1896,1921]" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">71,?&gt; 3)</emphasis>
; anterior opening of aortic canal within base of subvertebral process and anteriorly oriented (
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFECFFAA084FF85EFAC44D81" bold="true" box="[1291,1391,1927,1952]" pageId="11" pageNumber="437">77,?&gt; 2)</emphasis>
; ventral tip of subvertebral process spatulate (80,?&gt; 3).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF25CAE9FFEBFFAD0D35F982FCF64C97" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240139" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11240139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240139/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" startId="12.[113,178,1620,1644]" targetBox="[116,1458,151,1592]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFEBFFAD0D35F982FCF64C97" blockId="12.[113,1427,1620,1673]" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEBFFAD0D35F982FF624C73" bold="true" box="[113,201,1620,1645]" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">Figure 9.</emphasis>
Representative skulls, in dorsal view, and distribution of 
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEBFFAD0FA4F982FC604C73" bold="true" box="[736,971,1620,1645]" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEBFFAD0FA4F982FCCC4C72" authority="Marceniuk &amp; Oliveira &amp; Ferraris Jr, 2024" authorityName="Marceniuk &amp; Oliveira &amp; Ferraris Jr" authorityYear="2024" box="[736,871,1620,1644]" family="Ariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" status="trib. nov." tribe="Cathoropsini">Cathoropsini</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21DFB08FFEBFFAD0E2FF982FC604C73" box="[875,971,1620,1645]" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" rank="tribe">tribe nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEBFFAD0EAFF983FA834C73" authority=", USNM" authorityName="USNM" box="[1003,1320,1621,1645]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypophthalmus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEBFFAD0EAFF983FB734C73" box="[1003,1240,1621,1645]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">Cathorops hypophthalmus</emphasis>
, USNM
</taxonomicName>
293275. B, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEBFFAD0D35F9A7FED54C97" authority=", MPEG" authorityName="MPEG" box="[113,382,1649,1673]" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandicassis">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEBFFAD0D35F9A7FE9A4C97" box="[113,305,1649,1673]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">Notarius grandicassis</emphasis>
, MPEG
</taxonomicName>
30647. * marine, ** brackish waters, *** freshwater.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C340C9EAFFEBFFAC0C29F96EFDEE4E5D" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="439" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" type="taxon_list">
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFEBFFAD0C29F96EFE554CCC" blockId="12.[365,510,1720,1746]" box="[365,510,1720,1746]" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEBFFAD0C29F96EFE554CCC" box="[365,510,1720,1746]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">Included species</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFEBFFAD0D35F909FE794D08" blockId="12.[113,657,1759,1971]" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEBFFAD0D35F909FD244CE9" authority="(Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann, 1888)" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[113,655,1759,1783]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizii">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEBFFAD0D35F909FE854CE9" box="[113,302,1759,1783]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">Cathorops agassizii</emphasis>
(Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann, 1888)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEBFFAD0D35F928FE794D08" authority="(Meek, 1904)" baseAuthorityName="Meek" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[113,466,1790,1814]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aguadulce">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEBFFAD0D35F928FE954D08" box="[113,318,1790,1814]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">Cathorops aguadulce</emphasis>
(Meek, 1904)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFEBFFAD0D35F8CBFDBB4D28" blockId="12.[113,657,1759,1971]" box="[113,528,1821,1846]" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEBFFAD0D35F8CBFDBB4D28" authority="(Valenciennes, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Valenciennes" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[113,528,1821,1846]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenatus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEBFFAD0D35F8CBFE844D2B" box="[113,303,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">Cathorops arenatus</emphasis>
(Valenciennes, 1840)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFEBFFAD0D35F8EBFDA04D6A" blockId="12.[113,657,1759,1971]" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEBFFAD0D35F8EBFE024D4B" authority="Marceniuk" authorityName="Marceniuk" box="[113,425,1853,1877]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belizensis">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEBFFAD0D35F8EBFE9D4D4B" box="[113,310,1853,1877]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">Cathorops belizensis</emphasis>
Marceniuk
</taxonomicName>
&amp; Betancur-R., 2008 * 
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEBFFAD0D35F88AFDA04D6A" authority="(Gunther, 1864)" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[113,523,1884,1908]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dasycephalus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEBFFAD0D35F88AFEF04D6A" box="[113,347,1884,1908]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">Cathorops dasycephalus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBE790FFEBFFAD0C23F88AFDA94D6A" author="Gunther A" box="[359,514,1884,1908]" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" refId="ref30224" refString="Gunther A. Catalogue of Fishes in the British Museum, vol. 5. - Catalogue of the Physostomi, Containing the Families Siluridae, Characinidae, Haplochitonidae, Sternoptychidae, Scopelidae, Stomiatidae in the Collection of the British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1864, xxii + 455 p." type="book" year="1864">Günther, 1864</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFEBFFAD0D35F8ADFE784D8A" blockId="12.[113,657,1759,1971]" box="[113,467,1915,1940]" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEBFFAD0D35F8ADFE784D8A" authority="(Boulenger, 1898)" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1898" box="[113,467,1915,1940]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEBFFAD0D35F8ADFEBA4D8A" box="[113,273,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">Cathorops festae</emphasis>
(Boulenger, 1898)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFEBFFAD0D35F84DFDA84DAD" blockId="12.[113,657,1759,1971]" box="[113,515,1947,1971]" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEBFFAD0D35F84DFDA84DAD" authority="(Steindachner, 1876)" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[113,515,1947,1971]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuerthii">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEBFFAD0D35F84DFE884DAD" box="[113,291,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">Cathorops fuerthii</emphasis>
(Steindachner, 1876)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFEBFFAD0E6EF96EFB284D31" blockId="12.[810,1339,1720,1964]" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEBFFAD0E6EF96EFBFF4CCE" authority="Marceniuk" authorityName="Marceniuk" box="[810,1108,1720,1744]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="higuchii">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEBFFAD0E6EF96EFC4A4CCE" box="[810,993,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">Cathorops higuchii</emphasis>
Marceniuk
</taxonomicName>
&amp; Betancur-R., 2008 
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEBFFAD0E6EF90EFAA04CEE" authority="(Steindachner, 1876)" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[810,1291,1752,1776]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypophthalmus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEBFFAD0E6EF90EFB814CEE" box="[810,1066,1752,1776]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">Cathorops hypophthalmus</emphasis>
(Steindachner, 1876)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEBFFAD0E6EF921FBF84D11" authority="Marceniuk" authorityName="Marceniuk" box="[810,1107,1783,1807]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kailolae">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEBFFAD0E6EF921FC4B4D11" box="[810,992,1783,1807]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">Cathorops kailolae</emphasis>
Marceniuk
</taxonomicName>
&amp; Betancur-R., 2008 * 
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEBFFAD0E6EF8C0FBDF4D31" authority="(Bristol, 1897)" baseAuthorityName="Bristol" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[810,1140,1814,1839]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="liropus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEBFFAD0E6EF8C0FC7D4D30" box="[810,982,1814,1838]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">Cathorops liropus</emphasis>
(Bristol, 1897)
</taxonomicName>
*
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFEBFFAD0E6EF8E0FB6E4D50" blockId="12.[810,1339,1720,1964]" box="[810,1221,1846,1870]" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEBFFAD0E6EF8E0FB6E4D50" authority="Marceniuk, 2007" authorityName="Marceniuk" authorityYear="2007" box="[810,1221,1846,1870]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manglarensis">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEBFFAD0E6EF8E0FBB94D50" box="[810,1042,1846,1870]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">Cathorops manglarensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBE790FFEBFFAD0953F8E0FB6E4D50" author="Marceniuk AP &amp; Menezes NA" box="[1047,1221,1846,1870]" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" pagination="1 - 126" refId="ref30826" refString="Marceniuk AP, Menezes NA. Systematics of the family Ariidae (Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a redefinition of the genera. Zootaxa 2007; 1416: 1 - 126." type="journal article" year="2007">Marceniuk, 2007</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFEBFFAD0E6EF883FB174D93" blockId="12.[810,1339,1720,1964]" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEBFFAD0E6EF883FC704D73" box="[810,987,1877,1901]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mapale">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEBFFAD0E6EF883FC704D73" box="[810,987,1877,1901]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">Cathorops mapale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Betancur-R. &amp; Acero P., 2005 
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEBFFAD0E6EF8A2FB074D93" authority="(Gunther, 1864)" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[810,1196,1908,1933]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEBFFAD0E6EF8A2FC574D92" box="[810,1020,1908,1932]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">Cathorops melanopus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBE790FFEBFFAD0948F8A2FB0A4D92" author="Gunther A" box="[1036,1185,1908,1932]" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" refId="ref30224" refString="Gunther A. Catalogue of Fishes in the British Museum, vol. 5. - Catalogue of the Physostomi, Containing the Families Siluridae, Characinidae, Haplochitonidae, Sternoptychidae, Scopelidae, Stomiatidae in the Collection of the British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1864, xxii + 455 p." type="book" year="1864">Günther, 1864</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
*
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFEBFFAD0E6EF842FB634DB2" blockId="12.[810,1339,1720,1964]" box="[810,1224,1940,1964]" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEBFFAD0E6EF842FB634DB2" authority="(Gunther, 1864)" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[810,1224,1940,1964]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEBFFAD0E6EF842FBBC4DB2" box="[810,1047,1940,1964]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="438">Cathorops multiradiatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBE790FFEBFFAD0963F842FB164DB2" author="Gunther A" box="[1063,1213,1940,1964]" pageId="12" pageNumber="438" refId="ref30224" refString="Gunther A. Catalogue of Fishes in the British Museum, vol. 5. - Catalogue of the Physostomi, Containing the Families Siluridae, Characinidae, Haplochitonidae, Sternoptychidae, Scopelidae, Stomiatidae in the Collection of the British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1864, xxii + 455 p." type="book" year="1864">Günther, 1864</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF25CAE9FFEAFFAC0DC5FD32FB3E48E2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240141" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11240141" box="[129,1173,740,764]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240141/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" startId="13.[129,194,740,764]" targetBox="[129,1473,144,723]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFEAFFAC0DC5FD32FB3E48E2" blockId="13.[129,1173,740,764]" box="[129,1173,740,764]" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0DC5FD32FF4E48E2" bold="true" box="[129,229,740,764]" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Figure 10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEAFFAC0DADFD32FD8C48E2" authority=", USNM" authorityName="USNM" box="[233,551,740,764]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypophthalmus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0DADFD32FE7C48E2" box="[233,471,740,764]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Cathorops hypophthalmus</emphasis>
, USNM
</taxonomicName>
293275, Panama Pacific drainage rivers, type species of the genus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFEAFFAC0DC5FCCBFE52492B" blockId="13.[129,759,797,1009]" box="[129,505,797,821]" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEAFFAC0DC5FCCBFE41492B" authority="(Gunther, 1864)" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[129,490,797,821]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchalis">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0DC5FCCBFE91492B" box="[129,314,797,821]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Cathorops nuchalis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBE790FFEAFFAC0C0DFCCBFE74492B" author="Gunther A" box="[329,479,797,821]" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" refId="ref30224" refString="Gunther A. Catalogue of Fishes in the British Museum, vol. 5. - Catalogue of the Physostomi, Containing the Families Siluridae, Characinidae, Haplochitonidae, Sternoptychidae, Scopelidae, Stomiatidae in the Collection of the British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1864, xxii + 455 p." type="book" year="1864">Günther, 1864</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
*
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFEAFFAC0DC5FCEAFE7F496A" blockId="13.[129,759,797,1009]" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEAFFAC0DC5FCEAFE69494A" authority="Marceniuk" authorityName="Marceniuk" box="[129,450,828,852]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raredonae">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0DC5FCEAFEE7494A" box="[129,332,828,852]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Cathorops raredonae</emphasis>
Marceniuk
</taxonomicName>
, Betancur-R. &amp; Acero P., 2009 
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEAFFAC0DC5FC8AFE6E496A" authority="(Agassiz, 1829)" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[129,453,860,884]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spixii">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0DC5FC8AFEB4496A" box="[129,287,860,884]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Cathorops spixii</emphasis>
(Agassiz, 1829)
</taxonomicName>
*
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFEAFFAC0DC5FCADFDC0498D" blockId="13.[129,759,797,1009]" box="[129,619,891,915]" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEAFFAC0DC5FCADFDC0498D" authority="(Gilbert &amp; Starks, 1904)" baseAuthorityName="Gilbert &amp; Starks" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[129,619,891,915]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="steindachneri">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0DC5FCADFEC0498D" box="[129,363,891,915]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Cathorops steindachneri</emphasis>
(Gilbert &amp; Starks, 1904)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFEAFFAC0DC5FC4CFE5149AC" blockId="13.[129,759,797,1009]" box="[129,506,922,946]" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEAFFAC0DC5FC4CFE5149AC" authority="(Hildebrand, 1925)" baseAuthorityName="Hildebrand" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[129,506,922,946]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taylori">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0DC5FC4CFE8149AC" box="[129,298,922,946]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Cathorops taylori</emphasis>
(Hildebrand, 1925)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFEAFFAC0DC5FC6CFDED49CC" blockId="13.[129,759,797,1009]" box="[129,582,954,978]" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEAFFAC0DC5FC6CFDED49CC" authority="(Meek &amp; Hildebrand, 1923)" baseAuthorityName="Meek &amp; Hildebrand" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[129,582,954,978]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuyra">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0DC5FC6CFEB549CC" box="[129,286,954,978]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Cathorops tuyra</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBE790FFEAFFAC0C6EFC6CFD9549CC" author="Meek SE &amp; Hildebrand SF" box="[298,574,954,978]" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" pagination="1 - 330" refId="ref31231" refString="Meek SE, Hildebrand SF. The marine fishes of Panama. Part I. Field Museum of Natural History Publication, Zoology Series 1923; 15: 1 - 330." type="journal article" year="1923">Meek &amp; Hildebrand, 1923</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFEAFFAC0DC5FC0FFD7649EF" blockId="13.[129,759,797,1009]" box="[129,733,985,1009]" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEAFFAC0DC5FC0FFE8049EF" authorityName="Betancur-R., Acero P. &amp; Marceniuk" authorityYear="2012" box="[129,299,985,1009]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wayuu">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0DC5FC0FFE8049EF" box="[129,299,985,1009]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Cathorops wayuu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Betancur-R., Acero P. &amp; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBE790FFEAFFAC0F6CFC0FFD7249EF" author="Marceniuk AP &amp; Menezes NA &amp; Britto MR" box="[552,729,985,1009]" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" pagination="534 - 669" refId="ref30859" refString="Marceniuk AP, Menezes NA, Britto MR. Phylogenetic analysis of the family Ariidae (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes), with a hypothesis on the monophyly and relationships of the genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2012; 165: 534 - 669. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2012.00822. x" type="journal article" year="2012">Marceniuk, 2012</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFEAFFAC0DC5FBDDFDEE4E5D" blockId="13.[129,777,1035,1091]" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0DC5FBDDFED34E3D" box="[129,376,1035,1059]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Habitat and distribution:</emphasis>
Fresh and brackish waters, eastern and western Central and South America (
<figureCitation id="136186E4FFEAFFAC0CB8FBFCFD9F4E5D" box="[508,564,1066,1091]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="12.[113,178,1620,1644]" captionTargetBox="[116,1458,151,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-88@12.[114,1458,144,1593]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 9. Representative skulls, in dorsal view, and distribution of Cathoropsini tribe nov. A, Cathorops hypophthalmus, USNM 293275. B, Notarius grandicassis, MPEG 30647. * marine, ** brackish waters, *** freshwater." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240139/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C340C9EAFFEAFFAC0CDFFBB6FBCB4EB6" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFEAFFAC0CDFFBB6FE444E64" blockId="13.[129,778,1120,1997]" box="[411,495,1120,1146]" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0CDFFBB6FE444E64" box="[411,495,1120,1146]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Remarks</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFEAFFAC0DC5FB50FD8A4F87" blockId="13.[129,778,1120,1997]" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">
The monophyly 
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEAFFAC0C6CFB50FE264E80" box="[296,397,1158,1182]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0C6CFB50FE264E80" box="[296,397,1158,1182]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Cathorops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been shown to be well supported in previous studies (Betancur-R. 
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0CA3FB71FDB04EA0" box="[487,539,1190,1214]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">et al.</emphasis>
2007, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBE790FFEAFFAC0F2EFB70FEBC4EC3" author="Marceniuk AP &amp; Menezes NA" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" pagination="1 - 126" refId="ref30826" refString="Marceniuk AP, Menezes NA. Systematics of the family Ariidae (Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a redefinition of the genera. Zootaxa 2007; 1416: 1 - 126." type="journal article" year="2007">Marceniuk and Menezes 2007</bibRefCitation>
, Betancur-R. 2009, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBE790FFEAFFAC0CAEFB13FD654EC3" author="Marceniuk AP &amp; Menezes NA &amp; Britto MR" box="[490,718,1221,1245]" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" pagination="534 - 669" refId="ref30859" refString="Marceniuk AP, Menezes NA, Britto MR. Phylogenetic analysis of the family Ariidae (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes), with a hypothesis on the monophyly and relationships of the genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2012; 165: 534 - 669. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2012.00822. x" type="journal article" year="2012">
Marceniuk 
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0F25FB10FD384EC3" box="[609,659,1221,1245]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
), but there is no consensus regarding their relationships in previous morphological and molecular studies (Betancur-R. 
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0FDCFAD3FD624F02" box="[664,713,1284,1308]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">et al.</emphasis>
2007, Betancur-R. 2009, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBE790FFEAFFAC0C00FAF5FD8E4F25" author="Marceniuk AP &amp; Menezes NA &amp; Britto MR" box="[324,549,1315,1339]" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" pagination="534 - 669" refId="ref30859" refString="Marceniuk AP, Menezes NA, Britto MR. Phylogenetic analysis of the family Ariidae (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes), with a hypothesis on the monophyly and relationships of the genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2012; 165: 534 - 669. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2012.00822. x" type="journal article" year="2012">
Marceniuk 
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0CFEFAF2FE404F25" box="[442,491,1315,1339]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
). Results of the total-evidence analysis corroborates the monophyly of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEAFFAC0F3DFA94FD754F44" box="[633,734,1346,1370]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0F3DFA94FD754F44" box="[633,734,1346,1370]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Cathorops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its sister group relationship with 
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEAFFAC0C83FAB5FDB64F64" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1863" box="[455,541,1379,1402]" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0C83FAB5FDB64F64" box="[455,541,1379,1402]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Notarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(including 
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEAFFAC0FD4FAB4FD4B4F67" authorityName="D.S.Jordan &amp; Evermann" authorityYear="1898" box="[656,736,1378,1401]" family="Ariidae" genus="Aspistor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0FD4FAB4FD4B4F67" box="[656,736,1378,1401]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Aspistor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), as postulated in previous molecular studies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFEAFFAC0DD8FA76FA694E51" blockId="13.[129,778,1120,1997]" lastBlockId="13.[825,1475,797,1103]" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">
Within 
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEAFFAC0DADFA76FEE74FA6" box="[233,332,1440,1464]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0DADFA76FEE74FA6" box="[233,332,1440,1464]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Cathorops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, species share a suite of molecular and morphological characters not found in the species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEAFFAC0FE3FA16FF574FE9" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1864" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dasycephalus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0FE3FA16FF574FE9" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Cathorops dasycephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The total-evidence hypothesis presented above places 
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEAFFAC0D87FA28FE024C08" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[195,425,1534,1558]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dasycephalus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0D87FA28FE024C08" box="[195,425,1534,1558]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Cathorops dasycephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the sister group to all remaining 
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEAFFAC0DC5F9C8FF4F4C28" box="[129,228,1566,1590]" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0DC5F9C8FF4F4C28" box="[129,228,1566,1590]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Cathorops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and was assigned to a separate subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEAFFAC0FE2F9C8FEBA4C4B" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Precathorops">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0FE2F9C8FCA24C28" box="[678,777,1566,1590]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Cathorops</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0DCFF9EBFEAE4C4B" box="[139,261,1597,1621]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Precathorops</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
Betancur-R. &amp; Acero P. (2007). Morphological character states shared by the remaining species, in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5AE1E2FFEAFFAC0FE2F98AFF524C8A" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cathorops">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0FE2F98AFCA24C6A" box="[678,777,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Cathorops</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0DCFF9AAFF454C8A" box="[139,238,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Cathorops</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
, are as follows: fenestra delimited by mesethmoid and lateral ethmoid present (3, 0&gt; 1); fenestra delimited by mesethmoid and lateral ethmoid small, not filled with cartilage 
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0D85F90FFE844CEF" bold="true" box="[193,303,1753,1778]" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">(4,?&gt; 0)</emphasis>
; mesethmoid posterior horn tubular, narrow and elongate (5, 0&gt; 1); posterior branches of mesethmoid very long, delimiting one-half of length of anterior cranial fontanel (8, 0&gt; 2); posterior cranial fontanel reduced to a small opening (27, 1&gt; 0); extrascapular delimiting more than three-fifths of temporal fossa (
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0DBEF8A0FECA4D90" bold="true" box="[250,353,1910,1934]" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">40, 0&gt; 1)</emphasis>
; tooth plates associated with vomer absent (55, 1&gt; 0); accessory tooth plates molariform (61, 0&gt; 1); ventral process at symphysis of dentary long and very conspicuous (
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0F9EF863FCD0492B" bold="true" box="[730,891,797,1997]" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">115, 1&gt; 2)</emphasis>
; teeth acicular and molariform on dentary (
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0807FCCBFA10492B" bold="true" box="[1347,1467,797,821]" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">117, 0&gt; 1)</emphasis>
; metapterygoid one and a one-half times longer than deep in perpendicular section (135, 1&gt; 2); first hypobranchial very elongate transversely, its mesial face well developed and acute 172 (0&gt; 1); anterior process of first hypobranchial inconspicuous (173, 0&gt; 1); second hypobranchial very elongate transversely, its mesial face acute (176, 0&gt; 1); space for insertion of teeth on fifth ceratobranchial very small (194, 1&gt; 2); cardinal veins at same level of aortic canal (
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0E82FBC1FBEA4E31" bold="true" box="[966,1089,1047,1072]" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">210, 0&gt; 1)</emphasis>
; posterior process of cleithrum very short (224, 1&gt; 0); cleithrum lateral face very narrow (227, 0&gt; 1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE59A61FFEAFFAC0E7DFBA7FBCB4EB6" blockId="13.[825,1474,1137,1192]" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="B92E4673FFEAFFAC0E7DFBA7FB9E4E97" box="[825,1077,1137,1161]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="439">Ambiguous optimization:</emphasis>
Posterior cranial fontanel formed exclusively frontals (25, 0&gt; 1).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>