270 lines
39 KiB
XML
270 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document id="005089ECEC3AD29323D82AE35707D6E7" ID-CLB-Dataset="51452" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.156078" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8f14b97c-8bc9-4df2-94b0-db4c93cd50e3" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="156078" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459432875313" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hochberg, Rick & Cannon, Lester R. G." docDate="2002" docId="03CE878BFF805D28E20FF9D521377D6D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00044.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 44" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Haplodidymos rubroculatus Hochberg & Cannon, 2002, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="FFF7FFF3FF885D24E307FF9125357B63" masterDocTitle="Two new freshwater rhabdocoels, Austrodalyellia gen. nov. and Haplodidymos gen. nov. (Platyhelminthes), from Queensland, Australia" masterLastPageNumber="15" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="9" updateTime="1698192372636" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="4A70B5CC0F7796153966350B716A6997">
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<mods:title id="E1225446275B2176BC97A75124336049">Two new freshwater rhabdocoels, Austrodalyellia gen. nov. and Haplodidymos gen. nov. (Platyhelminthes), from Queensland, Australia</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="5B42C5695EFA561DAF36F36A3C3843E8" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="A62E424AEC006972D628BB41193DB56D">Hochberg, Rick</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="263264229DF597942F9741B038264B7C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="915E42410F212E6F85E4E5F49EB7231C">Cannon, Lester R. G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="6BCC76217145715B7C711F5DDB9F12EB">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="60D351EF191BA658EEE56362B4C5105C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="CC08DDB495A2F25A66BF24040DA639F1">
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<mods:date id="0C7AA7FEA9B6A2A3C7E1B92093DFF2E2">2002</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EF44A0EA8E9B00C24DFBE1ADA09EDE32">44</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03CE878BFF805D28E20FF9D521377D6D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6279085" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119329665" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6279085" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CE878BFF805D28E20FF9D521377D6D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CE878BFF805D28E20FF9D521377D6D" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<subSubSection id="C37D6516FF805D2CE20FF9D5278A7D3E" box="[264,703,1603,1630]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD8369DFF805D2CE20FF9D5278A7D3E" blockId="8.[264,703,1603,1630]" box="[264,703,1603,1630]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<heading id="D09081F1FF805D2CE20FF9D5278A7D3E" bold="true" box="[264,703,1603,1630]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF805D2CE20FF9D5278A7D3E" bold="true" box="[264,703,1603,1630]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF805D2CE20FF9D5276C7D3D" ID-CoL="6LB9R" box="[264,601,1604,1630]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dalyelliidae" genus="Haplodidymos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="rubroculatus" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF805D2CE20FF9D5276C7D3D" bold="true" box="[264,601,1604,1630]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Haplodidymos rubroculatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22057F4FF805D2CE166F9D2278A7D3E" box="[609,703,1603,1629]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37D6516FF805D2CE20FF91E21F67DCB" box="[264,1219,1678,1704]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BD8369DFF805D2CE20FF91E21F67DCB" blockId="8.[264,1324,1678,1904]" box="[264,1219,1678,1704]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF805D2CE20FF91E24427DCB" box="[264,375,1679,1704]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Material.</emphasis>
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Eleven animals studied alive, six mounted, and three serially sectioned.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37D6516FF805D2FE23FF92624D57F4D" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD8369DFF805D2DE23FF9262796792D" blockId="8.[264,1324,1678,1904]" lastBlockId="9.[264,1324,284,590]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF805D2CE23FF92624FF7DB3" box="[312,458,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Description.</emphasis>
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Animals are up to 720 µm long with a rounded head and tapering caudal end that forms a small tail (
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<figureCitation id="135C2A18FF805D2CE14FF94F27A57D9B" box="[584,656,1758,1784]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[264,368,1258,1282]" captionTargetBox="[621,951,695,1244]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[617,952,692,1246]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Haplodidymos rubroculatus gen. nov. sp. nov. Slightly squeezed live specimen. Scale bar = 150 µm. AR, adenal rhabdites; BC, bursa copulatrix; EY, eye; OV, ovary; PB, pigment bands; PH, pharynx; RS, receptaculum seminis; TE, testis; UT, uterus; VI, vitellaria." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156085/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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). The worms are highly flexible and often contract into a spherical shape when disturbed. Worms are mostly transparent along their length, though several longitudinal bands of redbrown pigment are present around the body. During full body contraction, the pigment gets dispersed around various internal organs. Epidermis consists of cuboidal cells, 8 µm high, with cilia to 10 µm long. The head contains a large (24 µm long) pair of red eyes (
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<figureCitation id="135C2A18FF815D2DE16BFED527867A3D" box="[620,691,324,350]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="9.[264,368,1815,1839]" captionTargetBox="[553,1033,1439,1790]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[553,1033,1439,1790]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 8. Haplodidymos rubroculatus gen. nov. sp. nov. Anterior end showing large eyes. Scale bar = 60 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156086/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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). Individual pigment granules were not observed. The eyes were not present after fixation in de Faure’s fluid. In section, the region around and including the eyes stains intensely with eosin. Immediately posterior of the eyes is the cerebral ganglion; cerebral cells stain intensely with aniline blue. Paired tracts of adenal rhabdites extend for up to 136 µm from the tip of the head past the eyes. The tracts are spaced widely at the tip of the head and connect posterior to the eyes with lateral branches extending toward the body margin.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF186615FF815D2DE20FFB7B21767E24" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156085/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[621,951,695,1244]" targetPageId="9">
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<paragraph id="8BD8369DFF815D2DE20FFB7B21767E24" blockId="9.[264,1324,1258,1351]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF815D2DE20FFB7B24BE7E61" bold="true" box="[264,395,1258,1282]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF815D2DE294FB7A278A7E61" box="[403,703,1259,1282]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dalyelliidae" genus="Haplodidymos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="rubroculatus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF815D2DE294FB7A278A7E61" box="[403,703,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Haplodidymos rubroculatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22057F4FF815D2DE1C1FB7B261D7E62" box="[710,808,1258,1281]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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sp. nov. Slightly squeezed live specimen. Scale bar = 150 µm. AR, adenal rhabdites; BC, bursa copulatrix; EY, eye; OV, ovary; PB, pigment bands; PH, pharynx; RS, receptaculum seminis; TE, testis; UT, uterus; VI, vitellaria.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="DF186615FF815D2DE20FF88624A67C32" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156086/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[553,1033,1439,1790]" targetPageId="9">
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<paragraph id="8BD8369DFF815D2DE20FF88624A67C32" blockId="9.[264,1323,1815,1873]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF815D2DE20FF88624B97C4C" bold="true" box="[264,396,1815,1839]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF815D2DE295F886278B7C4D" box="[402,702,1815,1838]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dalyelliidae" genus="Haplodidymos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="rubroculatus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF815D2DE295F886278B7C4D" box="[402,702,1815,1838]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Haplodidymos rubroculatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22057F4FF815D2DE1C2F88626127C4D" box="[709,807,1815,1838]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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sp. nov. Anterior end showing large eyes. Scale bar = 60 µm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BD8369DFF825D2EE23FFE8D26927A9D" blockId="10.[264,1324,284,510]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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The digestive tract consists of a saccate gut and pharynx rosulatus. The gut often contain numerous rotifer trophi and occasionally full rotifers – species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF825D2EE742FED5218C7A3E" box="[1093,1209,324,349]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Philodinidae" genus="Philodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bdelloidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF825D2EE742FED5218C7A3E" box="[1093,1209,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philodina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and various ploimate rotifers. Gut cells are eosinophilic. The vertically oriented pharynx rosulatus is present in the posterior onethird of the body and up to 128 µm diameter. Protonephridia pores were not evident in wholemount or section material. Caudal glands stained with the basic dye aniline blue indicative of acid mucosubstances.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF186615FF825D2EE20FFB4626BB7E1A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156087/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[494,1093,616,1180]" targetPageId="10">
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<paragraph id="8BD8369DFF825D2EE20FFB4626BB7E1A" blockId="10.[264,1325,1239,1401]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF825D2EE20FFB4624B97F8C" bold="true" box="[264,396,1239,1263]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
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AC.
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<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF825D2EE2D5FB4926357F8C" box="[466,768,1240,1263]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dalyelliidae" genus="Haplodidymos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="rubroculatus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF825D2EE2D5FB4926357F8C" box="[466,768,1240,1263]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Haplodidymos rubroculatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22057F4FF825D2EE00FFB49265E7F8C" box="[776,875,1240,1263]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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sp. nov. Reproductive organs. A. ventral view posterior to pharynx. Scale bar = 30 µm. B. Ventral view of fixed holotype. Scale bar = 45 µm. C. Sagital reconstruction of posterior end. Scale bar = 100 µm. BC, bursa copulatrix; CG, caudal glands; CO, copulatory organ; GA, genital atrium; OV, ovary; SR, receptaculum seminis; ST, stylet; TE, testes; UT, uterus; VI, vitellaria; VS, vesicula seminalis.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BD8369DFF825D2FE23FFA44247C7AB5" blockId="10.[264,1324,1493,1879]" lastBlockId="11.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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The female reproductive system consists of paired vitellaria, a solitary ovary, receptaculum seminis, bursa copulatrix, uterus, genital atrium and common gonopore (
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<figureCitation id="135C2A18FF825D2EE7A7FA6C21D27D74" box="[1184,1255,1533,1559]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="10.[264,367,1239,1263]" captionTargetBox="[494,1093,616,1180]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[494,1093,616,1192]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 9. AC. Haplodidymos rubroculatus gen. nov. sp. nov. Reproductive organs. A. ventral view posterior to pharynx. Scale bar = 30 µm. B. Ventral view of fixed holotype. Scale bar = 45 µm. C. Sagital reconstruction of posterior end. Scale bar = 100 µm. BC, bursa copulatrix; CG, caudal glands; CO, copulatory organ; GA, genital atrium; OV, ovary; SR, receptaculum seminis; ST, stylet; TE, testes; UT, uterus; VI, vitellaria; VS, vesicula seminalis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156087/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
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). The paired vitellaria are papillose and begin around 25% body length and extend to ca. 85% body length. Vitelline ducts may form a single duct before opening close to the base of the oviduct or perhaps the lateral wall of the genital atrium. The solitary ovary is variable in position but often located medially, extending dorsal or sometimes ventral to the gut. The ovary opens at its posterior tip into a thinwalled oviduct that leads to the genital atrium. The pouchlike genital atrium has a single midventral gonopore present at ca. 90% body length. A circular receptaculum seminis, ca. 3040 µm diameter, opens into the left wall of the genital atrium through a short duct, and an elongate bursa copulatrix, ca. 5064 µm long, opens into the right wall. The bursa is highly muscular with strong circular muscles and weaker longitudinal bands. Both organs were filled with sperm in several specimens. A thin sacshaped uterus connects to the posterior wall of the genital atrium and contains a single egg. Eggs are bright orange, devoid of sculpture, and up to 46 µm long by 34 µm wide.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD8369DFF835D2FE23FFE7524D57F4D" blockId="11.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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The male reproductive system consists of a solitary testis, male copulatory organ, genital atrium and common gonopore (
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<figureCitation id="135C2A18FF835D2FE1A2FD9D27CD7945" box="[677,760,524,550]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[264,368,1258,1282]" captionTargetBox="[621,951,695,1244]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[617,952,692,1246]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Haplodidymos rubroculatus gen. nov. sp. nov. Slightly squeezed live specimen. Scale bar = 150 µm. AR, adenal rhabdites; BC, bursa copulatrix; EY, eye; OV, ovary; PB, pigment bands; PH, pharynx; RS, receptaculum seminis; TE, testis; UT, uterus; VI, vitellaria." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156085/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="135C2A18FF835D2FE003FD9D26207945" box="[772,789,524,550]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="10.[264,367,1239,1263]" captionTargetBox="[494,1093,616,1180]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[494,1093,616,1192]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 9. AC. Haplodidymos rubroculatus gen. nov. sp. nov. Reproductive organs. A. ventral view posterior to pharynx. Scale bar = 30 µm. B. Ventral view of fixed holotype. Scale bar = 45 µm. C. Sagital reconstruction of posterior end. Scale bar = 100 µm. BC, bursa copulatrix; CG, caudal glands; CO, copulatory organ; GA, genital atrium; OV, ovary; SR, receptaculum seminis; ST, stylet; TE, testes; UT, uterus; VI, vitellaria; VS, vesicula seminalis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156087/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">9</figureCitation>
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). The single testis is located ventral to the gut along the body midline. It is fingerlike in appearance and up to 120 µm long. The anteriormost portion of the testis is highly compact while free sperm are present posteriorly along most of its length. Distally, the testis curves dorsally and opens into a short vas deferens before entering the anterior border of a compact male copulatory organ. The copulatory organ is dorsally located and has two distinct portions, an anterior seminal vesicle and posterior copulatory bulb. The seminal vesicle is a thinwalled oblong organ, ca. 16 µm wide, and often filled with sperm. The seminal vesicle sits atop a glandulomuscular organ containing a weakly sclerotic stylet. Prostatic glands were not observed outside of the organ, nor was there a defined glandular mass within the organ. Instead, finelygranular refractive spheres (glandular?) were scattered throughout the organ and around the ejaculatory duct containing the stylet. The stylet is weakly curved and to 31 µm long. Proximally, the stylet opens to 4.2 µm wide, then narrows to 2.5 µm, and expands to 5.4 µm at the distal opening.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37D6516FF835D28E23FFBAD21377D6D" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BD8369DFF835D2FE23FFBAD266E7E25" blockId="11.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF835D2FE23FFBAD24937F36" box="[312,422,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Remarks.</emphasis>
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Several characters link this species with other members of
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<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF835D2FE772FBAD24A07F1D" authority="Graff, 1905" authorityName="Graff" authorityYear="1905" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Typhloplanidae Graff, 1905</taxonomicName>
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: the pharynx rosulatus, single ovary with separate follicular vitellaria, and single gonopore. There are currently eight subfamilies within the
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<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF835D2FE726FB1D24707FAD" authority="Graff, 1905" authorityName="Graff" authorityYear="1905" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Typhloplanidae Graff, 1905</taxonomicName>
|
||
, generally all defined by the orientation and position of the pharynx, location of excretory pores, and position of testes relative to vitellaria (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF64B6CFF835D2FE0C4FB4D21527F95" author="Cannon" box="[963,1127,1244,1270]" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" refString="Cannon, L. R. G. (1986). Turbellaria of the World. A Guide to Families & Genera. Queensland Museum, 136 pp." type="book" year="1986">Cannon 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The taxonomic position of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF835D2FE289FA95270C7E7E" box="[398,569,1284,1309]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dalyelliidae" genus="Haplodidymos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF835D2FE289FA95270C7E7E" box="[398,569,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Haplodidymos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be defined by these and other characters including the presence of eyes, uterus, and the structure of the stylet.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD8369DFF835D2FE23FFAC5264A7D6D" blockId="11.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The ventral orientation of the pharynx rosulatus in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF835D2FE09BFAC521727E0E" box="[924,1095,1364,1389]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dalyelliidae" genus="Haplodidymos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF835D2FE09BFAC521727E0E" box="[924,1095,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Haplodidymos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characteristic of most species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF835D2FE2C1FAED27497EF5" box="[454,636,1404,1430]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Typhloplanidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the exception of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF835D2FE704FAED21857EF5" box="[1027,1200,1404,1430]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phaenocorinae">Phaenocorinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF835D2FE7EDFAED245C7EDD" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Opistominae">Opistominae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where the pharynx is anteriorly and posteriorly directed, respectively. The location of the pharynx in the posterior onethird of the body is characteristic of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF835D2FE20FFA6524887D6D" box="[264,445,1524,1550]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Olisthanellinae">Olisthanellinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF835D2FE2CFFA6527BD7D6D" box="[456,648,1524,1550]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Protoplanellinae">Protoplanellinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF835D2FE1C6FA65264E7D6D" box="[705,891,1524,1550]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Typhloplaninae">Typhloplaninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD8369DFF835D2FE23FF98D21147DE5" blockId="11.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The location of excretory pores was difficult to identify conclusively in the specimens examined. Based on limited observations, protonephridial ducts were never observed to enter the region of the mouth (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF835D2FE1A8F9FD26687DE5" box="[687,861,1644,1670]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mesostominae">Mesostominae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Typloplaninae).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD8369DFF835D2FE23FF90521137C2D" blockId="11.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Eyespots are common among typhloplanids with the exception of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF835D2FE7D5F905247F7DB6" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" genus="Typhloplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF835D2FE7D5F905247F7DB6" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Typhloplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF835D2FE289F92D27087DB6" box="[398,573,1724,1749]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" genus="Typhloplanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF835D2FE289F92D27087DB6" box="[398,573,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Typhloplanella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The eyespots of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF835D2FE026F92D26F97DB6" box="[801,972,1724,1749]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dalyelliidae" genus="Haplodidymos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF835D2FE026F92D26F97DB6" box="[801,972,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Haplodidymos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear to be unique among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF835D2FE20FF97524F77D9D" box="[264,450,1764,1790]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Typhloplanidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Instead of consisting of numerous pigment granules forming a distinct cup, the eyes consist of large patches of red pigment without distinct granules. Closer inspection is necessary before speculating on their precise structure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD8369DFF845D28E23FFE8D26EA798D" blockId="12.[264,1324,284,1550]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
The general structure of the reproductive system is similar to other typhloplanids with three notable deviations: number and position of testes, structure of the male copulatory apparatus, and the presence of a uterus. The presence of a solitary testis lying along the body midline in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF845D28E2DDFE0527B07ACE" box="[474,645,404,429]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dalyelliidae" genus="Haplodidymos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF845D28E2DDFE0527B07ACE" box="[474,645,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Haplodidymos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an unusual and unique condition among species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF845D28E20FFE2D24F77AB5" box="[264,450,444,470]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Typhloplanidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Anatomically and histologically, the testis is a long thin organ, with a compact, proximal germinal zone, and distal, slightly dilated zone of free sperm. The latter zone takes up most of the length of the organ and may in fact represent a highly dilated vas deferens. Only at its most distal tip does the testis form a narrower zone reminiscent of the thin vas deferens of other typhloplanids. Sperm congregate at the distal end of the testis where it connects with the anterior wall of the copulatory organ and forms a vesicula seminalis. The ventral position of the testis relative to the vitellaria suggests close ties with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF845D28E20FFD4524FE798D" box="[264,459,724,750]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Protoplanellinae">Protoplanellinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF845D28E2D0FD4527DC798D" box="[471,745,724,750]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhynchomesostominae">Rhynchomesostominae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF845D28E025FD4526E9798D" box="[802,988,724,750]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Typhloplaninae">Typhloplaninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD8369DFF845D28E23FFD6D27977EF5" blockId="12.[264,1324,284,1550]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
The second deviation in the reproductive system is in the structure of the copulatory apparatus. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF64B6CFF845D28E129FCB52686785D" author="Jondelius" box="[558,947,804,830]" pageId="12" pageNumber="14" refString="Jondelius, U. & Thollesson, M. (1993) Phylogeny of the Rhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes): a working hypothesis, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 71, 298 - 308." type="journal article" year="1993">Jondelius and Thollesson (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, a cirrus is characteristic of the ground pattern of the family. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF845D28E1D1FCDD26B47806" box="[726,897,844,869]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dalyelliidae" genus="Haplodidymos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF845D28E1D1FCDD26B47806" box="[726,897,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Haplodidymos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses a simple stylet, as do species of the marine genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF845D28E168FCE5261078EE" box="[623,805,884,909]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Promesostomidae" genus="Brinkmanniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF845D28E168FCE5261078EE" box="[623,805,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Brinkmanniella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF845D28E047FCE526EE78EE" box="[832,987,884,909]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" genus="Haloplanella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF845D28E047FCE526EE78EE" box="[832,987,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Haloplanella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF845D28E0F3FCE5214C78EE" box="[1012,1145,884,909]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" genus="Pratoplana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF845D28E0F3FCE5214C78EE" box="[1012,1145,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pratoplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF845D28E7D6FCE524B778D6" class="Turbellaria" family="Typhloplanidae" genus="Thalassoplanella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neorhabdocoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF845D28E7D6FCE524B778D6" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Thalassoplanella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among others. The stylet of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF845D28E1F5FC0D26A878D6" box="[754,925,924,949]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dalyelliidae" genus="Haplodidymos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF845D28E1F5FC0D26A878D6" box="[754,925,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Haplodidymos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is weakly developed relative to these other species. The presence of a stylet may be indicative of close phylogenetic ties. The third deviation from the reproductive ground pattern of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF845D28E70CFC7D21F47F65" box="[1035,1217,1004,1030]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Typhloplanidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in the presence of a uterus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF64B6CFF845D28E2F9FB85266C7F4D" author="Jondelius" box="[510,857,1044,1070]" pageId="12" pageNumber="14" refString="Jondelius, U. & Thollesson, M. (1993) Phylogeny of the Rhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes): a working hypothesis, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 71, 298 - 308." type="journal article" year="1993">Jondelius & Thollesson 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Egg maturation probably occurs in the parenchyma of most typhloplanids, while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF845D28E011FBAD26F47F36" box="[790,961,1084,1109]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dalyelliidae" genus="Haplodidymos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF845D28E011FBAD26F47F36" box="[790,961,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Haplodidymos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and several species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF845D28E7D6FBAD270F7F1D" authority="Kolasa 1980" authorityName="Kolasa" authorityYear="1980" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" genus="Chorizogynopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF845D28E7D6FBAD24B27F1E" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Chorizogynopora</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF64B6CFF845D28E290FBF527077F1D" author="Kolasa" box="[407,562,1124,1150]" pageId="12" pageNumber="14" refString="Kolasa, J. (1980) New semiterrestrial species of Protoplanellinae (Turbellaria, Typhloplanidae) associated with a submontane stream, Bulletin de L'Academi Polonaise des Sciences. Serie des sciences biologiques. 28, 611 - 616." type="journal article" year="1980">Kolasa 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF845D28E140FBF527ED7F1E" box="[583,728,1124,1149]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" genus="Olisthanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF845D28E140FBF527ED7F1E" box="[583,728,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Olisthanella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF845D28E015FBF521647F1D" authority="Luther 1963" authorityName="Luther" authorityYear="1963" box="[786,1105,1124,1150]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" genus="Phaenocora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF845D28E015FBF526947F1E" box="[786,929,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Phaenocora</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF64B6CFF845D28E0B6FBF5217D7F1D" author="Luther" box="[945,1096,1124,1150]" pageId="12" pageNumber="14" refString="Luther, A. (1963) Die Turbellarien Ostfennoskandiens. IV. Neorhabdocoela 2. Typhloplanoida Typhloplanidae, Solenopharyngidae und Carcharodopharyngidae, Fauna Fennica 16, 5 - 163." type="journal article" year="1963">Luther 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a posterior uterus is present. Other species such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF845D28E199FB1D21737FC5" authority="Luther, 1948" authorityName="Luther" authorityYear="1948" box="[670,1094,1164,1190]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" genus="Gullmariella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="vivipara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF845D28E199FB1D26977FC6" box="[670,930,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Gullmariella vivipara</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF64B6CFF845D28E0ABFB1D21737FC5" author="Luther" box="[940,1094,1164,1190]" pageId="12" pageNumber="14" refString="Luther, A. (1948) Untersuchungen an Rhabdocoelen Turbellarien. VII. Ueber einige marine Dalyellioida. VIII. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Typhloplanoida, Acta Zoologica Fennica, 55, 4 - 122." type="journal article" year="1948">Luther, 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess a superior genital atrium for egg development. However, apart from their respective positions, the difference between the uterus and superior genital atrium is ambiguous according to the diagrams of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF64B6CFF845D28E2A5FA95277C7E7D" author="Luther" box="[418,585,1284,1310]" pageId="12" pageNumber="14" refString="Luther, A. (1948) Untersuchungen an Rhabdocoelen Turbellarien. VII. Ueber einige marine Dalyellioida. VIII. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Typhloplanoida, Acta Zoologica Fennica, 55, 4 - 122." type="journal article" year="1948">Luther (1948)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF64B6CFF845D28E18EFA9526027E7D" author="Kolasa" box="[649,823,1284,1310]" pageId="12" pageNumber="14" refString="Kolasa, J. (1991). Flatworms. Turbellaria and Nemertea. In: J. H. Thorpe & A. P. Covich (Eds) Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates, New York: Academic Press, Inc, 145 - 169." type="book chapter" year="1991">Kolasa (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In Luther’s scheme, the superior genital atrium is a lone, dorsal expansion of the genital atrium (inferior), but according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF64B6CFF845D28E7DEFABD246C7E0D" author="Kolasa" pageId="12" pageNumber="14" refString="Kolasa, J. (1991). Flatworms. Turbellaria and Nemertea. In: J. H. Thorpe & A. P. Covich (Eds) Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates, New York: Academic Press, Inc, 145 - 169." type="book chapter" year="1991">Kolasa (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the superior genital atrium receives the ducts of other reproductive organs and the uterus functions in egg maturation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD8369DFF845D28E23FFA3521377D6D" blockId="12.[264,1324,284,1550]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Based on the above characters,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF845D28E1A0FA3526677EDE" box="[679,850,1444,1469]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dalyelliidae" genus="Haplodidymos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913EA8FFF845D28E1A0FA3526677EDE" box="[679,850,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Haplodidymos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has close taxonomic ties to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF845D28E79DFA3524717E85" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Protoplanellinae">Protoplanellinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The precise position of excretory pores remains to be determined, but their absence from the mouth region excludes this genus from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674D1EFF845D28E043FA6526CB7D6D" box="[836,1022,1524,1550]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Typhloplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Typhloplaninae">Typhloplaninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |