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<document id="D73625CF14AD6C32791B81929F1C731A" ID-CLB-Dataset="22089" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2017.330" ID-GBIF-Dataset="14d5ad89-9e69-45f8-bc61-e14ca9deafbd" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3829744" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1589572621568" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Inkhavilay, Khamla, Sutcharit, Chirasak &amp; Panha, Somsak" docDate="2017" docId="03DAD35F6936EF1BFE5DA9E5FB402653" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-2017-330.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 330" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Amphidromus (Syndromus) contrarius" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="20" masterDocId="FFE3AB276926EF08FF8BAF3EFFC82563" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic review of the tree snail genus Amphidromus Albers, 1850 (Pulmonata: Camaenidae) in Laos, with the description of two new species" masterLastPageNumber="40" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1698839926330" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="86C51AE41A0E043556C64F47CBEB2B4C">Taxonomic review of the tree snail genus Amphidromus Albers, 1850 (Pulmonata: Camaenidae) in Laos, with the description of two new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EF8DE41E64EBFA7A0A609B5CA3C7E056">Inkhavilay, Khamla</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="75A0BE75D0A276967B6018E428377E00">Email: kinkhavilay @ gmail. com &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 2 E 620 B 9 C- 48 BA- 48 E 6 - A 017 - FE 8 ED 2 AB 0 E 59</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4F900697028968FF0B4BB5CD9D4FA71F">Sutcharit, Chirasak</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2C40DB45777F461996AA4C0A60C4F8B7">urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: C 2 E 2 FA 6 B-A 3 F 9 - 4 F 33 - B 447 - B 59 B 1 BD 322 D 4 &amp; Corresponding authors: jirasak 4 @ yahoo. com; somsak. pan @ chula. ac. th</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D258965D19DFE0C0110345108F62F899">Panha, Somsak</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03DAD35F6936EF1BFE5DA9E5FB402653" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3848199" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164161059" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3848199" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DAD35F6936EF1BFE5DA9E5FB402653" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DAD35F6936EF1BFE5DA9E5FB402653" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<subSubSection id="C36931C26936EF18FE5DA9E5FB962396" box="[470,1118,1755,1782]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BCC62496936EF18FE5DA9E5FB962396" blockId="16.[470,1118,1755,1818]" box="[470,1118,1755,1782]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<heading id="D084D5256936EF18FE5DA9E5FB962396" box="[470,1118,1755,1782]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C7319CA6936EF18FE5DA9E5FB962396" ID-CoL="D2KW" authority="(Muller, 1774)" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[470,1118,1755,1782]" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Amphidromus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="contrarius" subGenus="Syndromus">
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6936EF18FE5DA9E5FC632396" bold="true" box="[470,939,1755,1782]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6936EF18FE5DA9E5FD4B2395" bold="true" box="[470,643,1755,1782]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Amphidromus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6936EF18FD18A9E5FCD42395" bold="true" box="[659,796,1755,1782]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Syndromus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6936EF18FCA6A9E5FC632396" bold="true" box="[813,939,1755,1781]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">contrarius</emphasis>
</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE21FB86936EF18FC31A9E5FB9D2396" author="Muller O. F." box="[954,1109,1755,1781]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref19107" refString="Muller O. F. 1774. Vermium Terrestrium et Fluviatilium, Seu Animalium Infusoriorum, Helminthicorum, et Testaceorum, non Marinorum, Succincta Historia, 2. Heineck and Faber, Hauniae et Lipsiae [Copenhagen and Leipzig]." type="book" year="1774">Müller, 1774</bibRefCitation>
)
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<subSubSection id="C36931C26936EF18FD32A83EFCB32279" box="[697,891,1792,1818]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCC62496936EF18FD32A83EFCB32279" blockId="16.[470,1118,1755,1818]" box="[697,891,1792,1818]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<figureCitation id="13487ECC6936EF18FD32A83EFD332279" box="[697,763,1792,1818]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[189,232,1719,1745]" captionTargetBox="[239,1349,265,1695]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[232,1356,265,1696]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 8. Genitalia, mating pairs, shell banding formula and radula morphology. A–B. Amphidromus (Syndromus) contrarius (Müller, 1774) from Timor (ZMA). A. Genital system. B. Internal structures of penis and vagina. C. Mating pair of Amphidromus (Syndromus) sp., showing the protruded vaginal simulator pilaster (vsp, red arrows) and its possible function as a stimulating organ. D. Schematic drawing of shell banding, where the numbers 1 to 6 on the last whorl indicate the position of each band. E–G. Radula morphology of Amphidromus (Syndromus) contrarius (Müller, 1774) from Timor (ZMA). E. Central tooth, with the first to fifth lateral teeth. F. Lateral teeth with the tricuspid marginal teeth transition. G. Outermost marginal teeth. Numbers indicate the order of the lateral and marginal teeth. Central tooth indicated by ‘C’." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3829760" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3829760/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
A–B, E−G
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36931C26936EF18FF36A87DFD292288" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BCC62496936EF18FF36A87DFCBA223E" blockId="16.[189,882,1859,1886]" box="[189,882,1859,1886]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6345676936EF18FF36A87DFCBA223E" box="[189,882,1859,1886]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<treatmentCitation id="0AD244586936EF18FF36A87DFD8A223D" author="Muller O. F." box="[189,578,1859,1886]" page="95" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1774">
<taxonomicName id="4C7319CA6936EF18FF36A87DFD8A223D" authority="Muller, 1774: 95" authorityName="Muller" authorityPageNumber="95" authorityYear="1774" box="[189,578,1859,1886]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="contraria">
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6936EF18FF36A87DFEBB223E" box="[189,371,1859,1885]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Helix contraria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE21FB86936EF18FEF1A87DFD8A223D" author="Muller O. F." box="[378,578,1859,1886]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref19107" refString="Muller O. F. 1774. Vermium Terrestrium et Fluviatilium, Seu Animalium Infusoriorum, Helminthicorum, et Testaceorum, non Marinorum, Succincta Historia, 2. Heineck and Faber, Hauniae et Lipsiae [Copenhagen and Leipzig]." type="book" year="1774">Müller, 1774: 95</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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.
<typeStatus id="54C8DCEB6936EF18FDC6A87AFD4F223D" box="[589,647,1860,1886]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Type</typeStatus>
locality: Unknown.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC62496936EF18FF36A8B9FD292288" blockId="16.[189,1399,1926,2027]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6345676936EF18FF36A8B9FD292288" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6936EF18FF36A8B9FE3522C2" box="[189,509,1927,1953]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C7319CA6936EF18FF36A8B9FE2C22C2" ID-CoL="D2KW" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[189,484,1927,1953]" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Amphidromus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="contrarius">Amphidromus contrarius</taxonomicName>
–
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AD244586936EF18FD8DA8B9FC8D22C2" author="Wiegmann F." box="[518,837,1927,1953]" page="208" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1894">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE21FB86936EF18FD8DA8B9FC8D22C2" author="Wiegmann F." box="[518,837,1927,1953]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="112 - 259" refId="ref20191" refString="Wiegmann F. 1894. Beitrage zur Anatomie der Landschnecken des Indischen Archipels. In: Webber M. (ed.) Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederlandisch Ost-Indien 3: 112 - 259. Available from http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 47774902 [accessed 8 Jun. 2016]." type="journal article" year="1894">Wiegmann 1894: 208–210</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 15, figs 12–17. —
<treatmentCitation id="0AD244586936EF18FBEBA8B9FA8222C2" author="Fulton H. C." box="[1120,1354,1927,1953]" page="77" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1896">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE21FB86936EF18FBEBA8B9FA8222C2" author="Fulton H. C." box="[1120,1354,1927,1953]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="66 - 94" refId="ref18418" refString="Fulton H. C. 1896. A list of the species of Amphidromus, Albers, with critical notes and descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species and varieties. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6 17: 66 - 94. Available from http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 16006918 [accessed 19 Sept. 2013]." type="journal article" year="1896">Fulton 1896: 77– 8</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. —
<treatmentCitation id="0AD244586936EF18FF68A892FE3C22A5" author="Pilsbry H. A." box="[227,500,1964,1990]" page="210" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1900">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE21FB86936EF18FF68A892FE3C22A5" author="Pilsbry H. A." box="[227,500,1964,1990]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref19586" refString="Pilsbry H. A. 1900. Manual of Conchology, Structural and Systematic, with Illustrations of the Species, Second Series, Volume 13. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Available from http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 16708 [accessed 1 Jan. 2013]." type="url" year="1900">Pilsbry 1900: 210–212</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 65, figs 22–27. —
<treatmentCitation id="0AD244586936EF18FC83A892FC2F22A5" author="Haniel C. B." box="[776,999,1964,1990]" page="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1921">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE21FB86936EF18FC83A892FC2F22A5" author="Haniel C. B." box="[776,999,1964,1990]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 88" refId="ref18522" refString="Haniel C. B. 1921. Variationstudie an timoresischen Amphidromusarten. Zeitschrift fur induktive Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre 25: 1 - 88. Available from http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 29443900 [accessed 4 Apr. 2017]." type="journal article" year="1921">Haniel 1921: 1–88</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pls 1–5. —
<treatmentCitation id="0AD244586936EF18FB09A892FA8B22A5" author="Zilch A." box="[1154,1347,1964,1990]" page="623" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1960">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE21FB86936EF18FB09A892FA8B22A5" author="Zilch A." box="[1154,1347,1964,1990]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="601 - 834" refId="ref20351" refString="Zilch A. 1960. Gastropoda, Euthyneura. In: Schindewolf O. H. (ed.) Handbuch der Palaozoologie 6: 601 - 834. Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin." type="journal article" year="1960">Zilch 1960: 623</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig.
<date id="FFCD44896936EF18FF68A8EFFEE92288" box="[227,289,2001,2027]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2183">2183</date>
. —
<treatmentCitation id="0AD244586936EF18FEDAA8EFFD6A2288" author="Laidlaw F. F. &amp; Solem A." box="[337,674,2000,2027]" page="570" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1961">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE21FB86936EF18FEDAA8EFFD6A2288" author="Laidlaw F. F. &amp; Solem A." box="[337,674,2000,2027]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="507 - 677" refId="ref18651" refString="Laidlaw F. F. &amp; Solem A. 1961. The land snail genus Amphidromus: A synoptic catalogue. Fieldiana: Zoology 41: 507 - 677. Available from http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 20789 [accessed 18 Jul. 2013]." type="journal article" year="1961">Laidlaw &amp; Solem 1961: 570</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 612.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF0C32C16937EF19FF36A989FDEC2288" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3829760" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3829760" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3829760/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[189,232,1719,1745]" targetBox="[239,1349,265,1695]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8BCC62496937EF19FF36A989FDEC2288" blockId="17.[189,1399,1719,2027]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6937EF19FF36A989FEC723B2" bold="true" box="[189,271,1719,1745]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 8.</emphasis>
Genitalia, mating pairs, shell banding formula and radula morphology.
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6937EF19FB03A989FB7723B2" bold="true" box="[1160,1215,1719,1745]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A–B</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C7319CA6937EF19FB58A989FD452397" authority="(Muller, 1774)" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Amphidromus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="contrarius" subGenus="Syndromus">
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6937EF19FB58A989FABF23B2" box="[1235,1399,1719,1745]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Amphidromus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6937EF19FF4CA9E4FE802397" box="[199,328,1754,1780]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Syndromus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6937EF19FED7A9E5FE1E2397" box="[348,470,1755,1780]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">contrarius</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE21FB86937EF19FE63A9E4FD4D2397" author="Muller O. F." box="[488,645,1754,1780]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref19107" refString="Muller O. F. 1774. Vermium Terrestrium et Fluviatilium, Seu Animalium Infusoriorum, Helminthicorum, et Testaceorum, non Marinorum, Succincta Historia, 2. Heineck and Faber, Hauniae et Lipsiae [Copenhagen and Leipzig]." type="book" year="1774">Müller, 1774</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from Timor (ZMA).
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6937EF19FC19A9E4FC6F2397" bold="true" box="[914,935,1754,1780]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A</emphasis>
. Genital system.
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6937EF19FBF0A9E4FB472397" bold="true" box="[1147,1167,1754,1780]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">B</emphasis>
. Internal structures of penis and vagina.
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6937EF19FE3DA9C3FE032274" bold="true" box="[438,459,1789,1815]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
. Mating pair of
<taxonomicName id="4C7319CA6937EF19FD1AA9C3FC1A227B" authority="" authorityName="Pilsbry" authorityYear="1900" box="[657,978,1789,1816]" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Amphidromus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Syndromus">
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6937EF19FD1AA9C3FCFD2274" box="[657,821,1789,1815]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Amphidromus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6937EF19FCCCA9C3FC002274" box="[839,968,1789,1815]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Syndromus</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
sp., showing the protruded vaginal simulator pilaster (vsp, red arrows) and its possible function as a stimulating organ.
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6937EF19FB5FA81FFB212258" bold="true" box="[1236,1257,1825,1851]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">D</emphasis>
. Schematic drawing of shell banding, where the numbers 1 to 6 on the last whorl indicate the position of each band.
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6937EF19FF36A859FF3E22E2" bold="true" box="[189,246,1895,1921]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">E–G</emphasis>
. Radula morphology of
<taxonomicName id="4C7319CA6937EF19FD98A859FB4D22E2" authority="(Muller, 1774)" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[531,1157,1895,1921]" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Amphidromus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="contrarius" subGenus="Syndromus">
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6937EF19FD98A859FD7F22E2" box="[531,695,1895,1921]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Amphidromus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6937EF19FD4CA859FC8022E2" box="[711,840,1895,1921]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Syndromus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6937EF19FCD2A856FC1B22E2" box="[857,979,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">contrarius</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE21FB86937EF19FC69A859FBB522E2" author="Muller O. F." box="[994,1149,1895,1921]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref19107" refString="Muller O. F. 1774. Vermium Terrestrium et Fluviatilium, Seu Animalium Infusoriorum, Helminthicorum, et Testaceorum, non Marinorum, Succincta Historia, 2. Heineck and Faber, Hauniae et Lipsiae [Copenhagen and Leipzig]." type="book" year="1774">Müller, 1774</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from Timor (ZMA).
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6937EF19FF36A8B4FF1922C7" bold="true" box="[189,209,1930,1956]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">E</emphasis>
. Central tooth, with the first to fifth lateral teeth.
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6937EF19FCA7A8B4FCF622C7" bold="true" box="[812,830,1930,1956]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">F</emphasis>
. Lateral teeth with the tricuspid marginal teeth transition.
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6937EF19FEB7A893FE9B22A4" bold="true" box="[316,339,1965,1991]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">G</emphasis>
. Outermost marginal teeth. Numbers indicate the order of the lateral and marginal teeth. Central tooth indicated by ‘C’.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C36931C26934EF1AFF36AE35FE8924FD" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BCC62496934EF1AFF36AE35FE622446" blockId="18.[189,426,267,293]" box="[189,426,267,293]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<heading id="D084D5256934EF1AFF36AE35FE622446" bold="true" box="[189,426,267,293]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6934EF1AFF36AE35FE622446" bold="true" box="[189,426,267,293]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Material examined</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC62496934EF1AFF36AE05FE8924FD" blockId="18.[189,1399,315,414]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<collectingCountry id="F36422D96934EF1AFF36AE05FEA92436" box="[189,353,315,341]" name="Indonesia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">INDONESIA</collectingCountry>
: ZMA collection from Niki Niki, central Timor, collected by
<collectionCode id="ED62FA8C6934EF1AFBADAE05FB8C2436" box="[1062,1092,315,341]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="ED62FA8C6934EF1AFBC3AE05FB952436" box="[1096,1117,315,341]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15670" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15670" name="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="Herbarium">E</collectionCode>
. Walsh,
<date id="FFCD44896934EF1AFB36AE05FABF2436" box="[1213,1399,315,341]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="1929-03" valueMax="1929-04-31" valueMin="1929-03-00">Mar.–Apr. 1929</date>
[Niki Niki, Central Amanuban District, South Timor Tengah Regency,
<collectingRegion id="49B7ACAB6934EF1AFB84AE5EFABA241A" box="[1039,1394,351,378]" country="Indonesia" name="Nusa Tenggara Timur" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">East Nusa Tenggara Province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F36422D96934EF1AFF36AEBDFEFE24FD" box="[189,310,387,414]" name="Indonesia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36931C26934EF1AFF36AEF8FD4920AB" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCC62496934EF1AFF36AEF8FE862483" blockId="18.[189,334,454,480]" box="[189,334,454,480]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<heading id="D084D5256934EF1AFF36AEF8FE862483" bold="true" box="[189,334,454,480]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6934EF1AFF36AEF8FE862483" bold="true" box="[189,334,454,480]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC62496934EF1AFF61AEC8FEE02773" blockId="18.[189,1042,502,565]" box="[234,296,502,528]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6934EF1AFF61AEC8FEE02773" bold="true" box="[234,296,502,528]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Shell</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC62496934EF1AFF36AD25FBDA2756" blockId="18.[189,1042,502,565]" box="[189,1042,539,565]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Shell morphology was completely described in
<bibRefCitation id="EFE21FB86934EF1AFD67AD25FBC62756" author="Pilsbry H. A." box="[748,1038,539,565]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref19586" refString="Pilsbry H. A. 1900. Manual of Conchology, Structural and Systematic, with Illustrations of the Species, Second Series, Volume 13. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Available from http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 16708 [accessed 1 Jan. 2013]." type="url" year="1900">Pilsbry (1900: 212–213)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC62496934EF1AFF61AD60FE8D271B" blockId="18.[189,1399,606,815]" box="[234,325,606,632]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6934EF1AFF61AD60FE8D271B" bold="true" box="[234,325,606,632]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Radula</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC62496934EF1AFF36ADBCFC49264D" blockId="18.[189,1399,606,815]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Teeth arranged in V-shaped rows, each row contains about 170 (83-(11-14)-1-(12-14)-86) teeth. Central tooth unicuspid, with spatulate shape. Lateral teeth bicuspid, endocone small, ectocone large, with truncated cusps, gradually transformed to tricuspid marginal teeth from about tooth number 11 to 14 outwards. Marginal teeth tricuspid, endocone with curved shape, mesocone largest, with long and obtuse cusp, and ectocone smallest, with pointed cusp (
<figureCitation id="13487ECC6934EF1AFD79AC2AFCFE264D" box="[754,822,788,814]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[189,232,1719,1745]" captionTargetBox="[239,1349,265,1695]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[232,1356,265,1696]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 8. Genitalia, mating pairs, shell banding formula and radula morphology. A–B. Amphidromus (Syndromus) contrarius (Müller, 1774) from Timor (ZMA). A. Genital system. B. Internal structures of penis and vagina. C. Mating pair of Amphidromus (Syndromus) sp., showing the protruded vaginal simulator pilaster (vsp, red arrows) and its possible function as a stimulating organ. D. Schematic drawing of shell banding, where the numbers 1 to 6 on the last whorl indicate the position of each band. E–G. Radula morphology of Amphidromus (Syndromus) contrarius (Müller, 1774) from Timor (ZMA). E. Central tooth, with the first to fifth lateral teeth. F. Lateral teeth with the tricuspid marginal teeth transition. G. Outermost marginal teeth. Numbers indicate the order of the lateral and marginal teeth. Central tooth indicated by ‘C’." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3829760" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3829760/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
E−G).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC62496934EF1AFF61AC6AFE6C260D" blockId="18.[189,1399,852,1024]" box="[234,420,852,878]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6934EF1AFF61AC6AFE6C260D" bold="true" box="[234,420,852,878]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Genital organs</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC62496934EF1AFF36AC46FE592163" blockId="18.[189,1399,852,1024]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Atrium (at) long, conical (n = 3). Penis (p) short and swollen distally. Epiphallus (e) about two times as long as penis; flagellum (fl) very short and smaller than epiphallus. Appendix absent. Penial retractor muscle (pr) thin and long. Vas deferens (vd) narrow tube extending from end of epiphallus to free oviduct (
<figureCitation id="13487ECC6934EF1AFEAEACD8FE4B2163" box="[293,387,998,1024]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[189,232,1719,1745]" captionTargetBox="[239,1349,265,1695]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[232,1356,265,1696]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 8. Genitalia, mating pairs, shell banding formula and radula morphology. A–B. Amphidromus (Syndromus) contrarius (Müller, 1774) from Timor (ZMA). A. Genital system. B. Internal structures of penis and vagina. C. Mating pair of Amphidromus (Syndromus) sp., showing the protruded vaginal simulator pilaster (vsp, red arrows) and its possible function as a stimulating organ. D. Schematic drawing of shell banding, where the numbers 1 to 6 on the last whorl indicate the position of each band. E–G. Radula morphology of Amphidromus (Syndromus) contrarius (Müller, 1774) from Timor (ZMA). E. Central tooth, with the first to fifth lateral teeth. F. Lateral teeth with the tricuspid marginal teeth transition. G. Outermost marginal teeth. Numbers indicate the order of the lateral and marginal teeth. Central tooth indicated by ‘C’." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3829760" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3829760/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC62496934EF1AFF36AB17FD5221EF" blockId="18.[189,1399,1065,1164]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Internal penial wall, proximal to genital orifice, corrugated with obliquely penial pilasters (pp), forming fringe around penial verge; distal to genital orifice smooth. Penial verge (pv) enlarged, elongated, elliptical, with smooth surface (
<figureCitation id="13487ECC6934EF1AFDBBAB4CFD4421EF" box="[560,652,1138,1164]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[189,232,1719,1745]" captionTargetBox="[239,1349,265,1695]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[232,1356,265,1696]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 8. Genitalia, mating pairs, shell banding formula and radula morphology. A–B. Amphidromus (Syndromus) contrarius (Müller, 1774) from Timor (ZMA). A. Genital system. B. Internal structures of penis and vagina. C. Mating pair of Amphidromus (Syndromus) sp., showing the protruded vaginal simulator pilaster (vsp, red arrows) and its possible function as a stimulating organ. D. Schematic drawing of shell banding, where the numbers 1 to 6 on the last whorl indicate the position of each band. E–G. Radula morphology of Amphidromus (Syndromus) contrarius (Müller, 1774) from Timor (ZMA). E. Central tooth, with the first to fifth lateral teeth. F. Lateral teeth with the tricuspid marginal teeth transition. G. Outermost marginal teeth. Numbers indicate the order of the lateral and marginal teeth. Central tooth indicated by ‘C’." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3829760" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3829760/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC62496934EF1AFF36AB8BFCE5205F" blockId="18.[189,1398,1205,1341]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Vagina (v) short, cylindrical, about same length as penis and proximal to genital orifice weakly swollen; vaginal pouch (vpo) present. Gametolytic duct (gd) long, cylindrical, almost same diameter as vagina; distally tapering to small tube and connected to spherical gametolytic sac (gs). Free oviduct (fo) short; oviduct (ov) and albumin gland very small (
<figureCitation id="13487ECC6934EF1AFD4AAA1CFCD7205F" box="[705,799,1314,1340]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[189,232,1719,1745]" captionTargetBox="[239,1349,265,1695]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[232,1356,265,1696]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 8. Genitalia, mating pairs, shell banding formula and radula morphology. A–B. Amphidromus (Syndromus) contrarius (Müller, 1774) from Timor (ZMA). A. Genital system. B. Internal structures of penis and vagina. C. Mating pair of Amphidromus (Syndromus) sp., showing the protruded vaginal simulator pilaster (vsp, red arrows) and its possible function as a stimulating organ. D. Schematic drawing of shell banding, where the numbers 1 to 6 on the last whorl indicate the position of each band. E–G. Radula morphology of Amphidromus (Syndromus) contrarius (Müller, 1774) from Timor (ZMA). E. Central tooth, with the first to fifth lateral teeth. F. Lateral teeth with the tricuspid marginal teeth transition. G. Outermost marginal teeth. Numbers indicate the order of the lateral and marginal teeth. Central tooth indicated by ‘C’." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3829760" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3829760/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC62496934EF1AFF36AA5BFD4920AB" blockId="18.[189,1398,1381,1480]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Internally, vaginal wall possesses rather smooth longitudinal pilasters (vp); distally showing weak crenulation pilasters to smooth surface. Vaginal stimulator pilaster (vsp) located close to atrium, with swollen and curled shape (
<figureCitation id="13487ECC6934EF1AFE7EAA90FDF120AB" box="[501,569,1454,1480]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[189,232,1719,1745]" captionTargetBox="[239,1349,265,1695]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[232,1356,265,1696]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 8. Genitalia, mating pairs, shell banding formula and radula morphology. A–B. Amphidromus (Syndromus) contrarius (Müller, 1774) from Timor (ZMA). A. Genital system. B. Internal structures of penis and vagina. C. Mating pair of Amphidromus (Syndromus) sp., showing the protruded vaginal simulator pilaster (vsp, red arrows) and its possible function as a stimulating organ. D. Schematic drawing of shell banding, where the numbers 1 to 6 on the last whorl indicate the position of each band. E–G. Radula morphology of Amphidromus (Syndromus) contrarius (Müller, 1774) from Timor (ZMA). E. Central tooth, with the first to fifth lateral teeth. F. Lateral teeth with the tricuspid marginal teeth transition. G. Outermost marginal teeth. Numbers indicate the order of the lateral and marginal teeth. Central tooth indicated by ‘C’." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3829760" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3829760/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
B–C).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36931C26934EF1BFF36AACFFB402653" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BCC62496934EF1AFF36AACFFEE72368" blockId="18.[189,303,1521,1547]" box="[189,303,1521,1547]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<heading id="D084D5256934EF1AFF36AACFFEE72368" bold="true" box="[189,303,1521,1547]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6934EF1AFF36AACFFEE72368" bold="true" box="[189,303,1521,1547]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC62496934EF1AFF36A91FFDA32391" blockId="18.[189,1399,1568,1778]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Approximately 45 species are currently recognized in this subgenus.
<bibRefCitation id="EFE21FB86934EF1AFC65A91FFADF235F" author="Laidlaw F. F. &amp; Solem A." box="[1006,1303,1569,1596]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="507 - 677" refId="ref18651" refString="Laidlaw F. F. &amp; Solem A. 1961. The land snail genus Amphidromus: A synoptic catalogue. Fieldiana: Zoology 41: 507 - 677. Available from http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 20789 [accessed 18 Jul. 2013]." type="journal article" year="1961">
Laidlaw &amp; Solem (
<date id="FFCD44896934EF1AFB5AA91FFAC6235F" box="[1233,1294,1569,1596]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="1961">1961</date>
)
</bibRefCitation>
divided those recognized species into six supraspecific groups based on geographic distribution. All of the Indochina forms (six species) were assembled into the
<taxonomicName id="4C7319CA6934EF1AFCD6A954FC3323E7" authorityName="Morlet" authorityYear="1891" box="[861,1019,1642,1668]" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Amphidromus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="xiengensis">
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6934EF1AFCD6A954FC3323E7" box="[861,1019,1642,1668]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A. xiengensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (Group XIV). However, the members exhibit diverse shell color patterns. Their genital characters have not yet been described. Here, we attempt to clarify those described specific entities and color forms with distinct reproductive characters and shell banding pattern.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC62496934EF1BFF36A825FC942429" blockId="18.[189,1399,1818,2027]" lastBlockId="19.[189,1399,267,330]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Most of the species of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C7319CA6934EF1AFDD7A824FD152257" authorityName="Pilsbry" authorityYear="1900" box="[604,733,1818,1844]" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Amphidromus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Syndromus">
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6934EF1AFDD7A824FD152257" box="[604,733,1818,1844]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Syndromus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibit diverse shell banding, which can be characterized in terms of five banding systems. The definitions of those five bands and description of shell color forms follow the conventional procedures used in
<taxonomicName id="4C7319CA6934EF1AFD4CA85DFC2B221E" authority="(Pilsbry 1928)" baseAuthorityName="Pilsbry" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[711,995,1891,1917]" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Euhadra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6934EF1AFD4CA85DFCE6221E" box="[711,814,1891,1917]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Euhadra</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE21FB86934EF1AFCB5A85DFC12221E" author="Pilsbry H. A." box="[830,986,1891,1917]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="119 - 145" refId="ref19640" refString="Pilsbry H. A. 1928. Review of Japanese land Mollusks-II. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 80: 119 - 145." type="journal article" year="1928">Pilsbry 1928</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C7319CA6934EF1AFC7BA85AFB82221D" box="[1008,1098,1892,1918]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Cepaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6934EF1AFC7BA85AFB82221D" box="[1008,1098,1892,1918]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cepaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE21FB86934EF1AFBD0A85DFABA221D" author="Cain A. J. &amp; Sheppard P. M." box="[1115,1394,1891,1918]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="275 - 294" refId="ref18212" refString="Cain A. J. &amp; Sheppard P. M. 1950. Selection in the polymorphic land snail Cepaea nemoralis. Heredity 4: 275 - 294. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / hdy. 1950.22" type="journal article" year="1950">Cain &amp; Sheppard 1950</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE21FB86934EF1AFF36A8B6FE7B22C0" author="Cain A. J. &amp; Currey J. D." box="[189,435,1928,1955]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 81" refId="ref18167" refString="Cain A. J. &amp; Currey J. D. 1963. Area effects in Cepaea. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 246: 1 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1963.0001" type="journal article" year="1963">Cain &amp; Currey 1963</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C7319CA6934EF1AFE41A8B6FC9B22C0" authority="(Murray &amp; Clarke 1966)" baseAuthorityName="Murray &amp; Clarke" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[458,851,1928,1955]" class="Gastropoda" family="Partulidae" genus="Partula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6934EF1AFE41A8B6FDEC22C1" box="[458,548,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Partula</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE21FB86934EF1AFDB8A8B6FC8122C0" author="Murray J. &amp; Clarke B." box="[563,841,1928,1955]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1261 - 1277" refId="ref19149" refString="Murray J. &amp; Clarke B. 1966. The inheritance of polymorphic shell characters in Partula. Genetics 54: 1261 - 1277." type="journal article" year="1966">Murray &amp; Clarke 1966</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C7319CA6934EF1AFCD4A8B6FC3722C2" baseAuthorityName="O. F. Müller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[863,1023,1928,1954]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Theba" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pisana">
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6934EF1AFCD4A8B6FC3722C2" box="[863,1023,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Theba pisana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFE21FB86934EF1AFBB4A8B6FB1822C1" author="Cowie R. H." box="[1087,1232,1928,1954]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="361 - 380" refId="ref18253" refString="Cowie R. H. 1984. Ecogenetics of Theba pisana (Pulmonata: Helicidae) at the northern edge of its range. Malacologia 25: 361 - 380. Available from http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 13145484 [accessed 8 Jun. 2016]." type="journal article" year="1984">Cowie 1984</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C7319CA6934EF1AFA98A8B6FE4522A5" authority="(Wu et al. 2008)" baseAuthorityName="Wu" baseAuthorityYear="2008" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Satsuma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6934EF1AFA98A8B6FABE22C1" box="[1299,1398,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Satsuma</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE21FB86934EF1AFF4EA892FE4D22A5" author="Wu S. - H. &amp; Hwang C. - C. &amp; Lin Y. - S." box="[197,389,1964,1991]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="437 - 493" refId="ref20247" refString="Wu S. - H., Hwang C. - C. &amp; Lin Y. - S. 2008. Systematic revision of the arboreal snail Satsuma albida species complex (Mollusca: Camaenidae) with description of 14 new species from Taiwan. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 154: 437 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2008.00415. x" type="journal article" year="2008">
Wu
<emphasis id="B907BE5B6934EF1AFF70A893FEFB22A5" box="[251,307,1964,1990]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The syndromid species complex maintains a polymorphic color pattern of varied width, shape and coloration. We simplify the banding pattern systems by modifying that outlined above and dividing them into six sections or six banding systems (
<figureCitation id="13487ECC6935EF1BFCFEAE35FC1A2446" box="[885,978,267,293]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[189,232,1719,1745]" captionTargetBox="[239,1349,265,1695]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[232,1356,265,1696]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 8. Genitalia, mating pairs, shell banding formula and radula morphology. A–B. Amphidromus (Syndromus) contrarius (Müller, 1774) from Timor (ZMA). A. Genital system. B. Internal structures of penis and vagina. C. Mating pair of Amphidromus (Syndromus) sp., showing the protruded vaginal simulator pilaster (vsp, red arrows) and its possible function as a stimulating organ. D. Schematic drawing of shell banding, where the numbers 1 to 6 on the last whorl indicate the position of each band. E–G. Radula morphology of Amphidromus (Syndromus) contrarius (Müller, 1774) from Timor (ZMA). E. Central tooth, with the first to fifth lateral teeth. F. Lateral teeth with the tricuspid marginal teeth transition. G. Outermost marginal teeth. Numbers indicate the order of the lateral and marginal teeth. Central tooth indicated by ‘C’." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3829760" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3829760/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
), starting from the uppermost of the last whorl to the lowermost near the umbilicus. They are:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC62496935EF1BFF36AE4CFDE524D2" blockId="19.[189,1399,370,433]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Band 1 (subsutural band) just below or in contact with the suture, usually thin and sometimes omitted in some species or populations.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC62496935EF1BFF36AEE4FC0E2702" blockId="19.[189,1399,474,610]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Bands 2 and 3 (supra-peripheral bands) begin from below Band 1 to the posterior angle of aperture. These two bands are usually separated with a narrow gap in the middle. Band 2 is located just below Band 1, and Band 3 is placed above the posterior angle of the aperture. These two bands are usually modified as dotted, blotched or divided into several thinner bands.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC62496935EF1BFF36ADB4FA8E278E" blockId="19.[189,1399,650,749]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Bands 4 and 5 (sub-peripheral bands) located below the posterior angle of the aperture or below the periphery of the umbilicus. These two bands are usually separated by a narrow to wide gap of ground color. Band 4 normally contacts the bottom of Band 3. Band 5 is located just around the umbilicus.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC62496935EF1BFF36AC2BFB402653" blockId="19.[189,1160,789,816]" box="[189,1160,789,816]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Band 6 usually covers the entire umbilical area between the umbilicus and Band 5.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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