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<document id="2BC5E0603595720371A18E7C5E222B06" ID-CLB-Dataset="3616" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5061.1.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0b7d66df-755c-4a1a-b925-3c71e1e8fab4" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5642287" ID-ZooBank="EFE2D12B-3F02-4831-A913-DEFE1F9A0C92" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1635922809189" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Chagas, Cléslei &amp; Cavalcanti, Fernanda F." docDate="2021" docId="03CEAF23A47CFF9AFF36EE30F379FA0D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5061.1.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5061 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Leuconia dohrni Chagas &amp; Cavalcanti 2021, comb. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="64" masterDocId="FFF7D75BA464FF83FFA1E823F22AFF90" masterDocTitle="Partial taxonomic revision of Amphoriscus Haeckel, 1870 (Porifera: Calcarea) with description of A. decennis sp. nov." masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="39" pageNumber="63" updateTime="1699467561842" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="98B961BFE953FFD7DA27DA1DD52DFFF4" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="203694B83F49EA0CC2F972AF7D154E3C">
<mods:title id="26CCAC1AB4AD261B2429DCFA1AC98BEE">Partial taxonomic revision of Amphoriscus Haeckel, 1870 (Porifera: Calcarea) with description of A. decennis sp. nov.</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="D13A29AC68411A46EC1AD0BB92786C0C" type="personal">
<mods:role id="6FF744646A3227B4DA59CBC3CEBAB1CC">
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<mods:namePart id="C3B9760A5EDCDAF2DDFEEE081BF2D9F2">Chagas, Cléslei</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="360CD02DA7D83002A6E5DA01B2D5EAF0">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Biologia. Rua Barão de Jeremoabo s / n, Ondina, Salvador / Bahia, Brazil. 40170 - 115.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:role id="40D9F567041695EF1868D4F4391577D3">
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<mods:namePart id="72D01A3518E96E871DCD869ECB67A958">Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="0D9EE809ED574D52138C834BEBB0D69D" type="ORCID">0000-0002-1619-0860</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="996A79DCA4854C141A65B10A919019C5">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Biologia. Rua Barão de Jeremoabo s / n, Ondina, Salvador / Bahia, Brazil. 40170 - 115. &amp; fernanda. porifera @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 1619 - 0860</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="7C37906A4DDF277E83B49379BDD954B9" type="email">fernanda.porifera@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
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<mods:title id="F1F06F6605AB948FA268E950BC7025EF">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="5E8CE1233F5FD8C614E2BE823C6A5D26">
<mods:date id="7089BE80FF54759D744D3F0CD30D3B85">2021</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="6F4EC6D5FCB0E15E75EA80D391844FB3" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="198D3895C080A56712BB2033D26FDCC0">2021-11-03</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="57DED3A291AFE6233C44845130702F70" type="volume">
<mods:number id="9A7FECBF59FA3EC64F1D63455DA82825">5061</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="721AE936412076152DCB665423108258">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="460DA5E0BDDA49F36358985A2EB4446D">39</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="DBB5875A5230AF3D062A40FB75A0DAC4" type="CLB-Dataset">3616</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="224B13496DBFA0D42571064A33784620" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5061.1.2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0736BF4C1A82AD19765DA5CA321F3DD9" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03CEAF23A47CFF9AFF36EE30F379FA0D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5642242" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190305796" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5642242" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CEAF23A47CFF9AFF36EE30F379FA0D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CEAF23A47CFF9AFF36EE30F379FA0D" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">
<subSubSection id="C37D4DBEA47CFF9BFF36EE30F0A5F9BD" box="[151,655,1554,1581]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A47CFF9BFF36EE30F0A5F9BD" blockId="24.[151,655,1554,1581]" box="[151,655,1554,1581]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">
<heading id="D090A959A47CFF9BFF36EE30F0A5F9BD" bold="true" box="[151,655,1554,1581]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47CFF9BFF36EE30F0A5F9BD" bold="true" box="[151,655,1554,1581]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47CFF9BFF36EE30F02BF9BC" ID-CoL="8SLM5" authority="(Sara, 1960)" authorityName="Chagas &amp; Cavalcanti" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Sara" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[151,513,1554,1581]" class="Calcarea" family="Baeriidae" genus="Leuconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dohrni" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47CFF9BFF36EE30F349F9BD" bold="true" box="[151,355,1554,1581]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">Leuconia dohrni</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47CFF9BFED3EE31F3D3F9BC" author="Sara, M." box="[370,505,1554,1581]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" pagination="421 - 472" refId="ref17462" refString="Sara, M. (1960) Poriferi del litorale dell'isola d'lschia e loro ripartizione ambienti. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 31 (3), 421 - 472." type="journal article" year="1960">Sarà, 1960</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2207F5CA47CFF9BFDA9EE30F0A5F9BD" box="[520,655,1555,1581]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37D4DBEA47CFF9BFF36EE74F34BF93C" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A47CFF9BFF36EE74F3F2F9FF" blockId="24.[151,1436,1623,1709]" box="[151,472,1623,1647]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47CFF9BFF36EE74F3F2F9FF" authority="Sara, 1960" authorityName="Sara" authorityYear="1960" box="[151,472,1623,1647]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Amphoriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dohrni">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47CFF9BFF36EE74F34CF9FF" box="[151,358,1623,1647]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">Amphoriscus dohrni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47CFF9BFECDEE74F3F2F9FF" author="Sara, M." box="[364,472,1623,1647]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" pagination="421 - 472" refId="ref17462" refString="Sara, M. (1960) Poriferi del litorale dell'isola d'lschia e loro ripartizione ambienti. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 31 (3), 421 - 472." type="journal article" year="1960">Sarà, 1960</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A47CFF9BFF36EE55F34BF93C" blockId="24.[151,1436,1623,1709]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">
Citations and synonymies:
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47CFF9BFE0CEE55F131F91E" authority="Sara, 1960: 26" authorityName="Sara" authorityPageNumber="26" authorityYear="1960" box="[429,795,1654,1678]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Amphoriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dohrni">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47CFF9BFE0CEE55F057F91E" box="[429,637,1654,1678]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">Amphoriscus dohrni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47CFF9BFD25EE55F131F91E" author="Sara, M." box="[644,795,1654,1678]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" pagination="421 - 472" refId="ref17462" refString="Sara, M. (1960) Poriferi del litorale dell'isola d'lschia e loro ripartizione ambienti. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 31 (3), 421 - 472." type="journal article" year="1960">Sarà, 1960: 26</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47CFF9BFC86EE55F6C2F91E" author="Klautau, M. &amp; Cavalcanti, F. F. &amp; Borojevic, R." box="[807,1256,1654,1678]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" pagination="105 - 112" refId="ref17023" refString="Klautau, M., Cavalcanti, F. F. &amp; Borojevic, R. (2017) The new sponge species Amphoriscus pedunculatus (Porifera, Calcarea). Zootaxa, 4341 (1), 105 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4341.1.9" type="journal article" year="2017">Klautau, Cavalcanti &amp; Borojevic 2017: 109</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47CFF9BFB55EE55F374F93C" author="Condor-Lujan, B. &amp; Azevedo, F. &amp; Hajdu, E. &amp; Hooker, Y. &amp; Willenz, P. &amp; Klautau, M." pageId="24" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref16433" refString="Condor-Lujan, B., Azevedo, F., Hajdu, E., Hooker, Y., Willenz, P. &amp; Klautau, M. (2019) Tropical Eastern Pacific Amphoriscidae Dendy, 1892 (Porifera: Calcarea: Calcaronea: Leucosolenida) from the Peruvian coast. Marine Biodiversity, 49 (4), 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 019 - 00946 - y" type="journal article" year="2019">
Cóndor-Luján
<emphasis id="B913C227A47CFF9BFA2BEE54F2C8F93C" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">et al.</emphasis>
2019: 1825
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37D4DBEA47CFF9AFF36EEF8F08BFE65" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A47CFF9BFF36EEF8F37EF889" blockId="24.[151,1437,1754,2033]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47CFF9BFF36EEF8F36FF964" bold="true" box="[151,325,1754,1781]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">Type material:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B0F1468A47CFF9BFEE8EEF8F37EF889" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3400666326" collectionCode="SZN" county="Tyrrhenian Sea" elevation="40" location="Ischia Island" municipality="Gulf of Naples" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" specimenCode="POR207" specimenCount="40" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectionCode id="ED7686F0A47CFF9BFEE8EEF8F354F965" box="[329,382,1755,1781]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">SZN</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBC1B64EA47CFF9BFE22EEF8F3CCF965" box="[387,486,1755,1781]" collectionCode="SZN" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">POR207</specimenCode>
,
<typeStatus id="54DCA097A47CFF9BFE4EEEF8F07AF965" box="[495,592,1755,1781]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
—not analysed by the present work.
<location id="8EB848EEA47CFF9BFC7FEEF8F646F965" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CEAF23A47CFF9AFF36EE30F379FA0D:8EB848EEA47CFF9BFC7FEEF8F646F965" box="[990,1132,1755,1781]" county="Tyrrhenian Sea" municipality="Gulf of Naples" name="Ischia Island" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">Ischia Island</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BBC844FA47CFF9BFBD4EEF8F730F965" box="[1141,1306,1755,1781]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">Gulf of Naples</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCounty id="62B966B9A47CFF9BFA83EEF8F2E9F889" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">Tyrrhenian Sea</collectingCounty>
; depth
<specimenCount id="9D61D5BCA47CFF9BFEB5EEDCF37EF889" box="[276,340,1791,1817]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" type="generic">
<quantity id="4C9FB3D0A47CFF9BFEB5EEDCF37AF889" box="[276,336,1791,1817]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="40.0">
<elevation id="004AF906A47CFF9BFEB5EEDCF37AF889" box="[276,336,1791,1817]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="40.0">40 m</elevation>
</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A47CFF9BFF66EF00F158F8AD" blockId="24.[151,1437,1754,2033]" box="[199,882,1826,1853]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">
<materialsCitation id="3B0F1468A47CFF9BFF66EF00F144F8AD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3400666310" box="[199,878,1826,1853]" county="Tyrrhenian Sea" location="Ischia Island" municipality="Gulf of Naples" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47CFF9BFF66EF00F343F8AC" bold="true" box="[199,361,1826,1853]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">
<typeStatus id="54DCA097A47CFF9BFF66EF00F328F8AD" box="[199,258,1827,1853]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
</emphasis>
<location id="8EB848EEA47CFF9BFED1EF00F02BF8AD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CEAF23A47CFF9AFF36EE30F379FA0D:8EB848EEA47CFF9BFED1EF00F02BF8AD" box="[368,513,1827,1853]" county="Tyrrhenian Sea" municipality="Gulf of Naples" name="Ischia Island" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">Ischia Island</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BBC844FA47CFF9BFDADEF00F09CF8AD" box="[524,694,1827,1853]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">Gulf of Naples</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCounty id="62B966B9A47CFF9BFD61EF00F144F8AD" box="[704,878,1827,1853]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">Tyrrhenian Sea</collectingCounty>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A47CFF9BFF66EF64F30BF861" blockId="24.[151,1437,1754,2033]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47CFF9BFF66EF64F34EF8F1" bold="true" box="[199,356,1863,1889]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">Morphology:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B0F1468A47CFF9BFECCEF64F336F861" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3400666305" collectionCode="SZN" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" specimenCode="POR207" specimenCount="1">
As explained above, the
<typeStatus id="54DCA097A47CFF9BFD2FEF64F094F8F1" box="[654,702,1863,1889]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">type</typeStatus>
material (
<collectionCode id="ED7686F0A47CFF9BFC97EF64F147F8F1" box="[822,877,1863,1889]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">SZN</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBC1B64EA47CFF9BFCD6EF64F1F0F8F1" box="[887,986,1863,1889]" collectionCode="POR" country="Italy" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14383" name="Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" type="Herbarium">POR207</specimenCode>
) could not be analysed, and additional samples were not available or could not be located. According to the original description (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47CFF9BFB20EF48F6DDF816" author="Sara, M." box="[1153,1271,1899,1926]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" pagination="421 - 472" refId="ref17462" refString="Sara, M. (1960) Poriferi del litorale dell'isola d'lschia e loro ripartizione ambienti. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 31 (3), 421 - 472." type="journal article" year="1960">Sarà 1960</bibRefCitation>
), the specimen has an ellipsoidal shape and apical osculum without fringe of trichoxeas. No data about the aquiferous system is provided, and the lack of illustrations of the skeletal or histological organisations prevented any inferences from being made
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A47DFF9AFF66E8B5F3A8FE8E" blockId="25.[151,1437,150,1437]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFF66E8B5F315FF20" bold="true" box="[199,319,150,176]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">Anatomy:</emphasis>
The cortical skeleton is formed by triactines and giant tetractines, which point the apical actines to the middle of the sponge body (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47DFF9AFDA0E898F053FF46" author="Sara, M." box="[513,633,187,214]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" pagination="421 - 472" refId="ref17462" refString="Sara, M. (1960) Poriferi del litorale dell'isola d'lschia e loro ripartizione ambienti. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 31 (3), 421 - 472." type="journal article" year="1960">Sarà 1960</bibRefCitation>
). Microdiactines are present along the whole skeleton, but
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47DFF9AFAB9E898F7B6FF46" author="Sara, M." box="[1304,1436,187,214]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" pagination="421 - 472" refId="ref17462" refString="Sara, M. (1960) Poriferi del litorale dell'isola d'lschia e loro ripartizione ambienti. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 31 (3), 421 - 472." type="journal article" year="1960">Sarà (1960)</bibRefCitation>
emphasised they are more abundant at the atrial skeleton, which is also formed by small and particular tetractines (see remarks below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A47DFF9AFF66E905F0CBFED2" blockId="25.[151,1437,150,1437]" box="[199,737,294,322]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFF66E905F303FED0" bold="true" box="[199,297,294,320]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">Spicules</emphasis>
(according to the original description):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A47DFF9AFF66E968F610FEF5" blockId="25.[151,1437,150,1437]" box="[199,1082,331,357]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">Cortical tetractines: Giant, actines have similar length (700–1200/70–120 μm).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A47DFF9AFF66E94CF60DFE19" blockId="25.[151,1437,150,1437]" box="[199,1063,366,393]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">Cortical triactines: Smaller than the cortical tetractines (170–350/15–35 μm).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A47DFF9AFF66E9B0F648FE41" blockId="25.[151,1437,150,1437]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">Atrial tetractines (see remarks below): They have a particular (harpoon) shape. Apical (70–80/ 7–9 μm) and unpaired (55–70 μm) actines are considerably longer than the paired ones (20–35 μm).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A47DFF9AFF66E9F8F08BFE65" blockId="25.[151,1437,150,1437]" box="[199,673,475,501]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">Microdiactines: Lanceolate (60–70/4 μm).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37D4DBEA47DFF9AFF66E9DCF379FA0D" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A47DFF9AFF66E9DCF19FFC59" blockId="25.[151,1437,150,1437]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFF66E9DCF317FD89" bold="true" box="[199,317,511,537]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">Remarks:</emphasis>
Due to the small size of the
<typeStatus id="54DCA097A47DFF9AFD26E9DCF09DFD89" box="[647,695,511,537]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">type</typeStatus>
specimen (&lt;
<quantity id="4C9FB3D0A47DFF9AFCF2E9DCF1ACFD89" box="[851,902,511,537]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" unit="cm" value="1.0">1cm</quantity>
), it could not be loaned, and microscope slides could not be prepared by the current staff of the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn di Napoli (Andrea Travaglini, personal communication). Nevertheless, based only on the original description, we figured out that (1) important characters typical of
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFE2BEA48F036FD15" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[394,540,619,645]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Amphoriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFE2BEA48F036FD15" box="[394,540,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">Amphoriscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were not reported along the description of this species, such as the syconoid aquiferous system and the inarticulate skeleton formed by the apical actines of the cortical tetractines and the unpaired actine of the subatrial spicules; and (2) the shape of the small atrial tetractines, of which “la forma è molto caratteristica” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47DFF9AFEE4EAF4F395FD62" author="Sara, M." box="[325,447,727,754]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" pagination="421 - 472" refId="ref17462" refString="Sara, M. (1960) Poriferi del litorale dell'isola d'lschia e loro ripartizione ambienti. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 31 (3), 421 - 472." type="journal article" year="1960">Sarà 1960</bibRefCitation>
), suggesting that they are pugioles. These spicules correspond to small harpoon—(or dagger-) shaped spicules present in the order
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFD32EAD8F0C0FC85" authorityName="Borojevic, Boury-Esnault &amp; Vacelet" authorityYear="2000" box="[659,746,763,789]" class="Calcarea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Baerida</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47DFF9AFD59EAD8F1C1FC85" author="Borojevic, R. &amp; Boury-Esnault, N. &amp; Manuel, M. &amp; Vacelet, J." box="[760,1003,763,789]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" pagination="1958" refId="ref15986" refString="Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. &amp; Vacelet, J. (2002) Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 2. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow, pp. 1157 - 1184. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 120" type="book chapter" year="2002">
Borojevic
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFCD1EAD8F18BFC85" box="[880,929,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47DFF9AFC55EAD8F6EBFC85" author="Alvizu, A. &amp; Eilertsen, M. H. &amp; Xavier, J. R. &amp; Rapp, H. T." box="[1012,1217,763,789]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" pagination="279 - 290" refId="ref15624" refString="Alvizu, A., Eilertsen, M. H., Xavier, J. R. &amp; Rapp, H. T. (2018) Increased taxon sampling provides new insights into the phylogeny and evolution of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, Calcarea). Organisms Diversity &amp; Evolution, 18 (3), 279 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13127 - 018 - 0368 - 4" type="journal article" year="2018">
Alvizu
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFBE6EAD8F653FC85" box="[1095,1145,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47DFF9AFB6DEAD8F723FC85" author="Alvizu, A. &amp; Xavier, J. R. &amp; Rapp, H. T." box="[1228,1289,763,789]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" pagination="201 - 251" refId="ref15704" refString="Alvizu, A., Xavier, J. R. &amp; Rapp, H. T. (2019) Description of new chiactine-bearing sponges provides insights into the higher classification of Calcaronea (Porifera: Calcarea). Zootaxa, 4615 (2), 201 - 251. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4615.2.1" type="journal article" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
). Besides the presence of pugioles, the description provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47DFF9AFD6EEB3CF17EFCAA" author="Sara, M." box="[719,852,799,826]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" pagination="421 - 472" refId="ref17462" refString="Sara, M. (1960) Poriferi del litorale dell'isola d'lschia e loro ripartizione ambienti. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 31 (3), 421 - 472." type="journal article" year="1960">Sarà (1960)</bibRefCitation>
contains other characters found in the definition of
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFF36EB60F2D9FCCD" authorityName="Borojevic, Boury-Esnault &amp; Vacelet" authorityYear="2000" box="[151,243,835,861]" class="Calcarea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Baerida</taxonomicName>
: the presence of cortical large and giant spicules (triactines and tetractines, respectively, in the case of
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFA25EB60F2C8FC11" authorityName="Sara" authorityYear="1960" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Amphoriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dohrni">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFA25EB60F2C8FC11" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">A. dohrni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and the presence of microdiactines abundant in the atrial skeleton (although it is not clear if they are more abundant than the atrial pugioles). Therefore, based on these features, there is no support for keeping the species inside the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFEF2EB8CF3CFFC59" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[339,485,943,969]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Amphoriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFEF2EB8CF3CFFC59" box="[339,485,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">Amphoriscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and we propose to transfer it to
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFCF7EB8CF19BFC59" authorityName="Borojevic, Boury-Esnault &amp; Vacelet" authorityYear="2000" box="[854,945,943,969]" class="Calcarea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Baerida</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD81E35A47DFF9AFF66EBF0F379FA0D" blockId="25.[151,1437,150,1437]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">
According to Van Soest
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFE7BEBF0F026FC7D" box="[474,524,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. (2021),
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFDD2EBF0F0E0FC7D" authorityName="Borojevic, Boury-Esnault &amp; Vacelet" authorityYear="2000" box="[627,714,979,1005]" class="Calcarea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Baerida</taxonomicName>
is formed by four families:
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFBA8EBF0F378FB81" authority="Borojevic, Boury-Esnault &amp; Vacelet, 2000" authorityName="Borojevic, Boury-Esnault &amp; Vacelet" authorityYear="2000" class="Calcarea" family="Baeriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">
Baeriidae
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47DFF9AFBDDEBF0F378FB81" author="Borojevic, R. &amp; Boury-Esnault, N. &amp; Vacelet, J." pageId="25" pageNumber="64" pagination="203 - 263" refId="ref15941" refString="Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N. &amp; Vacelet, J. (2000) A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea). Zoosystema, 22 (2), 203 - 263." type="journal article" year="2000">Borojevic, Boury-Esnault &amp; Vacelet, 2000</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFEFFEBD4F090FB81" authority="Borojevic, 1979" authorityName="Borojevic" authorityYear="1979" box="[350,698,1015,1041]" class="Calcarea" family="Petrobionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Petrobionidae Borojevic, 1979</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFD67EBD4F74DFB81" authority="Borojevic, Boury-Esnault &amp; Vacelet, 2000" authorityName="Borojevic, Boury-Esnault &amp; Vacelet" authorityYear="2000" box="[710,1383,1015,1041]" class="Calcarea" family="Trichogypsiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">
Trichogypsiidae
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47DFF9AFC25EBD4F74DFB81" author="Borojevic, R. &amp; Boury-Esnault, N. &amp; Vacelet, J." box="[900,1383,1015,1041]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" pagination="203 - 263" refId="ref15941" refString="Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N. &amp; Vacelet, J. (2000) A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea). Zoosystema, 22 (2), 203 - 263." type="journal article" year="2000">Borojevic, Boury-Esnault &amp; Vacelet, 2000</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFF36EC38F02EFBA5" authority="Vacelet, 1967" authorityName="Vacelet" authorityYear="1967" box="[151,516,1051,1077]" class="Calcarea" family="Lepidoleuconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Lepidoleuconidae Vacelet, 1967</taxonomicName>
. Among the families mentioned above, only
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFBA3EC38F647FBA5" authorityName="Borojevic, Boury-Esnault &amp; Vacelet" authorityYear="2000" box="[1026,1133,1051,1077]" class="Calcarea" family="Baeriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Baeriidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFB07EC38F768FBA5" authorityName="Borojevic" authorityYear="1979" box="[1190,1346,1051,1077]" class="Calcarea" family="Petrobionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Petrobionidae</taxonomicName>
include pugioles in their composition (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47DFF9AFE5AEC1CF0D2FBC9" author="Borojevic, R. &amp; Boury-Esnault, N. &amp; Manuel, M. &amp; Vacelet, J." box="[507,760,1087,1113]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" pagination="1958" refId="ref15986" refString="Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. &amp; Vacelet, J. (2002) Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 2. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow, pp. 1157 - 1184. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 120" type="book chapter" year="2002">
Borojevic
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFDD7EC1CF081FBC9" box="[630,683,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47DFF9AFCA4EC1CF1F5FBC9" author="Alvizu, A. &amp; Xavier, J. R. &amp; Rapp, H. T." box="[773,991,1087,1113]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" pagination="201 - 251" refId="ref15704" refString="Alvizu, A., Xavier, J. R. &amp; Rapp, H. T. (2019) Description of new chiactine-bearing sponges provides insights into the higher classification of Calcaronea (Porifera: Calcarea). Zootaxa, 4615 (2), 201 - 251. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4615.2.1" type="journal article" year="2019">
Alvizu
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFCFDEC1CF1BBFBC9" box="[860,913,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFC54EC1CF6BBFBC9" authorityName="Borojevic" authorityYear="1979" box="[1013,1169,1087,1113]" class="Calcarea" family="Petrobionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Petrobionidae</taxonomicName>
has a basal calcareous skeleton of calcite. This family is monotypic, and
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFD71EC40F6E2FBED" authority="Vacelet &amp; Levi, 1958" authorityName="Vacelet &amp; Levi" authorityYear="1958" box="[720,1224,1122,1149]" class="Calcarea" family="Petrobionidae" genus="Petrobiona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="massiliana">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFD71EC40F1E4FBED" box="[720,974,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">Petrobiona massiliana</emphasis>
Vacelet &amp; Lévi, 1958
</taxonomicName>
does not resemble “
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFF05ECA4F29FFB31" box="[164,181,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">A</emphasis>
”.
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFF6EECA4F330FB31" authorityName="Sara" authorityYear="1960" box="[207,282,1159,1185]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Amphoriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dohrni">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFF6EECA4F330FB31" box="[207,282,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">dohrni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which the basal skeleton is absent (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47DFF9AFD6AECA4F194FB31" author="Borojevic, R. &amp; Boury-Esnault, N. &amp; Manuel, M. &amp; Vacelet, J." box="[715,958,1159,1185]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" pagination="1958" refId="ref15986" refString="Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. &amp; Vacelet, J. (2002) Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 2. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow, pp. 1157 - 1184. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 120" type="book chapter" year="2002">
Borojevic
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFCE3ECA4F159FB31" box="[834,883,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFC71ECA4F611FB31" authorityName="Borojevic, Boury-Esnault &amp; Vacelet" authorityYear="2000" box="[976,1083,1159,1185]" class="Calcarea" family="Baeriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Baeriidae</taxonomicName>
includes four genera:
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFA95ECA4F30EFB55" authority="Grant, 1833" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1833" class="Calcarea" family="Baeriidae" genus="Leuconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFA95ECA4F7B6FB30" box="[1332,1436,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">Leuconia</emphasis>
Grant, 1833
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFE92EC88F070FB55" authority="Polejaeff, 1883" authorityName="Polejaeff" authorityYear="1883" box="[307,602,1195,1221]" class="Calcarea" family="Baeriidae" genus="Eilhardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFE92EC88F3B7FB55" box="[307,413,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">Eilhardia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47DFF9AFE08EC88F070FB55" author="Polejaeff, N." box="[425,602,1195,1221]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 76" refId="ref17300" refString="Polejaeff, N. (1883) Report on the Calcarea dredged by H. M. S. ' Challenger', during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Challenger', 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 8 (2), 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="1883">Poléjaeff, 1883</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFDCBEC88F14BFB55" authority="Kirk, 1895" authorityName="Kirk" authorityYear="1895" box="[618,865,1194,1221]" class="Calcarea" family="Baeriidae" genus="Lamontia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFDCBEC88F0FFFB54" box="[618,725,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">Lamontia</emphasis>
Kirk, 1895
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFC02EC88F70BFB55" authority="Dendy &amp; Row, 1913" authorityName="Dendy &amp; Row" authorityYear="1913" box="[931,1313,1195,1221]" class="Calcarea" family="Baeriidae" genus="Leucopsila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFC02EC88F634FB55" box="[931,1054,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">Leucopsila</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47DFF9AFB8BEC88F70BFB55" author="Dendy, A. &amp; Row, R. W. H." box="[1066,1313,1195,1221]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" pagination="704 - 813" refId="ref16638" refString="Dendy, A. &amp; Row, R. W. H. (1913) The Classification and Phylogeny of the Calcareous Sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 3, 704 - 813. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1913. tb 06152. x" type="journal article" year="1913">Dendy &amp; Row, 1913</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. However, only
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFF73ECECF310FB78" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1833" box="[210,314,1231,1256]" class="Calcarea" family="Baeriidae" genus="Leuconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFF73ECECF310FB78" box="[210,314,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">Leuconia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and possibly
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFE7AECECF06CFB78" authorityName="Kirk" authorityYear="1895" box="[475,582,1231,1256]" class="Calcarea" family="Baeriidae" genus="Lamontia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFE7AECECF06CFB78" box="[475,582,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">Lamontia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are pugiole-bearing genera. The latter is characterised by having diactines perforating the cortex and microdiactines throughout the choanoskeleton, characters that were not reported for “
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFF05ED34F31CFAA1" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[164,310,1303,1329]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Amphoriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFF05ED34F31CFAA1" box="[164,310,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">Amphoriscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFEEBED34F3BFFAA1" authorityName="Sara" authorityYear="1960" box="[330,405,1303,1329]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Amphoriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dohrni">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFEEBED34F3BFFAA1" box="[330,405,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">dohrni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47DFF9AFE02ED34F033FAA1" author="Sara, M." box="[419,537,1303,1329]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" pagination="421 - 472" refId="ref17462" refString="Sara, M. (1960) Poriferi del litorale dell'isola d'lschia e loro ripartizione ambienti. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 31 (3), 421 - 472." type="journal article" year="1960">Sarà 1960</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47DFF9AFD84ED34F132FAA1" author="Borojevic, R. &amp; Boury-Esnault, N. &amp; Manuel, M. &amp; Vacelet, J." box="[549,792,1303,1329]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" pagination="1958" refId="ref15986" refString="Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. &amp; Vacelet, J. (2002) Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 2. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow, pp. 1157 - 1184. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 120" type="book chapter" year="2002">
Borojevic
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFD3AED34F0E7FAA1" box="[667,717,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
). Since this species does have atrial pugioles, we decided to allocate it within
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFE21ED18F3D8FAC5" box="[384,498,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">Leuconia¸</emphasis>
despite the absence of sagittal triactines in the atrium. We therefore highlight the need for a taxonomic revision of
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFDADED7CF05EFAE8" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1833" box="[524,628,1375,1400]" class="Calcarea" family="Baeriidae" genus="Leuconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFDADED7CF05EFAE8" box="[524,628,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">Leuconia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the entire order
<taxonomicName id="4C6765B6A47DFF9AFCFFED7CF192FAE9" authorityName="Borojevic, Boury-Esnault &amp; Vacelet" authorityYear="2000" box="[862,952,1375,1401]" class="Calcarea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Baerida</taxonomicName>
, echoing recent suggestions from
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47DFF9AFA94ED7CF2D5FA0D" author="Alvizu, A. &amp; Eilertsen, M. H. &amp; Xavier, J. R. &amp; Rapp, H. T." pageId="25" pageNumber="64" pagination="279 - 290" refId="ref15624" refString="Alvizu, A., Eilertsen, M. H., Xavier, J. R. &amp; Rapp, H. T. (2018) Increased taxon sampling provides new insights into the phylogeny and evolution of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, Calcarea). Organisms Diversity &amp; Evolution, 18 (3), 279 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13127 - 018 - 0368 - 4" type="journal article" year="2018">
Alvizu
<emphasis id="B913C227A47DFF9AFA29ED7CF287FA0D" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. (2018
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF663C4A47DFF9AFEABEDA0F36DFA0D" author="Alvizu, A. &amp; Xavier, J. R. &amp; Rapp, H. T." box="[266,327,1411,1437]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" pagination="201 - 251" refId="ref15704" refString="Alvizu, A., Xavier, J. R. &amp; Rapp, H. T. (2019) Description of new chiactine-bearing sponges provides insights into the higher classification of Calcaronea (Porifera: Calcarea). Zootaxa, 4615 (2), 201 - 251. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4615.2.1" type="journal article" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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