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<mods:title id="D2A4DD58ADA19D77B909B1F95DA56CCA">Metabolic profiling of Commiphora wightii (guggul) reveals a potential source for pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals</mods:title>
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2.5. Metabolites from
<taxonomicName id="4C6F34A5FFE0065FFE91B7E799E0EFDF" authorityName="Bhandari" baseAuthorityName="Arn." box="[326,417,695,715]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Commiphora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="wightii" subSpecies="endophyte">C. wightii</taxonomicName>
endophyte
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Five endophytic fungi namely
<taxonomicName id="4C6F34A5FFE0065FFDF1B7BF9B4EEE17" box="[550,783,751,771]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Amniculicolaceae" genus="Fusarium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="incarnatum">
<emphasis id="B91B9334FFE0065FFDF1B7BF9B4EEE17" box="[550,783,751,771]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Fusarium incarnatum</emphasis>
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(NBRI88611),
<taxonomicName id="4C6F34A5FFE0065FFED3B65B9992EE0B" box="[260,467,779,799]" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Aspergillaceae" genus="Emericella" kingdom="Fungi" order="Eurotiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="variecolor">
<emphasis id="B91B9334FFE0065FFED3B65B9992EE0B" box="[260,467,779,799]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Emericella variecolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NBRI88613),
<taxonomicName id="4C6F34A5FFE0065FFDA6B65B9B4EEE0B" box="[625,783,779,799]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Amniculicolaceae" genus="Fusarium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="solani">
<emphasis id="B91B9334FFE0065FFDA6B65B9B4EEE0B" box="[625,783,779,799]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Fusarium solani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NBRI88614),
<taxonomicName id="4C6F34A5FFE0065FFED5B67799A0EE2F" box="[258,481,807,827]" class="Dothideomycetes" genus="Aspergillus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="tubingensis">
<emphasis id="B91B9334FFE0065FFED5B67799A0EE2F" box="[258,481,807,827]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Aspergillus tubingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NBRI88615) and
<taxonomicName id="4C6F34A5FFE0065FFD71B6779B4EEE2F" box="[678,783,807,827]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Apiosporaceae" genus="Nigrospora" kingdom="Fungi" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91B9334FFE0065FFD71B6779B4EEE2F" box="[678,783,807,827]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Nigrospora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sps. (NBRI88616) were isolated from healthy stem of
<taxonomicName id="4C6F34A5FFE0065FFD7CB6129B4BEE42" box="[683,778,834,854]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Commiphora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wightii">
<emphasis id="B91B9334FFE0065FFD7CB6129B4BEE42" box="[683,778,834,854]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">C. wightii</emphasis>
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. Out of 5, one fungus
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<emphasis id="B91B9334FFE0065FFEE9B60E99E6EE66" box="[318,423,862,882]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Nigrospora</emphasis>
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sps. (NBRI88616) was found to produce substantial amounts of red-pigmented compounds in both the liquid and solid potato dextrose media (
<figureCitation id="135453A3FFE0065FFD93B6C79A3CEEBE" box="[580,637,919,938]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[207,233,1999,2013]" captionTargetBox="[359,1190,952,1969]" captionTargetId="figure-494@3.[359,1191,952,1970]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Shows endophytic fungus Nigrospora sp. on potato dextrose agar plate (A) and potato dextrose broth medium (B) and SEM image (C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10485804" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10485804/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Intracellular and extracellular metabolites from chloroform extracts of endophytic fungus grown in potato dextrose liquid media for 4-weeks at 28 ± 2 °C were investigated using NMR spectroscopy and GC MS. Red pigmented compounds were separated by liquid phase extraction with chloroform using a separatory funnel. Combined chloroform extracts were concentrated and the purified fractions of compound 1 (
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) and compound 2 (
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) were obtained by preparative TLC. The purified reddish amorphous powders of both the compounds were identified as deoxybostrycin (compound 1) and bostrycin (compound 2) by one- and two-dimensional NMR experiments (Supplementary Figs. 812). The structures of deoxybostrycin and bostrycin were determined by comparing
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H NMR data as reported previously (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE32D7FFE0065FFE77B0529A17E801" author="Chen, H. &amp; Zhong, L. &amp; Long, Y. &amp; Li, J. &amp; Wu, J. &amp; Liu, L. &amp; Chen, S. &amp; Lin, Y. &amp; Li, M. &amp; Zhu, X. &amp; She, Z." box="[416,598,1282,1301]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" pagination="932 - 952" refId="ref7524" refString="Chen, H., Zhong, L., Long, Y., Li, J., Wu, J., Liu, L., Chen, S., Lin, Y., Li, M., Zhu, X., She, Z., 2012. Studies on the synthesis of derivatives of marine-derived bostrycin and their structure-activity relationship against tumor cells. Mar. Drugs 10, 932 - 952." type="journal article" year="2012">Chen et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE32D7FFE0065FFDB4B0529B43E801" author="Xia, X. &amp; Li, Q. &amp; Li, J. &amp; Shao, C. &amp; Zhang, J. &amp; Zhang, Y. &amp; Liu, X. &amp; Lin, Y. &amp; Liu, C. &amp; She, Z." box="[611,770,1282,1301]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" pagination="1735 - 1738" refId="ref10054" refString="Xia, X., Li, Q., Li, J., Shao, C., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Lin, Y., Liu, C., She, Z., 2011. Two new derivatives of griseofulvin from the mangrove endophytic fungus Nigrospora sp. (strain No. 1403) from Kandelia candel (L.) Druce. Planta Med. 77, 1735 - 1738." type="journal article" year="2011">Xia et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
). The deoxybostrycin and bostrycin assignments are presented in Supplementary Table 1. Bostrycin, a potent antitumor agent (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE32D7FFE0065FFD39B06A98A2E87D" author="Xia, X. &amp; Li, Q. &amp; Li, J. &amp; Shao, C. &amp; Zhang, J. &amp; Zhang, Y. &amp; Liu, X. &amp; Lin, Y. &amp; Liu, C. &amp; She, Z." pageId="4" pageNumber="33" pagination="1735 - 1738" refId="ref10054" refString="Xia, X., Li, Q., Li, J., Shao, C., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Lin, Y., Liu, C., She, Z., 2011. Two new derivatives of griseofulvin from the mangrove endophytic fungus Nigrospora sp. (strain No. 1403) from Kandelia candel (L.) Druce. Planta Med. 77, 1735 - 1738." type="journal article" year="2011">Xia et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
) has earlier been isolated from marine mangrove fungus,
<taxonomicName id="4C6F34A5FFE0065FFF72B0209976E891" box="[165,311,1392,1413]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Apiosporaceae" genus="Nigrospora" kingdom="Fungi" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B91B9334FFE0065FFF72B020994FE890" box="[165,270,1392,1412]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Nigrospora</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE32D7FFE0065FFE9DB0219983E891" author="Duke, N. C." box="[330,450,1393,1413]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" pagination="63 - 100" refId="ref7701" refString="Duke, N. C., 1992. Mangrove floristics and biogeography. Tropical Mangrove Ecosystems. American Geophysical Union, pp. 63 - 100." type="book chapter" year="1992">Duke, 1992</bibRefCitation>
). Endophytic fungi produce an array of metabolites including alkaloids, benzopyranones, coumarins, quinines, steroids and terpenoids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE32D7FFE0065FFDD3B0F99AEEE8A8" author="Gunatilaka, A. A." box="[516,687,1449,1468]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" pagination="509 - 526" refId="ref7806" refString="Gunatilaka, A. A., 2006. Natural products from plant-associated microorganisms: distribution, structural diversity, bioactivity, and implications of their occurrence. J. Nat. Prod. 69, 509 - 526." type="journal article" year="2006">Gunatilaka, 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD04F26FFE0065FFF46B0959ABAEA1F" blockId="4.[113,784,751,1803]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
Additionally, 28 intracellular and extracellular metabolites from chloroform extracts of an endophytic fungus were investigated using GCMS and derivatives of steroids, fatty acids, phenol and sterols were identified (Supplementary Table 6). Ergosterol, a metabolite obtained from fungal membrane (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE32D7FFE0065FFDA4B365989FEB70" author="Mille-Lindblom, C. &amp; von Wachenfeldt, E. &amp; Tranvik, L. J." pageId="4" pageNumber="33" pagination="253 - 262" refId="ref8707" refString="Mille-Lindblom, C., von Wachenfeldt, E., Tranvik, L. J., 2004. Ergosterol as a measure of living fungal biomass: persistence in environmental samples after fungal death. J. Microbiol. Methods 59, 253 - 262." type="journal article" year="2004">Mille-Lindblom et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
) was detected, thus indicating association of fungi with
<taxonomicName id="4C6F34A5FFE0065FFFA6B33B988AEB6B" box="[113,203,1643,1663]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Commiphora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wightii">
<emphasis id="B91B9334FFE0065FFFA6B33B988AEB6B" box="[113,203,1643,1663]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">C. wightii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The results of the present study suggest that the steroidal derivatives produced by the endophytic fungus may have an important role in biosynthesis of the principal bioactives guggulsterone-Z and guggulsterone-E of
<taxonomicName id="4C6F34A5FFE0065FFE1BB3EF9A6AEBC7" box="[460,555,1727,1747]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Commiphora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wightii">
<emphasis id="B91B9334FFE0065FFE1BB3EF9A6AEBC7" box="[460,555,1727,1747]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">C. wightii</emphasis>
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. The role of steroidal derivatives produced by an endophyte in biosynthesis of biologically active metabolites of its host plant needs further research.
</paragraph>
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