520 lines
70 KiB
XML
520 lines
70 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="3AD3B6FC68471E92548A5D4BBF48B383">Note on the presence of Hystrix (Mammalia, Rodentia) in the Malawi Chiwondo Beds (Plio-Pleistocene): taphonomical and palaeoecological implications</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1E8D03EB5E19FAB243966D88CD90FF9C">Denys, Christiane</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="49F2B7CEB5862E02CC22C83D56868194">Sandrock, Oliver</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2FFC083607F4ACDA11E74037F15E3B37">Kullmer, Ottmar</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7D6D26E906216E31F0943863BCE6027D">Rozzi, Fernando Ramirez</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A8DA9222F046EAA64277762EFF439FBF">Bromage, Timothy G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4FB7ADD9232B8C96C427CCE92AA4ECE7">Schrenk, Friedemann</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E06125FC3A449130152F222BC70575A4">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9D86EB3771AD4B30C8637CB5A8C6F3B1">2011</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03DF8785FFF94637E505FB3DFBFEF97B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4608733" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180584438" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4608733" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DF8785FFF94637E505FB3DFBFEF97B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF8785FFF94637E505FB3DFBFEF97B" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="736" pageId="3" pageNumber="732">
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<subSubSection id="C36C6518FFF94633E505FB3DFE57FB1E" box="[344,461,1220,1247]" pageId="3" pageNumber="732" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC93693FFF94633E505FB3DFE57FB1E" blockId="3.[344,461,1220,1247]" box="[344,461,1220,1247]" pageId="3" pageNumber="732">
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<heading id="D08181FFFFF94633E505FB3DFE57FB1E" box="[344,461,1220,1247]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="732" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFF94633E505FB3DFE32FB1F" ID-CoL="537R" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[344,424,1220,1246]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="732" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EA81FFF94633E505FB3DFE32FB1F" bold="true" box="[344,424,1220,1246]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="732">Hystrix</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp.
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36C6518FFF94633E4D5FB07FF50FAF1" pageId="3" pageNumber="732" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC93693FFF94633E4D5FB07FF50FAF1" blockId="3.[136,669,1278,1328]" pageId="3" pageNumber="732">MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Isolated left upper M3 (HCRP- 1144).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36C6518FFF94633E4D5FA9DFC0DFAFF" pageId="3" pageNumber="732" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC93693FFF94633E4D5FA9DFE83FABD" blockId="3.[134,670,1380,1723]" box="[136,281,1380,1406]" pageId="3" pageNumber="732">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC93693FFF94633E4D5FA7AFBB5FC82" blockId="3.[134,670,1380,1723]" lastBlockId="3.[697,1234,777,1342]" pageId="3" pageNumber="732">
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The molar is black with carbonate accretions. Some small breaks are observed in the crown and the intact enamel structure shows no signs of digestion. The crown is low with only one root and the molar is not very worn; some cusps are connected by lophs, and some cusps remain intact and are not individualized into small islands of enamel such as in aged specimens. The individual is probably a young adult (
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<figureCitation id="134D2A16FFF94633E494F979FE9FF95B" box="[201,261,1664,1690]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[136,147,1381,1398]" captionTargetBox="[291,1077,239,1339]" captionTargetId="figure-119@4.[290,1077,239,1339]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — Fossil and modern Hystrix Linnaeus, 1758 specimens: A, Hystrix sp. upper left M3 Uraha (HCRP-1144); B, Hystrix makap anensis Greenwood, 1958 upper left M3 from Upper Laetolil Beds, Laetoli (EP3354/00- Loc.15); C, modern H. cristata Linnaeus, 1758 from Senegal (MNHN-CG1995-3133) juvenile with upper right M2 and M3 just erupted; D, modern H. cristata (MNHN-CG1962-2223) worn upper left M23. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4597172" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4597172/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="732">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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;
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<tableCitation id="C6F40328FFF94633E552F979FEC1F95B" box="[271,347,1664,1690]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="3.[136,145,242,259]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. — Upper M3 measurements (in mm) of fossil and modern Hystrix spp. specimens. Abbreviations: HCRP, Hominid Corridor Rift Project; KNM, Kenya National Museum; MNHN.F, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, collection of Paleontology." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF09661BFFF94633E4D5FF0BFB07FEDB" pageId="3" pageNumber="732" tableUuid="DF09661BFFF94633E4D5FF0BFB07FEDB">Table 1</tableCitation>
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). Due to its medium small size (smaller than in
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFF94633E56EF959FDEAF97A" authority="Greenwood, 1955" authorityName="Greenwood" authorityYear="1955" box="[307,624,1696,1723]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Xenohystrix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="732" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EA81FFF94633E56EF959FE33F97B" box="[307,425,1696,1722]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="732">Xenohystrix</emphasis>
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Greenwood, 1955
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</taxonomicName>
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and larger than in
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFF94633E708FCF0FBC8FCE2" authority="Cuvier, 1829" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" box="[853,1106,777,803]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Atherurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="732" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EA81FFF94633E708FCF0FC21FCE2" box="[853,955,777,803]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="732">Atherurus</emphasis>
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Cuvier,1829
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</taxonomicName>
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) this molar can be attributed to
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFF94633E7CAFCD3FC78FC82" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[919,994,810,835]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="732" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EA81FFF94633E7CAFCD3FC78FC82" box="[919,994,810,835]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="732">Hystrix</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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genus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC93693FFF94633E68FFCB1FC0DFAFF" blockId="3.[697,1234,777,1342]" pageId="3" pageNumber="732">
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The molar displays a typical
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFF94633E050FCB0FBC2FCA3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1037,1112,841,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="732" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EA81FFF94633E050FCB0FBC2FCA3" box="[1037,1112,841,866]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="732">Hystrix</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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upper M3 pattern by being longer than wide. The first loph is long and convex following the anterior margin of the molar, and it ends in the middle of the labial side of the molar. The lingual sinus is deep and oblique but there is the trace of a protocone. The labial sinus is transverse and joins the ectoloph. The ectoloph is longitudinally oriented and short, and though its end is not well visible, a small cusp (hypocone?) is seen at the back of the molar, which lacks a posteroloph. The labial side of the posterior part of the molar is comprised of two lophs: a small transverse loph upon which one can see two cusps (mesoloph with entocone?) and a distal short oblique loph with one cusp. This molar displays one oblique curved root.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36C6518FFF94635E6E6FA9DFC59FBBF" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="734" pageId="3" pageNumber="732" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BC93693FFF94633E6E6FA9DFCA7FABD" blockId="3.[697,1234,1380,1722]" box="[699,829,1380,1406]" pageId="3" pageNumber="732">DISCUSSION</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC93693FFF94633E6E6FA7AFBADFA5C" blockId="3.[697,1234,1380,1722]" box="[699,1079,1411,1437]" pageId="3" pageNumber="732">
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<emphasis id="B902EA81FFF94633E6E6FA7AFBADFA5C" box="[699,1079,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="732">Comparison and taxonomic affinities</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC93693FFF94634E6E6FA5AFDDCF99A" blockId="3.[697,1234,1380,1722]" lastBlockId="4.[135,669,1537,1722]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="733" pageId="3" pageNumber="732">
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Upper hystricid molars are not frequently preserved in the fossil record which makes a comparisons to other fossil species difficult. In modern specimens, the upper M3 may be absent in very young specimens or be an erupted germ displaying only isolated cusps. Very old specimens have very worn crowns and only islands of enamel persist. Consequently we agree with
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFF94633E7EBF978FBE7F95A" author="VAN WEERS J. D." box="[950,1149,1664,1691]" pageId="3" pageNumber="732" pagination="301 - 312" refId="ref6525" refString="VAN WEERS J. D. 2005. - A taxonomic revision of the Pleistocene Hystrix (Hystricidae, Rodentia) from Eurasia with notes on the evolution of the family. Contributions to Zoology 74: 301 - 312." type="journal article" year="2005">Van Weers (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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that in this taxonomic group of rodents, the morphology of the cheek teeth may not be useful to distinguish between the species in the absence of comparisons between specimens at similar wear stages.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF09661BFFFE4634E4D5FA9CFE4EFA7B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4597172" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4597172" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4597172/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="733" startId="4.[136,147,1381,1398]" targetBox="[291,1077,239,1339]" targetPageId="4">
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||
<paragraph id="8BC93693FFFE4634E4D5FA9CFE4EFA7B" blockId="4.[136,1233,1381,1466]" pageId="4" pageNumber="733">
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FIG. 1. — Fossil and modern
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFE4634E527FA9CFDADFAB7" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[378,567,1381,1398]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="733" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFE4634E527FA9CFE29FAB7" box="[378,435,1381,1398]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="733">Hystrix</emphasis>
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Linnaeus, 1758
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</taxonomicName>
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specimens:
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<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFE4634E6FCFA9CFD34FAB7" bold="true" box="[673,686,1381,1398]" pageId="4" pageNumber="733">A</emphasis>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFE4634E6E4FA9CFD68FAB7" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[697,754,1381,1398]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="733" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFE4634E6E4FA9CFD68FAB7" box="[697,754,1381,1398]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="733">Hystrix</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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sp. upper left M3 Uraha (HCRP-1144);
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<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFE4634E061FA9CFBD3FAB7" bold="true" box="[1084,1097,1381,1398]" pageId="4" pageNumber="733">B</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFE4634E00EFA9CFF5DFA4C" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="733">
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFE4634E00EFA9CFB16FAB7" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1107,1164,1381,1398]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="733" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hystrix</taxonomicName>
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makap anensis
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</emphasis>
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Greenwood, 1958 upper left M3 from Upper Laetolil Beds, Laetoli (EP3354/00- Loc.15);
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<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFE4634E7C0FA85FC31FA4C" bold="true" box="[925,939,1404,1421]" pageId="4" pageNumber="733">C</emphasis>
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, modern
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFE4634E7A7FA85FB4BFA4C" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1018,1233,1404,1421]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="733" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristata">
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<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFE4634E7A7FA85FBD7FA4C" box="[1018,1101,1404,1421]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="733">H. cristata</emphasis>
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Linnaeus, 1758
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</taxonomicName>
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from Senegal (MNHN-CG1995-3133) juvenile with upper right M2 and M3 just erupted;
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<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFE4634E707FA6BFCF2FA62" bold="true" box="[858,872,1426,1443]" pageId="4" pageNumber="733">D</emphasis>
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, modern
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFE4634E7E5FA6BFB91FA62" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[952,1035,1426,1443]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="733" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFE4634E7E5FA6BFB91FA62" box="[952,1035,1426,1443]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="733">H. cristata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MNHN-CG1962-2223) worn upper left M23. Scale bars: 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC93693FFFE4634E4C2F999FC1CF99A" blockId="4.[135,669,1537,1722]" lastBlockId="4.[697,1233,1537,1722]" pageId="4" pageNumber="733">
|
||
The Uraha molar is at an intermediate stage of wear, with lophs visible and connecting cusps, and it still has a relatively high crown. We did not found any upper M
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E9B76FFFE4634E716F9F8FCECF9DA" box="[843,886,1537,1563]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="4" pageNumber="733" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
|
||
the fossil record corresponding to this wear stage but the comparison specimens are relatively close.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC93693FFFE4635E68FF998FE9FFE27" blockId="4.[697,1233,1537,1722]" lastBlockId="5.[134,671,238,1722]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="734" pageId="4" pageNumber="733">
|
||
Two upper M3 fossils of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFE4634E7A4F998FB07F9BB" authorityName="Denys" authorityYear="1987" box="[1017,1181,1632,1658]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="733" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leakeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFE4634E7A4F998FB07F9BB" box="[1017,1181,1632,1658]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="733">Hystrix leakeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFE4634E6E0F978FCF6F95B" authorityName="Greenwood" authorityYear="1958" box="[701,876,1664,1690]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="733" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="makapanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFE4634E6E0F978FCF6F95B" box="[701,876,1664,1690]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="733">H.makapanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been recorded from Laetolil (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFE4634E69CF959FCDCF97B" author="DENYS C." box="[705,838,1696,1722]" pageId="4" pageNumber="733" pagination="118 - 170" refId="ref5410" refString="DENYS C. 1987. - Fossil rodents (other than Pedetidae) from Laetoli, in LEAKEY M. D. & HARRIS J. M. (eds), Laetoli: a Pliocene Site in Northern Tanzania. Oxford Science Publications, London: 118 - 170." type="book chapter" year="1987">Denys 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFE4634E712F959FC12F97B" author="DENYS C." box="[847,904,1696,1722]" pageId="4" pageNumber="733" pagination="15 - 53" refId="ref5518" refString="DENYS C. 2011. - Rodents, in HARRISON T. (ed.), Palaeontology and Geology of Laetoli: Human Evolution in Context. Volume 2. Fossil Hominins and the Associated Fauna. Springer, Dordrechts: 15 - 53." type="book chapter" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and one M3 from the FLKN1 site at Olduvai attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFF4635E5F7FF16FF63FEE9" authority="(Sabatier 1979)" baseAuthorityName="Sabatier" baseAuthorityYear="1979" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="makapanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFF4635E5F7FF16FDCCFEC9" box="[426,598,238,264]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">H. makapanensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFF4635E63FFF17FF68FEE9" author="SABATIER M." pageId="5" pageNumber="734" refId="ref6170" refString="SABATIER M. 1979. - Les rongeurs des sites a Hominides de Hadar et Melka-Kunture (Ethiopie). Unpublished thesis, Universite des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Montpellier, 122 p." type="book" year="1979">Sabatier 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which are used here for comparisons despite they do not correspond to the same wear stages. Due to the absence of a comprehensive revision of the modern African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFF4635E592FE97FD80FE46" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[463,538,366,391]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFF4635E592FE97FD80FE46" box="[463,538,366,391]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">Hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, the museum specimen identifications remain doubtful and the comparisons can be made only at the genus level.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC93693FFFF4635E4C2FE15FDC8FD25" blockId="5.[134,671,238,1722]" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">
|
||
The Uraha specimen is smaller than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFF4635E66FFE14FD06FDC7" authorityName="Denys" authorityYear="1987" box="[562,668,492,518]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leakeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFF4635E66FFE14FD06FDC7" box="[562,668,492,518]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">H. leakeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A16FFFF4635E4CFFDF5FF4CFDE7" box="[146,214,524,550]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[243,254,898,915]" captionTargetId="graphics-403@6.[293,1089,241,701]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 2. — Scatter plot of the length versus width of the modern and fossil Hystrix M3 (after data in Table 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4608731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4608731/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F40328FFFF4635E4BEFDF5FEAEFDE7" box="[227,308,524,550]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="3.[136,145,242,259]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. — Upper M3 measurements (in mm) of fossil and modern Hystrix spp. specimens. Abbreviations: HCRP, Hominid Corridor Rift Project; KNM, Kenya National Museum; MNHN.F, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, collection of Paleontology." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF09661BFFF94633E4D5FF0BFB07FEDB" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" tableUuid="DF09661BFFF94633E4D5FF0BFB07FEDB">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
) and fits into the lower limit of variability of modern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFF4635E520FDD5FE53FD84" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[381,457,556,581]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFF4635E520FDD5FE53FD84" box="[381,457,556,581]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">Hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. It is about same size than the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFF4635E50AFDB5FE5AFDA4" authorityName="Denys" authorityYear="1987" box="[343,448,587,613]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leakeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFF4635E50AFDB5FE5AFDA4" box="[343,448,587,613]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">H. leakeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
upper M3 (75/468) but the Laetoli specimen is a germ and thus the two molars display different wear stages. In comparison to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFF4635E4F8FD52FE97FD05" authorityName="Denys" authorityYear="1987" box="[165,269,682,708]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leakeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFF4635E4F8FD52FE97FD05" box="[165,269,682,708]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">H. leakeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the labial sinus is less transverse and not as well related to the ectoloph (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A16FFFF4635E65EFD33FDD8FD25" box="[515,578,714,740]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[136,147,1381,1398]" captionTargetBox="[291,1077,239,1339]" captionTargetId="figure-119@4.[290,1077,239,1339]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — Fossil and modern Hystrix Linnaeus, 1758 specimens: A, Hystrix sp. upper left M3 Uraha (HCRP-1144); B, Hystrix makap anensis Greenwood, 1958 upper left M3 from Upper Laetolil Beds, Laetoli (EP3354/00- Loc.15); C, modern H. cristata Linnaeus, 1758 from Senegal (MNHN-CG1995-3133) juvenile with upper right M2 and M3 just erupted; D, modern H. cristata (MNHN-CG1962-2223) worn upper left M23. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4597172" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4597172/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC93693FFFF4635E4C2FD13FE79FBA1" blockId="5.[134,671,238,1722]" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">
|
||
In comparison to the upper M3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFF4635E640FD13FF5EFCE2" baseAuthorityName="Sabatier" baseAuthorityYear="1979" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="makapanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFF4635E640FD13FF5EFCE2" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">H. makapanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Olduvai and Laetoli (00/3354), which are slightly more worn, the Uraha specimen is smaller in size. The Uraha molar has a smaller lingual sinus and a narrower distal loph. Moreover, the Uraha specimen harbors a hypocone that is more longitudinal and less visible and the distal labial cusps are more oblique. The Olduvai and Laetoli M3
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFF4635E4EAFC11FEF3FBC0" baseAuthorityName="Sabatier" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[183,361,999,1025]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="makapanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFF4635E4EAFC11FEF3FBC0" box="[183,361,999,1025]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">H. makapanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also have more lophs visible than the Uraha and Laetoli
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFF4635E5EAFBFEFDBAFBE1" authorityName="Denys" authorityYear="1987" box="[439,544,1030,1056]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leakeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFF4635E5EAFBFEFDBAFBE1" box="[439,544,1030,1056]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">H. leakeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens, which may be due either to a more advanced wear or to a more lophodont pattern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC93693FFFF4635E4C2FB9CFD80F9FA" blockId="5.[134,671,238,1722]" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">
|
||
Compared to modern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFF4635E5D2FB9FFE40FBBE" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[399,474,1126,1151]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFF4635E5D2FB9FFE40FBBE" box="[399,474,1126,1151]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">Hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. of Africa, the Uraha specimen is slightly smaller (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F40328FFFF4635E5A2FB7CFDD7FB5E" box="[511,589,1157,1183]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="3.[136,145,242,259]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. — Upper M3 measurements (in mm) of fossil and modern Hystrix spp. specimens. Abbreviations: HCRP, Hominid Corridor Rift Project; KNM, Kenya National Museum; MNHN.F, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, collection of Paleontology." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF09661BFFF94633E4D5FF0BFB07FEDB" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" tableUuid="DF09661BFFF94633E4D5FF0BFB07FEDB">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
) and is more bunodont, contains fewer connected cusps, and the crown is not completely circled by an enamel ring posteriorly. The lingual sinus of the Uraha M3 is, however, deeper and persists further toward the base of the crown than in modern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFF4635E64CFADDFDC4FAFC" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[529,606,1316,1341]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFF4635E64CFADDFDC4FAFC" box="[529,606,1316,1341]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">Hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., indicating a rather lower stage of hypsodonty in the genus at around 2.5 Ma. The modern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFF4635E609FA9DFD05FABC" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[596,671,1380,1405]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFF4635E609FA9DFD05FABC" box="[596,671,1380,1405]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">Hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
upper M3s have more transverse labial lophs when they are visible and the labial sinus is absent in all wear stages (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A16FFFF4635E549FA3BFECFFA1D" box="[276,341,1474,1500]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[136,147,1381,1398]" captionTargetBox="[291,1077,239,1339]" captionTargetId="figure-119@4.[290,1077,239,1339]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — Fossil and modern Hystrix Linnaeus, 1758 specimens: A, Hystrix sp. upper left M3 Uraha (HCRP-1144); B, Hystrix makap anensis Greenwood, 1958 upper left M3 from Upper Laetolil Beds, Laetoli (EP3354/00- Loc.15); C, modern H. cristata Linnaeus, 1758 from Senegal (MNHN-CG1995-3133) juvenile with upper right M2 and M3 just erupted; D, modern H. cristata (MNHN-CG1962-2223) worn upper left M23. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4597172" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4597172/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). There is a transversely long posteroloph at the back of the molar which is visible also in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFF4635E48FF9FBFEA0F9DA" authorityName="Denys" authorityYear="1987" box="[210,314,1537,1563]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leakeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFF4635E48FF9FBFEA0F9DA" box="[210,314,1537,1563]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">H. leakeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFF4635E532F9FBFDBBF9DA" baseAuthorityName="Sabatier" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[367,545,1537,1563]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="makapanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFF4635E532F9FBFDBBF9DA" box="[367,545,1537,1563]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">H. makapanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but not in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFF4635E4ECF9DBFF66F9FA" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[177,252,1570,1595]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFF4635E4ECF9DBFF66F9FA" box="[177,252,1570,1595]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">Hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. specimen from Uraha.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC93693FFFF4635E4C2F9B8FC22FB81" blockId="5.[134,671,238,1722]" lastBlockId="5.[697,1235,238,1088]" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">
|
||
The Uraha specimen is close in size to a very young modern upper M3 germs and we do not have at the moment any equivalent fossil molar at a same stage to compare. Moreover, the variability related to age and sex in modern african
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFF4635E0D9FF16FB4AFEC9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1156,1232,239,264]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFF4635E0D9FF16FB4AFEC9" box="[1156,1232,239,264]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">Hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is still not well known. We can observe that the M3/3 are not visible on young specimens and they are always the smallest teeth as well as the latest to erupt. The African porcupine systematics must be revised and in the absence of such knowledge it is difficult to attribute the fossil species to a specific species on the basis of a unique specimen. However, our observations lead to the conclusions that the new Uraha specimen is a bunodont and small representative of the genus which is different in some respects from the modern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFF4635E7E2FDB5FB9CFDA4" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[959,1030,588,613]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFF4635E7E2FDB5FB9CFDA4" box="[959,1030,588,613]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">Hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens and may be different from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFF4635E72AFD92FC45FD44" authorityName="Denys" authorityYear="1987" box="[887,991,619,645]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leakeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFF4635E72AFD92FC45FD44" box="[887,991,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">H. leakeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFF4635E048FD92FB5DFD44" baseAuthorityName="Sabatier" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[1045,1223,619,645]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="makapanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFF4635E048FD92FB5DFD44" box="[1045,1223,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">H. makapanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Due to an absence of knowledge of modern and fossil african
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFF4635E719FD52FC14FD05" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[836,910,683,708]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFF4635E719FD52FC14FD05" box="[836,910,683,708]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">Hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
variability we cannot conclude upon size evolutionary trend.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFF4635E05BFD33FB54FD25" author="VAN WEERS J. D." box="[1030,1230,713,740]" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" pagination="301 - 312" refId="ref6525" refString="VAN WEERS J. D. 2005. - A taxonomic revision of the Pleistocene Hystrix (Hystricidae, Rodentia) from Eurasia with notes on the evolution of the family. Contributions to Zoology 74: 301 - 312." type="journal article" year="2005">Van Weers (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in his revision of Eurasian Hystricids showed that all Miocene porcupines were low-crowned while high crowned specimens appear either during late Miocene or early Pliocene. If we assume similar evolutionary trend for tropical Africa, then the small size and bunodonty of the Uraha specimen could indicate an age earlier than 2.5 Ma. However, the scarcity of Hystricid upper molars fossil-record does not allow us to go further into phylogenetic, biochronological and biogeographical considerations for this specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC93693FFFF4635E6E6FB9FFC59FBBF" blockId="5.[697,1234,1126,1722]" box="[699,963,1126,1152]" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36C6518FFFF4636E6E6FB72FCECFCCD" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="735" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC93693FFFF4635E6E6FB72FB81FB5F" blockId="5.[697,1234,1126,1722]" box="[699,1051,1163,1182]" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">AND TAPHONOMIC IMPLICATIONS</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC93693FFFF4635E6E6FB5CFB54F97B" blockId="5.[697,1234,1126,1722]" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">
|
||
Porcupines today are nocturnal herbivore generalists; they eat roots, bulbs, fruits and bark (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFF4635E032FB3DFD6CFB3F" author="KINGDON J." pageId="5" pageNumber="734" pagination="343 - 703" refId="ref5893" refString="KINGDON J. 1974. - East African Mammals. Volume 2. (Hares and Rodents). The University Chicago Press, Chicago, Academic Press, London: 343 - 703." type="book chapter" year="1974">Kingdon 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFF4635E759FB1CFC26FB3F" author="DE GRAAFF G." box="[772,956,1252,1279]" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" pagination="1 - 267" refId="ref5387" refString="DE GRAAFF G. 1981. - The Rodents of Southern Africa. Butterworths, Durban, Pretoria: 1 - 267." type="book chapter" year="1981">De Graaff 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFF4635E78FFB1CFBBAFB3F" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[978,1056,1253,1278]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFF4635E78FFB1CFBBAFB3F" box="[978,1056,1253,1278]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">Hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lives in mostly non-desert habitats, including savanna woodlands, steppes and uplands. It is found sometimes along forest margins or galleries but avoids swamps and moist forest. This indicates that at around 2.5 to 2.33 Ma, the Uraha landscape was rather open. By the fact, based upon the proportions of bovids at Uraha, the habitat shared affinities of the fossil faunas of this locality fitted with the arid grasslands of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B2F871FFFF4635E6E7F9F8FC9EF9DA" box="[698,772,1537,1563]" country="Ethiopia" name="Sumale" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">Somali</collectingRegion>
|
||
Masai region, which today is situated in the Zambezian phytochorion (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFF4635E781F9D8FB58F9FA" author="SANDROCK O. & KULLMER O. & SCHRENK F. & YUWAYEYI Y. M. & BROMAGE T. G." box="[988,1218,1569,1595]" pageId="5" pageNumber="734" pagination="315 - 332" refId="ref6347" refString="SANDROCK O., KULLMER O., SCHRENK F., YUWAYEYI Y. M. & BROMAGE T. G. 2007. - Fauna, taphonomy, and ecology of the Plio-Pleistocene Chiwondo Beds, Northern Malawi, in BOBE R., ALEMSEGED Z. & BEHRENSMEYER A. K. (eds), Hominin Environments in the East African Pliocene: An Assessment of the Faunal Evidence. Springer, Dordrechts, The Netherlands: 315 - 332." type="book chapter" year="2007">
|
||
Sandrock
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFF4635E017F9DBFBE5F9FA" box="[1098,1151,1569,1595]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="734">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Unfortunately, we cannot confirm here if the Uraha porcupine has more affinities with eastern or southern populations of the fossil species, which prevent us to assign the Uraha localities into Somali-Masai
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC93693FFFC4636E63EFF08FD76FD69" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">
|
||
<table id="F976C433FFFCB9CFE51DFF08FC9CFD69" box="[320,774,241,680]" gridcols="2" gridrows="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">
|
||
<tr id="354634D1FFFCB9CFE51DFF08FC9CFEC5" box="[320,774,241,260]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="76975DADFFFCB9CFE63EFF08FC9CFEC5" box="[611,774,241,260]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFC4636E63EFF08FD3EFEC5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[611,676,241,260]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFC4636E63EFF08FD3EFEC5" box="[611,676,241,260]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">Hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
upper M3
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354634D1FFFCB9CFE51DFE8FFC9CFE60" box="[320,774,374,417]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="76975DADFFFCB9CFE51DFE8FFEC9FE60" box="[320,339,374,417]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">mm)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354634D1FFFCB9CFE51DFE5FFC9CFE37" box="[320,774,422,502]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="76975DADFFFCB9CFE51DFE5FFEC9FE37" box="[320,339,422,502]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">width (in</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354634D1FFFCB9CFE51DFE05FC9CFDDA" box="[320,774,508,539]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="76975DADFFFCB9CFE51DFE05FEC9FDDA" box="[320,339,508,539]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">M 3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354634D1FFFCB9CFE51DFD6CFC9CFD69" box="[320,774,661,680]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">
|
||
<td id="76975DADFFFCB9CFE51DFD6CFC9CFD69" box="[320,774,661,680]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">M3 length (in mm)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC93693FFFC4636E5C7FD00FCECFCCD" blockId="6.[410,1001,761,845]" box="[410,886,761,780]" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFC4636E5C7FD00FD0BFCCD" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[410,657,761,780]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFC4636E5C7FD00FE60FCCD" box="[410,506,761,780]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">H. cristata</emphasis>
|
||
Linnaeus, 1758
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFC4636E74CFD00FCC8FCCD" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[785,850,761,780]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFC4636E74CFD00FCC8FCCD" box="[785,850,761,780]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">Hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36C6518FFFC4636E5C7FCE3FD76FC8C" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC93693FFFC4636E5C7FCE3FC73FCEC" blockId="6.[410,1001,761,845]" box="[410,1001,794,813]" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFC4636E5C7FCE3FD5BFCEC" ID-CoL="7VHZY" authority="Peters, 1852" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1852" box="[410,705,794,813]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africaeaustralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFC4636E5C7FCE3FDD8FCEC" box="[410,578,794,813]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">H. africaeaustralis</emphasis>
|
||
Peters, 1852
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFC4636E74CFCE3FC73FCEC" authority="Denys, 1987" authorityName="Denys" authorityYear="1987" box="[785,1001,794,813]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leakeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFC4636E74CFCE3FCF6FCEC" box="[785,876,794,813]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">H. leakeyi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFC4636E72FFCE3FC73FCEC" author="DENYS C." box="[882,1001,794,813]" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" pagination="118 - 170" refId="ref5410" refString="DENYS C. 1987. - Fossil rodents (other than Pedetidae) from Laetoli, in LEAKEY M. D. & HARRIS J. M. (eds), Laetoli: a Pliocene Site in Northern Tanzania. Oxford Science Publications, London: 118 - 170." type="book chapter" year="1987">Denys, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC93693FFFC4636E5C7FCC3FD76FC8C" blockId="6.[410,1001,761,845]" box="[410,748,826,845]" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFC4636E5C7FCC3FD76FC8C" authority="Greenwood, 1958" authorityName="Greenwood" authorityYear="1958" box="[410,748,826,845]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="makapanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFC4636E5C7FCC3FDA6FC8C" box="[410,572,826,845]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">H. makapanensis</emphasis>
|
||
Greenwood, 1958
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF09661BFFFC4636E4AEFC7BFBFCFC52" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4608731" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4608731" box="[243,1126,898,915]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4608731/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" targetBox="[254,1109,241,845]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC93693FFFC4636E4AEFC7BFBFCFC52" blockId="6.[243,1126,898,915]" box="[243,1126,898,915]" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">
|
||
FIG. 2. — Scatter plot of the length versus width of the modern and fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFC4636E708FC7BFC14FC52" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[853,910,898,915]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFC4636E708FC7BFC14FC52" box="[853,910,898,915]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">Hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
M3 (after data in Table 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36C6518FFFC4637E4D5FC31FBFEF97B" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="736" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC93693FFFC4636E4D5FC31FECBF9DA" blockId="6.[134,672,967,1722]" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">
|
||
or Zambezian vegetation zones and define the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CD8831FFFC4636E632FC31FD07FC23" box="[623,669,968,994]" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of savannas were early
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFC4636E52FFC11FDB9FBC0" authorityName="Alexeev" authorityYear="1986" box="[370,547,999,1025]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rudolfensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFC4636E52FFC11FDB9FBC0" box="[370,547,999,1025]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">Homo rudolfensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFC4636E608FC11FE8EFBE1" authorityName="Leakey" authorityYear="1959" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Paranthropus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boisei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFC4636E608FC11FE8EFBE1" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">Paranthropus boisei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lived. Modern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFC4636E5E0FBFEFD92FBE1" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[445,520,1031,1056]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFC4636E5E0FBFEFD92FBE1" box="[445,520,1031,1056]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">Hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
live generally in hilly or rocky landscape and hide during the day in caves or natural crevices with narrow entrances (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFC4636E4CDFB9FFED9FB41" author="DE GRAAFF G." box="[144,323,1125,1152]" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" pagination="1 - 267" refId="ref5387" refString="DE GRAAFF G. 1981. - The Rodents of Southern Africa. Butterworths, Durban, Pretoria: 1 - 267." type="book chapter" year="1981">De Graaff 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFC4636E50AFB9FFE38FBBE" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[343,418,1126,1151]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFC4636E50AFB9FFE38FBBE" box="[343,418,1126,1151]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">Hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is presently hunted by large felids (especially lion and leopard) and hyaenids, none of them being represented as fossils at Uraha. However porcupines are represented in low number of individuals in modern spotted hyaena and leopard dens studied (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFC4636E5C1FAFDFF5AFAFF" author="DE RUYTER D. J. & BERGER LEE R." pageId="6" pageNumber="735" pagination="665 - 684" refId="ref5659" refString="DE RUYTER D. J. & BERGER LEE R. 2007. - Leopards as taphonomic agents in Dolomite caves - implications for bone accumulations in the Hominid-bearing deposits of South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 27: 665 - 684." type="journal article" year="2007">De Ruyter & Berger Lee 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFC4636E497FADDFE5EFAFF" author="POKINES J. T. & KERBIS PETERHANS J. C." box="[202,452,1316,1342]" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" pagination="1914 - 1931" refId="ref6126" refString="POKINES J. T. & KERBIS PETERHANS J. C. 2007. - Spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) den use and taphonomy in the Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. Journal of Archaeological Science 34: 1914 - 1931." type="journal article" year="2007">Pokines & Kerbis 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the leopard den,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFC4636E4DBFABDFE77FA9C" author="DE RUYTER D. J. & BERGER LEE R." box="[134,493,1347,1374]" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" pagination="665 - 684" refId="ref5659" refString="DE RUYTER D. J. & BERGER LEE R. 2007. - Leopards as taphonomic agents in Dolomite caves - implications for bone accumulations in the Hominid-bearing deposits of South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 27: 665 - 684." type="journal article" year="2007">De Ruyter & Berger Lee (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned two skulls of juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFC4636E561FA9DFE1CFABC" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[316,390,1380,1405]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFC4636E561FA9DFE1CFABC" box="[316,390,1380,1405]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">Hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
deposited in 1991 and not recovered at the second visit in 1998 for unknown reasons. Today
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFC4636E573FA5AFEE3FA7D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[302,377,1443,1468]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFC4636E573FA5AFEE3FA7D" box="[302,377,1443,1468]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">Hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is considered as a valuable bushmeat in some parts of Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFC4636E5A8FA3BFD0FFA1C" author="NJIFORTHI L." box="[501,661,1474,1501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" pagination="149 - 155" refId="ref6096" refString="NJIFORTHI L. 1996. - Preferences and present demand for bushmeat in north Cameroon: some implications for wildlife conservation. Environmental Conservation 23: 149 - 155." type="journal article" year="1996">Njiforthi 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and it could have also been hunted and consumed by early hominids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC93693FFFC4637E4C2F9D8FE91FCC5" blockId="6.[134,672,967,1722]" lastBlockId="7.[134,671,238,1722]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="736" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">
|
||
Discovery of the Uraha
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D10FFFC4636E5D1F9DBFE4EF9FA" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[396,468,1570,1595]" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" genus="Hystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFC4636E5D1F9DBFE4EF9FA" box="[396,468,1570,1595]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">Hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
raises an interesting taphonomic problem since
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFC4636E5EEF9B8FD01F99D" author="SCHRENK F. & BROMAGE T. G. & GORTHNER A. & ROCK O." box="[435,667,1601,1628]" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" pagination="59 - 70" refId="ref6475" refString="SCHRENK F., BROMAGE T. G., GORTHNER A. & SAND- ROCK O. 1995. - Paleoecology of the Malawi Rift: Vertebrate and invertebrate faunal contexts of the Chiwondo Beds, northern Malawi. Journal of Human Evolution 28: 59 - 70." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Schrenk
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFC4636E649F9BBFDD3F99A" box="[532,585,1601,1627]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1995)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
report that micromammals and their predators carnivores are virtually absent from the Chiwondo Beds, despite intensive screening of the sediment.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFC4636E6E6FC3EFC32FC20" author="SANDROCK O. & KULLMER O. & SCHRENK F. & YUWAYEYI Y. M. & BROMAGE T. G." box="[699,936,967,993]" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" pagination="315 - 332" refId="ref6347" refString="SANDROCK O., KULLMER O., SCHRENK F., YUWAYEYI Y. M. & BROMAGE T. G. 2007. - Fauna, taphonomy, and ecology of the Plio-Pleistocene Chiwondo Beds, Northern Malawi, in BOBE R., ALEMSEGED Z. & BEHRENSMEYER A. K. (eds), Hominin Environments in the East African Pliocene: An Assessment of the Faunal Evidence. Springer, Dordrechts, The Netherlands: 315 - 332." type="book chapter" year="2007">
|
||
Sandrock
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFC4636E77BFC31FCC2FC20" box="[806,856,967,993]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also confirmed the low biodiversity and the ungulate-bias of the Chiwondo faunas. These authors suggested that such absences are likely the effects of destructive pre- and postdepositional taphonomic processes. Some taphonomic studies have noted numerous alterations and a rather complex taphonomic history for the Chiwondo Beds Malema site RC 11, equivalent in age to Uraha (Sandrock 1999;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFC4636E072FB3DFD6CFB3F" author="SANDROCK O. & DAUPHIN Y. & KULLMER O. & ABEL R. & SCHRENK F. & DENYS C." pageId="6" pageNumber="735" pagination="133 - 139" refId="ref6296" refString="SANDROCK O., DAUPHIN Y., KULLMER O., ABEL R., SCHRENK F. & DENYS C. 1999. - Malema: Preliminary taphonomic analysis of an African hominid locality. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris 328: 133 - 139." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Sandrock
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFC4636E0C0FB3CFB49FB1F" box="[1181,1235,1220,1246]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="735">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFC4636E75CFB1DFCA4FB3F" author="SANDROCK O. & KULLMER O. & SCHRENK F. & YUWAYEYI Y. M. & BROMAGE T. G." box="[769,830,1252,1278]" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" pagination="315 - 332" refId="ref6347" refString="SANDROCK O., KULLMER O., SCHRENK F., YUWAYEYI Y. M. & BROMAGE T. G. 2007. - Fauna, taphonomy, and ecology of the Plio-Pleistocene Chiwondo Beds, Northern Malawi, in BOBE R., ALEMSEGED Z. & BEHRENSMEYER A. K. (eds), Hominin Environments in the East African Pliocene: An Assessment of the Faunal Evidence. Springer, Dordrechts, The Netherlands: 315 - 332." type="book chapter" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Geologically, the Uraha deposits are comprised of a ferruginous calcimorph palaeosol lying in siltsones to mudstones interbedded with lenticular sandstones. These deposits were assigned to a swamp to interchannel setting with no evidence of lacustrine condition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFC4636E7EDFA7AFB0AFA5C" author="BETZLER C. & RING U." box="[944,1168,1410,1437]" pageId="6" pageNumber="735" pagination="23 - 35" refId="ref5163" refString="BETZLER C. & RING U. 1995. - Sedimentology of the Malawi Rift: facies and stratigraphy of the Chiwondo Beds, northern Malawi. Journal of Human Evolution 28: 23 - 35." type="journal article" year="1995">Betzler & Ring 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Sandrock (1999) suggests that the loss of information in the fossil record at Malema site RC 11 resulted from fluviatile reworking and post-burial destruction due to rapid oxidation of organic components combined with the pedogenic process of ferrolysis. Alternating wet and dry conditions plus plant decomposition and iron oxidation may be a source of acidification of soils and of bone destruction. Acid soil generally leaves typical corrosion marks at the bone surface (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFD4637E57CFF17FE59FEC8" author="ANDREWS P." box="[289,451,238,265]" pageId="7" pageNumber="736" refId="ref5103" refString="ANDREWS P. 1990. - Owls, Caves and Fossils. Natural History Museum Publications, London, 231 p." type="book" year="1990">Andrews 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and enamel is first affected by low pH (Fernández-Jalvo & Andrews 1992). This could result in a strong destruction of small mammal teeth and bones. Moreover the study of Malema bone diagenesis reveals the existence of strong chemical modifications with a high cristallinity index and enrichment in Ca, P, Al, Si and depleted in S, Mg, Cl, Na (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFD4637E668FE35FE98FDC7" author="SANDROCK O. & DAUPHIN Y. & KULLMER O. & ABEL R. & SCHRENK F. & DENYS C." pageId="7" pageNumber="736" pagination="133 - 139" refId="ref6296" refString="SANDROCK O., DAUPHIN Y., KULLMER O., ABEL R., SCHRENK F. & DENYS C. 1999. - Malema: Preliminary taphonomic analysis of an African hominid locality. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris 328: 133 - 139." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Sandrock
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFD4637E4D7FE14FF24FDC7" box="[138,190,492,518]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="736">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The high rate of fragmentation and the existence of heavy weathering processes and crystallization indicate potential destructive effects for small mammal bones. However, taphonomic investigation at various sites in Africa and Europe have shown the existence of well preserved micromammal bones despite high diagenesis and complex taphonomic histories (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFD4637E52BFD33FDD6FD25" author="DAUPHIN Y. & KOWALSKI K. & DENYS C." box="[374,588,714,740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="736" pagination="340 - 349" refId="ref5341" refString="DAUPHIN Y., KOWALSKI K. & DENYS C. 1994. - Assemblage data and bone and teeth modifications as an aid to palaeoenvironmental interpretations of the open-air Pleistocene site of Tighenif (Algeria). Quaternary Research 42: 340 - 349." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Dauphin
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFD4637E582FD33FD88FD25" box="[479,530,714,740]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="736">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFD4637E60BFD33FF64FCC5" author="DENYS C. & WILLIAMS C. T. & DAUPHIN Y. & ANDREWS P. & JALVO Y." pageId="7" pageNumber="736" pagination="121 - 134" refId="ref5611" refString="DENYS C., WILLIAMS C. T., DAUPHIN Y., ANDREWS P. & FERNANDEZ- JALVO Y. 1996. - Diagenetical changes in Pleistocene small mammals bones from Olduvai Bed I. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 126: 121 - 134." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Denys
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFD4637E4D5FD13FF26FCC2" box="[136,188,745,771]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="736">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC93693FFFD4637E4C2FCF3FC56FE07" blockId="7.[134,671,238,1722]" lastBlockId="7.[697,1235,238,1722]" pageId="7" pageNumber="736">
|
||
Due to the selective preservation of large mammals at Uraha this suggests that other factors must account for the absence of small mammals.Generally, small mammals are concentrated in abundance by owls and small carnivores either in their regurgitation pellets or in their faeces (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFD4637E5E1FC5EFDC7FC03" author="ANDREWS P." box="[444,605,935,962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="736" refId="ref5103" refString="ANDREWS P. 1990. - Owls, Caves and Fossils. Natural History Museum Publications, London, 231 p." type="book" year="1990">Andrews 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). But, even in the case of the most destructive predator category, there are always bones left behind and it is not realistic to imagine the presence of only one predator at this time in the surroundings. Examples of such accumulations are well known at Olduvai bed I (Fernández-Jalvo
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFD4637E523FB9FFE2AFBBE" box="[382,432,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="736">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1998) and at Tighenif (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFD4637E4D3FB7CFEF6FB5E" author="DAUPHIN Y. & KOWALSKI K. & DENYS C." box="[142,364,1157,1183]" pageId="7" pageNumber="736" pagination="340 - 349" refId="ref5341" refString="DAUPHIN Y., KOWALSKI K. & DENYS C. 1994. - Assemblage data and bone and teeth modifications as an aid to palaeoenvironmental interpretations of the open-air Pleistocene site of Tighenif (Algeria). Quaternary Research 42: 340 - 349." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Dauphin
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFD4637E4A7FB7FFEB7FB5E" box="[250,301,1157,1183]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="736">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in open-air lacustrine environments. At Olduvai the alkaline conditions may have favoured exceptional preservation of all bone elements. But at Tighenif some levels show iron concentration and no signs of intense destruction of bones. In contrast, small mammals are nearly unknown from the fluviatile and deltaic deposits of East and West
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B2F871FFFD4637E510FA9AFE30FABC" box="[333,426,1379,1405]" country="Kenya" name="Turkana" pageId="7" pageNumber="736">Turkana</collectingRegion>
|
||
, except at Koobi Fora localities 103A, 130A and 131A, which, according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFD4637E4FEFA5BFE14FA7C" author="BEHRENSMEYER A. K." box="[163,398,1442,1469]" pageId="7" pageNumber="736" pagination="473 - 578" refId="ref5125" refString="BEHRENSMEYER A. K. 1975. - The taphonomy and paleoecology of Plio-Pleistocene vertebrate assemblages east of Lake Rudolf, Kenya. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard 146: 473 - 578." type="journal article" year="1975">Behrensmeyer (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, represent delta mudflats and delta margin settings. These deposits include rootcasts and coarse grained sands that fill the mudcracks and lack evidence of paleosoils. No small fossils have yet been found in the channels and river system and it seems that such
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CD8831FFFD4637E61AF9B8FDE5F99A" box="[583,639,1601,1627]" pageId="7" pageNumber="736">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of high-energy and fluviatile deposits are poor environments for concentrating and preserving small mammals. Experiments by Fernández-Jalvo & Andrews (2003) also demonstrated the damage made to small mammal bones by water and sediment action. Skulls can be rapidly disintegrated (within 48 hours) and silts and clay sediment have a strong capacity to abrade bones. Rapid breakage (1 to 4 hours) was also reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFD4637E079FE74FB4AFE66" author="ANDREWS P." box="[1060,1232,397,423]" pageId="7" pageNumber="736" refId="ref5103" refString="ANDREWS P. 1990. - Owls, Caves and Fossils. Natural History Museum Publications, London, 231 p." type="book" year="1990">Andrews (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in tumbling experiments.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC93693FFFD4637E68FFE35FBFEF97B" blockId="7.[697,1235,238,1722]" pageId="7" pageNumber="736">
|
||
Small mammal bones experimentally exposed to a pH1 HCl solution and pronase were destroyed in 23 hours but acid attack alone was insufficient to reach total destruction (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFD4637E7ACFDD2FB59FD87" author="DENYS C. & DAUPHIN Y. & JALVO Y." box="[1009,1219,555,582]" pageId="7" pageNumber="736" pagination="803 - 809" refId="ref5564" refString="DENYS C., DAUPHIN Y. & FERNANDEZ- JALVO Y. 1995. - Experimental taphonomy: preliminary results of the digestion of micromammal bones in the laboratory. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, serie II 321: 803 - 809." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Denys
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFD4637E019FDD5FBE6FD84" box="[1092,1148,555,581]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="736">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Root growth and trampling in a densely covered vegetation landscape may alter bone by increasing breakage which could favour its destruction on long term (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFD4637E767FD53FB8CFD05" author="SANCHEZ V. & DENYS C. & JALVO Y." box="[826,1046,682,708]" pageId="7" pageNumber="736" pagination="129 - 157" refId="ref6206" refString="SANCHEZ V., DENYS C. & FERNANDEZ- JALVO Y. 1997. - Origine et formation des accumulations de microverte- bres de la couche 1 a du site du Monte di Tuda (Corse, Holocene). Contribution a l'etude taphonomique des micromammiferes. Geodiversitas 19 (1): 129 - 157." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Sanchez
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFD4637E7C0FD52FC49FD05" box="[925,979,682,708]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="736">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Fernández-Jalvo
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA81FFFD4637E6E0FD33FD6AFD25" box="[701,752,714,740]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="736">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1998). But, for small mammal assemblages there is not any evidence of the total destruction by roots nor by weathering (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFD4637E791FCF0FBF6FCE2" author="ANDREWS P." box="[972,1132,777,803]" pageId="7" pageNumber="736" refId="ref5103" refString="ANDREWS P. 1990. - Owls, Caves and Fossils. Natural History Museum Publications, London, 231 p." type="book" year="1990">Andrews 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) because plenty fossil yielded rootmarks and display relatively advanced weathering stages. Another explanation for the absence of micromammals would be mechanical. After accumulation, the pellets or faeces of predators are removed by rain or dispersed during lacustrine episodes. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFD4637E068FC3EFC93FBC3" author="BEHRENSMEYER A. K." pageId="7" pageNumber="736" pagination="473 - 578" refId="ref5125" refString="BEHRENSMEYER A. K. 1975. - The taphonomy and paleoecology of Plio-Pleistocene vertebrate assemblages east of Lake Rudolf, Kenya. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard 146: 473 - 578." type="journal article" year="1975">Behrensmeyer (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, bones display different behaviours to fluviatile transport and can be regrouped in different so-called Voorhies categories of dispersal in function of their shape and density. The dominance of some categories allows to extrapolate the presence of water transportation of some skeletal elements in a site. In Malema, Voorhies Group III elements are dominant indicating a removal of the lighter elements by water transportation. However, fluvial experiments by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFD4637E700FAFDFC71FADF" author="KORTH W. W." box="[861,1003,1284,1310]" pageId="7" pageNumber="736" pagination="235 - 285" refId="ref5928" refString="KORTH W. W. 1979. - Taphonomy of microvertebrate fossil assemblages. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 48: 235 - 285." type="journal article" year="1979">Korth (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have shown that even for small mammals the behaviour of bones is the same for small compared to large mammals, so micromammal bones of Voorhies Group categories III to V (including the denser identifiable teeth and molars) should have remained in situ. In contrast is the high energetic beach facies of the Chiwondo Beds Mwenerondo site, adjacent to Malema where most of the mammal bones are severely destroyed.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFD4637E6E7F9D8FCFFF9FA" author="ANDREWS P." box="[698,869,1569,1595]" pageId="7" pageNumber="736" refId="ref5103" refString="ANDREWS P. 1990. - Owls, Caves and Fossils. Natural History Museum Publications, London, 231 p." type="book" year="1990">Andrews (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B62FFFD4637E7CBF9D8FBB9F9FA" author="KORTH W. W." box="[918,1059,1569,1595]" pageId="7" pageNumber="736" pagination="235 - 285" refId="ref5928" refString="KORTH W. W. 1979. - Taphonomy of microvertebrate fossil assemblages. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 48: 235 - 285." type="journal article" year="1979">Korth (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have also shown that pellets can float a very long distancee (more than
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E9B76FFFD4637E6E4F999FC98F9BA" box="[697,770,1632,1659]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="736" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
||
) before being degraded. This may explain not only the absence of small mammals at Uraha but all over Chiwondo beds in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3617603FFFD4637E051F959FBFAF97B" box="[1036,1120,1696,1722]" name="Malawi" pageId="7" pageNumber="736">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |