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<mods:title id="2A38503C99AFB127A6A037878325BDDE">Disentangling a taxonomic nightmare: a revision of the Australian, Indomalayan and Pacific species of Altica Geoffroy, 1762 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae)</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB6F95B76A8C912FE4A4C27" blockId="4.[151,449,1578,1605]" box="[151,449,1578,1605]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">
<heading id="D095622AFFB6F95B76A8C912FE4A4C27" bold="true" box="[151,449,1578,1605]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB6F95B76A8C912FE4A4C27" bold="true" box="[151,449,1578,1605]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">
Biology of
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB6F95B7723C913FEEF4C26" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[284,356,1578,1604]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB6F95B7723C913FEEF4C26" bold="true" box="[284,356,1578,1604]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37886CDFFB6F95976A8C948FCE64B07" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="509" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB6F95B76A8C948FA004D93" blockId="4.[151,1437,1649,2034]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">
Adult
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB6F95B76DAC948FEA34CE8" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[229,296,1649,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB6F95B76DAC948FEA34CE8" box="[229,296,1649,1674]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are relatively weak jumpers (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB6F95B74C4C948FC164CE8" author="Schmitt" box="[763,925,1649,1674]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" refString="Schmitt, M. (2004) Jumping flea beetles: structure and performance (Insecta, Chrysomelidae, Alticinae). In: Jolivet, P., Santiago-Blay, J. A. &amp; Schmitt, M. (Eds.), New developments in the biology of Chrysomelidae. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, pp. 161 - 169." type="book chapter" year="2004">Schmitt 2004</bibRefCitation>
) but with their dark metallic colours and conspicuous diurnal swarming behaviour are likely to be strongly chemically protected (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB6F95B72B6C9ACFAAF4CCC" author="Phillips" box="[1161,1316,1685,1710]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" refString="Phillips, W. M. (1977) Observations on the biology and ecology of the chrysomelid genus Haltica Geoff. in Britain. Ecological Entomology, 2 (3), 205 - 216. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1977. tb 00883. x" type="journal article" year="1977">Phillips 1977</bibRefCitation>
), although there are surprisingly few studies of the defence system (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB6F95B7516C983FBB34CB0" author="Deroe" box="[809,1080,1721,1746]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" refString="Deroe, C. &amp; Pasteels, J. M. (1982) Distribution of adult defence glands in chrysomelids (Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae) and its significance in the evolution of defence mechanisms within the family. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 8, 67 - 82." type="journal article" year="1982">Deroe &amp; Pasteels 1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB6F95B727AC980FACF4CB0" author="Carruthers" box="[1093,1348,1721,1746]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" refString="Carruthers, R. I., Franc, M. K., Gee, W. S., Cosse, A. A., Grewell, B. J. &amp; Beck, J. J. (2011) Volatile emissions from the flea beetle Altica litigata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) associated with invasive Ludwigia hexapetala. Chemoecology, 21, 253 - 259. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00049 - 011 - 0090 - 6" type="journal article" year="2011">
Carruthers
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB6F95B72FBC983FB734CB0" box="[1220,1272,1721,1746]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">et al</emphasis>
. 2011
</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB6F95B7366C980FA174CB0" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[1369,1436,1721,1746]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB6F95B7366C980FA174CB0" box="[1369,1436,1721,1746]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species may be monophagous or polyphagous. They may occur in huge numbers, altering plant succession in dynamic habitats (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB6F95B7751C838FE794D78" author="Bach" box="[366,498,1793,1818]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" refString="Bach, C. E. (1994) Effects of a specialist herbivore (Altica subplicata) on Salix cordata and sand dune succession. Ecological Monographs, 64, 423 - 445. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2937144" type="journal article" year="1994">Bach 1994</bibRefCitation>
). Adults also swarm on non-hosts (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB6F95B75A5C838FBCB4D78" author="Vestjens" box="[922,1088,1793,1818]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" refString="Vestjens, W. J. M. (1979) Notes on the leaf beetle Haltica ignea Blackburn (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Halticinae) at Lake Cowal, New South Wales. Australian entomological Magazine, 5 (6), 113 - 114." type="journal article" year="1979">Vestjens 1979</bibRefCitation>
) and may be associated with damage caused by other organisms, causing confusion in host records. For example, we were informed of damage by swarming
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB6F95B7707C870FEF04D00" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[312,379,1865,1890]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB6F95B7707C870FEF04D00" box="[312,379,1865,1890]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB6F95B7798C870FD4A4D00" ID-CoL="8VX8V" box="[423,705,1865,1890]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Eleocharis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB6F95B7798C870FDAB4D00" box="[423,544,1865,1890]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Eleocharis</emphasis>
(Cyperaceae)
</taxonomicName>
in a swamp on the Murray River,
<date id="FFDCF386FFB6F95B725CC873FB574D00" box="[1123,1244,1866,1890]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" value="2014-06">June 2014</date>
. The
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB6F95B731DC870FAEE4D00" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[1314,1381,1865,1890]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB6F95B731DC870FAEE4D00" box="[1314,1381,1865,1890]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was identified by us as
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB6F95B7754C857FE454DE7" box="[363,462,1902,1925]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenea">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB6F95B7754C857FE454DE7" box="[363,462,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">A. aenea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which appears to feed only on
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB6F95B750AC854FBB44DE4" box="[821,1087,1901,1926]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Ludwigia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB6F95B750AC854FC144DE4" box="[821,927,1901,1926]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Ludwigia</emphasis>
(Onagraceae)
</taxonomicName>
, so we queried the host record. A closer examination of the damage to the
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB6F95B74A9C8A8FC844DC8" ID-CoL="8VX8V" box="[662,783,1937,1962]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Eleocharis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB6F95B74A9C8A8FC844DC8" box="[662,783,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Eleocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the correspondent showed that it had been made by grazing kangaroos or horses;
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB6F95B77C5C88CFDB64DAC" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[506,573,1973,1998]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB6F95B77C5C88CFDB64DAC" box="[506,573,1973,1998]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-damaged
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB6F95B7487C88CFCA94DAC" box="[696,802,1973,1998]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Ludwigia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB6F95B7487C88CFCA94DAC" box="[696,802,1973,1998]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Ludwigia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found nearby. The tussocks of
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB6F95B72E0C88CFAD34DAC" ID-CoL="8VX8V" box="[1247,1368,1973,1998]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Eleocharis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB6F95B72E0C88CFAD34DAC" box="[1247,1368,1973,1998]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Eleocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were relatively elevated compared with nearby vegetation and clearly acted as focal points for the swarms of
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB6F95B731DC8E3FA0F4D93" box="[1314,1412,2010,2033]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenea">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB6F95B731DC8E3FA0F4D93" box="[1314,1412,2010,2033]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">A. aenea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB7F95A76F8CFAEFCEF4BCE" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,1005]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">
The general life cycle of
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A77DDCFAEFDAE4AD2" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[482,549,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A77DDCFAEFDAE4AD2" box="[482,549,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is atypical for alticines as the larva is an external feeder: eggs are laid in loose clusters on the hostplant; larvae feed on leaves; pupation is in soil; adults feed on leaves of the larval host but may visit floral nectaries of unrelated plants. All life stages of
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A7515CFD9FC5F4A9A" box="[810,980,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Haltica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birmanensis">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A7515CFD9FC5F4A9A" box="[810,980,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">A. birmanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been photographed (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A733ECFD9FF5A4B7E" author="Lee" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Lee, C. - F. &amp; Cheng, H. - T. (2007) The Chrysomelidae of Taiwan I. Sishou-Hills Insect Observation Network Press, Taipei, 200 pp." type="book" year="2007">Lee &amp; Cheng 2007</bibRefCitation>
) and the larva described (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A77CDCE3DFD294B7E" author="Takizawa" box="[498,674,260,285]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Takizawa, H. (1978) Notes on Taiwanese chrysomelid larvae, V. Entomological Review, Japan, 31 (1 - 2), 75 - 84." type="journal article" year="1978">Takizawa 1978</bibRefCitation>
). The immature stages of
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A75F9CE3DFBBF4B7E" box="[966,1076,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyanea">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A75F9CE3DFBBF4B7E" box="[966,1076,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">A. cyanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described and illustrated by the same authors are probably
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A77FDCE11FDA84B22" box="[450,547,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenea">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A77FDCE11FDA84B22" box="[450,547,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">A. aenea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on the foodplant. Larvae of the two endemic Australian species of
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A7366CE1EFA174B22" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[1369,1436,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A7366CE1EFA174B22" box="[1369,1436,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are undescribed. Larvae of
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A77EFCE75FD984B07" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[464,531,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A77EFCE75FD984B07" box="[464,531,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species worldwide show little variation and the Australian larvae examined by CAMR are similar to their well-described Holarctic counterparts, as reviewed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A7276CE49FA9F4BEA" box="[1097,1300,367,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Hua, Y., Beutel, R. G., Zhang, Y., Cui, J. - Z. &amp; Yang, X. - K. (2013) The larvae of Altica koreana (Oglobin) and A. viridicyanea (Baly) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini). Zootaxa, 3694 (5), 461 - 470. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3694.5.4" type="journal article">
Hua
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A72BDCE48FB3D4BEA" box="[1154,1206,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">et al</emphasis>
. (2013)
</bibRefCitation>
, with a full complement of dark tubercles and prominent blunt-tipped setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB7F95A76F2CE8EFE4B48E7" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,1005]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">
The major organisms causing mortality of larvae appear to be
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A7540CE8EFB9C4BB2" ID-CoL="62662" box="[895,1047,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A7272CE8EFB414BB2" ID-CoL="GVY" box="[1101,1226,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tachinidae</taxonomicName>
, but others include
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A76A8CEE5FE924B97" ID-CoL="7D4" box="[151,281,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Braconidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A7716CEE5FE524B97" ID-CoL="BCL" box="[297,473,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ichneumonidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A77D6CEE5FDCE4B97" ID-CoL="624LX" box="[489,581,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Miridae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A746ACEE5FC0B4B97" ID-CoL="FYF" authority="Nematoda" authorityName="Nematoda" box="[597,896,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Sarcophagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sarcophagidae, Nematoda</taxonomicName>
and fungi (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A7230CEE5FB254B96" author="Phillips" box="[1039,1198,476,501]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Phillips, W. M. (1977) Observations on the biology and ecology of the chrysomelid genus Haltica Geoff. in Britain. Ecological Entomology, 2 (3), 205 - 216. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1977. tb 00883. x" type="journal article" year="1977">Phillips 1977</bibRefCitation>
; de
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A72DACEE5FEAD487A" author="Souza" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="de Souza Lopes, H. &amp; Achoy, R. M. (1986) On Chrysagria (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) with descriptions of two new species, one of them living on the larvae of Altica sp. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 46 (1), 273 - 276." type="journal article" year="1986">Souza Lopes &amp; Achoy 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A770BCD39FE23487A" author="Cox" box="[308,424,511,536]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Cox, M. L. (1996) Insect predators of Chrysomelidae. In: Jolivet, P. H. A. &amp; Cox, M. L. (Eds.), Chrysomelidae biology. Vol. 2. Ecological studies. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, pp. 23 - 91." type="book" year="1996">Cox 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A778ACEC6FDE5487A" author="Schwenke" box="[437,622,511,536]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Schwenke, W. (1999) Revision der Europaischen Mesochorinae. Spixiana Supplement, 26, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1999">Schwenke 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A74BCCEC6FD4D487A" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[643,710,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A74BCCEC6FD4D487A" box="[643,710,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae are toxic to some predacious
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A724FCEC6FA13487A" ID-CoL="8KTL7" authority="Phillips 1977" authorityName="Phillips" authorityYear="1977" box="[1136,1432,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Carabidae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A72CCCEC6FA1B487A" author="Phillips" box="[1267,1424,511,536]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Phillips, W. M. (1977) Observations on the biology and ecology of the chrysomelid genus Haltica Geoff. in Britain. Ecological Entomology, 2 (3), 205 - 216. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1977. tb 00883. x" type="journal article" year="1977">Phillips 1977</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Adult specimens often carry
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A77C1CD1DFD07485F" box="[510,652,548,573]" class="Laboulbeniomycetes" family="Laboulbeniaceae" genus="Laboulbenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Laboulbeniales" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A77C1CD1DFD07485F" box="[510,652,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Laboulbenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fungal parasites and the appendages may be heavily encrusted (photographed in
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A775CCD71FDC84802" author="Lee" box="[355,579,583,608]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Lee, C. - F. &amp; Cheng, H. - T. (2007) The Chrysomelidae of Taiwan I. Sishou-Hills Insect Observation Network Press, Taipei, 200 pp." type="book" year="2007">Lee &amp; Cheng 2007</bibRefCitation>
: 130;
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A74B3CD70FD784802" box="[652,755,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">pers. obs</emphasis>
. CAMR), but the host records provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A72D1CD7EFA174802" author="Balazuc" box="[1262,1436,583,608]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Balazuc, J. (1988) Laboulbeniales (Ascomycetes) parasitic on Chrysomelidae. In: Jolivet, P., Petitpierre, E. &amp; Hsiao, T. H. (Eds.), Biology of Chrysomelidae. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp. 389 - 398. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 009 - 3105 - 3 _ 22" type="book chapter" year="1988">Balazuc (1988)</bibRefCitation>
may be misidentifications.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB7F95A76F8CDB6FC20498E" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,1005]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">
The range of host plants of
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A77C3CDB6FDB448CA" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[508,575,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A77C3CDB6FDB448CA" box="[508,575,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species worldwide is enormous (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A758ACDB6FBCF48CA" author="Jolivet" box="[949,1092,655,680]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Jolivet, P. (1991) Selection trophique chez les Alticinae (Col., Chrysomelidae). Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Linneene de Lyon, 60 (1), 26 - 40." type="journal article" year="1991">Jolivet 1991</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A726FCDB6FA9A48CA" author="Clark" box="[1104,1297,655,680]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Clark, S. M., LeDoux, D. G., Seeno, T. N., Riley, E. G., Gilbert, A. J. &amp; Sullivan, J. M. (2004) Host plants of leaf beetle species occurring in the United States and Canada. The Coleopterist's Society, Sacramento, 476 pp." type="book" year="2004">
Clark
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A72AACDA8FB4C48CA" box="[1173,1223,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
), with many northern hemisphere species associated with trees and woody shrubs. A single species occurs on woody shrubs in western Indo-Malaya (
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A77AACDE1FD884892" box="[405,515,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyanea">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A77AACDE1FD884892" box="[405,515,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">A. cyanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), but in
<collectingCountry id="F37595D6FFB7F95A745ECDEEFD4C4892" box="[609,711,727,752]" name="Australia" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Australia</collectingCountry>
and the west Pacific,
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A7584CDEEFC754892" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[955,1022,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A7584CDEEFC754892" box="[955,1022,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are recorded feeding only on annual and perennial herbs (with one exceptional record). There is a large literature on the biology of
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A733DCDC5FACE4977" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[1282,1349,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A733DCDC5FACE4977" box="[1282,1349,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in the region covered here, but descriptions of individual species biology may be based on misidentifications or erroneous synonymy (for example:
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A7477CC7DFCA0493E" author="Hawkeswood" box="[584,811,836,861]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Hawkeswood, T. J. (1988) A survey of the leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from the Townsville district, northern Queensland, Australia. Giornale italiano di Entomologia, 4, 93 - 112." type="journal article" year="1988">Hawkeswood 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A7500CC7DFC54493E" author="Kimoto" box="[831,991,836,861]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Kimoto, S. (2000) Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) of Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. VII. Alticinae. Bulletin of the Institute of comparative Studies of International Cultures and Societies, 26, 103 - 299." type="journal article" year="2000">Kimoto 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A75CCCC7CFB6C493E" author="Lee" box="[1011,1255,836,861]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Lee, C. - F. &amp; Cheng, H. - T. (2007) The Chrysomelidae of Taiwan I. Sishou-Hills Insect Observation Network Press, Taipei, 200 pp." type="book" year="2007">Lee &amp; Cheng 2007</bibRefCitation>
). The endemic Australian species have not been studied in detail, but their life histories are unlikely to deviate significantly from south and east Asian species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A77C9CCB5FD0349C6" author="Dubey" box="[502,648,908,933]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Dubey, A. N. (1981) Biological control of weeds in rice fields. Tropical pest management, 27 (1), 143 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 09670878109414186" type="journal article" year="1981">Dubey 1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A74A8CCB5FC6749C7" author="Singh" box="[663,1004,908,933]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Singh, S. J. P., Rose, H. S. &amp; Gautam, R. K. (1986) The biology of the flea beetle, Altica caerulea Olivier (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) a pest on mountainous weed Rumex sp. Entomon, 11 (3), 175 - 178." type="journal article" year="1986">Singh, Rose &amp; Gautam 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A75C4CCB5FA9349C6" author="Nayek" box="[1019,1304,908,933]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Nayek, T. K. &amp; Banerjee, T. C. (1987) Life history and host specificity of Altica cyanea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a potential biological control agent for water primrose, Ludwigia adscendens. Entomophaga, 32 (4), 407 - 414. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02372450" type="journal article" year="1987">Nayek &amp; Banerjee 1987</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A7317CCB4FA1C49C6" author="Lee" box="[1320,1431,908,932]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Lee, J. E. (1992) Larval description of four alticine species of genera Altica and Argopistes from Japan (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera). Korean Journal of Entomology, 22 (4), 287 - 295." type="journal article" year="1992">Lee 1992</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A76A8CC96FE3049AA" author="Kimoto" box="[151,443,943,968]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Kimoto, S. &amp; Takizawa, H. (1994) Leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) of Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, xvii + 539 pp." type="book" year="1994">Kimoto &amp; Takizawa 1994</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A77F9CC96FD1049AA" author="Shah" box="[454,667,943,968]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Shah, L. &amp; Jyala, M. N. (1998) Population dynamics and host specificity of flea beetle Altica himensis Shukla (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) in Kumaon Himalayas. Entomon, 23 (4), 299 - 305." type="journal article" year="1998">Shah &amp; Jyala 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A7498CC96FCA949AA" author="Jyala" box="[679,802,943,968]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Jyala, M. N. (2002) Biology and nutritional efficiency of flea beetle, Altica himensis Shukla (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its probable role as a biological control agent of weed in Kumaon Himalayas. Entomon, 27 (3), 239 - 248." type="journal article" year="2002">Jyala 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A7512CC89FB8849AA" author="Lee" box="[813,1027,943,968]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Lee, C. - F. &amp; Cheng, H. - T. (2007) The Chrysomelidae of Taiwan I. Sishou-Hills Insect Observation Network Press, Taipei, 200 pp." type="book" year="2007">Lee &amp; Cheng 2007</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A7230CC96FAAF49AA" author="Zhang" box="[1039,1316,943,968]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Zhang, Y, Ge, S. Q. &amp; Yang, X. K. (2007) Study of the morphology of Altica fragariae (Nakane) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae), with first descriptions of the larvae and pupae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 109, 661 - 683." type="journal article" year="2007">Zhang, Ge &amp; Yang 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Note that in most of these studies the
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A77F1CCEDFD9A498F" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[462,529,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A77F1CCEDFD9A498F" box="[462,529,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species is wrongly named (
<tableCitation id="C6E0E0FDFFB7F95A7578CCEDFC10498E" box="[839,923,980,1005]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,1124,1147]" captionText="TABLE 1. Corrected names for biological and distributional literature, concerning Altica species from South Asia to the central Pacific." pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1D85CEFFB7F95A76A8CB21FB574E4D" box="[151,1244,1047,1071]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB7F95A76A8CB21FB574E4D" blockId="5.[151,1244,1047,1071]" box="[151,1244,1047,1071]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A76A8CB21FE824E4D" bold="true" box="[151,265,1048,1071]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Distribution and host information for
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A749CCB2EFD684E4D" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[675,739,1047,1071]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A749CCB2EFD684E4D" box="[675,739,1047,1071]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in southeast Asia to the central Pacific.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB7F95A774FCB95FE0D4ED2" blockId="5.[159,1334,1115,1517]" box="[368,390,1196,1200]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">,</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB7F95A774FCB89FE0D4E9B" blockId="5.[159,1334,1115,1517]" box="[368,390,1200,1273]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Pacific</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB7F95A774FCB5AFE0D4E1A" blockId="5.[159,1334,1115,1517]" box="[368,390,1123,1144]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">of</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB7F95A774ECB47FE0D4EC7" blockId="5.[159,1334,1115,1517]" box="[369,390,1150,1189]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">east</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB7F95A77B0CB40FE2E4EA0" blockId="5.[159,1334,1115,1517]" box="[399,421,1145,1218]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">
<collectingCountry id="F37595D6FFB7F95A77B0CB40FE2E4EA0" box="[399,421,1145,1218]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Guinea</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB7F95A77AFCBF0FE2E4E9B" blockId="5.[159,1334,1115,1517]" box="[400,421,1225,1273]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">New</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB7F95A77C8CBA5FABD4E9A" blockId="5.[159,1334,1115,1517]" box="[503,1334,1115,1273]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">
<collectingCountry id="F37595D6FFB7F95A77C8CBA5FD864E9B" box="[503,525,1180,1273]" name="Australia" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Australia</collectingCountry>
Tasmania of New west
<collectingCountry id="F37595D6FFB7F95A751CCB96FCB24E9A" box="[803,825,1199,1272]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Guinea</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A75B4CB56FC2A4E9B" ID-CoL="625JL" box="[907,929,1135,1273]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Haloragaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Haloragaceae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A722DCBB8FBA34E9A" ID-CoL="DL8" box="[1042,1064,1153,1272]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Onagraceae</taxonomicName>
Melastomaceae
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A731FCB55FABD4E9A" box="[1312,1334,1132,1272]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polygonales" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Polygonaceae</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB7F95A76A0CA30FC164F8F" blockId="5.[159,1334,1115,1517]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A76A0CA30FF734F7D" box="[159,248,1289,1311]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenea">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A76A0CA30FF734F7D" box="[159,248,1289,1311]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">A. aenea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
X X X X
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A76A0CA0AFEBC4F2A" box="[159,311,1330,1352]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Haltica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birmanensis">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A76A0CA0AFEBC4F2A" box="[159,311,1330,1352]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">A. birmanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
X X
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A76A0CA65FE9E4F13" box="[159,277,1372,1393]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corrusca">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A76A0CA65FE9E4F13" box="[159,277,1372,1393]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">A. corrusca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
X X X X
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A76A0CABCFE884FF9" box="[159,259,1413,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyanea">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A76A0CABCFE884FF9" box="[159,259,1413,1435]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">A. cyanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
X X
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A76A0CA96FE9F4FA6" box="[159,276,1454,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caerulea">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A76A0CA96FE9F4FA6" box="[159,276,1454,1476]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">A. caerulea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
X X X
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A76A0CAE1FC164F8F" authority="X X X" authorityName="X X X" box="[159,925,1495,1517]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Haltica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gravida">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A76A0CAE1FE814F8F" box="[159,266,1495,1517]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">A. gravida</emphasis>
X X X
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB7F95976F8C917FAB24AB6" blockId="5.[151,1436,1582,2003]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="509" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">
Wordwide, several
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A779FC917FE684C25" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[416,483,1582,1607]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A779FC917FE684C25" box="[416,483,1582,1607]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species have been suggested for biocontrol of pasture or aquatic weeds, for example
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A76A8C96AFDC34C09" authority="Guerin-Meneville, 1858" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,584,1618,1643]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carduorum">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A76A8C96AFEBB4C09" box="[151,304,1618,1643]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">A. carduorum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A7708C96BFDC34C09" author="Guerin-Meneville" box="[311,584,1618,1643]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (1858) Melanges et nouvelles: ravages des altises. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, Series 2, 10, 414 - 416." type="journal article" year="1858">Guérin-Méneville, 1858</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, on
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A744AC96AFC7E4C09" ID-CoL="VHPB" authority="Wan et al. 1996" authorityName="Wan et al." authorityYear="1996" box="[629,1013,1618,1643]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arvense">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A744AC96AFCA64C08" box="[629,813,1619,1642]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Cirsium arvense</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A7504C96AFC664C09" author="Wan" box="[827,1005,1618,1643]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Wan, F. H., Harris, P., Cai, L. M. &amp; Zhang, M. X. (1996) Host specificity of Altica carduorum Guer. (Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera), a defoliator of Cirsium arvense (L) Scop. (Asteraceae) from north-western China. Biocontrol Science &amp; Technology, 6, 521 - 530. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 09583159631154" type="journal article" year="1996">
Wan
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A7549C96AFC2D4C09" box="[886,934,1618,1643]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">et al</emphasis>
. 1996
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A7215C96AFA9B4C09" authority="Aube, 1843" authorityName="Aube" authorityYear="1843" box="[1066,1296,1618,1643]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lythri">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A7215C96AFB0D4C09" box="[1066,1158,1618,1643]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">A. lythri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A72B3C96BFA9B4C09" author="Aube" box="[1164,1296,1618,1643]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Aube, C. (1843) Sur quelques Altica confondues sous le nom d' Altica oleracea. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, Series 2, 1, 5 - 10." type="journal article" year="1843">Aubé, 1843</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, on
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A7301C96BFE574CED" ID-CoL="3WVHJ" authority="Batra et al.1986" authorityName="Batra et al." authorityYear="1986" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lythraceae" genus="Lythrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salicaria">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A7301C96BFF704CED" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Lythrum salicaria</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A7731C94EFE594CED" author="Batra" box="[270,466,1654,1679]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Batra, S. W. T., Schroeder, D., Boldt, P. E. &amp; Mendl, W. (1986) Insects associated with purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) in Europe. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 88 (4), 748 - 759." type="journal article" year="1986">
Batra
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A7766C94EFE1B4CED" box="[345,400,1654,1679]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">et al</emphasis>
.1986
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Some
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A7407C94FFDF04CED" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[568,635,1654,1679]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A7407C94FFDF04CED" box="[568,635,1654,1679]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are pests, including the European
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A7244C94EFAB34CED" box="[1147,1336,1654,1679]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ampelophaga">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A7244C94EFAB34CED" box="[1147,1336,1654,1679]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">A. ampelophaga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Guérin-
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A76A8C9A3FEDE4CD1" author="Meneville" box="[151,341,1690,1715]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (1858) Melanges et nouvelles: ravages des altises. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, Series 2, 10, 414 - 416." type="journal article" year="1858">Méneville, 1858</bibRefCitation>
, on
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A77B3C9A2FDEC4CD1" ID-CoL="872G" authority="Picard 1926" authorityName="Picard" authorityYear="1926" box="[396,615,1690,1715]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Vitales" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A77B3C9A2FE364CD0" box="[396,445,1691,1714]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Vitis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A77F0C9A3FDD44CD1" author="Picard" box="[463,607,1690,1715]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Picard, F. 1926. Recherches sur la biologie de l'altise de la vigne (Haltica ampelophaga Guer.). Annales des Epiphyties (Paris), 12, 177 - 196." type="journal article" year="1926">Picard 1926</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and several pest species in North American horticulture (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A732AC9A3FF5F4CB5" author="Clark" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Clark, S. M., LeDoux, D. G., Seeno, T. N., Riley, E. G., Gilbert, A. J. &amp; Sullivan, J. M. (2004) Host plants of leaf beetle species occurring in the United States and Canada. The Coleopterist's Society, Sacramento, 476 pp." type="book" year="2004">
Clark
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A735FC9A2FA1E4CD1" box="[1376,1429,1690,1715]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A76D6C987FEA74CB5" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[233,300,1726,1751]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A76D6C987FEA74CB5" box="[233,300,1726,1751]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are of slight significance in the Australian region.
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A75E2C987FB054CB4" box="[989,1166,1726,1751]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corrusca">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A75E2C987FB054CB4" box="[989,1166,1726,1751]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Altica corrusca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a pest of strawberry (
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A769FC9DAFE8C4C98" ID-CoL="4KYG" box="[160,263,1763,1786]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Fragaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A769FC9DAFE8C4C98" box="[160,263,1763,1786]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Fragaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in Victoria (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A779FC9DBFDB94C99" author="French" box="[416,562,1762,1787]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="French, C. (1913) A new strawberry pest. Journal of Agriculture, Victoria, 11 (10), 591." type="journal article" year="1913">French 1913</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A7400C9DBFCCE4C99" author="Adam" box="[575,837,1762,1787]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Adam, D. B. &amp; Pescott, R. T. M. (1932) Strawberry culture. Fungus diseases and insect pests. Journal of Agriculture, Victoria, 30, 21 - 25." type="journal article" year="1932">Adam &amp; Prescott 1932</bibRefCitation>
) and occasionally a pest of cultivated
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A72C5C9DAFAF54C99" ID-CoL="DL8" box="[1274,1406,1763,1787]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Onagraceae</taxonomicName>
in gardens.
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A76C2C83FFE004D7C" box="[253,395,1798,1823]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenea">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A76C2C83FFE004D7C" box="[253,395,1798,1823]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Altica aenea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A7783C83EFDA04D7C" box="[444,555,1799,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyanea">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A7783C83EFDA04D7C" box="[444,555,1799,1822]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">A. cyanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), is a possible biological control agent of onagraceous weeds in irrigated rice (
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A769FC812FF6F4D20" ID-CoL="8VZYW" box="[160,228,1835,1858]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A769FC812FF6F4D20" box="[160,228,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Oryza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A76C3C813FE014D21" author="Dubey" box="[252,394,1834,1859]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Dubey, A. N. (1981) Biological control of weeds in rice fields. Tropical pest management, 27 (1), 143 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 09670878109414186" type="journal article" year="1981">Dubey 1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A77AAC813FD2C4D21" author="Nayek" box="[405,679,1834,1859]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Nayek, T. K. &amp; Banerjee, T. C. (1987) Life history and host specificity of Altica cyanea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a potential biological control agent for water primrose, Ludwigia adscendens. Entomophaga, 32 (4), 407 - 414. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02372450" type="journal article" year="1987">Nayek &amp; Banerjee 1987</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A748EC813FCED4D21" author="Xiao-Shui" box="[689,870,1834,1859]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Xiao-Shui, W. (1990) Altica cyanea (Col: Chrysomelidae) for the biological control of Ludwigia prostrata (Onagraceae) in China. Tropical Pest Management, 36 (4), 366 - 370. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 09670879009371513" type="journal article" year="1990">Xiao-Shui 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A754EC813FBF24D21" author="Naples" box="[881,1145,1834,1859]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Naples, M. L. &amp; Kessler, P. J. A. (2005) Weeds of Rain Fed Lowland Rice Fields of Laos &amp; Cambodia. Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. Version: 12 September 2005. Available from: http: // www. nationaalherbarium. nl (accessed June 2014)" type="journal article" year="2005">Naples &amp; Kessler 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A72B4C813FB454D21" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[1163,1230,1834,1859]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A72B4C813FB454D21" box="[1163,1230,1834,1859]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species have been collected on
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A7718C876FEE04D04" ID-CoL="8VZYW" box="[295,363,1871,1894]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A7718C876FEE04D04" box="[295,363,1871,1894]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Oryza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(rice), in
<collectingCountry id="F37595D6FFB7F95A77E3C877FDC84D05" box="[476,579,1870,1895]" name="Australia" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Australia</collectingCountry>
(label data),
<collectingCountry id="F37595D6FFB7F95A74E7C877FD744D05" box="[728,767,1870,1895]" name="Fiji" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Fiji</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB7F95A7531C876FB924D05" author="Bryant" box="[782,1049,1870,1895]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" refString="Bryant, G. E. &amp; Gressitt, J. L. (1957) Chrysomelidae of Fiji (Coleoptera). Pacific Science, 11, 3 - 91." type="journal article" year="1957">Bryant &amp; Gressitt 1957</bibRefCitation>
) and
<collectingCountry id="F37595D6FFB7F95A7266C877FB684D04" box="[1113,1251,1870,1895]" name="Timor-Leste" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Timor Leste</collectingCountry>
(label data), but there is no published confirmation in any study of rice pests that plants are damaged, whereas
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A7290C84BFAAB4DE9" box="[1199,1312,1906,1931]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A7290C84BFA974DE9" box="[1199,1308,1906,1931]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Ludwigia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myrtales" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ludwigia</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
a common weed in rice padi, is a definite host of
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A746AC8AFFD134DCD" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[597,664,1942,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A746AC8AFFD134DCD" box="[597,664,1942,1967]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. We suspect that all records of
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A7261C8AFFB2A4DCD" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[1118,1185,1942,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A7261C8AFFB2A4DCD" box="[1118,1185,1942,1967]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A72F0C8AEFA9F4DCC" ID-CoL="8VZYW" box="[1231,1300,1943,1966]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A72F0C8AEFA9F4DCC" box="[1231,1300,1943,1966]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Oryza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are of nonfeeding individuals. However,
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A77CFC882FDD84DB0" box="[496,595,1979,2002]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenea">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A77CFC882FDD84DB0" box="[496,595,1979,2002]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">A. aenea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been recorded causing damage to leaves of a
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB7F95A72BCC882FB424DB0" ID-CoL="3QB2" box="[1155,1225,1979,2002]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Citrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB7F95A72BCC882FB424DB0" box="[1155,1225,1979,2002]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Citrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in Kakadu Natonal Park, Northern Territory (label data), so the range of plant hosts may widen in outbreak conditions. Despite these occasional exceptions, hostplants are a useful guide for the identification of
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB4F9597213CF85FBE44AB7" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[1068,1135,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB4F9597213CF85FBE44AB7" box="[1068,1135,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="509">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (
<tableCitation id="C6E0E0FDFFB4F95972EACF85FAA74AB6" box="[1237,1324,188,213]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,239,1048,1071]" captionText="TABLE 2. Distribution and host information for Altica species in southeast Asia to the central Pacific." pageId="6" pageNumber="509">Table 2</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB4F95976F8CFE6FCE64B07" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,357]" pageId="6" pageNumber="509">
Perhaps the most interesting observation on the biology of
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB4F9597544CFE6FC344A9A" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[891,959,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB4F9597544CFE6FC344A9A" box="[891,959,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="509">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F37595D6FFB4F95975D6CFE6FBC44A9A" box="[1001,1103,223,248]" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="509">Australia</collectingCountry>
is the toxicity of adults and larvae of
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB4F9597733CE3DFEF84B7E" box="[268,371,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="509">A. ignea</emphasis>
(probably
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB4F95977CDCE3DFDDE4B7E" box="[498,597,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenea">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB4F95977CDCE3DFDDE4B7E" box="[498,597,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="509">A. aenea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) to mosquito larvae in the Brisbane area (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB4F959720BCE3DFAAF4B7E" author="Hamlyn-Harris" box="[1076,1316,260,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="509" refString="Hamlyn-Harris, R. (1930) Halticinae (Col) as possible vectors in natural control of mosquitoes in Queensland. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 21 (2), 159. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300021672" type="journal article" year="1930">Hamlyn-Harris 1930</bibRefCitation>
). Hamlyn- Harris recorded that naturally released secretions from abundant adults and larvae, dislodged or swimming in the water around their emergent
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB4F95977E5CE75FDCF4B07" box="[474,580,332,357]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Ludwigia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myrtales" pageId="6" pageNumber="509" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB4F95977E5CE75FDCF4B07" box="[474,580,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="509">Ludwigia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
hosts, killed
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB4F95974E6CE75FC914B07" ID-CoL="62PZ8" box="[729,794,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB4F95974E6CE75FC914B07" box="[729,794,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="509">Culex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>