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149 KiB
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1016 lines
149 KiB
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<document id="F7166F165481C5F3C1305BADA0DE9523" ID-DOI="10.3853/j.2201-4349.67.2015.1643" ID-ISSN="2201-4349" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5238539" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629537251611" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Ewart, Anthony, Moulds, Max S. & Marshall, David C." docDate="2015" docId="03D33E17AE15FFBA69B8F9E86C23FBAB" docLanguage="en" docName="RecAustMus.67.6.163-183.pdf" docOrigin="Records of the Australian Museum 67 (6)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.67.2015.1643" docStyle="DocumentStyle:7863F7301B7BEE922F541F6F9B5AEEC6.2:RecAustMus.2008-2018.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="7863F7301B7BEE922F541F6F9B5AEEC6" docStyleName="RecAustMus.2008-2018.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Arenopsaltria nubivena" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="173" masterDocId="FFEA466FAE14FFB06A3CFFBD6D21FE02" masterDocTitle="Arenopsaltria nubivena (Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Cryptotympanini) from the Arid Regions of Central Australia and Southwest Western Australia" masterLastPageNumber="183" masterPageNumber="163" pageNumber="164" updateTime="1699077528162" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="4B17CDAE8222B94FC303631CB137380B">Arenopsaltria nubivena (Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Cryptotympanini) from the Arid Regions of Central Australia and Southwest Western Australia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C5C9209BCDCBA83C77AFD2DFDECD92DA">Ewart, Anthony</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1EB028AC2334E594F37EFEE2F3173A5A">Moulds, Max S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8E2941DD8A85D9F9FACCB42849E16E47">Marshall, David C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="955C5A853571023D4AC8625A0DA11780">Records of the Australian Museum</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6634478B1EC7501A4BC53432ECF24B04">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E53F4E98A652F172A721A929762F9938">2015-11-25</mods:number>
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<heading id="D08D386DAE15FFB169B8F9E86802F86D" box="[900,1315,1621,1648]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="164" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE15FFB169B8F9E86802F86D" ID-CoL="GFR6" authority="(Walker)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[900,1315,1621,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arenopsaltria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubivena">
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<emphasis id="B90E5313AE15FFB169B8F9E86988F872" bold="true" box="[900,1193,1621,1648]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="164">Arenopsaltria nubivena</emphasis>
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(Walker)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation id="13419384AE15FFB16E23F93669A9F8A7" box="[1055,1160,1675,1701]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStart-3="Figure 4" captionStart-4="Figure 5" captionStart-5="Figure 6" captionStart-6="Figure 7" captionStart-7="Figure 8" captionStart-8="Figure 9" captionStartId-0="2.[166,227,1841,1863]" captionStartId-1="3.[119,182,1158,1180]" captionStartId-2="4.[166,229,1623,1645]" captionStartId-3="5.[152,215,789,811]" captionStartId-4="9.[121,182,1835,1857]" captionStartId-5="11.[121,184,1531,1553]" captionStartId-6="12.[167,230,1840,1862]" captionStartId-7="13.[121,184,1788,1810]" captionStartId-8="14.[217,280,1846,1868]" captionTargetBox-0="[173,1453,163,1810]" captionTargetBox-1="[130,1386,151,1136]" captionTargetBox-2="[166,1466,151,1609]" captionTargetBox-3="[133,1421,151,772]" captionTargetBox-4="[122,1421,155,1828]" captionTargetBox-5="[122,1421,162,1512]" captionTargetBox-6="[207,1428,153,1817]" captionTargetBox-7="[198,1347,151,1775]" captionTargetBox-8="[218,1419,149,1830]" captionTargetId-0="figure-166@2.[166,1466,151,1827]" captionTargetId-1="figure-476@3.[121,1421,151,1151]" captionTargetId-2="figure-240@4.[166,1466,151,1609]" captionTargetId-3="figure-701@5.[121,1421,151,772]" captionTargetId-4="figure-147@9.[121,1421,151,1828]" captionTargetId-5="figure-297@11.[121,1421,151,1512]" captionTargetId-6="figure-158@12.[206,1428,147,1825]" captionTargetId-7="figure-190@13.[197,1347,151,1775]" captionTargetId-8="figure-138@14.[217,1419,149,1830]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionTargetPageId-3="5" captionTargetPageId-4="9" captionTargetPageId-5="11" captionTargetPageId-6="12" captionTargetPageId-7="13" captionTargetPageId-8="14" captionText-0="Figure 1. Arenopsaltria nubivena, 5.6 km west of Windorah, southwest Queeensland. (A) fore and hind wings; (B) lateral abdomen view; (C) left timbal, posterior margin at right, dorsal edge at top; (D) left opercula; (E, F) male pygofer and genitalia—E, lateral view; F, ventral view. Terminology for the opercula follows de Boer (1999; note that the crest is described fully by that author as “crest around distolateral corner of basal part of operculum”). Terminology for timbals: LR1 to LR4, long ribs 1 to 4; SR, short (intercalary) ribs; TP, timbal plate. Terminology for pygofer: aed, aedeagus; as, anal styles; at, anal tube; bl, basal lobe of pygofer; bp, basal plate; db, dorsal beak; ds, distal shoulder; md, median lobe of uncus; sl, subapical lobe of uncus. Length of pygofer 3.8 mm. Scale bars 1 mm, except wings (5 mm)." captionText-1="Figure 2. New distribution records for Arenopsaltria nubivena. Filled arrows indicate locations of audio recordings. The generalized distribution of A. nubivena in South Australia and northwestern Victoria, shown by the heavy circled line, is from Moulds (1990, 2012), and marks the known distribution prior to this work. The dotted lines are roads. The dashed lines are State boundaries. The dot-dash line shows the approximate boundary of the ecoregion which defines the dominance of deserts and xeric shrublands within inland Australia (National Reserve System map, published by Australian Government). The filled arrows mark the locations of the audio recordings of A. nubivena illustrated in this paper. The hollow arrows show the locations of the audio recordings of A. fullo and A. pygmaea. The general locations of the major dunefields and other relevant areas noted in the text are labelled." captionText-2="Figure 3. Arenopsaltria nubivena (Walker); (A) male, Queensland Museum reference QMT196193, body length 22.6 mm; (B) female, QMT196194, body length 21.7 mm. Both specimens from Pulchera Waterhole,Mulligan River, Ethabuka Reserve, southwest Queensland." captionText-3="Figure 4. Arenopsaltria nubivena (Walker), male holotype, body length 21.4 mm, held in the British Museum of Natural History." captionText-4="Figure 5. Arenopsaltria nubivena, waveform plots of calling songs from 5.6 km west of Windorah, southwest Queensland; (A) general view showing the relatively uniform, continuous buzzing song, but showing two short breaks (marked by hollow arrows); (B) time expanded segment ofcalling song showingthe repeated macrosyllables, each withsix dominantsyllables,the arrows defining thelimits of theindividual macrosyllables;(C) higher resolution waveformplot of two macrosyllables,the filledarrowmarking theboundary between themacrosyllables. The six dominant syllables (DS) each comprise 5 to 7 high amplitude carrier wave pulses. The time intervals between the dominant and secondary syllables (SS) comprise lower amplitude background pulses,variably frequency modulated;the horizontalarrows define the syllable repetition rates (RR) and the intra-syllable durations between the dominant and secondary syllables. Field recordings, filtered to 1 kHz." captionText-5="Figure 6. Arenopsaltria nubivena, waveform plots of calling songs from 19 km east-southeast of Windorah, southwest Queensland. (A) song segment with three dominant syllables in each macrosyllable, the hollow arrows marking the macrosyllable limits; (B) time expanded segment of three macrosyllables each with six dominant syllables, the limits of each marked by the arrows; (C) end segment of an extended buzzing element showing macrosyllables (limits marked by arrows) with three syllables, but with the third syllable having a strong reduction in amplitude; following the buzz element, separated by 17 ms, is a macrosyllable comprising three syllables, the third syllable also strongly reduced in amplitude. Field recordings, filtered to 4 kHz." captionText-6="Figure 7.Arenopsaltria nubivena, waveform plots of calling songs from;(A) 105 km east-southeast ofYulara, southern Northern Territory, a higher resolution plot of buzzing element showing the macrosyllables, each with three dominant syllables, the hollow arrows marking the macrosyllable limits. (B, C) from 18 km east of Eneabba, southwestern Western Australia, higher resolution plots;B, showing a transition from initially six syllables per macrosyllable to three syllables per macrosyllable; C, further time expanded plot of three macrosyllables, each with six dominant syllables, the initiation of each macrosyllable marked by a higher amplitude syllable; (D) from 72 km south of Cooper Creek crossing, Birdsville Track, Strzelecki Desert, northeastern South Australia, showing macrosyllables with three and six dominant syllables, the arrows marking the macrosyllable limits.Field recordings, A filtered to 4 kHz, B to 5 kHz, C to 2 kHz,D to 1 kHz." captionText-7="Figure 8. Arenopsaltria nubivena, higher resolution waveform and accompanying amplitude spectra plots of complete macrosyllables and segments of adjacent macrosyllables. The two recordings are of the calling songs, from 5.6 km west of Windorah, southwest Queensland. The macrosyllables each have six dominant syllables. A and C are waveform plots showing the high amplitude dominant syllables (labelled DS in A), these separated by smaller secondary syllables (labelled SS in A). Between these syllables are mostly low amplitude background pulses, possibly reverberation induced. The results of measurements on the carrier wave pulses are shown above the waveforms, showing the limits and calculated frequency (in kHz) within each of the short song segments, these mostly corresponding to the syllables and background pulses. B andD are the respective amplitude spectra of each of the two waveforms shown inA andC. The numbers adjacent to the selected spectral peaks are kHz. The measured frequency ranges (horizontal lines) and weighted mean frequency (downward pointing arrows), which are derived from the waveform plots, are shown. Song recordings filtered to 1 kHz." captionText-8="Figure 9. Comparative plots of amplitude spectra of: (A) Arenopsaltria pygmaea from 14 km northeast of Jurien Bay, Western Australia; (B) Arenopsaltria fullo, from Mullaloo Beach, north of Perth, Western Australia; (C–F) Arenopsaltria nubivena, from, respectively; 5.6 km west of Windorah, southwest Queensland; 72 km south of Cooper Creek crossing, Birdsville Track, Strzelecki Desert, South Australia; 105 km east southeast of Yulara, southern Northern Territory; and 18 km east of Eneabba, Western Australia, respectively. Note the weak extensions in all the plots to frequencies higher than the defined dominant frequency. The horizontal bars define the high amplitude frequency envelope of each spectrum, used to estimate the dominant frequency and the nominal bandwidth of each song. Each spectrum shown only between 3 to 16 kHz." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238541" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238543" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238545" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238547" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238549" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238553" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238555" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238559" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238561" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5238541/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5238543/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5238545/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5238547/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5238549/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/5238553/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/5238555/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/5238559/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/5238561/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="164">Figs 1–9</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE15FFB16926F90769A0F8D0" blockId="1.[794,1153,1722,1746]" box="[794,1153,1722,1746]" pageId="1" pageNumber="164">
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<emphasis id="B90E5313AE15FFB16926F9076EBFF8D0" bold="true" box="[794,926,1722,1746]" pageId="1" pageNumber="164">Description</emphasis>
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. Male:
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<figureCitation id="13419384AE15FFB169CCF9076910F8D0" box="[1008,1073,1722,1746]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[166,227,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[173,1453,163,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-166@2.[166,1466,151,1827]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Arenopsaltria nubivena, 5.6 km west of Windorah, southwest Queeensland. (A) fore and hind wings; (B) lateral abdomen view; (C) left timbal, posterior margin at right, dorsal edge at top; (D) left opercula; (E, F) male pygofer and genitalia—E, lateral view; F, ventral view. Terminology for the opercula follows de Boer (1999; note that the crest is described fully by that author as “crest around distolateral corner of basal part of operculum”). Terminology for timbals: LR1 to LR4, long ribs 1 to 4; SR, short (intercalary) ribs; TP, timbal plate. Terminology for pygofer: aed, aedeagus; as, anal styles; at, anal tube; bl, basal lobe of pygofer; bp, basal plate; db, dorsal beak; ds, distal shoulder; md, median lobe of uncus; sl, subapical lobe of uncus. Length of pygofer 3.8 mm. Scale bars 1 mm, except wings (5 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5238541/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="164">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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,
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||
<figureCitation id="13419384AE15FFB16E03F9076943F8D0" box="[1087,1122,1722,1746]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[166,229,1623,1645]" captionTargetBox="[166,1466,151,1609]" captionTargetId="figure-240@4.[166,1466,151,1609]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Arenopsaltria nubivena (Walker); (A) male, Queensland Museum reference QMT196193, body length 22.6 mm; (B) female, QMT196194, body length 21.7 mm. Both specimens from Pulchera Waterhole,Mulligan River, Ethabuka Reserve, southwest Queensland." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238545" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5238545/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="164">3A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13419384AE15FFB16E51F907695CF8D0" box="[1133,1149,1722,1746]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[152,215,789,811]" captionTargetBox="[133,1421,151,772]" captionTargetId="figure-701@5.[121,1421,151,772]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Arenopsaltria nubivena (Walker), male holotype, body length 21.4 mm, held in the British Museum of Natural History." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238547" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5238547/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="164">4</figureCitation>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE15FFB36926F9556DDAF8C0" blockId="1.[793,1422,1768,1997]" lastBlockId="3.[119,750,1413,1994]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="1" pageNumber="164">
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<emphasis id="B90E5313AE15FFB16926F9556E77F902" box="[794,854,1768,1792]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="164">Head</emphasis>
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||
. Width across compound eyes slightly less than across lateral margins of pronotum (excluding lateral angle of pronotal collar) and wider than mesonotum; vertex distinctly wider than supra-antennal plate, forming a broad and conspicuous extension to eyes; the eyes thus form the termination of the vertex, appearing as on a broad stalk extended away from the head when examined in dorsal view; vertex and frons pale to medium brown, slightly darker medially; supra-antennal plate pale brown; ocelli pale red; length between lateral ocelli much less than between ocelli and eyes; postclypeus somewhat bulbous in anterior view, flattened in dorsal view, and gently rounded in lateral profile, pale brown, slightly darker along transverse ridges; head and the transverse ridges of postclypeus covered with very short golden pubescence; anteclypeus pale brown, covered by short golden pubescence laterally; rostrum brown, darker apically, reaching hind coxae; gena and mandibular plate pale brown, covered by short golden pubescence; antennae dark brown.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF05DF89AE16FFB26A9AF88C68E0F9CE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238541" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5238541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5238541/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="165" startId="2.[166,227,1841,1863]" targetBox="[173,1453,163,1810]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE16FFB26A9AF88C68E0F9CE" blockId="2.[166,1473,1841,1997]" pageId="2" pageNumber="165">
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||
Figure 1.
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<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE16FFB26B3EF88C6CC1F944" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[258,480,1841,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arenopsaltria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubivena">
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<emphasis id="B90E5313AE16FFB26B3EF88C6CC1F944" box="[258,480,1841,1862]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="165">Arenopsaltria nubivena</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, 5.6 km west of Windorah, southwest Queeensland.
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<emphasis id="B90E5313AE16FFB269EDF88F6ECEF945" box="[977,1007,1842,1863]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="165">(A)</emphasis>
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||
fore and hind wings;
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||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE16FFB26EF9F88F69C2F945" box="[1221,1251,1842,1863]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="165">(B)</emphasis>
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||
lateral abdomen view;
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||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE16FFB26A9AF8F16DE4F963" box="[166,197,1868,1889]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="165">(C)</emphasis>
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||
left timbal, posterior margin at right, dorsal edge at top;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE16FFB268EFF8F16FD5F963" box="[723,756,1868,1889]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="165">(D)</emphasis>
|
||
left opercula;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE16FFB26943F8F16E96F963" box="[895,951,1868,1889]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="165">(E, F)</emphasis>
|
||
male pygofer and genitalia—
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE16FFB26EF1F8F069FAF960" box="[1229,1243,1869,1890]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="165">E</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE16FFB26F63F8F0684FF960" box="[1375,1390,1869,1890]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="165">F</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral view. Terminology for the opercula follows de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEBF2F0AE16FFB2685FF8DA6FF0F97E" author="Boer, A" box="[611,721,1895,1916]" pageId="2" pageNumber="165" pagination="115 - 147" refId="ref12973" refString="Boer, A. J. de. 1999. Taxonomy and biogeography of the New Guinean Cicadettini (Hemiptera, Tibicinidae). Mitteilungen Museum Naturkunde Berlin: Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift 46 (2): 115 - 147. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 19990460202" type="journal article" year="1999">Boer (1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; note that the crest is described fully by that author as “crest around distolateral corner of basal part of operculum”). Terminology for timbals:
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE16FFB268C8F83C6E3AF994" box="[756,795,1921,1942]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="165">LR1</emphasis>
|
||
to
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE16FFB26906F83C6E40F994" box="[826,865,1921,1942]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="165">LR4</emphasis>
|
||
, long ribs 1 to 4;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE16FFB26E2DF83F690AF995" box="[1041,1067,1922,1943]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="165">SR</emphasis>
|
||
, short (intercalary) ribs;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE16FFB26F21F83F6819F995" box="[1309,1336,1922,1943]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="165">TP</emphasis>
|
||
, timbal plate. Terminology for pygofer:
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE16FFB26B9AF8216CEEF9B3" box="[422,463,1948,1969]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="165">aed,</emphasis>
|
||
aedeagus;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE16FFB26803F8206F72F9B0" box="[575,595,1949,1970]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="165">as</emphasis>
|
||
, anal styles;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE16FFB268E4F8206FC8F9B0" box="[728,745,1949,1970]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="165">at</emphasis>
|
||
, anal tube;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE16FFB2695EF8216E52F9B3" box="[866,883,1948,1969]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="165">bl</emphasis>
|
||
, basal lobe of pygofer;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE16FFB26E63F8216957F9B3" box="[1119,1142,1948,1969]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="165">bp</emphasis>
|
||
, basal plate;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE16FFB26EC0F8216832F9B3" box="[1276,1299,1948,1969]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="165">db</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal beak;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE16FFB26F9CF8216895F9B3" box="[1440,1460,1948,1969]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="165">ds</emphasis>
|
||
, distal shoulder;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE16FFB26B7CF80A6C7CF9CE" box="[320,349,1975,1996]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="165">md</emphasis>
|
||
, median lobe of uncus;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE16FFB2687FF80A6F72F9CE" box="[579,595,1975,1996]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="165">sl</emphasis>
|
||
, subapical lobe of uncus. Length of pygofer 3.8 mm. Scale bars 1 mm, except wings (5 mm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF05DF89AE17FFB36A4BFB3B6E9DFB3E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238543" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5238543" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5238543/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="166" startId="3.[119,182,1158,1180]" targetBox="[130,1386,151,1136]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE17FFB36A4BFB3B6E9DFB3E" blockId="3.[119,1422,1158,1340]" pageId="3" pageNumber="166">
|
||
Figure 2. New distribution records for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE17FFB36BC6FB3B6FFDFA99" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[506,732,1158,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arenopsaltria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubivena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE17FFB36BC6FB3B6FFDFA99" box="[506,732,1158,1179]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="166">Arenopsaltria nubivena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Filled arrows indicate locations of audio recordings. The generalized distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE17FFB36B3BFB1C6C5BFAB7" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[263,378,1184,1206]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arenopsaltria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubivena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE17FFB36B3BFB1C6C5BFAB7" box="[263,378,1184,1206]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="166">A. nubivena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in South Australia and northwestern Victoria, shown by the heavy circled line, is from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEBF2F0AE17FFB36E80FB1D6864FAB7" author="Moulds, M" box="[1212,1349,1184,1206]" pageId="3" pageNumber="166" refId="ref13935" refString="Moulds, M. S. 1990. Australian Cicadas. Kensington: New South Wales University Press. 217 pp, 24 pls." type="book" year="1990">Moulds (1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEBF2F0AE17FFB36F73FB1D68A2FAB4" author="Moulds, M" box="[1359,1411,1184,1206]" pageId="3" pageNumber="166" pagination="1 - 262" refId="ref14019" refString="Moulds, M. S. 2012. A review of the genera of Australian cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea). Zootaxa 3287: 1 - 262." type="journal article" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and marks the known distribution prior to this work. The dotted lines are roads. The dashed lines are State boundaries. The dot-dash line shows the approximate boundary of the ecoregion which defines the dominance of deserts and xeric shrublands within inland Australia (National Reserve System map, published by Australian Government). The filled arrows mark the locations of the audio recordings of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE17FFB36F44FB4C6DF0FB22" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arenopsaltria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubivena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE17FFB36F44FB4C6DF0FB22" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="166">A. nubivena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
illustrated in this paper. The hollow arrows show the locations of the audio recordings of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE17FFB36E16FAB66950FB22" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[1066,1137,1291,1312]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arenopsaltria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fullo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE17FFB36E16FAB66950FB22" box="[1066,1137,1291,1312]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="166">A. fullo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE17FFB36EA3FAB66836FB23" box="[1183,1303,1291,1313]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="166">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE17FFB36EA3FAB66832FB23" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[1183,1299,1291,1313]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arenopsaltria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pygmaea">A. pygmaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The general locations of the major dunefields and other relevant areas noted in the text are labelled.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE17FFB36AABF97569EDF8E2" blockId="3.[119,750,1413,1994]" lastBlockId="3.[793,1423,1413,1995]" pageId="3" pageNumber="166">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE17FFB36AABF9756DC4F8E2" box="[151,229,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="166">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
. Pronotum: width at dorsal midline much less than diameter of eyes; paranota slightly ampliate, becoming strongly ampliate on lateral angle of pronotal collar; paranota showing slight but distinct serration, no mid lateral tooth; conspicuous broad sandy-brown central fascia, broadest at anterior and posterior termination, with narrow black margin that partially extends along paramedian fissures; remaining pronotal colouration pale brown, with small black spots on the anterior part of the lateral fissures. Mesonotum: submedian sigilla variably deep brown, grading to paler brown medially, bordered by prominent black to deep brown parapsidal sutures; lateral sigilla dark brown, not sharply defined, grading into the generally paler brown of the enclosing mesonotum; cruciform elevation wider than long, pale brown, slightly darker along anterior arms; areas between lateral cruciform elevation arms dark brown to black, grading into scutal depressions, these areas covered by prominent white pubescence; epimeral lobe reaching operculum; surface of mesonotum uneven; ridges between wing grooves sandy brown, black within grooves; metanotum concealed on dorsal midline.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE17FFB56904F95B6FCAFDDC" blockId="3.[793,1423,1413,1995]" lastBlockId="5.[119,751,878,1987]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="168" pageId="3" pageNumber="166">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE17FFB36904F95B6E58F8FF" box="[824,889,1766,1789]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="166">Wings</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13419384AE17FFB369BAF9586EFBF8FF" box="[902,986,1765,1789]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[166,227,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[173,1453,163,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-166@2.[166,1466,151,1827]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Arenopsaltria nubivena, 5.6 km west of Windorah, southwest Queeensland. (A) fore and hind wings; (B) lateral abdomen view; (C) left timbal, posterior margin at right, dorsal edge at top; (D) left opercula; (E, F) male pygofer and genitalia—E, lateral view; F, ventral view. Terminology for the opercula follows de Boer (1999; note that the crest is described fully by that author as “crest around distolateral corner of basal part of operculum”). Terminology for timbals: LR1 to LR4, long ribs 1 to 4; SR, short (intercalary) ribs; TP, timbal plate. Terminology for pygofer: aed, aedeagus; as, anal styles; at, anal tube; bl, basal lobe of pygofer; bp, basal plate; db, dorsal beak; ds, distal shoulder; md, median lobe of uncus; sl, subapical lobe of uncus. Length of pygofer 3.8 mm. Scale bars 1 mm, except wings (5 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5238541/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="166">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Fore wing: Hyaline, with 8, very rarerly 7, apical cells; no subapical cells; ulnar cells longer than apical cells, with ulnar cell 3 angled to radial cell; radial cell shorter than ulnar cells; basal cell broad, mostly filled by brown infuscation; height of costal vein comparable to R+Sc vein; costal plus R+Sc veins almost parallel to node; pterostigma present and darkly infuscated especially along anterior margin; vein CuA very weakly bowed to cubital cell, with the medial cell of similar width, although larger in area; cubital cell occasionally divided by an extra vein; veins M and CuA widely separated at their intersection with basal cell; vein RA
|
||
<subScript id="17FE8D44AE10FFB46AF7F8916DF2F938" attach="left" box="[203,211,1836,1850]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">1</subScript>
|
||
almost parallel to Sc for its length; vein CuA
|
||
<subScript id="17FE8D44AE10FFB468A3F8916F86F938" attach="left" box="[671,679,1836,1850]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">1</subScript>
|
||
divided by crossvein m-cu, with both segments of similar length; veins CuP and 1A fused for most of their lengths; very distinctive areas of dark black to brown infuscation overlying veins at bases of apical cells 2–6, weakly on and around apical cell 1, also adjacent to the ambient veins, in part proximally along veins between apical cells, distally between the 3A and 2A veins near their junctions with CuA
|
||
<subScript id="17FE8D44AE10FFB46EF5F94C69F0F8FD" attach="left" box="[1225,1233,1777,1791]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">2</subScript>
|
||
, on the join between CuA
|
||
<subScript id="17FE8D44AE10FFB46945F8B36EA0F91E" attach="left" box="[889,897,1806,1820]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">2</subScript>
|
||
–CuA
|
||
<subScript id="17FE8D44AE10FFB469FCF8B36EE9F91E" attach="left" box="[960,968,1806,1820]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">1</subScript>
|
||
veins at the nodal line intersection on vein M
|
||
<subScript id="17FE8D44AE10FFB46FA6F8B36895F91E" attach="left" box="[1434,1460,1806,1820]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">3+4</subScript>
|
||
, and apically along vein M between its joins with the M
|
||
<subScript id="17FE8D44AE10FFB46F9DF891689BF938" attach="left" box="[1441,1466,1836,1850]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">1+2</subScript>
|
||
and RP veins; outer wing margin clearly present for entire length; basal membrane colourless to pale brown; veins predominantly pale brown. Hind wing: 6 apical cells (very rarely 5 on one wing); no infuscation on or along ambient vein; width of 1st cubital cell at distal end variable, usually less than that of 2nd cubital cell; anal lobe broad with vein 3A curved, separated from wing margin; veins M and RP fused basally; anal cells 2 and 3 with basal grey infuscation, fading out distally; veins pale sandy-brown, tending darker basally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF05DF89AE10FFB46A9AF9EA689DF885" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238545" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5238545" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5238545/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" startId="4.[166,229,1623,1645]" targetBox="[166,1466,151,1609]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE10FFB46A9AF9EA689DF885" blockId="4.[166,1468,1622,1671]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">
|
||
Figure 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE10FFB46B39F9EA6F66F86F" authority="(Walker)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[261,583,1623,1645]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arenopsaltria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubivena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE10FFB46B39F9EA6CC8F86E" box="[261,489,1623,1644]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Arenopsaltria nubivena</emphasis>
|
||
(Walker)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE10FFB4686EF9EA6F51F86E" box="[594,624,1623,1644]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">(A)</emphasis>
|
||
male, Queensland Museum reference QMT196193, body length 22.6 mm;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE10FFB46F72F9EA684DF86E" box="[1358,1388,1623,1644]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">(B)</emphasis>
|
||
female, QMT196194, body length 21.7 mm. Both specimens from Pulchera Waterhole, Mulligan River, Ethabuka Reserve, southwest Queensland.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF05DF89AE11FFB56AA4FCA8684FFD29" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238547" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5238547" box="[152,1390,789,811]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5238547/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" startId="5.[152,215,789,811]" targetBox="[133,1421,151,772]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE11FFB56AA4FCA8684FFD29" blockId="5.[152,1390,789,811]" box="[152,1390,789,811]" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
|
||
Figure 4.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE11FFB56AC9FCA86F15FD29" authority="(Walker)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[245,564,789,811]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arenopsaltria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubivena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE11FFB56AC9FCA86CF6FD28" box="[245,471,789,810]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Arenopsaltria nubivena</emphasis>
|
||
(Walker)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male holotype, body length 21.4 mm, held in the British Museum of Natural History.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE11FFB56AABFC596FCAFB22" blockId="5.[119,751,878,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE11FFB56AABFC596DEBFDF9" box="[151,202,996,1019]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
: Two erect spines on fore femora; fore and mid coxae and trochanters pale brown, broad anterior dark brown fasciae on ventral and anterior faces of coxae, and 2 to 3 smaller dark brown fasciae on anterior trochanter faces; fore and mid femora, tibiae and tarsi pale to medium brown, grading to black on claws; hind coxae pale brown with extensive dark brown on anterior and dorsal faces; hind femora with pale and dark brown longitudinal fasciae; hind tibiae medium brown with 6 tibial spurs, and clusters of very small spines at distal end of tibiae (tibial comb and thumb of tibial comb); tarsi medium brown, grading to black on claws.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE11FFB56AABFA9B6CE9F8DA" blockId="5.[119,751,878,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE11FFB56AABFA9B6DC0FB3C" box="[151,225,1318,1342]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Timbal</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13419384AE11FFB56ACFFA9B6C6BFB3C" box="[243,330,1318,1342]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[166,227,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[173,1453,163,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-166@2.[166,1466,151,1827]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Arenopsaltria nubivena, 5.6 km west of Windorah, southwest Queeensland. (A) fore and hind wings; (B) lateral abdomen view; (C) left timbal, posterior margin at right, dorsal edge at top; (D) left opercula; (E, F) male pygofer and genitalia—E, lateral view; F, ventral view. Terminology for the opercula follows de Boer (1999; note that the crest is described fully by that author as “crest around distolateral corner of basal part of operculum”). Terminology for timbals: LR1 to LR4, long ribs 1 to 4; SR, short (intercalary) ribs; TP, timbal plate. Terminology for pygofer: aed, aedeagus; as, anal styles; at, anal tube; bl, basal lobe of pygofer; bp, basal plate; db, dorsal beak; ds, distal shoulder; md, median lobe of uncus; sl, subapical lobe of uncus. Length of pygofer 3.8 mm. Scale bars 1 mm, except wings (5 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5238541/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Completely covered by a very rigid black timbal cover, not bulbous, tightly fused to tergites 1 and 2, covered with gently curved, near vertical striations produced by micro-ridging of the surface; removal of the cover shows the timbal to contain four long timbal ribs; ribs 3 and 4 fused dorsally to basal spur; ribs 1 and 2 juxtaposed dorsally to (but not fused to) basal spur, these two ribs fused ventrally; three very prominent intercalary ribs; an elongated ridge located on the timbal plate posteriorly to long rib 4 suggesting a possible additional unconnected rib, its morphological status uncertain; a narrow basal dome lies parallel to, and dorsoposteriorly to, long rib 4; anterodorsal area of timbal plate filled by a shallow and well-defined ridge; posterior area of timbal plate contains gentle ridges and a shallow domed structure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE11FFB56AABF9636974FDA1" blockId="5.[119,751,878,1987]" lastBlockId="5.[792,1424,878,1928]" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE11FFB56AABF9636DDDF8F4" box="[151,252,1758,1782]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Opercula</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13419384AE11FFB56B32F9636C46F8F4" box="[270,359,1758,1782]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[166,227,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[173,1453,163,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-166@2.[166,1466,151,1827]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Arenopsaltria nubivena, 5.6 km west of Windorah, southwest Queeensland. (A) fore and hind wings; (B) lateral abdomen view; (C) left timbal, posterior margin at right, dorsal edge at top; (D) left opercula; (E, F) male pygofer and genitalia—E, lateral view; F, ventral view. Terminology for the opercula follows de Boer (1999; note that the crest is described fully by that author as “crest around distolateral corner of basal part of operculum”). Terminology for timbals: LR1 to LR4, long ribs 1 to 4; SR, short (intercalary) ribs; TP, timbal plate. Terminology for pygofer: aed, aedeagus; as, anal styles; at, anal tube; bl, basal lobe of pygofer; bp, basal plate; db, dorsal beak; ds, distal shoulder; md, median lobe of uncus; sl, subapical lobe of uncus. Length of pygofer 3.8 mm. Scale bars 1 mm, except wings (5 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5238541/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Completely covers timbal cavity, just overlapping tergite 2; broadly ovoid in outline; well developed suture visible, marking the fused junction between the anterior remnant of the epimeron and the main posterior segment of operculum; the area anterior to the suture is black; posterior and lateral to suture the colour ranges between dark brown and pale brown along distal and lateral margins; posterior area immediately adjacent to suture slopes downwards (as viewed ventrally) towards suture; meracantha spike overlaps opercula plate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE11FFB56904FC156EBFFB94" blockId="5.[792,1424,878,1928]" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE11FFB56904FC156EBDFDC2" box="[824,924,936,960]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13419384AE11FFB56995FC156ED8FDC2" box="[937,1017,936,960]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[166,227,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[173,1453,163,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-166@2.[166,1466,151,1827]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Arenopsaltria nubivena, 5.6 km west of Windorah, southwest Queeensland. (A) fore and hind wings; (B) lateral abdomen view; (C) left timbal, posterior margin at right, dorsal edge at top; (D) left opercula; (E, F) male pygofer and genitalia—E, lateral view; F, ventral view. Terminology for the opercula follows de Boer (1999; note that the crest is described fully by that author as “crest around distolateral corner of basal part of operculum”). Terminology for timbals: LR1 to LR4, long ribs 1 to 4; SR, short (intercalary) ribs; TP, timbal plate. Terminology for pygofer: aed, aedeagus; as, anal styles; at, anal tube; bl, basal lobe of pygofer; bp, basal plate; db, dorsal beak; ds, distal shoulder; md, median lobe of uncus; sl, subapical lobe of uncus. Length of pygofer 3.8 mm. Scale bars 1 mm, except wings (5 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5238541/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Overall form short and very broad; in cross-section, tergites strongly convex, epipleurites reflexed ventrally from junction with tergites; tergites 2 and 3 wide, together making up nearly half of abdominal length; tergites 1 and 2 black, covered medially by dense, very short silvery pubescence and patches of waxy exudation; tergites 3–7 shiny black, grading to brown on posteroventral margin of tergite 7, with localized wax patches on especially tergite 3; tergite 8 deep brown to black along anterior margin, also as a narrow fascia along dorsal midline, and as a narrow band along posterior dorsal and lateral margins; otherwise sandy-brown. Sternite II dominantly black; sternite III pale brown; sternite IV black medially, grading to brown laterally; sternites V to VII brown, paler towards sternite VII; sternite VIII pale yellow-brown; sternite IX brown medially, sandy brown laterally; sternites all covered by very short silvery pubescence.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE11FFB56904FA2669CEF98A" blockId="5.[792,1424,878,1928]" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE11FFB56904FA266E81FBB1" box="[824,928,1435,1459]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13419384AE11FFB5698FFA26690DFBB1" box="[947,1068,1435,1459]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[166,227,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[173,1453,163,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-166@2.[166,1466,151,1827]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Arenopsaltria nubivena, 5.6 km west of Windorah, southwest Queeensland. (A) fore and hind wings; (B) lateral abdomen view; (C) left timbal, posterior margin at right, dorsal edge at top; (D) left opercula; (E, F) male pygofer and genitalia—E, lateral view; F, ventral view. Terminology for the opercula follows de Boer (1999; note that the crest is described fully by that author as “crest around distolateral corner of basal part of operculum”). Terminology for timbals: LR1 to LR4, long ribs 1 to 4; SR, short (intercalary) ribs; TP, timbal plate. Terminology for pygofer: aed, aedeagus; as, anal styles; at, anal tube; bl, basal lobe of pygofer; bp, basal plate; db, dorsal beak; ds, distal shoulder; md, median lobe of uncus; sl, subapical lobe of uncus. Length of pygofer 3.8 mm. Scale bars 1 mm, except wings (5 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5238541/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Fig. 1E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pygofer black to dark brown anterodorsally, remainder pale sandy brown; distal shoulders broad, rounded in lateral view; upper lobes undeveloped; lower lobes clearly developed, distally rounded in lateral view, somewhat irregular in ventral outline; dorsal beak small but clearly developed, part of chitinized pygofer; uncus undivided, with enlarged median lobe which is somewhat finger-like in lateral view, widest between subapical rounded lobes, and apically tending to be bilobed; claspers absent. Aedeagus with basal plate in lateral view sharply angled to nearly 180°; in dorsal view with short apical arms, the base broad and long, deeply furrowed along midline; basal portion of basal plate directed forwards, away from thecal shaft; ventral rib fused with basal plate; junction between theca and basal plate fused and rigid; thecal shaft recurved to as much as 360°; pseudoparameres absent; thecal apex chitinized; no subapical cerci; no flabellum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE11FFB66926F8166F20FF40" blockId="5.[794,991,1963,1987]" lastBlockId="6.[164,796,151,850]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="169" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
|
||
Female: (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13419384AE11FFB56942F8166EF3F9C1" box="[894,978,1963,1987]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[166,229,1623,1645]" captionTargetBox="[166,1466,151,1609]" captionTargetId="figure-240@4.[166,1466,151,1609]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Arenopsaltria nubivena (Walker); (A) male, Queensland Museum reference QMT196193, body length 22.6 mm; (B) female, QMT196194, body length 21.7 mm. Both specimens from Pulchera Waterhole,Mulligan River, Ethabuka Reserve, southwest Queensland." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238545" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5238545/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Head, pronotum and mesonotum mostly very similar in colours and markings to male, in some specimens the colour is predominantly medium to dark brown rather than paler brown; legs as in male, although again noting the darker brown colouration of some specimens; wings with identical structures and markings to male.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE12FFB66AF9FEFA6F51FD50" blockId="6.[164,796,151,850]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE12FFB66AF9FEFA6C11FF5D" box="[197,304,327,351]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
, tergite 1 narrow, mostly black, tending paler along posterior margin; tergite 2 slightly wider along dorsal midline than tergites 3–7, with extensive short silvery pubescence medially, otherwise shiny black; tergite 3 predominantly shiny black, with pale brown area anteroventrally; tergites 4–7 predominantly shiny black, with brown on ventral reflexed areas; tergite 8 deep brown to black along entire anterior area, with the remainder sandy brown, the boundary between these two colour zones irregular; tergite 9 with wide irregular black dorsal to sub-medial colouration, dorsally forming a broad midline extending full width of tergite, interrupted by a narrow medial longitudinal sandy brown fascia; remainder of tergite 9 sandy brown to brown, with diffuse brown lateral stigma; sternite I dark brown to black; sternites II brown; sternites III to VII dark brown; ovipositor sheath black, in lateral view anteriorly lying subparallel to sloping tergite margin, distally extending
|
||
<quantity id="4C8222E4AE12FFB66A98FC876C05FD50" box="[164,292,826,850]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="mm" value="1.0" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="0.7">0.7–1.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
beyond the apex of the tergite.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE12FFB66A9AFCC86F4BFDE7" blockId="6.[164,794,885,997]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE12FFB66A9AFCC86C72FD8F" bold="true" box="[166,339,885,909]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Measurements</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F8BABAAE12FFB66B59FCC86C9BFD8F" box="[357,442,885,909]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[115,178,613,639]" captionText="Table 1. Arenopsaltria nubivena measurements (mm) from multiple locations in northeastern South Australia, southern Northern Territory, southwestern Queensland, and southwestern Western Australia.AW, abdomen maximum width; FWB, maximum width forewing; FWL, length forewing; HW, head width across eyes; PW, pronotum width excluding ampliated collar; TBL, total body length; n, number of specimens measured." pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
compares measurements from various locations. These data show a close coherence of the morphological dimensions across the specimens representing the widely separated populations sampled.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C360DC8AAE12FFBA6A9AFBBA6C23FBAB" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="173" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE12FFB66A9AFBBA685FFB9F" blockId="6.[164,794,1031,1877]" lastBlockId="6.[837,1469,151,1877]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE12FFB66A9AFBBA6F06FA1D" bold="true" box="[166,551,1031,1056]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Distribution, habitat and behaviour</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13419384AE12FFB6680DFBBA6F4FFA22" box="[561,622,1031,1056]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[119,182,1158,1180]" captionTargetBox="[130,1386,151,1136]" captionTargetId="figure-476@3.[121,1421,151,1151]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. New distribution records for Arenopsaltria nubivena. Filled arrows indicate locations of audio recordings. The generalized distribution of A. nubivena in South Australia and northwestern Victoria, shown by the heavy circled line, is from Moulds (1990, 2012), and marks the known distribution prior to this work. The dotted lines are roads. The dashed lines are State boundaries. The dot-dash line shows the approximate boundary of the ecoregion which defines the dominance of deserts and xeric shrublands within inland Australia (National Reserve System map, published by Australian Government). The filled arrows mark the locations of the audio recordings of A. nubivena illustrated in this paper. The hollow arrows show the locations of the audio recordings of A. fullo and A. pygmaea. The general locations of the major dunefields and other relevant areas noted in the text are labelled." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238543" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5238543/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The previously recorded distribution of this species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEBF2F0AE12FFB66809FB986FECFA3F" author="Moulds, M" box="[565,717,1061,1085]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" refId="ref13935" refString="Moulds, M. S. 1990. Australian Cicadas. Kensington: New South Wales University Press. 217 pp, 24 pls." type="book" year="1990">Moulds, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEBF2F0AE12FFB668E7FB986E30FA3F" author="Moulds, M" box="[731,785,1061,1085]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" pagination="1 - 262" refId="ref14019" refString="Moulds, M. S. 2012. A review of the genera of Australian cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea). Zootaxa 3287: 1 - 262." type="journal article" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) extends from
|
||
<quantity id="4C8222E4AE12FFB66B79FBFF6CAFFA58" box="[325,398,1090,1114]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="km" value="40.0">40 km</quantity>
|
||
west of Kimba at the top of Eyre Peninsula, southeastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BE41E3AE12FFB66B8AFBE26F44FA75" box="[438,613,1119,1143]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">South Australia</collectingRegion>
|
||
, northeastwards to Hattah Lakes and Wyperfield National Parks, in the far north-west of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BE41E3AE12FFB66B53FB276CEAFAB0" box="[367,459,1178,1202]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Victoria</collectingRegion>
|
||
. The following are additional locations:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BE41E3AE12FFB66B26FB056CF2FAD2" box="[282,467,1208,1232]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">QUEENSLAND</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66BDCFB056F23FACD" box="[480,514,1204,1232]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, QMT196193, Pulchera Waterhole, Mulligan River,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66BFDFB686F1AFAEF" box="[449,571,1237,1261]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="2010-11-07">7 Nov 2010</date>
|
||
, W.C.Q.,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB668A7FB686E3BFAEF" box="[667,794,1237,1261]" degrees="23" direction="south" minutes="55.863" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="1" value="-23.93105">23°55.863'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66A98FB4F6C15FB08" box="[164,308,1266,1290]" degrees="138" direction="east" minutes="38.117" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="1" value="138.63528">138°38.117'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, A.J. Emmott. In cane grass, on dune, Ethabuka Reserve. Photographed Specimen.
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB6683FFAAD6F05FB25" box="[515,548,1292,1320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, QMT196194, Pulchera Waterhole, Mulligan River,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66B83FA906F18FB47" box="[447,569,1325,1349]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="2010-11-07">7 Nov 2010</date>
|
||
, W.C.Q.,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB668A5FA906E39FB47" box="[665,792,1325,1349]" degrees="23" direction="south" minutes="55.863" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="1" value="-23.93105">23°55.863'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66A98FAF76C15FB60" box="[164,308,1354,1378]" degrees="138" direction="east" minutes="38.117" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="1" value="138.63528">138°38.117'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, A.J. Emmott. In cane grass, on dune, Ethabuka Reserve. Photographed Specimen;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66800FAD56F4EFB7D" box="[572,623,1380,1408]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">10 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB668BEFAD56F85FB7D" box="[642,676,1380,1408]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="female">4♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, Pulchera Waterhole, Mulligan River, as previously. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE12FFB6685EFA386FAEFB9F" bold="true" box="[610,655,1413,1437]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">QM</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB6689FFA386FE4FB9F" box="[675,709,1410,1437]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C8222E4AE12FFB668F3FA386E3BFB9F" box="[719,794,1413,1437]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="mi" value="2.0">2 miles</quantity>
|
||
W. of Windorah, southwestern Qld.,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB6682CFA1F6F5CFBB8" box="[528,637,1442,1466]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="1971-04-10">10.iv.1971</date>
|
||
, G.B. Monteith (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE12FFB66A93FA026DD5FBD5" bold="true" box="[175,244,1471,1495]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">UQIC</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE12FFB66B3CFA026C0CFBD5" bold="true" box="[256,301,1471,1495]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">QM</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66B7FFA7D6C44FBD5" box="[323,357,1468,1496]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66B4DFA7D6CB3FBD5" box="[369,402,1468,1496]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, Sand dune crest, c.
|
||
<quantity id="4C8222E4AE12FFB6685CFA026F8CFBD5" box="[608,685,1471,1495]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="km" value="5.6">5.6 km</quantity>
|
||
northwest of Windorah, southwest Qld., on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE12FFB66834FA606FF6FBF7" box="[520,727,1501,1525]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Crotalaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="eremaea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE12FFB66834FA606FF6FBF7" box="[520,727,1501,1525]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Crotalaria eremaea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, A.E.,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66A9AFA476C24F810" box="[166,261,1530,1554]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="2010-02-04">4.ii.2010</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66B32FA476CA0F810" box="[270,385,1530,1554]" degrees="25" direction="south" minutes="23.47" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="9" value="-25.391167">25°23.47'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66BBAFA476F28F810" box="[390,521,1530,1554]" degrees="142" direction="east" minutes="36.82" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="9" value="142.61366">142°36.82'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, male audio recorded;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB668CEFA476E32F810" box="[754,787,1527,1554]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, sand dune crest, c.
|
||
<quantity id="4C8222E4AE12FFB66B5FF9AA6C8FF82D" box="[355,430,1559,1583]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="km" value="5.7">5.7 km</quantity>
|
||
northwest of Windorah, southwest Qld., on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE12FFB66B3BF9886CCCF84F" box="[263,493,1589,1613]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Proteaceae" genus="Grevillea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stenobotrya">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE12FFB66B3BF9886CCCF84F" box="[263,493,1589,1613]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Grevillea stenobotrya</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, A.E.,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66807F9886FBBF84F" box="[571,666,1589,1613]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="2010-02-06">6.ii.2010</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB6689BF9886E3BF84F" box="[679,794,1589,1613]" degrees="25" direction="south" minutes="23.40" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="9" value="-25.39">25°23.40'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66A9AF9EF6C06F868" box="[166,295,1618,1642]" degrees="142" direction="east" minutes="36.65" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="9" value="142.61084">142°36.65'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE12FFB66B09F9EF6C7BF868" bold="true" box="[309,346,1618,1642]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">AE</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66B52F9EF6CAEF868" box="[366,399,1615,1642]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, Ourdel Stn., nr. Windorah, southwest Qld. in burrow on dune,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66B81F9D26F07F885" box="[445,550,1647,1671]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="2007-03-09">9.iii.2007</date>
|
||
, S. Wilson;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB6688DF9CD6FC0F885" box="[689,737,1644,1672]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">11♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB668CEF9CD6E32F885" box="[754,787,1644,1672]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, 09.AU.QL.DUN.01-02,
|
||
<quantity id="4C8222E4AE12FFB66B87F9306F25F8A7" box="[443,516,1677,1701]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="km" value="27.0">27 km</quantity>
|
||
southeast of Windorah, eastern margin of Cooper Creek floodplain, southwest Qld,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66A9AF97A6C24F8DD" box="[166,261,1735,1759]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="2009-02-02">2.ii.2009</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66B2DF97A6C5FF8DD" box="[273,382,1735,1759]" degrees="25.4811" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="5" value="-25.4811">25.4811°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66BB9F9756CD6F8E2" box="[389,503,1736,1760]" degrees="142.832" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="55" value="142.832">142.832°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, K. Hill, D. Marshall, male audio recorded. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE12FFB66B67F9586CBAF8FF" bold="true" box="[347,411,1765,1789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">MSM</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BE41E3AE12FFB66B8EF9586FFBF8FF" box="[434,730,1765,1789]" country="Australia" name="Northern Territory" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">NORTHERN TERRITORY</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB668D9F9586E32F8FF" box="[741,787,1762,1789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">29♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66A9AF8BF6DE6F918" box="[166,199,1791,1818]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="female">9♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, Finke R. crossing,
|
||
<quantity id="4C8222E4AE12FFB66B9CF8BF6CD3F918" box="[416,498,1794,1818]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="km" value="120.0">120 km</quantity>
|
||
SW of Alice Springs, N.T.,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66A94F8A26C2DF935" box="[168,268,1823,1847]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="1984-01-20">20.i.1984</date>
|
||
, M.S. & B.J. Moulds;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66BCCF89D6F08F935" box="[496,553,1820,1848]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">191♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66808F89D6F42F935" box="[564,611,1820,1848]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="female">82♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, Finke River near Glen Helen Gorge, N.T.,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66B9AF8806F2AF957" box="[422,523,1853,1877]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="1984-01-28">28.i.1984</date>
|
||
, M.S. & B.J. Moulds;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB668CDF8806E32F957" box="[753,787,1850,1877]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">5♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, Ormiston Gorge,
|
||
<quantity id="4C8222E4AE12FFB669C5FF256967FEAD" box="[1017,1094,151,176]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="km" value="130.0">130 km</quantity>
|
||
W. ofAlice Springs, N.T.,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66F6EFF2A6897FEAD" box="[1362,1462,151,175]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="1984-01-29">29.i.1984</date>
|
||
, M.S. & B.J. Moulds;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66E0DFF086975FECF" box="[1073,1108,178,205]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">4♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66E5FFF0869A5FECF" box="[1123,1156,178,205]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, Kings Canyon, George Gill Rg., N.T.,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66985FF6F693CFEE8" box="[953,1053,210,234]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="1984-01-31">31.i.1984</date>
|
||
, M.S. & B.J. Moulds;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66F29FF6F6817FEE8" box="[1301,1334,207,234]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">3♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66F79FF6F6847FEE8" box="[1349,1382,207,234]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C8222E4AE12FFB66F4AFF6F689AFEE8" box="[1398,1467,210,234]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="km" value="29.0">29 km</quantity>
|
||
NE of Curtin Springs Hstd., E. ofAyers Rock, N.T.,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66F64FF526896FF05" box="[1368,1463,239,263]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="1984-02-02">2.ii.1984</date>
|
||
, M.S. & B.J. Moulds;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66E0CFEB06972FF27" box="[1072,1107,266,293]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">3♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66E5EFEB069A5FF27" box="[1122,1156,266,293]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C8222E4AE12FFB66EAFFEB069F9FF27" box="[1171,1240,269,293]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="km" value="28.0">28 km</quantity>
|
||
E. of Curtin Springs Hstd., E. of Ayers Rock, N.T.,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66E40FE9769FAFF40" box="[1148,1243,298,322]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="1984-02-06">6.ii.1984</date>
|
||
, M.S. & B.J. Moulds;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66979FEF56E49FF5D" box="[837,872,324,352]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 10.AU.NT.LSA.02, c.
|
||
<quantity id="4C8222E4AE12FFB66E60FEFA698EFF5D" box="[1116,1199,327,351]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="km" value="105.0">105 km</quantity>
|
||
ESE Yulara, Ayers Rock Resort, Lasseter Hwy,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66E03FED869BCFF7F" box="[1087,1181,357,381]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="2010-02-01">1.ii.2010</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66E97FED8683BFF7F" box="[1195,1306,357,381]" degrees="25.2455" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="5" value="-25.2455">25.2455°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66F1FFED868B4FF7F" box="[1315,1429,357,381]" degrees="131.992" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="55" value="131.992">131.992°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, K. Hill, D. Marshall, male audio recorded; Aural record:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66FAFFE3F6895FF98" box="[1427,1460,383,410]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 10.AU.NT.LSB., c.
|
||
<quantity id="4C8222E4AE12FFB66E31FE226970FFB5" box="[1037,1105,415,439]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="km" value="25.0">25 km</quantity>
|
||
ESE of Yulara, Ayers Rock Resort, Lasseter Hwy,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB669D5FE006968FFD7" box="[1001,1097,445,469]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="2010-02-02">2.ii.2010</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66E6BFE0069E7FFD7" box="[1111,1222,445,469]" degrees="25.2202" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="5" value="-25.2202">25.2202°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66EF3FE006814FFD7" box="[1231,1333,445,469]" degrees="131.23" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="555" value="131.23">131.23°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, K. Hill, D. Marshall; c.
|
||
<quantity id="4C8222E4AE12FFB669FCFE676931FFF0" box="[960,1040,474,498]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="km" value="105.0">105 km</quantity>
|
||
ESE Yulara, Ayers Rock Resort, Lasseter Hwy,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB669B8FE4A6EC2FC0D" box="[900,995,503,527]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="2010-02-01">1.ii.2010</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB669D2FE4A697DFC0D" box="[1006,1116,503,527]" degrees="25.2455" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="5" value="-25.2455">25.2455°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66E5FFE4569F4FC12" box="[1123,1237,504,528]" degrees="131.992" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="55" value="131.992">131.992°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, K. Hill, D. Marshall, male audio recorded (10.AU.NT.LSA.02);
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66F31FDA8680FFC2F" box="[1293,1326,530,557]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
aural record. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE12FFB6696CFD8F6EB8FC48" bold="true" box="[848,921,562,586]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">MSM)</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BE41E3AE12FFB66999FD8F69BAFC48" box="[933,1179,562,586]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">SOUTH AUSTRALIA</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66E98FD8F69E4FC48" box="[1188,1221,559,586]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">3♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, NNW of Tingatingana Ck., Strzelecki Creek, S.A.,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66E5AFDF269EBFC65" box="[1126,1226,591,615]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="1976-01-23">23.i.1976</date>
|
||
, in sand dunes,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66F54FDED689AFC6A" box="[1384,1467,592,616]" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="44" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="925" value="-28.733334">28°44'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66979FDD06E87FC87" box="[837,934,621,645]" degrees="140" direction="east" minutes="09" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="925" value="140.15">140°09'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, M.S. & B.J. Moulds;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66EB9FDD06994FC87" box="[1157,1205,618,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">14♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, near Moomba Gas Field, S.A.,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66941FD376EFEFCA0" box="[893,991,650,674]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="1976-01-24">24.i.1976</date>
|
||
, in sand dunes, approx.
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66EF5FD37683BFCA0" box="[1225,1306,650,674]" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="925" value="-28.083334">28°05'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66F21FD37685FFCA0" box="[1309,1406,650,674]" degrees="140" direction="east" minutes="13" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="925" value="140.21666">140°13'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, M.S. & B.J. Moulds;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB669DEFD156925FCBD" box="[994,1028,676,704]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C8222E4AE12FFB66E33FD1A696BFCBD" box="[1039,1098,679,703]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="km" value="12.0">12km</quantity>
|
||
SSW of Mungerunn (Mungerannie), [Birdsville Track], S.A.,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66E76FD786995FCDF" box="[1098,1204,709,733]" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="7" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="15" seconds="22" value="-28.122778">28°7'22"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66E87FD786863FCDF" box="[1211,1346,709,733]" degrees="138" direction="east" minutes="39" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="15" seconds="23" value="138.65639">138°39'23"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66F72FD786894FCDF" box="[1358,1461,709,733]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="2003-03-04">4.iii.2003</date>
|
||
, stoney desert, mu005;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66E05FD5F6978FCF8" box="[1081,1113,735,762]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">6♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 15.AU.SA.CCK, Cooper Creek, main channel on Birdsville Track,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66EFAFD42680CFD15" box="[1222,1325,767,791]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="2015-01-30">30.i.2015</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66F07FD42689DFD15" box="[1339,1468,767,791]" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="35.707" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="1" value="-28.595118">28°35.707'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB6697BFCA06EF8FD37" box="[839,985,797,821]" degrees="138" direction="east" minutes="42.902" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="1" value="138.71503">138°42.902'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, D. Marshall;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66EBEFCA06982FD37" box="[1154,1187,794,821]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 15.AU.SA.CCM,
|
||
<quantity id="4C8222E4AE12FFB66F49FCA0689AFD37" box="[1397,1467,797,821]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="km" value="17.0">17 km</quantity>
|
||
S of Cooper Ck main channel, Birdsville Track,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66F6DFC876897FD50" box="[1361,1462,826,850]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="2015-01-30">30.i.2015</date>
|
||
, audio recorded,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB669C3FCEA69A3FD6D" box="[1023,1154,855,879]" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="43.534" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="1" value="-28.725567">28°43.534'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66EB1FCE56802FD72" box="[1165,1315,856,880]" degrees="138" direction="east" minutes="37.394" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="1" value="138.62323">138°37.394'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, D. Marshall;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB6697BFCC86E49FD8F" box="[839,872,882,909]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 15.AU.SA.CCN,
|
||
<quantity id="4C8222E4AE12FFB66E13FCC86953FD8F" box="[1071,1138,885,909]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="km" value="72.0">72 km</quantity>
|
||
S of Cooper Ck main channel, Birdsville Track,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66E37FC2F6952FDA8" box="[1035,1139,914,938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="2015-01-30">30.i.2015</date>
|
||
, audio recorded,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66F0BFC2F689AFDA8" box="[1335,1467,914,938]" degrees="29" direction="south" minutes="10.731" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="1" value="-29.17885">29°10.731'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB6697BFC126EC3FDC5" box="[839,994,943,967]" degrees="138" direction="east" minutes="24.357" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="1" value="138.40594">138°24.357'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, D. Marshall;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66EB1FC0D698EFDC5" box="[1165,1199,940,968]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, Strzelecki Track, c.
|
||
<quantity id="4C8222E4AE12FFB66F91FC0D6E48FDE7" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="km" value="8.0">8 km</quantity>
|
||
ENE of Arkaroola Rd jct,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66EA7FC706823FDE7" box="[1179,1282,973,997]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="2015-01-31">31.i.2015</date>
|
||
, audio recorded,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB6697BFC576EE9FA00" box="[839,968,1002,1026]" degrees="29" direction="south" minutes="31.211" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="1" value="-29.520184">29°31.211'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB669EEFC576947FA00" box="[978,1126,1002,1026]" degrees="139" direction="east" minutes="53.484" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="1" value="139.8914">139°53.484'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, D. Marshall;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66F34FC576808FA00" box="[1288,1321,999,1026]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">6♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66F06FC57687AFA00" box="[1338,1371,999,1026]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="female">3♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, 15.AU. SA.SZA, Strzelecki Track, c.
|
||
<quantity id="4C8222E4AE12FFB66E42FBB569E4FA1D" box="[1150,1221,1031,1056]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="km" value="17.0">17 km</quantity>
|
||
ENE of Arkaroola Rd jct,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66951FB986EF3FA3F" box="[877,978,1061,1085]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="2015-01-31">31.i.2015</date>
|
||
, audio recorded,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66EBEFB986820FA3F" box="[1154,1281,1061,1085]" degrees="29" direction="south" minutes="28.081" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="1" value="-29.468018">29°28.081'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66F3BFB9868B6FA3F" box="[1287,1431,1061,1085]" degrees="139" direction="east" minutes="57.133" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="1" value="139.95221">139°57.133'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, D. Marshall;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB6698DFBFF6EF2FA58" box="[945,979,1087,1114]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
audio recorded, Strzelecki Track, c.
|
||
<quantity id="4C8222E4AE12FFB66F77FBFF68B0FA58" box="[1355,1425,1090,1114]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="km" value="32.0">32 km</quantity>
|
||
NE ofArkaroola Rd jct,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66E2BFBE2695DFA75" box="[1047,1148,1119,1143]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="2015-01-31">31.i.2015</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66EB9FBE26825FA75" box="[1157,1284,1119,1143]" degrees="29" direction="south" minutes="20.511" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="1" value="-29.34185">29°20.511'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66F34FBDD68B8FA7A" box="[1288,1433,1120,1144]" degrees="140" direction="east" minutes="01.484" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="1" value="140.02473">140°01.484'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, D. Marshall;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB6698DFBC06EF5FA97" box="[945,980,1146,1173]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
audio recorded, Strzelecki Track,
|
||
<quantity id="4C8222E4AE12FFB66F7EFBC068A7FA97" box="[1346,1414,1149,1173]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="km" value="31.0">31 km</quantity>
|
||
S of Strzelecki Crossing,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66E21FB27695DFAB0" box="[1053,1148,1178,1202]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="2015-02-01">1.ii.2015</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66EB9FB276825FAB0" box="[1157,1284,1178,1202]" degrees="29" direction="south" minutes="12.900" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="1" value="-29.215">29°12.900'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66F35FB2768BBFAB0" box="[1289,1434,1178,1202]" degrees="140" direction="east" minutes="04.463" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="1" value="140.07439">140°04.463'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, D. Marshall. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE12FFB66985FB0A6ED8FACD" bold="true" box="[953,1017,1207,1231]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">MSM</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66E33FB056911FACD" box="[1039,1072,1204,1232]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
photographed, Cooper Ck floodplain, Beach Energy Callawonga Camp, approx
|
||
<quantity id="4C8222E4AE12FFB66F36FB68686EFAEF" box="[1290,1359,1237,1261]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="km" value="87.0">87 km</quantity>
|
||
WNW of Moomba,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66987FB4F690AFB08" box="[955,1067,1266,1290]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="2015-01-27">27.1.2015</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66E06FB4F69ECFB08" box="[1082,1229,1266,1290]" degrees="27" direction="south" minutes="55.6214" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="1" value="-27.927023">27°55.6214'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66EE4FB4F68A9FB08" box="[1240,1416,1266,1290]" degrees="129" direction="east" minutes="20.4354" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="1" value="129.34059">129°20.4354' E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Jan Scott. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE12FFB669A5FAB26E94FB25" bold="true" box="[921,949,1295,1319]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">JS</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BE41E3AE12FFB669F3FAAD69D2FB2A" box="[975,1267,1296,1320]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">WESTERN AUSTRALIA</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66F3DFAAD6803FB25" box="[1281,1314,1292,1320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, East Hyden, W.A.,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB669B7FA906ED1FB47" box="[907,1008,1325,1349]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="1985-01-29">29.i.1985</date>
|
||
, S. Lamond;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66E42FA9069BEFB47" box="[1150,1183,1322,1349]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C8222E4AE12FFB66E91FA9069D0FB47" box="[1197,1265,1325,1349]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="km" value="35.0">35 km</quantity>
|
||
E of Pindar, W.A.,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66974FAF76E92FB60" box="[840,947,1354,1378]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="2001-02-11">11.ii.2001</date>
|
||
, M. Powell, D. Knowles;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66EF5FAF769C8FB60" box="[1225,1257,1351,1378]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C4488AE12FFB66ECBFAF76839FB60" box="[1271,1304,1351,1378]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, AU.WA.EEN,
|
||
<quantity id="4C8222E4AE12FFB6697BFAD56EA8FB7D" box="[839,905,1383,1408]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="km" value="18.0">18 km</quantity>
|
||
E of Eneabba,
|
||
<date id="FFC4A9C1AE12FFB66E19FADA69ABFB7D" box="[1061,1162,1383,1407]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" value="2003-01-21">21.i.2003</date>
|
||
, audio recorded,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB66F07FADA689AFB7D" box="[1339,1467,1383,1407]" degrees="29" direction="south" minutes="45.404" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="1" value="-29.756733">29°45.404'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4EE9C6AE12FFB6697AFA386EF7FB9F" box="[838,982,1413,1437]" degrees="115" direction="east" minutes="25.939" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" precision="1" value="115.43232">115°25.939'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Moulds, Marshall, Vanderpool (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE12FFB66F12FA38684FFB9F" bold="true" box="[1326,1390,1413,1437]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">MSM</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE12FFB66959FA1F684AF957" blockId="6.[837,1469,151,1877]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">
|
||
A species with a preference for the arid regions of Central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36DCF91AE12FFB66979FA026E8AFBD5" box="[837,939,1471,1495]" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, including southwest
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BE41E3AE12FFB66E9DFA026802FBD5" box="[1185,1315,1471,1495]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
, southeastern and northeastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BE41E3AE12FFB66E35FA606997FBF7" box="[1033,1206,1501,1525]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">South Australia</collectingRegion>
|
||
, northwestern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BE41E3AE12FFB66F60FA606897FBF7" box="[1372,1462,1501,1525]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Victoria</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and semi-arid shrubland regions of southwestern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BE41E3AE12FFB66F58FA466E8DF82D" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
|
||
. It inhabits dense patches of low to medium height vegetation on sandy soils, very commonly on sand dunes, sometimes on dunes quite isolated from more extensive dune fields, and frequently in general proximity to ephemeral creeks and lakes. Vegetation on which this species has been found includes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE12FFB669CCF917686BF8C0" authority="(Rattlepod)" baseAuthorityName="Rattlepod" box="[1008,1354,1706,1730]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Crotalaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="eremaea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE12FFB669CCF91769E4F8C0" box="[1008,1221,1706,1730]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Crotalaria eremaea</emphasis>
|
||
(Rattlepod)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE12FFB66F6BF9176EEEF8DD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Proteaceae" genus="Grevillea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stenobotrya">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE12FFB66F6BF9176EEEF8DD" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Grevillea stenobotrya</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Sandhill Spider-flower), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE12FFB66F7EF97A69B9F8FF" authority="(Sandhill Canegrass)" baseAuthorityName="Sandhill Canegrass" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Zygochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paradoxa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE12FFB66F7EF97A6E8CF8FF" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Zygochloa paradoxa</emphasis>
|
||
(Sandhill Canegrass)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is a relatively sedentary species, tending to remain for extended periods in the same general location. Following heavy summer rains, records indicate that it emerges in relatively large numbers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF05DF89AE13FFB76A4FFDD8692FFCBB" pageId="7" pageNumber="170" startId="7.[115,178,613,639]">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE13FFB76A4FFDD8692FFCBB" blockId="7.[115,1967,613,697]" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE13FFB76A4FFDD86DE6FC7D" bold="true" box="[115,199,613,639]" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">Table 1</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE13FFB76AEBFDD86CF4FC7D" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[215,469,613,639]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arenopsaltria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubivena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE13FFB76AEBFDD86CF4FC7D" box="[215,469,613,639]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">Arenopsaltria nubivena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
measurements (mm) from multiple locations in northeastern South Australia, southern Northern Territory, southwestern Queensland, and southwestern Western Australia.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE13FFB76BEDFD3F6CD6FC9E" box="[465,503,642,668]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">AW</emphasis>
|
||
, abdomen maximum width;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE13FFB76911FD3F6E42FC9E" box="[813,867,642,668]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">FWB</emphasis>
|
||
, maximum width forewing;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE13FFB76EABFD3F69EDFC9E" box="[1175,1228,642,668]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">FWL</emphasis>
|
||
, length forewing;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE13FFB76FAFFD3F689DFC9E" box="[1427,1468,642,668]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">HW</emphasis>
|
||
, head width across eyes;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE13FFB76CF3FD3F6BD4FC9E" box="[1743,1781,642,668]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">PW</emphasis>
|
||
, pronotum width excluding ampliated collar;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE13FFB76BA1FD226CF3FCBB" box="[413,466,671,697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">TBL,</emphasis>
|
||
total body length;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE13FFB768A7FD226F89FCBB" box="[667,680,671,697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">n</emphasis>
|
||
, number of specimens measured.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE13FFB76AD1FD696A85FBDE" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<table id="F97A7DA1AE13004F6ABFFD696A89FBDE" box="[131,1960,724,1500]" gridcols="9" gridrows="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE13004F6ABFFD696A89FCE9" box="[131,1960,724,747]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE13004F6ABFFD696CF6FCE9" box="[131,471,724,747]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">location</th>
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE13004F6BC7FD696F10FCE9" box="[507,561,724,747]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">n</th>
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE13004F6879FD696E9BFCE9" box="[581,954,724,747]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">TBL FWL</th>
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE13004F69F1FD69695FFCE9" box="[973,1150,724,747]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">FWW</th>
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE13004F6EAFFD69680BFCE9" box="[1171,1322,724,747]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">HW</th>
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE13004F6F07FD6968F3FCE9" box="[1339,1490,724,747]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">PW</th>
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE13004F6FD9FD696BB7FCE9" box="[1509,1686,724,747]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">AW</th>
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE13004F6C97FD696A89FCE9" box="[1707,1960,724,747]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">FWL/FWW AW/HW</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE13004F6ABFFCBA6A89FD24" box="[131,1960,775,806]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE13004F6ABFFCBA6A89FD24" box="[131,1960,775,806]" colspan="9" colspanRight="8" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE13FFB7683CFCBA6E00FD24" bold="true" box="[512,801,775,806]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">Southern Populations</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE13004F6ABFFC836A89FD77" box="[131,1960,830,885]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE13004F6ABFFC836CF6FD77" box="[131,471,830,885]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">40 km W Kimba, southeastern SA plus northwestern Victoria</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6BC7FC836F10FD77" box="[507,561,830,885]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">♂ 13 ♀ 2</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6879FC836E9BFD77" box="[581,954,830,885]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">22.1 (19.4–23.4) 25.4 (22.2–28.8) 22.8 (22.6–23.0) 27.4 (26.0–28.8)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F69F1FC83695FFD77" box="[973,1150,830,885]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">9.5 (8.6–10.2) 10.0 (9.6–10.4)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6EAFFC83680BFD77" box="[1171,1322,830,885]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">9.0 (8.1–9.6) 9.5 (9.3–9.7)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6F07FC8368F3FD77" box="[1339,1490,830,885]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">8.2 (7.2–8.7) 8.7 (8.3–9.1)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6FD9FC836BB7FD77" box="[1509,1686,830,885]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">9.5 (8.5–10.2) 9.9 (9.5–10.2)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6C97FC836A7DFD77" box="[1707,1884,830,885]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">2.67 (2.59–2.83) 2.74 (2.71–2.77)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6D49FC836A89FD77" box="[1909,1960,830,885]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">1.06 1.04</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE13004F6ABFFC266A89FDB8" box="[131,1960,923,954]" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE13004F6ABFFC266A89FDB8" box="[131,1960,923,954]" colspan="9" colspanRight="8" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE13FFB76BC1FC266E3FFDB8" bold="true" box="[509,798,923,954]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">Northern Populations</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE13004F6ABFFC6C6A89FA0B" box="[131,1960,977,1033]" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE13004F6ABFFC6C6CF6FA0B" box="[131,471,977,1033]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">southwestern Qld, Windorah and Ethabuka areas</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6BC7FC6C6F10FA0B" box="[507,561,977,1033]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">♂ 20 ♀ 7</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6879FC6C6E9BFA0B" box="[581,954,977,1033]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">22.0 (20.0–24.3) 26.2 (24.0–27.9) 22.8 (21.7–24.1) 26.9 (25.3–28.7)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F69F1FC6C695FFA0B" box="[973,1150,977,1033]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">9.9 (9.1–10.5) 10.1 (9.3–10.8)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6EAFFC6C680BFA0B" box="[1171,1322,977,1033]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">9.0 (8.0–9.7) 9.2 (8.6–9.7)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6F07FC6C68F3FA0B" box="[1339,1490,977,1033]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">8.6 (7.9–9.2) 8.7 (8.1–9.3)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6FD9FC6C6BB7FA0B" box="[1509,1686,977,1033]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">10.1 (9.0–10.9) 10.0 (9.3–10.5)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6C97FC6C6A7DFA0B" box="[1707,1884,977,1033]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">2.65 (2.47–2.86) 2.66 (2.58–2.85)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6D49FC6C6A89FA0B" box="[1909,1960,977,1033]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">1.12 1.09</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE13004F6ABFFB9C6A89FA5B" box="[131,1960,1057,1113]" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE13004F6ABFFB9C6CF6FA5B" box="[131,471,1057,1113]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">NT, Kings Canyon, George Gill Range</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6BC7FB9C6F10FA5B" box="[507,561,1057,1113]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">♂ 3 ♀ 1</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6879FB9C6E9BFA5B" box="[581,954,1057,1113]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">23.2 (22.9–23.4) 26.8 (26.6–27.0) 22.8 28.0</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F69F1FB9C695FFA5B" box="[973,1150,1057,1113]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">10.1 (9.9–10.4) 9.7</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6EAFFB9C680BFA5B" box="[1171,1322,1057,1113]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">9.0 (8.9–9.1) 9.3</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6F07FB9C68F3FA5B" box="[1339,1490,1057,1113]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">8.5 (8.1–9.0) 8.7</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6FD9FB9C6BB7FA5B" box="[1509,1686,1057,1113]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">9.9 (9.8–10.0) 9.3</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6C97FB9C6A7DFA5B" box="[1707,1884,1057,1113]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">2.65 (2.55–2.73) 2.89</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6D49FB9C6A89FA5B" box="[1909,1960,1057,1113]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">1.10 1.00</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE13004F6ABFFBCC6A89FAAB" box="[131,1960,1137,1193]" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE13004F6ABFFBCC6CF6FAAB" box="[131,471,1137,1193]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">NT, Finke River, 120 km SW Alice Springs</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6BC7FBCC6F10FAAB" box="[507,561,1137,1193]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">♂ 6 ♀ 5</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6879FBCC6E9BFAAB" box="[581,954,1137,1193]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">20.8 (20.0–21.6) 25.9 (25.2–26.9) 22.0 (20.5–24.1) 28.2 (27.4–29.7)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F69F1FBCC695FFAAB" box="[973,1150,1137,1193]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">9.9 (9.5–10.1) 10.4 (10.0–11.2)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6EAFFBCC680BFAAB" box="[1171,1322,1137,1193]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">8.8 (8.6–9.1) 9.2 (8.9–9.6)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6F07FBCC68F3FAAB" box="[1339,1490,1137,1193]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">8.8 (8.4–9.0) 9.3 (8.8–9.9)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6FD9FBCC6BB7FAAB" box="[1509,1686,1137,1193]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">9.8 (9.2–10.2) 10.4 (9.9–11.3)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6C97FBCC6A7DFAAB" box="[1707,1884,1137,1193]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">2.62 (2.55–2.74) 2.71 (2.59–2.86)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6D49FBCC6A89FAAB" box="[1909,1960,1137,1193]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">1.11 1.13</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE13004F6ABFFB7C6A89FAFB" box="[131,1960,1217,1273]" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE13004F6ABFFB7C6CF6FAFB" box="[131,471,1217,1273]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">NT, Finke River nr Glen Helen Gorge</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6BC7FB7C6F10FAFB" box="[507,561,1217,1273]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">♂ 10 ♀ 10</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6879FB7C6E9BFAFB" box="[581,954,1217,1273]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">20.9 (19.0–22.2) 25.8 (24.2–27.4) 21.7 (19.5–24.4) 26.4 (24.8–28.1)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F69F1FB7C695FFAFB" box="[973,1150,1217,1273]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">9.4 (8.4–10.8) 9.9 (9.0–10.4)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6EAFFB7C680BFAFB" box="[1171,1322,1217,1273]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">8.8 (8.4–9.2) 8.9 (8.0–9.4)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6F07FB7C68F3FAFB" box="[1339,1490,1217,1273]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">8.6 (7.9–9.1) 8.9 (8.4–9.2)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6FD9FB7C6BB7FAFB" box="[1509,1686,1217,1273]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">9.3 (8.5–9.9) 9.5 (9.1–10.8)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6C97FB7C6A7DFAFB" box="[1707,1884,1217,1273]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">2.74 (2.61–2.93) 2.67 (2.54–2.76)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6D49FB7C6A89FAFB" box="[1909,1960,1217,1273]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">1.06 1.07</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE13004F6ABFFAAC6A89FB4B" box="[131,1960,1297,1353]" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE13004F6ABFFAAC6F10FB4B" box="[131,561,1297,1353]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">northeastern SA, Moomba and ♂ 23 Strzelecki and Birdsville Tracksa ♀ 4</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6879FAAC6E9BFB4B" box="[581,954,1297,1353]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">23.1 (20.6–24.5) 27.3 (25.8–28.4) 23.6 (22.9–24.5) 27.9 (27.3–28.2)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F69F1FAAC695FFB4B" box="[973,1150,1297,1353]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">10.5 (9.7–11.4) 11.2 (10.9–11.4)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6EAFFAAC680BFB4B" box="[1171,1322,1297,1353]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">9.5 (8.8–10.2) 9.7 (9.1–10.1)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6F07FAAC68F3FB4B" box="[1339,1490,1297,1353]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">9.3 (8.3–10.6) 9.4 (9.0–9.7)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6FD9FAAC6BB7FB4B" box="[1509,1686,1297,1353]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">10.6 (9.4–11.3) 10.7 (10.4–11.0)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6C97FAAC6A7DFB4B" box="[1707,1884,1297,1353]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">2.59 (2.41–2.74) 2.49 (2.46–2.51)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6D49FAAC6A89FB4B" box="[1909,1960,1297,1353]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">1.11 1.10</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE13004F6ABFFAD26A89FB8C" box="[131,1960,1391,1422]" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE13004F6ABFFAD26A89FB8C" box="[131,1960,1391,1422]" colspan="9" colspanRight="8" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE13FFB76BC1FAD26E80FB8C" bold="true" box="[509,929,1391,1422]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">Western Australian Populations</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE13004F6ABFFA186A89FBDE" box="[131,1960,1445,1500]" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE13004F6ABFFA186CF6FBDE" box="[131,471,1445,1500]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">18 km E of Eneabba</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6BC7FA186F10FBDE" box="[507,561,1445,1500]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">♂ 1 ♀ 1</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6879FA186E9BFBDE" box="[581,954,1445,1500]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">22.7 26.2 24.5 27.4</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F69F1FA18695FFBDE" box="[973,1150,1445,1500]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">10.7 10.9</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6EAFFA18680BFBDE" box="[1171,1322,1445,1500]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">9.2 9.8</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6F07FA1868F3FBDE" box="[1339,1490,1445,1500]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">7.8 8.1</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6FD9FA186BB7FBDE" box="[1509,1686,1445,1500]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">9.4 9.8</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6C97FA186A7DFBDE" box="[1707,1884,1445,1500]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">2.45 2.51</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE13004F6D49FA186A89FBDE" box="[1909,1960,1445,1500]" gridcol="8" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">1.02 1.00</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE13FFB76A4FFA526CC3F804" blockId="7.[115,482,1519,1542]" box="[115,482,1519,1542]" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<tableNote id="769C8E8FAE13FFB76A4FFA526CC3F804" box="[115,482,1519,1542]" pageId="7" pageNumber="170" targetBox="[131,1960,724,1500]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<superScript id="7C0F2249AE13FFB76A4FFA526D58FBFE" attach="left" box="[115,121,1519,1532]" fontSize="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="170">a</superScript>
|
||
Includes specimens from seven localities.
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF05DF89AE1CFFB86A4FFE0C6A8EFFC9" box="[115,1967,433,459]" pageId="8" pageNumber="171" startId="8.[115,178,433,459]">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE1CFFB86A4FFE0C6A8EFFC9" blockId="8.[115,1967,433,488]" box="[115,1967,433,459]" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1CFFB86A4FFE0C6DE7FFC9" bold="true" box="[115,198,433,459]" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">Table 2</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE1CFFB86AE7FE0C6CF9FFC9" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[219,472,433,459]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arenopsaltria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubivena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1CFFB86AE7FE0C6CF9FFC9" box="[219,472,433,459]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">Arenopsaltria nubivena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
calling songs—comparative song parameter data from multiple locations. All data presented as means, ranges of values in square brackets;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE1CFFB86A4FFE736E1CFFEA" blockId="8.[115,1967,433,488]" box="[115,829,462,488]" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1CFFB86A4FFE736DB1FFEA" box="[115,144,462,488]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">ms</emphasis>
|
||
, milliseconds;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1CFFB86B0FFE736C61FFEA" box="[307,320,462,488]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">n</emphasis>
|
||
, number of measurements;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1CFFB86855FE736FABFFEA" box="[617,650,462,488]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">RR</emphasis>
|
||
, repetition rates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE1CFFB8683CFE406F10FA56" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<table id="F97A7DA1AE1C004F6A4FFE406A8CFA56" box="[115,1965,509,1108]" gridcols="6" gridrows="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE1C004F6A4FFE406A8CFC2F" box="[115,1965,509,557]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="171" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6BB7FE406FDAFC2F" box="[395,763,509,557]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">southwest Qld, 5.6 km W Windorah</th>
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F692AFE4069B0FC2F" box="[790,1169,509,557]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">southwest Qld, 19 km ESE Windorah</th>
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6E91FE406883FC2F" box="[1197,1442,509,557]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">northeast SA, Strzelecki and Birdsville Tracksa</th>
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6F87FE406B84FC2F" box="[1467,1701,509,557]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">southern NT, 105 km ESE Yulara</th>
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6CFFFE406A8CFC2F" box="[1731,1965,509,557]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">Western Australia, 18 km E Eneabba</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE1C004F6A4FFD866A8CFC6F" box="[115,1965,571,621]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6A4FFD866C4FFC6F" box="[115,366,571,621]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">macrosyllable RR —3 syllables</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6BB7FD866FDAFC6F" box="[395,763,571,621]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">192 Hz [179–217] early in song, to 263 Hz [227–294] for main song (n=30)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F692AFD8669B0FC6F" box="[790,1169,571,621]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">222 Hz [196–256] main song, to 200 Hz [189–227] at end of song (n = 37)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6E91FD866883FC6F" box="[1197,1442,571,621]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">241 Hz [211–276] (n = 21)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6F87FD866B84FC6F" box="[1467,1701,571,621]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">244 Hz [227–256] (n=11)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6CFFFD866A8CFC6F" box="[1731,1965,571,621]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">222 Hz [213–238] (n=19)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE1C004F6A4FFDC76A8CFCA9" box="[115,1965,634,683]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6A4FFDC76C4FFCA9" box="[115,366,634,683]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">macrosyllable durations —3 syllables (ms)</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6BB7FDC76FDAFCA9" box="[395,763,634,683]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">4.2 [4.0–4.5] early in song to 3.4 [3.0–3.9] for main song (n = 57)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F692AFDC769B0FCA9" box="[790,1169,634,683]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">4.0 [3.4–4.6] for main song to 3.6 [3.4–4.3] at end of song (n = 39)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6E91FDC76883FCA9" box="[1197,1442,634,683]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">3.4 [2.9–3.9] (n = 20)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6F87FDC76B84FCA9" box="[1467,1701,634,683]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">3.6 [3.4–3.9] (n = 124)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6CFFFDC76A8CFCA9" box="[1731,1965,634,683]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">3.7 [3.4–4.0] (n = 19)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE1C004F6A4FFD056A8CFCE8" box="[115,1965,696,746]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6A4FFD056C4FFCE8" box="[115,366,696,746]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">macrosyllable RR —6 syllables</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6BB7FD056FDAFCE8" box="[395,763,696,746]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">95 Hz [85–105] early in song to 132 Hz [125–137] for main song (n=14)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F692AFD0569B0FCE8" box="[790,1169,696,746]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">111 Hz [102–116] for main song (n = 9)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6E91FD056883FCE8" box="[1197,1442,696,746]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">127 Hz (123–132) (n = 21)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6F87FD056B84FCE8" box="[1467,1701,696,746]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">—</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6CFFFD056A8CFCE8" box="[1731,1965,696,746]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">120 Hz [108–125] (n=36]</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE1C004F6A4FFD4A6A8CFD2B" box="[115,1965,759,809]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6A4FFD4A6C4FFD2B" box="[115,366,759,809]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">macrosyllable durations —6 syllables (ms)</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6BB7FD4A6FDAFD2B" box="[395,763,759,809]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">9.1 [8.4–9.7] early in song to 7.1 [6.7–7.6] for main song (n = 32)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F692AFD4A69B0FD2B" box="[790,1169,759,809]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">8.4 [7.7–9.2] for main song (n = 9)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6E91FD4A6883FD2B" box="[1197,1442,759,809]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">7.0 [6.5–7.7] (n = 22)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6F87FD4A6B84FD2B" box="[1467,1701,759,809]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">—</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6CFFFD4A6A8CFD2B" box="[1731,1965,759,809]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">7.5 [7.1–8.6] (n = 36)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE1C004F6A4FFC8B6A8CFD65" box="[115,1965,822,871]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6A4FFC8B6C4FFD65" box="[115,366,822,871]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">syllable RR within macrosyllables</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6BB7FC8B6FDAFD65" box="[395,763,822,871]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">746 Hz [546–1000] (n = 77)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F692AFC8B69B0FD65" box="[790,1169,822,871]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">714 Hz [526–769] for main song to 667 Hz [526–769] at end of song (n = 62)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6E91FC8B6883FD65" box="[1197,1442,822,871]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">810 Hz (641–990) (n=154)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6F87FC8B6B84FD65" box="[1467,1701,822,871]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">833 Hz [769–909] (n=22)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6CFFFC8B6A8CFD65" box="[1731,1965,822,871]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">714 Hz [625–769] (n=55)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE1C004F6A4FFCC96A8CFDA4" box="[115,1965,884,934]" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6A4FFCC96C4FFDA4" box="[115,366,884,934]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">gaps between 3-syllable macrosyllables (ms)</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6BB7FCC96FDAFDA4" box="[395,763,884,934]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">0.8 [0.4–1.5] early in song to 1.3 [1.2–1.5] (n = 18)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F692AFCC969B0FDA4" box="[790,1169,884,934]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">0.7 [0.3–1.5] for main song, 1.6 [0.7–2.1] at end of song (n = 23)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6E91FCC96883FDA4" box="[1197,1442,884,934]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">0.7 [0.5–1.0] (n = 19)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6F87FCC96B84FDA4" box="[1467,1701,884,934]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">1.7 [1.5–2.0] (n = 11)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6CFFFCC96A8CFDA4" box="[1731,1965,884,934]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">0.8 [0.6–0.9] (n = 30)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE1C004F6A4FFC0E6A8CFDE7" box="[115,1965,947,997]" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6A4FFC0E6C4FFDE7" box="[115,366,947,997]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">gaps between 6-syllable macrosyllables (ms)</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6BB7FC0E6FDAFDE7" box="[395,763,947,997]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">0.9 [0.5–1.5] early in song to 1.5 [1.3–1.8] for main song (n = 16)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F692AFC0E69B0FDE7" box="[790,1169,947,997]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">0.8 [0.4–1.5] (n = 15)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6E91FC0E6883FDE7" box="[1197,1442,947,997]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">1.0 [0.7–1.4] (n = 25)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6F87FC0E6B84FDE7" box="[1467,1701,947,997]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">—</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6CFFFC0E6A8CFDE7" box="[1731,1965,947,997]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">0.8 [0.7–1.0] (n = 36)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE1C004F6A4FFC496A8CFA08" box="[115,1965,1012,1034]" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6A4FFC496C4FFA08" box="[115,366,1012,1034]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">dominant frequency (kHz)</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6BB7FC496FDAFA08" box="[395,763,1012,1034]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">8.2</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F692AFC4969B0FA08" box="[790,1169,1012,1034]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">8.1</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6E91FC496883FA08" box="[1197,1442,1012,1034]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">7.4–7.8</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6F87FC496B84FA08" box="[1467,1701,1012,1034]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">8.1</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6CFFFC496A8CFA08" box="[1731,1965,1012,1034]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">7.7–8.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE1C004F6A4FFBA46A8CFA2D" box="[115,1965,1049,1071]" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6A4FFBA46C4FFA2D" box="[115,366,1049,1071]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">bandwidth (kHz)</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6BB7FBA46FDAFA2D" box="[395,763,1049,1071]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">3.1</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F692AFBA469B0FA2D" box="[790,1169,1049,1071]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">3.0</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6E91FBA46883FA2D" box="[1197,1442,1049,1071]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">3.1–4.1</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6F87FBA46B84FA2D" box="[1467,1701,1049,1071]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">3.4</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6CFFFBA46A8CFA2D" box="[1731,1965,1049,1071]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">2.3–2.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE1C004F6A4FFB806A8CFA56" box="[115,1965,1085,1108]" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6A4FFB806A8CFA56" box="[115,1965,1085,1108]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">a Based on recordings from four locations (see text).</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF05DF89AE1CFFB86A4FFB0B6EF5FAEF" pageId="8" pageNumber="171" startId="8.[115,178,1206,1232]">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE1CFFB86A4FFB0B6EF5FAEF" blockId="8.[115,1967,1206,1261]" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1CFFB86A4FFB0B6DE4FAD2" bold="true" box="[115,197,1206,1232]" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">Table 3</emphasis>
|
||
. Comparison of calling song parameters between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE1CFFB868E0FB0B6E86FAD2" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[732,935,1206,1232]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arenopsaltria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fullo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1CFFB868E0FB0B6E86FAD2" box="[732,935,1206,1232]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">Arenopsaltria fullo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1CFFB86988FB0B69CCFAD2" box="[948,1261,1206,1232]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE1CFFB86988FB0B6910FAD2" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[948,1073,1206,1232]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arenopsaltria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pygmaea">A. pygmaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE1CFFB86E5AFB0B69C8FAD2" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[1126,1257,1206,1232]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arenopsaltria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubivena">A. nubivena</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Data presented as mean values ± 1σ; ranges in square brackets;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1CFFB86DA6FB0B6A86FAD2" box="[1946,1959,1206,1232]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">n</emphasis>
|
||
, number of measurements; equivalent values in
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1CFFB86856FB6E6FA9FAEF" box="[618,648,1235,1261]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">ms</emphasis>
|
||
(milliseconds), in parentheses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE1CFFB86B38FABB6BA5F892" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<table id="F97A7DA1AE1C004F6A4FFABB6A85F892" box="[115,1956,1286,1680]" gridcols="4" gridrows="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE1C004F6A4FFABB6A85FB22" box="[115,1956,1286,1312]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6A4FFABB6F54FB22" box="[115,629,1286,1312]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">variable</th>
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F68F1FABB6968FB22" box="[717,1097,1286,1312]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE1CFFB868D2FABB6EC9FB22" authority="Mullaloo Beach" box="[750,1000,1286,1312]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arenopsaltria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fullo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1CFFB868D2FABB6E1BFB22" box="[750,826,1286,1312]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">A. fullo</emphasis>
|
||
Mullaloo Beach
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6E44FABB68D5FB22" box="[1144,1524,1286,1312]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE1CFFB86E97FABB6806FB22" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[1195,1319,1286,1312]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arenopsaltria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1CFFB86E97FABB6806FB22" box="[1195,1319,1286,1312]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">A. pygmaea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
14 km NE of
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6C09FABB6A85FB22" box="[1589,1956,1286,1312]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE1CFFB86C6AFABB6BF3FB22" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[1622,1746,1286,1312]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arenopsaltria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubivena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1CFFB86C6AFABB6BF3FB22" box="[1622,1746,1286,1312]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">A. nubivena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
summary
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE1C004F6A4FFA9E6A85FB3F" box="[115,1956,1315,1341]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="171" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F68F1FA9E6968FB3F" box="[717,1097,1315,1341]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">North Perth</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6E44FA9E68D5FB3F" box="[1144,1524,1315,1341]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">Jurien, N of Perth</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6C09FA9E6A85FB3F" box="[1589,1956,1315,1341]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">of Table 2 data</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE1C004F6A4FFAED6A85FB68" box="[115,1956,1360,1386]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6A4FFAED6F54FB68" box="[115,629,1360,1386]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">macrosyllable durations (ms)</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F68F1FAED6968FB68" box="[717,1097,1360,1386]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">22.0±0.9 (n=63) [20.8–23.9]</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6E44FAED68D5FB68" box="[1144,1524,1360,1386]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">21.6±3.2 (n=117) [15.5–26.9]</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6C09FAED6A85FB68" box="[1589,1956,1360,1386]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">3.6 (3 syllables) [2.9–4.6] (n=259)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE1C004F6A4FFAD36A85FB8A" box="[115,1956,1390,1416]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="171" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6C09FAD36A85FB8A" box="[1589,1956,1390,1416]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">7.3 (6 syllables) [6.5–9.2] (n=99)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE1C004F6A4FFA366A85FBA7" box="[115,1956,1419,1445]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6A4FFA366F54FBA7" box="[115,629,1419,1445]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">macrosyllable repetition rates (Hz)</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F68F1FA366A85FBA7" box="[717,1956,1419,1445]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">34.8±0.7 (n=62) [32.9–35.7] (≈28.8 ms) 30.9±3.8 (n=118) [25.6–37.9] (≈32.4 ms) 238 (3 syllables) [196–294] (n=113)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE1C004F6A4FFA156A85FBC0" box="[115,1956,1448,1474]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="171" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6C09FA156A85FBC0" box="[1589,1956,1448,1474]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">123 (6 syllables) [102–137] (n=80)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE1C004F6A4FFA7B6A85FBFF" box="[115,1956,1478,1533]" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6A4FFA7B6968FBFF" box="[115,1097,1478,1533]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">mean syllable repetition rates within macrosyllables (Hz) 463±8 (n=49) [437–473] (≈2.2 ms) syllable doublets—repetition rates (Hz)c</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6E44FA7B68D5FBFF" box="[1144,1524,1478,1533]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">725±65 (n=56) [613–813] (≈1.4 ms)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6C09FA7B6A85FBFF" box="[1589,1956,1478,1533]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">767 (n=370) [526–1000] (≈1.3 ms)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE1C004F6A4FF9BD6A85F818" box="[115,1956,1536,1562]" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6A4FF9BD6F54F818" box="[115,629,1536,1562]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1CFFB86AB4F9BD6D87F818" box="[136,166,1536,1562]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">(a)</emphasis>
|
||
syllable 1 to syllable 2 within doublets (Hz)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F68F1F9BD6968F818" box="[717,1097,1536,1562]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">549±68 (n=70) [442–775] (≈1.8 ms)</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6E44F9BD68D5F818" box="[1144,1524,1536,1562]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">—</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6C09F9BD6A85F818" box="[1589,1956,1536,1562]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE1C004F6A4FF9A36A85F83A" box="[115,1956,1566,1592]" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6A4FF9A36968F83A" box="[115,1097,1566,1592]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1CFFB86AB4F9A36D87F83A" box="[136,166,1566,1592]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">(b)</emphasis>
|
||
syllable 2 to syllable 1 of following doublet (Hz) 404±56 (n=70) [311–599] (≈2.5 ms)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6E44F9A368D5F83A" box="[1144,1524,1566,1592]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">—</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6C09F9A36A85F83A" box="[1589,1956,1566,1592]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE1C004F6A4FF9866A85F857" box="[115,1956,1595,1621]" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6A4FF9866F54F857" box="[115,629,1595,1621]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">number of syllables per macrosyllable</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F68F1F9866968F857" box="[717,1097,1595,1621]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">10–11</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6E44F98668D5F857" box="[1144,1524,1595,1621]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">11–18</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6C09F9866A85F857" box="[1589,1956,1595,1621]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">3 and/or 6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE1C004F6A4FF9E56A85F870" box="[115,1956,1624,1650]" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6A4FF9E56F54F870" box="[115,629,1624,1650]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">dominant frequency (kHz)</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F68F1F9E56968F870" box="[717,1097,1624,1650]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">6.9</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6E44F9E568D5F870" box="[1144,1524,1624,1650]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">9.8</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6C09F9E56A85F870" box="[1589,1956,1624,1650]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">7.4–8.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354A8D43AE1C004F6A4FF9CB6A85F892" box="[115,1956,1654,1680]" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th id="769BE43FAE1C004F6A4FF9CB6F54F892" box="[115,629,1654,1680]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">bandwidth (kHz)</th>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F68F1F9CB6968F892" box="[717,1097,1654,1680]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">2.8</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6E44F9CB68D5F892" box="[1144,1524,1654,1680]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">2.7</td>
|
||
<td id="769BE43FAE1C004F6C09F9CB6A85F892" box="[1589,1956,1654,1680]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">2.3–4.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE1CFFB86A4FF91F6ED6F8BB" blockId="8.[115,1015,1698,1721]" box="[115,1015,1698,1721]" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<tableNote id="769C8E8FAE1CFFB86A4FF91F6ED6F8BB" box="[115,1015,1698,1721]" pageId="8" pageNumber="171" targetBox="[115,1956,1286,1680]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<superScript id="7C0F2249AE1CFFB86A4FF91F6D58F8AD" attach="left" box="[115,121,1698,1711]" fontSize="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">c</superScript>
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE1CFFB86AA9F9196C19F8BB" box="[149,312,1700,1721]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arenopsaltria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fullo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1CFFB86AA9F9196C19F8BB" box="[149,312,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="171">Arenopsaltria fullo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the syllables predominantly occur in distinct doublets within each macrosyllable.
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF05DF89AE1DFFB96A45F896684BF9E3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238549" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5238549" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5238549/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="172" startId="9.[121,182,1835,1857]" targetBox="[122,1421,155,1828]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE1DFFB96A45F896684BF9E3" blockId="9.[120,1422,1835,2018]" pageId="9" pageNumber="172">
|
||
Figure 5.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE1DFFB96AEEF8966C8FF942" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[210,430,1835,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arenopsaltria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubivena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1DFFB96AEEF8966C8FF942" box="[210,430,1835,1856]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="172">Arenopsaltria nubivena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, waveform plots of calling songs from 5.6 km west of Windorah, southwest Queensland;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1DFFB96ECDF891682EF943" box="[1265,1295,1836,1857]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="172">(A)</emphasis>
|
||
general view showing the relatively uniform, continuous buzzing song, but showing two short breaks (marked by hollow arrows);
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1DFFB96EE1F8FB69DAF959" box="[1245,1275,1862,1883]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="172">(B)</emphasis>
|
||
time expanded segment of calling song showing the repeated macrosyllables, each with six dominant syllables, the arrows defining the limits of the individual macrosyllables;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1DFFB96B32F8C16C0CF993" box="[270,301,1916,1937]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="172">(C)</emphasis>
|
||
higher resolution waveform plot of two macrosyllables, the filled arrow marking the boundary between the macrosyllables. The six dominant syllables (DS) each comprise 5 to 7 high amplitude carrier wave pulses. The time intervals between the dominant and secondary syllables (SS) comprise lower amplitude background pulses, variably frequency modulated; the horizontal arrows define the syllable repetition rates (RR) and the intra-syllable durations between the dominant and secondary syllables. Field recordings, filtered to 1 kHz.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE1EFFBA6BB7FF2A6F17FEB3" blockId="10.[395,566,151,177]" box="[395,566,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1EFFBA6BB7FF2A6F17FEB3" bold="true" box="[395,566,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="173">Calling songs</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF05DF89AE1EFFBA697BFF2A691DFBD5" pageId="10" pageNumber="173" startId="10.[839,897,151,175]">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE1EFFBA697BFF2A6898FF98" blockId="10.[837,1469,151,1995]" pageId="10" pageNumber="173">Table 2. The song recorded from 5.6 km west of Windorah, southwestern Queensland, as seen in time expanded plots (Fig. 5B, C), comprises repeated macrosyllables, each comprising six high amplitude syllables. Syllable durations (Table 2, main song) range between 8.4–9.7 ms, with mean repetition rates of 132/s. The earliest song segments exhibit the longer syllable durations and lower repetition rates, presumably the “warming-up” phase. Syllable repetition rates (Fig. 5C) in each macrosyllable range between 680–1000/s.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE1EFFBA6B44FF716F69FEE5" blockId="10.[376,584,204,231]" box="[376,584,204,231]" pageId="10" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<figureCitation id="13419384AE1EFFBA6B44FF716CC2FEE5" box="[376,483,204,231]" captionStart-0="Figure 5" captionStart-1="Figure 6" captionStart-2="Figure 7" captionStart-3="Figure 8" captionStart-4="Figure 9" captionStartId-0="9.[121,182,1835,1857]" captionStartId-1="11.[121,184,1531,1553]" captionStartId-2="12.[167,230,1840,1862]" captionStartId-3="13.[121,184,1788,1810]" captionStartId-4="14.[217,280,1846,1868]" captionTargetBox-0="[122,1421,155,1828]" captionTargetBox-1="[122,1421,162,1512]" captionTargetBox-2="[207,1428,153,1817]" captionTargetBox-3="[198,1347,151,1775]" captionTargetBox-4="[218,1419,149,1830]" captionTargetId-0="figure-147@9.[121,1421,151,1828]" captionTargetId-1="figure-297@11.[121,1421,151,1512]" captionTargetId-2="figure-158@12.[206,1428,147,1825]" captionTargetId-3="figure-190@13.[197,1347,151,1775]" captionTargetId-4="figure-138@14.[217,1419,149,1830]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionTargetPageId-3="13" captionTargetPageId-4="14" captionText-0="Figure 5. Arenopsaltria nubivena, waveform plots of calling songs from 5.6 km west of Windorah, southwest Queensland; (A) general view showing the relatively uniform, continuous buzzing song, but showing two short breaks (marked by hollow arrows); (B) time expanded segment ofcalling song showingthe repeated macrosyllables, each withsix dominantsyllables,the arrows defining thelimits of theindividual macrosyllables;(C) higher resolution waveformplot of two macrosyllables,the filledarrowmarking theboundary between themacrosyllables. The six dominant syllables (DS) each comprise 5 to 7 high amplitude carrier wave pulses. The time intervals between the dominant and secondary syllables (SS) comprise lower amplitude background pulses,variably frequency modulated;the horizontalarrows define the syllable repetition rates (RR) and the intra-syllable durations between the dominant and secondary syllables. Field recordings, filtered to 1 kHz." captionText-1="Figure 6. Arenopsaltria nubivena, waveform plots of calling songs from 19 km east-southeast of Windorah, southwest Queensland. (A) song segment with three dominant syllables in each macrosyllable, the hollow arrows marking the macrosyllable limits; (B) time expanded segment of three macrosyllables each with six dominant syllables, the limits of each marked by the arrows; (C) end segment of an extended buzzing element showing macrosyllables (limits marked by arrows) with three syllables, but with the third syllable having a strong reduction in amplitude; following the buzz element, separated by 17 ms, is a macrosyllable comprising three syllables, the third syllable also strongly reduced in amplitude. Field recordings, filtered to 4 kHz." captionText-2="Figure 7.Arenopsaltria nubivena, waveform plots of calling songs from;(A) 105 km east-southeast ofYulara, southern Northern Territory, a higher resolution plot of buzzing element showing the macrosyllables, each with three dominant syllables, the hollow arrows marking the macrosyllable limits. (B, C) from 18 km east of Eneabba, southwestern Western Australia, higher resolution plots;B, showing a transition from initially six syllables per macrosyllable to three syllables per macrosyllable; C, further time expanded plot of three macrosyllables, each with six dominant syllables, the initiation of each macrosyllable marked by a higher amplitude syllable; (D) from 72 km south of Cooper Creek crossing, Birdsville Track, Strzelecki Desert, northeastern South Australia, showing macrosyllables with three and six dominant syllables, the arrows marking the macrosyllable limits.Field recordings, A filtered to 4 kHz, B to 5 kHz, C to 2 kHz,D to 1 kHz." captionText-3="Figure 8. Arenopsaltria nubivena, higher resolution waveform and accompanying amplitude spectra plots of complete macrosyllables and segments of adjacent macrosyllables. The two recordings are of the calling songs, from 5.6 km west of Windorah, southwest Queensland. The macrosyllables each have six dominant syllables. A and C are waveform plots showing the high amplitude dominant syllables (labelled DS in A), these separated by smaller secondary syllables (labelled SS in A). Between these syllables are mostly low amplitude background pulses, possibly reverberation induced. The results of measurements on the carrier wave pulses are shown above the waveforms, showing the limits and calculated frequency (in kHz) within each of the short song segments, these mostly corresponding to the syllables and background pulses. B andD are the respective amplitude spectra of each of the two waveforms shown inA andC. The numbers adjacent to the selected spectral peaks are kHz. The measured frequency ranges (horizontal lines) and weighted mean frequency (downward pointing arrows), which are derived from the waveform plots, are shown. Song recordings filtered to 1 kHz." captionText-4="Figure 9. Comparative plots of amplitude spectra of: (A) Arenopsaltria pygmaea from 14 km northeast of Jurien Bay, Western Australia; (B) Arenopsaltria fullo, from Mullaloo Beach, north of Perth, Western Australia; (C–F) Arenopsaltria nubivena, from, respectively; 5.6 km west of Windorah, southwest Queensland; 72 km south of Cooper Creek crossing, Birdsville Track, Strzelecki Desert, South Australia; 105 km east southeast of Yulara, southern Northern Territory; and 18 km east of Eneabba, Western Australia, respectively. Note the weak extensions in all the plots to frequencies higher than the defined dominant frequency. The horizontal bars define the high amplitude frequency envelope of each spectrum, used to estimate the dominant frequency and the nominal bandwidth of each song. Each spectrum shown only between 3 to 16 kHz." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238549" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238553" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238555" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238559" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238561" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5238549/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5238553/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5238555/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5238559/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5238561/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="173">Figs 5–9</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F8BABAAE1EFFBA6BD3FF716F69FEE5" box="[495,584,204,231]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[115,178,433,459]" captionText="Table 2. Arenopsaltria nubivena calling songs—comparative song parameter data from multiple locations. All data presented as means, ranges of values in square brackets;" pageId="10" pageNumber="173">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE1EFFBA6A9AFF466FF2FB14" blockId="10.[164,800,251,1449]" pageId="10" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1EFFBA6A9AFF466C48FF11" bold="true" box="[166,361,251,275]" pageId="10" pageNumber="173">Song terminology</emphasis>
|
||
: The following terminology is used in this paper to describe the cicada songs. The terms pulse, syllable, macrosyllable, and echeme are the main technical terms used. In cicadas which emit calling songs with relatively low to moderate frequencies (approx. <10 kHz), the carrier pulses are resolved in higher resolution audio recordings when these are examined in waveform and envelope plots which allow the carrier pulses to be readily seen. The resolution of these, however, can complicate song terminology in the more complex calling songs, specifically in regard to the definition of carrier pulses and syllables.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEBF2F0AE1EFFBA68BEFD9C6E34FC3B" author="Sueur, J" box="[642,789,545,569]" pageId="10" pageNumber="173" pagination="379 - 394" refId="ref14267" refString="Sueur, J. 2002. Cicada acoustic communication: potential sound partitioning in a multispecies community from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 75: 379 - 394. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2002. tb 02079. x" type="journal article" year="2002">Sueur (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, for example, illustrates songs in which strongly developed bursts of acoustic energy are referred to as “pulses”, yet clearly comprise multiple smaller pulses which he refers to as “elementary oscillations”. In this paper, we define
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1EFFBA68E4FD2B6E3BFCAC" box="[728,794,662,686]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="173">pulses</emphasis>
|
||
(the “elementary oscillations” of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEBF2F0AE1EFFBA6833FD096FB0FCCE" author="Sueur, J" box="[527,657,692,716]" pageId="10" pageNumber="173" pagination="379 - 394" refId="ref14267" refString="Sueur, J. 2002. Cicada acoustic communication: potential sound partitioning in a multispecies community from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 75: 379 - 394. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2002. tb 02079. x" type="journal article" year="2002">Sueur, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as the very short and sharp bursts of sound energy, commonly between 0.1 to 0.2 ms in duration, one or more of which result from a single click of one timbal or the simultaneous clicking of both timbals, and in this paper, we equate these with the carrier pulses of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE1EFFBA6B0CFCFB6CE3FD5C" authorityName="Ashton" authorityYear="1921" box="[304,450,838,862]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arenopsaltria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1EFFBA6B0CFCFB6CE3FD5C" box="[304,450,838,862]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="173">Arenopsaltria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
songs. Individual pulses involve movement contraction and then expansion of the timbal muscles, leading to inward then outward movement of the timbal ribs, the exact configuration of a complete movement being dependent on the species (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEBF2F0AE1EFFBA685EFC016E32FDD1" author="Fleming, C" box="[610,787,955,980]" pageId="10" pageNumber="173" pagination="47 - 64" refId="ref13402" refString="Fleming, C. A. 1975. Acoustic behaviour as a generic character in New Zealand cicadas (Hemiptera: Homoptera). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 5 (1): 47 - 64. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03036758.1975.10419379" type="journal article" year="1975">Fleming, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Multiple pulses stereotypically are grouped into natural, coherent higher amplitude bursts of acoustic energy, which we term syllables. These comprise the higher amplitude dominant syllables and weaker secondary syllables (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="13419384AE1EFFBA6849FB8C6F92FA4B" box="[629,691,1073,1097]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[121,182,1835,1857]" captionTargetBox="[122,1421,155,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-147@9.[121,1421,151,1828]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Arenopsaltria nubivena, waveform plots of calling songs from 5.6 km west of Windorah, southwest Queensland; (A) general view showing the relatively uniform, continuous buzzing song, but showing two short breaks (marked by hollow arrows); (B) time expanded segment ofcalling song showingthe repeated macrosyllables, each withsix dominantsyllables,the arrows defining thelimits of theindividual macrosyllables;(C) higher resolution waveformplot of two macrosyllables,the filledarrowmarking theboundary between themacrosyllables. The six dominant syllables (DS) each comprise 5 to 7 high amplitude carrier wave pulses. The time intervals between the dominant and secondary syllables (SS) comprise lower amplitude background pulses,variably frequency modulated;the horizontalarrows define the syllable repetition rates (RR) and the intra-syllable durations between the dominant and secondary syllables. Field recordings, filtered to 1 kHz." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238549" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5238549/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="173">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13419384AE1EFFBA68DDFB8C6FCEFA4B" box="[737,751,1073,1097]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[121,184,1788,1810]" captionTargetBox="[198,1347,151,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-190@13.[197,1347,151,1775]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 8. Arenopsaltria nubivena, higher resolution waveform and accompanying amplitude spectra plots of complete macrosyllables and segments of adjacent macrosyllables. The two recordings are of the calling songs, from 5.6 km west of Windorah, southwest Queensland. The macrosyllables each have six dominant syllables. A and C are waveform plots showing the high amplitude dominant syllables (labelled DS in A), these separated by smaller secondary syllables (labelled SS in A). Between these syllables are mostly low amplitude background pulses, possibly reverberation induced. The results of measurements on the carrier wave pulses are shown above the waveforms, showing the limits and calculated frequency (in kHz) within each of the short song segments, these mostly corresponding to the syllables and background pulses. B andD are the respective amplitude spectra of each of the two waveforms shown inA andC. The numbers adjacent to the selected spectral peaks are kHz. The measured frequency ranges (horizontal lines) and weighted mean frequency (downward pointing arrows), which are derived from the waveform plots, are shown. Song recordings filtered to 1 kHz." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5238559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5238559/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="173">8</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the example of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE1EFFBA6B50FBF26CC8FA64" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[364,489,1102,1126]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arenopsaltria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubivena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1EFFBA6B50FBF26CC8FA64" box="[364,489,1102,1126]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="173">A. nubivena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
songs, there are 5 to 7 pulses per dominant syllable. The pulses thus represent multiple sound waves with a range of sound frequencies characteristic of the species, and together define the composition of the syllables, background noise and reverberations generated during the sound emissions. This terminology is consistent with that used by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEBF2F0AE1EFFBA6B5FFB436F29FB14" author="Fleming, C" box="[355,520,1278,1302]" pageId="10" pageNumber="173" pagination="47 - 64" refId="ref13402" refString="Fleming, C. A. 1975. Acoustic behaviour as a generic character in New Zealand cicadas (Hemiptera: Homoptera). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 5 (1): 47 - 64. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03036758.1975.10419379" type="journal article" year="1975">Fleming (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEBF2F0AE1EFFBA6806FB426FEEFB14" author="Young, D" box="[570,719,1278,1303]" pageId="10" pageNumber="173" pagination="342 - 362" refId="ref14327" refString="Young, D. 1972. Neuromuscular mechanism of sound production in Australian cicadas. Journal of Comparative Physiology 79: 342 - 362. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00696251" type="journal article" year="1972">Young (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE1EFFBA6959FE2269E2FD1A" blockId="10.[837,1469,151,1995]" pageId="10" pageNumber="173">Although six high amplitude syllables per macrosyllable is most typical of this song, some incipient splitting of the macrosyllables into two macrosyllables (each with three syllables) is observed. As seen in Figs 5C and 6A, the individual high amplitude (dominant) syllables are usually followed by lower amplitude secondary syllables, the duration between them defined as the intra-syllable duration. The mean intra-syllable duration measured on multiple recordings is 0.76 ms (n = 55, range 0.41–0.95 ms). The dominant syllables comprise 5 to 7 pulses, the secondary syllables each comprise 3 to 4 pulses, these forming the main acoustic components of the songs. Further discussion of these is given below (see Fig. 8).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE1EFFBA6959FCA0691DFBD5" blockId="10.[837,1469,151,1995]" pageId="10" pageNumber="173">
|
||
Time expanded waveforms of the song from 19 km eastsoutheast of Windorah (Fig. 6A) show the clear division of the song into macrosyllables, these predominantly with three syllables, with a mean macrosyllable duration of 4.0 ms and mean repetition rate of 222 Hz. Nevertheless, some song segments (Fig. 6B) exhibit macrosyllables with six syllables, the initial syllable being relatively high amplitude, with a mean macrosyllable duration of 8.4 ms (repetition rate: 111 Hz). An additional significant change in the macrosyllable structure is observed at the end of an extended buzzing echeme (Fig. 6C), marked by the much reduced amplitude of the third syllable in each macrosyllable. That this third syllable is still a separate syllable is confirmed by the intersyllable durations, the mean values between syllables 1 and 2 being 1.4 ms and between syllables 2 and 3 being 1.7 ms. Note is made of the gap of 17 ms at the end of this same song (Fig. 6C), followed by a short isolated macrosyllable comprising two syllables. In cicadas belonging to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE1EFFBA697BFA906EEEFB47" box="[839,975,1325,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadettinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cicadettinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, comparable gaps have been noted to provide a marker for female wing-flick responses (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEBF2F0AE1EFFBA6F66FAF76E5EFB82" author="Gwynne, D" pageId="10" pageNumber="173" pagination="571 - 576" refId="ref13520" refString="Gwynne, D. T. 1987. Sex-biased predation and the risky mate-locating behaviour of male tick-tock cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae). Animal Behaviour 35: 571 - 576. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0003 - 3472 (87) 80283 - X" type="journal article" year="1987">Gwynne, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEBF2F0AE1EFFBA69B5FADA6932FB82" author="Bailey, W" box="[905,1043,1383,1408]" pageId="10" pageNumber="173" pagination="157 - 174" refId="ref12897" refString="Bailey, W. J. 2003. Insect duets: underlying mechanisms and their evolution. Physiological Entomology 28: 157 - 174. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 3032.2003.00337. x" type="journal article" year="2003">Bailey, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Marshall & Hill, 2009), but this has not so far been confirmed in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE1EFFBA6E49FA3869C1FB9F" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1141,1248,1413,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cicadinae">Cicadinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and we are unaware of any other evidence suggesting the existence of acoustic duets in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7AF482AE1EFFBA699DFA026915FBD5" authorityName="Ashton" authorityYear="1921" box="[929,1076,1471,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arenopsaltria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1EFFBA699DFA026915FBD5" box="[929,1076,1471,1495]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="173">Arenopsaltria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC58F01AE1EFFBA6AF9FAA16C23FBAB" blockId="10.[164,800,251,1449]" pageId="10" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1EFFBA6AF9FAA16C49FB36" box="[197,360,1308,1332]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="173">Macrosyllables</emphasis>
|
||
are coherent sets of multiple syllables, comprising distinct and measureable units.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E5313AE1EFFBA6845FA846FF9FB53" box="[633,728,1337,1361]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="173">Echemes</emphasis>
|
||
result from the extended merging or near coalescence of sets of macrosyllables, typically forming a continuous buzzing element.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |