152 lines
22 KiB
XML
152 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="C249D5D4DDAAAC0A2D9AE6FC1923CDEB">Integrative microscopy to explore physical and nanomechanical properties of eggshells of diapausing embryos in Rotifera: a proof-of-concept study</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="418518B8ABD390E467F2EBF5DF3D7A97">Meyer, Stephanie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="359746DEEAA7BCA38901AD20E4916B36">Araujo, Thiago Q.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="142EFC70972AFA76FCDA5E1BD528F3A3">Walsh, Elizabeth J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5665062FCDDA5BF62F38EA424BB6A5C3">Wallace, Robert L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5313025D8A495D2678F17A35A95D7B1F">Hochberg, Rick</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="9A2D5459B57B9B3F239EC2BD567748EA">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03B687E62205FFEBFF42FABCFC637411" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B687E62205FFEBFF42FABCFC637411" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B687E62205FFEBFF42FABCFC637411" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="1994" pageId="9" pageNumber="1993">
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<heading id="D0E8819C2205FFE9FF42FABCFDAE7407" bold="true" box="[160,596,1373,1399]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="1993" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAE22205FFE9FF42FABCFDAE7407" bold="true" box="[160,596,1373,1399]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1993">
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<subSubSection id="C305657B2205FFE9FF42FABCFE627407" box="[160,408,1373,1399]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1993" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA036F02205FFE9FF42FABCFE627407" blockId="9.[160,596,1373,1399]" box="[160,408,1373,1399]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1993">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAE22205FFE9FF42FABCFE687407" bold="true" box="[160,402,1373,1399]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1993">
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Phylum
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D732205FFE9FEE6FABCFE687407" ID-CoL="RT" ID-ENA="6656" box="[260,402,1373,1399]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="1993" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="phylum">Arthropoda</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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:
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C305657B2205FFE9FE42FABCFDAE7407" box="[416,596,1373,1399]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1993" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA036F02205FFE9FE42FABCFDAE7407" blockId="9.[160,596,1373,1399]" box="[416,596,1373,1399]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1993">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D732205FFE9FE42FABCFDAE7407" ID-CoL="89W72" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[416,596,1373,1399]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1993" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">Aedes aegypti</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="C305657B2205FFEBFF42FA70FC637411" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="1995" pageId="9" pageNumber="1993" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA036F02205FFE9FF42FA70FF2874DB" blockId="9.[160,1156,1425,1728]" box="[160,210,1425,1451]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1993">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAE22205FFE9FF42FA70FF2874DB" bold="true" box="[160,210,1425,1451]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1993">SEM</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA036F02205FFE9FF42FA54FEDA77B0" blockId="9.[160,1156,1425,1728]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1993">
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The elongate eggs of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D732205FFE9FE7DFA54FDF574BE" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[415,527,1461,1486]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1993" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAE22205FFE9FE7DFA54FDF574BE" box="[415,527,1461,1486]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1993">A. aegypti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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measured ca 600 µm long
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<emphasis id="B96BEAE22205FFE9FCB2FA54FC9F74BB" box="[848,869,1458,1486]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1993">(̄x</emphasis>
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= 596.9 ± 17.1 μm). The posterior and anterior ends tapered into a spindle shape and the centre measured 165 µm in diameter (
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<figureCitation id="13242A752205FFE9FE70FA1BFE067763" box="[402,508,1530,1555]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[160,225,994,1017]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,951]" captionTargetId="figure-135@11.[163,1153,142,963]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Characterisation of the overwintering eggs of Aedes aegypti. a. Scanning Electron Microscopy of an egg. The eggshell is damaged and much of the ornamentation has been artificially removed to expose the shell surface. b. Close-up of the ornamentation of an eggshell. c. Close-up of the surface of the eggshell region without ornamentation. d. Topographic image of the external surface of an eggshell generated with Atomic Force Microscopy. e. Force–distance (FD) curve generated from a single location on an eggshell. Parameters for the position of the location on the eggshell are indicated by the cursor positions (screen shot). Maximum force (MF, green circle) and 20% maximum force (20% MF, orange circle) are indicated on the FD curve. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B = 53 µm; C = 15 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10479037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10479037/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1993">Figure 4a</figureCitation>
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). The textured surface was covered with outer chorionic cells (
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<emphasis id="B96BEAE22205FFE9FF07F9FCFED87746" box="[229,290,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1993">sensu</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B012205FFE9FECCF9FCFD8B7746" author="Mundim-Pombo APM & Carvalho HJCD & Rodrigues RR & Leon M & Maria DA & Miglino MA" box="[302,625,1565,1590]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1993" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref11445" refString="Mundim-Pombo APM, Carvalho HJCD, Rodrigues RR, Leon M, Maria DA, Miglino MA. 2021. Aedes aegypti: egg morphology and embryonic development. Parasit Vectors. 14: 1 - 12. doi: 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 05024 - 6." type="journal article" year="2021">
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||
Mundim-Pombo
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<emphasis id="B96BEAE22205FFE9FE11F9FCFDD27746" box="[499,552,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1993">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2021
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Each cell contained a central tubercle and smaller peripheral tubercles (
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<figureCitation id="13242A752205FFE9FE11F9DEFD987728" box="[499,610,1599,1624]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[160,225,994,1017]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,951]" captionTargetId="figure-135@11.[163,1153,142,963]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Characterisation of the overwintering eggs of Aedes aegypti. a. Scanning Electron Microscopy of an egg. The eggshell is damaged and much of the ornamentation has been artificially removed to expose the shell surface. b. Close-up of the ornamentation of an eggshell. c. Close-up of the surface of the eggshell region without ornamentation. d. Topographic image of the external surface of an eggshell generated with Atomic Force Microscopy. e. Force–distance (FD) curve generated from a single location on an eggshell. Parameters for the position of the location on the eggshell are indicated by the cursor positions (screen shot). Maximum force (MF, green circle) and 20% maximum force (20% MF, orange circle) are indicated on the FD curve. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B = 53 µm; C = 15 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10479037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10479037/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1993">Figure 4b</figureCitation>
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). The central tubercles measured ca 7.6 µm in diameter and the peripheral tubercles measured ca 2.1 µm across. The surface of the shell was rugose in regions where tubercles and other ornamentation was absent (
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<figureCitation id="13242A752205FFE9FF4AF946FEE977B0" box="[168,275,1703,1728]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[160,225,994,1017]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,951]" captionTargetId="figure-135@11.[163,1153,142,963]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Characterisation of the overwintering eggs of Aedes aegypti. a. Scanning Electron Microscopy of an egg. The eggshell is damaged and much of the ornamentation has been artificially removed to expose the shell surface. b. Close-up of the ornamentation of an eggshell. c. Close-up of the surface of the eggshell region without ornamentation. d. Topographic image of the external surface of an eggshell generated with Atomic Force Microscopy. e. Force–distance (FD) curve generated from a single location on an eggshell. Parameters for the position of the location on the eggshell are indicated by the cursor positions (screen shot). Maximum force (MF, green circle) and 20% maximum force (20% MF, orange circle) are indicated on the FD curve. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B = 53 µm; C = 15 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10479037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10479037/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1993">Figure 4c</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF6066782206FFEAFF42FC0AFCF075E4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10479035" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10479035" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10479035/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="1994" startId="10.[160,225,1003,1026]" targetBox="[163,1153,142,966]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8BA036F02206FFEAFF42FC0AFCF075E4" blockId="10.[160,1157,1003,1172]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1994">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAE22206FFEAFF42FC0AFF037572" bold="true" box="[160,249,1003,1026]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1994">Figure 3.</emphasis>
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Characterisation of cysts of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D732206FFEAFDE8FC0AFD687572" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[522,658,1003,1026]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Artemiidae" genus="Artemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anostraca" pageId="10" pageNumber="1994" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salina">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAE22206FFEAFDE8FC0AFD687572" box="[522,658,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1994">Artemia salina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. a. Scanning Electron Microscopy of cysts. b. Closeup of the surface of a cyst. c. Topographic image of the external surface of a cyst generated with Atomic Force Microscopy. d. Force–distance (FD) curve generated from a single location on a cyst. Parameters for the position of the location on the eggshell are indicated by the cursor positions (screen shot). Maximum force (MF, green circle) and 20% maximum force (20% MF, orange circle) are indicated on the FD curve Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B = 25 µm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BA036F02206FFEAFF42FB2EFF287599" blockId="10.[160,1156,1231,1326]" box="[160,210,1231,1257]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1994">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAE22206FFEAFF42FB2EFF287599" bold="true" box="[160,210,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1994">TEM</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA036F02206FFEAFF42FB13FCD5745E" blockId="10.[160,1156,1231,1326]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1994">
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Not performed in this study. Measurements estimated from
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B012206FFEAFCA1FB13FB7E747B" author="Mundim-Pombo APM & Carvalho HJCD & Rodrigues RR & Leon M & Maria DA & Miglino MA" box="[835,1156,1266,1291]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1994" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref11445" refString="Mundim-Pombo APM, Carvalho HJCD, Rodrigues RR, Leon M, Maria DA, Miglino MA. 2021. Aedes aegypti: egg morphology and embryonic development. Parasit Vectors. 14: 1 - 12. doi: 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 05024 - 6." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Mundim-Pombo
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<emphasis id="B96BEAE22206FFEAFBE3FB13FBCB747B" box="[1025,1073,1266,1291]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1994">et al</emphasis>
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. (2021)
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</bibRefCitation>
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showed an average shell thickness of 1.93 ± 0.63 µm (SD).
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BA036F02206FFEAFF42FA88FF2F74F3" blockId="10.[160,1156,1385,1689]" box="[160,213,1385,1411]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1994">
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||
<emphasis id="B96BEAE22206FFEAFF42FA88FF2F74F3" bold="true" box="[160,213,1385,1411]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1994">AFM</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BA036F02206FFEBFF42FA6CFC637411" blockId="10.[160,1156,1385,1689]" lastBlockId="11.[160,1156,1312,1377]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="1995" pageId="10" pageNumber="1994">
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||
Images of the outer shell layer displayed similar morphologies to those observed in SEM but were less textured. Small bumps on the eggshell measured ~0.79 µm in diameter (
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<figureCitation id="13242A752206FFEAFEFCFA33FE69749B" box="[286,403,1490,1515]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[160,225,994,1017]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,951]" captionTargetId="figure-135@11.[163,1153,142,963]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Characterisation of the overwintering eggs of Aedes aegypti. a. Scanning Electron Microscopy of an egg. The eggshell is damaged and much of the ornamentation has been artificially removed to expose the shell surface. b. Close-up of the ornamentation of an eggshell. c. Close-up of the surface of the eggshell region without ornamentation. d. Topographic image of the external surface of an eggshell generated with Atomic Force Microscopy. e. Force–distance (FD) curve generated from a single location on an eggshell. Parameters for the position of the location on the eggshell are indicated by the cursor positions (screen shot). Maximum force (MF, green circle) and 20% maximum force (20% MF, orange circle) are indicated on the FD curve. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B = 53 µm; C = 15 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10479037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10479037/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="1994">Figure 4d</figureCitation>
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). The AFM appeared to have taken measurements from the ̍naked̾ region between tubercles or perhaps where tubercles were missing (probably artefactual and due to storage or processing) (see
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<figureCitation id="13242A752206FFEAFC81F9F9FC2D7741" box="[867,983,1560,1585]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[160,225,994,1017]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,951]" captionTargetId="figure-135@11.[163,1153,142,963]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Characterisation of the overwintering eggs of Aedes aegypti. a. Scanning Electron Microscopy of an egg. The eggshell is damaged and much of the ornamentation has been artificially removed to expose the shell surface. b. Close-up of the ornamentation of an eggshell. c. Close-up of the surface of the eggshell region without ornamentation. d. Topographic image of the external surface of an eggshell generated with Atomic Force Microscopy. e. Force–distance (FD) curve generated from a single location on an eggshell. Parameters for the position of the location on the eggshell are indicated by the cursor positions (screen shot). Maximum force (MF, green circle) and 20% maximum force (20% MF, orange circle) are indicated on the FD curve. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B = 53 µm; C = 15 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10479037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10479037/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="1994">Figure 4a</figureCitation>
|
||
). An example force–distance curve that displays how Young̾s modulus values were collected for a single spot on
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D19FD792206FFEAFE89F9BCFE367706" box="[363,460,1629,1654]" count="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="1994" type="egg">one egg</specimenCount>
|
||
is shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A752206FFEAFD8AF9BCFD2C7706" box="[616,726,1629,1654]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[160,225,994,1017]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,951]" captionTargetId="figure-135@11.[163,1153,142,963]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Characterisation of the overwintering eggs of Aedes aegypti. a. Scanning Electron Microscopy of an egg. The eggshell is damaged and much of the ornamentation has been artificially removed to expose the shell surface. b. Close-up of the ornamentation of an eggshell. c. Close-up of the surface of the eggshell region without ornamentation. d. Topographic image of the external surface of an eggshell generated with Atomic Force Microscopy. e. Force–distance (FD) curve generated from a single location on an eggshell. Parameters for the position of the location on the eggshell are indicated by the cursor positions (screen shot). Maximum force (MF, green circle) and 20% maximum force (20% MF, orange circle) are indicated on the FD curve. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B = 53 µm; C = 15 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10479037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10479037/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="1994">Figure 4e</figureCitation>
|
||
. The Young̾s modulus ranged from 14.09 to 28.61 MPa with an average of 22.54 ± 5.00 MPa (SD) (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C69D034B2206FFEAFC3CF961FBC677E9" box="[990,1084,1664,1689]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[317,373,142,165]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. Young̍s modulus (MPa) of elasticity values for diapausing" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF606678220AFFE6FEDFFF6FFDD5706A" pageId="10" pageNumber="1994" tableUuid="DF606678220AFFE6FEDFFF6FFDD5706A">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). The hardness ranged from 1.78 × 10−2 GPa to 2.75 × 10−2 GPa with an average hardness of 2.28 × 10−2 GPa ± 3.33 × 10−3 GPa (SD) (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C69D034B2207FFEBFCD1FAA9FC767411" box="[819,908,1352,1377]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="6.[320,376,802,825]" captionTargetBox="[330,985,955,1362]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 2. Hardness values (GPa × 10−2) for diapausing embryos of" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF606678220AFFE6FEA2FCC3FE2472DE" pageId="11" pageNumber="1995" tableUuid="DF606678220AFFE6FEA2FCC3FE2472DE">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |