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<document id="E74EFF93BD73FDB702600F7AB96A0007" ID-CLB-Dataset="305606" ID-DOI="10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a35" ID-GBIF-Dataset="dc3e7628-5a2c-4555-b7c7-44c8eb16335d" ID-ISSN="1777-571X" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14232601" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E41471F9-7425-482F-9A32-118346B7FC66" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="julia" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="julia" IM.metadata_approvedBy="julia" IM.tables_approvedBy="julia" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="julia" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1732634920582" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Métais, Grégoire, Coster, Pauline, Licht, Alexis, Ocakoğlu, Faruk &amp; Beard, K. Christopher" docDate="2023" docId="03B687A8FFB0DF4DFE8EFAEF66012403" docLanguage="en" docName="CRPalevol.22.35.711-727.pdf" docOrigin="Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (35)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a35" docStyle="DocumentStyle:DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD.1:CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD" docStyleName="CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Sungulusimias unayae Métais, Coster, Licht, Ocakoğlu &amp; Beard, 2023, n. gen., n. sp." docType="treatment" docUuid="F21B9D32-30F3-4A64-B0C7-F89DDB9ED92C" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="719" masterDocId="FF8FFFD0FFB9DF46FF8EFFDC643C2612" masterDocTitle="Additions to the late Eocene Süngülü mammal fauna in Easternmost Anatolia and the Eocene-Oligocene transition at the periphery of Balkanatolia" masterLastPageNumber="727" masterPageNumber="711" pageNumber="718" updateTime="1732826742167" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="110816389584A0A24FA20626AAFE1078">Additions to the late Eocene Süngülü mammal fauna in Easternmost Anatolia and the Eocene-Oligocene transition at the periphery of Balkanatolia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3995D5FA28ECC9118D5C1FED4D95BE8D">Métais, Grégoire</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="5902F001EE6949FDDC1A26F443BC1C20">Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris (CR 2 P), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, case postale 38, 57 rue Cuvier, F- 75231 Paris, cedex 05 (France) gregoire. metais @ mnhn. fr (corresponding author)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="FD4FF37F4BC0BDB5469D4B3BBDED7099">Coster, Pauline</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="B296B80C5937E812F9565BA9727765A9">Réserve Naturelle Nationale Géologique du Luberon, Parc naturel régional du Luberon, Luberon UNESCO Global Geopark, 60 Place Jean Jaurès, F- 84400 Apt (France) pauline. coster @ parcduluberon. fr</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F83E8CEE665B4560E5D05D9FC39A5EBB">Licht, Alexis</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="55DE7440B5E6C268B880454B903A10B5">CEREGE, Technopole Environnement Arbois-Méditerranée, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, cedex 04 (France) licht @ cerege. fr</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C0F87992C736BCDB994592357C46D64C">Ocakoğlu, Faruk</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="DF89BAD073B90E69FDFCE3241AE979C9">Department of Geological Engineering, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Meşelik Yerleşkesi, 26040, Odunpazarı, Eskişehir (Turkey) focakoglu @ gmail. com</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="57F8E40553FE9CD09BC3FCF164E26606">Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd, Lawrence, KS 66045 (United States) chris. beard @ ku. edu</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="399D0F98CFDDFE89D6A2355E3896D3A7">Comptes Rendus Palevol</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B3180136CD4134D8751A96ECC7ABAB38">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03B687A8FFB0DF4DFE8EFAEF66012403" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14238405" ID-GBIF-Taxon="247802461" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14238405" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F21B9D32-30F3-4A64-B0C7-F89DDB9ED92C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B687A8FFB0DF4DFE8EFAEF66012403" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="719" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" scope_class="Mammalia" scope_family="Eosimiidae" scope_order="Primates" scope_subOrder="Anthropoidea">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB0DF4FFE8EFAEF65CD235C" authorityName="Métais &amp; Coster &amp; Licht &amp; Ocakoğlu &amp; Beard" authorityYear="2023" box="[256,497,1331,1358]" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Sungulusimias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unayae" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB0DF4FFE8EFAEF65CD235C" bold="true" box="[256,497,1331,1358]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">Sungulusimias unayae</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25857D7FFB0DF4FFE76FAE866B0235C" box="[504,652,1332,1358]" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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(
<figureCitation id="13242A3BFFB0DF4FFE01FA8865F2237C" box="[399,462,1364,1390]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[131,142,1066,1083]" captionTargetBox="[333,1301,209,1046]" captionTargetId="figure-554@10.[331,887,231,779]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — The eosimiid primate from Süngülü Sungulusimias unayae n. gen., n. sp.: A-C, Sü-2021, holotype, right m2, in occlusal (A), labial (B), and lingual (C) views. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="9" pageNumber="718">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A-C)
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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. —
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. Sü-2021, isolated right m2, only known specimen.
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. — Differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB0DF4FFE18F9F064E4204C" authority="Beard, Qi, Dawson, Wang &amp; Li, 1994" authorityName="Beard, Qi, Dawson, Wang &amp; Li" authorityYear="1994" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Eosimias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB0DF4FFE18F9F065D42051" box="[406,488,1580,1603]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">Eosimias</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4FFFB0DF4FFE60F9F764E4204C" author="BEARD K. C. &amp; QI T. &amp; DAWSON M. R. &amp; WANG B. &amp; LI C." pageId="9" pageNumber="718" pagination="604 - 609" refId="ref11850" refString="BEARD K. C., QI T., DAWSON M. R., WANG B. &amp; LI C. 1994. - A diverse new primate fauna from middle Eocene fissure-fillings in southeastern China. Nature 368: 604 - 609. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 368604 a 0" type="journal article" year="1994">Beard, Qi, Dawson, Wang &amp; Li, 1994</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB0DF4FFF6EF99A6676204C" authority="Beard &amp; Wang, 2004" authorityName="Beard &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2004" box="[224,586,1606,1630]" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Phenacopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB0DF4FFF6EF99A654B204C" box="[224,375,1606,1630]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">Phenacopithecus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4FFFB0DF4FFEF3F99A6676204C" author="BEARD K. C. &amp; WANG J." box="[381,586,1606,1630]" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" pagination="401 - 432" refId="ref11787" refString="BEARD K. C. &amp; WANG J. 2004. - The eosimiid primates (Anthropoidea) of the Heti Formation, Yuanqu Basin, Shanxi and Henan Provinces, People's Republic of China. Journal of Human Evolution 46 (4): 401 - 432. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2004.01.002" type="journal article" year="2004">Beard &amp; Wang, 2004</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB0DF4FFDF8F99A673A206A" authority="Jaeger, Thein, Benammi, Chaimanee, Soe, Lwin, Tun, Wai &amp; Ducrocq, 1999" authorityName="Jaeger, Thein, Benammi, Chaimanee, Soe, Lwin, Tun, Wai &amp; Ducrocq" authorityYear="1999" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Bahinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB0DF4FFDF8F99A66FE204C" box="[630,706,1606,1630]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">Bahinia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4FFFB0DF4FFD46F99A673A206A" author="JAEGER J. - J. &amp; THEIN T. &amp; BENAMMI M. &amp; CHAIMANEE Y. &amp; SOE A. N. &amp; LWIN T. &amp; TUN T. &amp; WAI S. &amp; DUCROCQ S." pageId="9" pageNumber="718" pagination="528 - 530" refId="ref13246" refString="JAEGER J. - J., THEIN T., BENAMMI M., CHAIMANEE Y., SOE A. N., LWIN T., TUN T., WAI S. &amp; DUCROCQ S. 1999. - A new Primate from the middle Eocene of Myanmar and the early origin of anthropoids. Science 286 (5439): 528 - 530. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 286.5439.528" type="journal article" year="1999">
Jaeger, Thein, Benammi, Chaimanee, Soe, Lwin, Tun, Wai &amp; Ducrocq,
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in having m2 with protoconid and metaconid more closely spaced and of similar height and volume, paraconid more cuspidate and more nearly connate with metaconid, stronger mesiobuccal cingulid, and entoconid without strong connection to hypoconulid via the postcristid. Differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB0DF4FFEF3F93865DC2123" authority="Marivaux, Antoine, Hassan Baqri, Benammi, Chaimanee, Crochet, de Franceschi, Iqbal, Jaeger, Metais, Roohi &amp; Welcomme, 2005" authorityName="Marivaux, Antoine, Hassan Baqri, Benammi, Chaimanee, Crochet, de Franceschi, Iqbal, Jaeger, Metais, Roohi &amp; Welcomme" authorityYear="2005" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Phileosimias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB0DF4FFEF3F93865CD20EE" box="[381,497,1764,1788]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">Phileosimias</emphasis>
Marivaux, Antoine, Hassan Baqri, Benammi, Chaimanee, Crochet, de Franceschi, Iqbal, Jaeger, Metais, Roohi &amp; Welcomme,
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in having M
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with paraconid fully lingual in position and hypoconulid distobuccal in position, being located closer to the hypoconid than the entoconid.
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. — Generic name from the village of Süngülü and the Latin
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB0DF4FFF32F84264C821A7" box="[188,244,1950,1973]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">simias</emphasis>
(ape). Specific name in recognition of Prof. Engin Ünay, who discovered the type locality and helped collect the
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and associated fauna from Süngülü.
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</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3056535FFB0DF4FFCA3FF0461242761" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA036BEFFB0DF4FFCA3FF0461242761" blockId="9.[811,1455,215,372]" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">
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<collectionCode id="ED0EAE7BFFB0DF4FFCA3FF04676226FF" box="[813,862,216,239]" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">TYPE</collectionCode>
</smallCapsWord>
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<collectionCode id="ED0EAE7BFFB0DF4FFCE8FF0167FD26FC" box="[870,961,221,238]" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">LOCALITY</collectionCode>
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. — Outcrop of unnamed rock unit consisting of
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB0DF4FFCA0FF2F67092718" box="[814,821,243,266]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">c</emphasis>
.
<quantity id="4CE79B5BFFB0DF4FFCCAFF2E67BF271B" box="[836,899,242,266]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" unit="cm" value="40.0">40 cm</quantity>
thick tuffite bed containing gastropod operculae superposed by
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB0DF4FFC0BFED167B22736" box="[901,910,269,292]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">c</emphasis>
.
<quantity id="4CE79B5BFFB0DF4FFC14FED167EA2736" box="[922,982,269,293]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
thick white silty limestone with silicified nodules exposed in a streambed roughly two km northwest of Süngülü,
<collectingRegion id="49DBF85CFFB0DF4FFCA0FE9D67D9274B" box="[814,997,321,345]" country="Turkey" name="Ardahan" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">Ardahan Province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F308762EFFB0DF4FFC7EFE9D6009274B" box="[1008,1077,321,345]" name="Turkey" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">Turkey</collectingCountry>
(de
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4FFFB0DF4FFBEAFE9D6126274B" author="BRUIJN H. DE &amp; UNAY E. &amp; SARAC G. &amp; YILMAZ A." box="[1124,1306,321,345]" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" pagination="47 - 76" refId="ref12482" refString="BRUIJN H. DE, UNAY E., SARAC G. &amp; YILMAZ A. 2003. - A rodent assemblage from the Eo / Oligocene boundary interval near Sungulu, Lesser Caucasus, Turkey. Coloquios de Paleontologia Volumen Extraordinario, 1: 47 - 76." type="journal article" year="2003">
Bruijn
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB0DF4FFB20FE9E60DC274B" box="[1198,1248,321,345]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">et al.</emphasis>
2003
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 1). Latest Eocene according to de
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4FFFB0DF4FFB98FE8060F72766" author="BRUIJN H. DE &amp; MARKOVIC Z. &amp; WESSELS W. &amp; MILIVOJEVIC M. &amp; VAN DE WEERD A. A." box="[1046,1227,348,372]" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" pagination="441 - 458" refId="ref12531" refString="BRUIJN H. DE, MARKOVIC Z., WESSELS W., MILIVOJEVIC M. &amp; VAN DE WEERD A. A. 2018. - Rodent faunas from the Paleogene of south-east Serbia. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 98 (3): 441 - 458. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12549 - 017 - 0305 - 0" type="journal article" year="2018">
Bruijn
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB0DF4FFBD5FE8160B62766" box="[1115,1162,348,372]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">et al.</emphasis>
(2018
</bibRefCitation>
, 2019).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3056535FFB0DF4FFCA3FE44603D239C" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA036BEFFB0DF4FFCA3FE44678127A2" blockId="9.[810,1457,408,1422]" box="[813,957,408,434]" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">
<smallCapsWord id="8D46A062FFB0DF4FFCA3FE44678127A2" baselines="427,427" box="[813,957,408,434]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Description" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">DESCRIPTION</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA036BEFFB0DF4FFCA3FE6B603D239C" blockId="9.[810,1457,408,1422]" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">
The
<typeStatus id="54A4881CFFB0DF4FFCD7FE6B678F27C3" box="[857,947,439,465]" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is an isolated right m2 (L = 3.0 mm; W =
<quantity id="4CE79B5BFFB0DF4FFAC1FE6B619827C3" box="[1359,1444,439,465]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" unit="mm" value="2.4">2.4 mm</quantity>
). The crown is subrectangular in occlusal outline, although the trigonid is slightly narrower than the talonid. A relatively well-developed mesiobuccal cingulid extends from the base of the paraconid to the level of the hypoflexid. All three trigonid cusps are present, roughly similar in size, and distinctly cuspidate. The protoconid is situated internally rather than peripherally on the trigonid. As a result, the protoconid and metaconid are closely approximated. The metaconid is located slightly posterior to the level of the protoconid, and these two cusps are connected by a protocristid that runs somewhat obliquely with respect to the long axis of the tooth. A short but relatively trenchant paracristid arcs mesiolingually to connect the protoconid with the paraconid. The paraconid is fully lingual in position and almost connate with the metaconid. A short premetacristid fills the gap between the paraconid and metaconid. The postvallid is essentially vertical, separating the trigonid from the broader talonid. The hypoconid is the dominant talonid cusp, being situated near the distobuccal corner of the tooth. It gives rise to a straight, moderately trenchant cristid obliqua, which joins the postvallid near the lingual base of the protoconid. The hypoflexid is moderately deep but partly filled by the mesiobuccal cingulid. The lingual side of the talonid is marked by a relatively tall, isolated entoconid. A notch separates the lingual base of the postvallid from the entoconid, although a weak preentocristid is present. Distobuccally, the entoconid is not strongly connected to the hypoconulid by the postcristid. Instead, the hypoconulid projects slightly distally beyond the rest of the talonid and is more closely associated with the hypoconid than the entoconid.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3056535FFB0DF4CFCA3FA6860A2209F" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="719" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA036BEFFB0DF4FFCA3FA6867FB23DE" blockId="9.[811,1457,1460,2028]" box="[813,967,1460,1486]" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">
<smallCapsWord id="8D46A062FFB0DF4FFCA3FA6867FB23DE" baselines="1479,1479" box="[813,967,1460,1486]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Comparisons" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">COMPARISONS</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA036BEFFB0DF4CFCA3FA0F660220FF" blockId="9.[811,1457,1460,2028]" lastBlockId="10.[130,777,1172,2028]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="719" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">
Sü-2021 differs from primitive adapiform (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB0DF4FFABEFA0F6797201F" authority="Szalay, 1976" authorityName="Szalay" authorityYear="1976" class="Mammalia" family="Adapidae" genus="Donrussellia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB0DF4FFABEFA0F618C23FF" box="[1328,1456,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">Donrussellia</emphasis>
Szalay, 1976
</taxonomicName>
)and omomyid primates (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB0DF4FFB5BFA2F6759203F" authority="Simpson, 1940" authorityName="Simpson" authorityYear="1940" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Teilhardina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB0DF4FFB5BFA2F6174201F" box="[1237,1352,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">Teilhardina</emphasis>
Simpson, 1940
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB0DF4FFCFCF9CF609F203F" authority="Bown &amp; Rose, 1984" authorityName="Bown &amp; Rose" authorityYear="1984" box="[882,1187,1555,1582]" class="Mammalia" family="Anaptomorphidae" genus="Steinius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB0DF4FFCFCF9CF67FF203F" box="[882,963,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">Steinius</emphasis>
Bown &amp; Rose, 1984
</taxonomicName>
) in having the paraconid and metaconid of m2 closely approximated but not fully connate and in having an enlarged, distally expansive hypoconulid (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4FFFB0DF4FFCB8F9AF602D209F" author="ROSE K. D. &amp; BOWN T. M." box="[822,1041,1651,1677]" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" pagination="98 - 101" refId="ref15869" refString="ROSE K. D. &amp; BOWN T. M. 1991. - Additional fossil evidence on the differentiation of the earliest euprimates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 88 (1): 98 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 88.1.98" type="journal article" year="1991">Rose &amp; Bown 1991</bibRefCitation>
). Most late early Eocene and younger adapiforms (adapids, notharctids, and sivaladapids) and stem lemuriforms (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB0DF4FFC74F96E675420FF" authority="Hartenberger &amp; Marandat, 1992" authorityName="Hartenberger &amp; Marandat" authorityYear="1992" class="Mammalia" family="Adapidae" genus="Djebelemur" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB0DF4FFC74F96E604A20DE" box="[1018,1142,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">Djebelemur</emphasis>
Hartenberger &amp; Marandat, 1992
</taxonomicName>
) have reduced or completely lost the paraconid on m2 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4FFFB0DF4FFCB8F92E67ED211E" author="GODINOT M." box="[822,977,1778,1804]" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" pagination="1137 - 1259" refId="ref12996" refString="GODINOT M. 2014. - Fossil record of the primates from the Paleocene to the Oligocene, in HENKE W. &amp; TATTERSALL I. (eds), Handbook of paleoanthropology. Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin: 1137 - 1259. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 27800 - 6 _ 68 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2014">Godinot 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Sivaladapid adapiforms (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB0DF4FFA95F92E600A213E" authority="Ni, Li, Li &amp; Beard, 2016" authorityName="Ni, Li, Li &amp; Beard" authorityYear="2016" class="Mammalia" family="Sivaladapidae" genus="Yunnanadapis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB0DF4FFA95F92E6193211E" box="[1307,1455,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">Yunnanadapis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4FFFB0DF4FFCA3F8CE600A213E" author="NI X. &amp; LI Q. &amp; LI L. &amp; BEARD K. C." box="[813,1078,1810,1836]" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" pagination="673 - 677" refId="ref15450" refString="NI X., LI Q., LI L. &amp; BEARD K. C. 2016. - Oligocene primates from China reveal divergence between African and Asian primate evolution. Science 352 (6286): 673 - 677. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. aaf 2107" type="journal article" year="2016">Ni, Li, Li &amp; Beard, 2016</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB0DF4FFBB3F8CE619B213E" authority="Ni, Li, Li &amp; Beard, 2016" authorityName="Ni, Li, Li &amp; Beard" authorityYear="2016" box="[1085,1447,1810,1836]" class="Mammalia" family="Sivaladapidae" genus="Laomaki" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB0DF4FFBB3F8CE60A5213E" box="[1085,1177,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">Laomaki</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4FFFB0DF4FFB2EF8CE619B213E" author="NI X. &amp; LI Q. &amp; LI L. &amp; BEARD K. C." box="[1184,1447,1810,1836]" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" pagination="673 - 677" refId="ref15450" refString="NI X., LI Q., LI L. &amp; BEARD K. C. 2016. - Oligocene primates from China reveal divergence between African and Asian primate evolution. Science 352 (6286): 673 - 677. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. aaf 2107" type="journal article" year="2016">Ni, Li, Li &amp; Beard, 2016</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) retain a large hypoconulid on their lower molars, but this structure is invariably closely approximated with the entoconid in this clade, and it does not project distally beyond the rest of the talonid as it does in
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB0DF4FFB3FF84E675221DE" authority="(Ni et al. 2016)" baseAuthorityName="Ni" baseAuthorityYear="2016" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Sungulusimias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="718" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB0DF4FFB3FF84E617A21BE" box="[1201,1350,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">Sungulusimias</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4FFFB0DF4FFAD8F84E675A21DE" author="NI X. &amp; LI Q. &amp; LI L. &amp; BEARD K. C." pageId="9" pageNumber="718" pagination="673 - 677" refId="ref15450" refString="NI X., LI Q., LI L. &amp; BEARD K. C. 2016. - Oligocene primates from China reveal divergence between African and Asian primate evolution. Science 352 (6286): 673 - 677. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. aaf 2107" type="journal article" year="2016">
Ni
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB0DF4FFAF5F84F618C21BE" box="[1403,1456,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="718">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Anaptomorphine omomyids, best documented from the early and middle Eocene of North America, are much more bunodont than
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFEFBFB48663622BC" box="[373,522,1172,1198]" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Sungulusimias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFEFBFB48663622BC" box="[373,522,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Sungulusimias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and they never possess the enlarged, distally expansive molar hypoconulid found in the latter taxon (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4FFFB3DF4CFEECFB08663922FC" author="GODINOT M." box="[354,517,1236,1262]" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" pagination="1137 - 1259" refId="ref12996" refString="GODINOT M. 2014. - Fossil record of the primates from the Paleocene to the Oligocene, in HENKE W. &amp; TATTERSALL I. (eds), Handbook of paleoanthropology. Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin: 1137 - 1259. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 27800 - 6 _ 68 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2014">Godinot 2014</bibRefCitation>
). North American and Asian omomyines, including the middle Eocene
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFD1FFB296600233C" authority="Beard, Metais, Ocakoglu &amp; Licht, 2020" authorityName="Beard, Metais, Ocakoglu &amp; Licht" authorityYear="2020" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Nesomomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFD1FFB29673B231C" box="[657,775,1269,1294]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Nesomomys</emphasis>
Beard, Métais, Ocakoglu &amp; Licht, 2020
</taxonomicName>
from Balkanatolia (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4FFFB3DF4CFF03FAE86572235C" author="BEARD K. C. &amp; METAIS G. &amp; OCAKOGLU F. &amp; LICHT A." box="[141,334,1332,1358]" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" pagination="143 - 152" refId="ref11974" refString="BEARD K. C., METAIS G., OCAKOGLU F. &amp; LICHT A. 2021. - An omomyid primate from the Pontide microcontinent of north-central Anatolia: implications for sweepstakes dispersal of terrestrial mammals during the Eocene. Geobios 66 - 67: 143 - 152. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2020.06.008" type="book chapter" year="2021">
Beard
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFF58FAE96530235C" box="[214,268,1332,1358]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
), are typically less bunodont than their anaptomorphine relatives, but they differ from
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFDFFFA886739237C" box="[625,773,1364,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Sungulusimias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFDFFFA886739237C" box="[625,773,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Sungulusimias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having lower molars with trigonids much narrower than talonids (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFEACFA4865A623BF" authorityName="Beard, Metais, Ocakoglu &amp; Licht" authorityYear="2020" box="[290,410,1428,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Nesomomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFEACFA4865A623BF" box="[290,410,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Nesomomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFE24FA4F66F023BC" authority="Marsh, 1872" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1872" box="[426,716,1427,1454]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Hemiacodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFE24FA4F660C23BF" box="[426,560,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Hemiacodon</emphasis>
Marsh, 1872
</taxonomicName>
) and much smaller, less bulbous hypoconulids (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFD1BFA6F651B23FF" authority="Granger, 1910" authorityName="Granger" authorityYear="1910" class="Mammalia" family="Anaptomorphidae" genus="Shoshonius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFD1BFA6F673523DF" box="[661,777,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Shoshonius</emphasis>
Granger, 1910
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFEB9FA08666A23FF" authority="Robinson, 1968" authorityName="Robinson" authorityYear="1968" box="[311,598,1491,1517]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Mytonius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFEB9FA0865A523FF" box="[311,409,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Mytonius</emphasis>
Robinson, 1968
</taxonomicName>
). The European microchoerid radiation, which persisted on the Iberian Peninsula as recently as the early Oligocene (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4FFFB3DF4CFDA5F9CF6480205F" author="KOHLER M. &amp; MOYA-SOLA S." pageId="10" pageNumber="719" pagination="14664 - 14667" refId="ref13780" refString="KOHLER M. &amp; MOYA-SOLA S. 1999. - A finding of Oligocene primates on the European continent. Proceedings of National Academy of Science 96 (25): 14664 - 14667. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 96.25.14664" type="journal article" year="1999">Köhler &amp; Moyà-Solà 1999</bibRefCitation>
), differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFEEAF9EF65C7205F" box="[356,507,1587,1613]" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Sungulusimias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFEEAF9EF65C7205F" box="[356,507,1587,1613]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Sungulusimias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having reduced both paraconid and hypoconulid on m2, with certain taxa (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFF08F9AF65B1209F" authority="Stehlin, 1916" authorityName="Stehlin" authorityYear="1916" box="[134,397,1651,1677]" class="Mammalia" family="Microchoeridae" genus="Pseudoloris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFF08F9AF64CB209F" box="[134,247,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Pseudoloris</emphasis>
Stehlin, 1916
</taxonomicName>
) showing enhanced molar shearing related to insectivory and others (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFDA2F94F64FC20DE" authority="Wood, 1846" authorityName="Wood" authorityYear="1846" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Microchoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFDA2F94F668A20BF" box="[556,694,1683,1709]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Microchoerus</emphasis>
Wood, 1846
</taxonomicName>
) developing heavily crenulated enamel in relation to frugivorous adaptations (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4FFFB3DF4CFE1DF90E661320FF" author="GODINOT M." box="[403,559,1746,1773]" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" pagination="1137 - 1259" refId="ref12996" refString="GODINOT M. 2014. - Fossil record of the primates from the Paleocene to the Oligocene, in HENKE W. &amp; TATTERSALL I. (eds), Handbook of paleoanthropology. Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin: 1137 - 1259. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 27800 - 6 _ 68 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2014">Godinot 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF606636FFB3DF4CFF0DFBF665712240" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" startId="10.[131,142,1066,1083]" targetBox="[333,1301,209,1046]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BA036BEFFB3DF4CFF0DFBF665712240" blockId="10.[131,1455,1066,1106]" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">
<smallCapsWord id="8D46A062FFB3DF4CFF0DFBF664A12229" baselines="1079,1080" box="[131,157,1066,1083]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">FIG</smallCapsWord>
. 3. — The eosimiid primate from Süngülü
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFD8CFBF666872229" authorityName="Métais &amp; Coster &amp; Licht &amp; Ocakoğlu &amp; Beard" authorityYear="2023" box="[514,699,1066,1083]" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Sungulusimias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unayae" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFD8CFBF666872229" box="[514,699,1066,1083]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Sungulusimias unayae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25857D7FFB3DF4CFD4FFBF667042229" box="[705,824,1066,1083]" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
:
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFCCEFBF6675E2229" bold="true" box="[832,866,1066,1083]" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">A -C</emphasis>
, Sü-2021, holotype, right m2, in occlusal (
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFB49FBF660E82229" bold="true" box="[1223,1236,1066,1083]" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">A</emphasis>
), labial (
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFA97FBF6611A2229" bold="true" box="[1305,1318,1066,1083]" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">B</emphasis>
), and lingual (
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFA12FBF661962229" bold="true" box="[1436,1450,1066,1083]" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">C</emphasis>
) views. Scale bar: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA036BEFFB3DF4CFF15F92E60A2209F" blockId="10.[130,777,1172,2028]" lastBlockId="10.[811,1456,1172,1677]" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">
The distinctive trigonid and hypoconulid morphology of Sü-2021 allows it to be identified as an eosimiid rather than any other anthropoid clade. Like eosimiids, and in contrast to other stem anthropoids, Sü-2021 retains a lingual, distinctly cuspidate paraconid on m2. Certain stem anthropoids from Africa (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFEB9F84F648221DE" authority="de Bonis, Jaeger, Coiffait &amp; Coiffait, 1988" authorityName="de Bonis, Jaeger, Coiffait &amp; Coiffait" authorityYear="1988" class="Mammalia" family="Parapithecidae" genus="Biretia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFEB9F84F654221BE" box="[311,382,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Biretia</emphasis>
de Bonis, Jaeger, Coiffait &amp; Coiffait, 1988
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFF45F86E65C221DE" authority="Simons, 1989" authorityName="Simons" authorityYear="1989" box="[203,510,1970,1996]" class="Mammalia" family="Proteopithecidae" genus="Proteopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFF45F86E656121DE" box="[203,349,1970,1996]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Proteopithecus</emphasis>
Simons, 1989
</taxonomicName>
) sometimes retain small paraconids on m1, but these taxa rarely retain even vestigial paraconids on m2 and their overall molar morphology is more bunodont than that of
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFBE3FB68619522DC" authority="(Seiffert 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Seiffert" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[1133,1449,1204,1230]" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Sungulusimias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFBE3FB68613E22DC" box="[1133,1282,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Sungulusimias</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4FFFB3DF4CFA9CFB68619C22DC" author="SEIFFERT E. R." box="[1298,1440,1204,1230]" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" pagination="239 - 253" refId="ref16092" refString="SEIFFERT E. R. 2012. - Early primate evolution in Afro-Arabia. Evolutionary Anthropology 21 (6): 239 - 253. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / evan. 21335" type="journal article" year="2012">Seiffert 2012</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Among stem anthropoid taxa that are generally recognized as eosimiids, the trigonid morphology of Sü-2021 most closely resembles that of
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFC6FFAC8605C233C" authorityName="Marivaux, Antoine, Hassan Baqri, Benammi, Chaimanee, Crochet, de Franceschi, Iqbal, Jaeger, Metais, Roohi &amp; Welcomme" authorityYear="2005" box="[993,1120,1300,1326]" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Phileosimias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFC6FFAC8605C233C" box="[993,1120,1300,1326]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Phileosimias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Oligocene of
<collectingCountry id="F308762EFFB3DF4CFAD8FAC86193233C" box="[1366,1455,1300,1326]" name="Pakistan" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4FFFB3DF4CFCB8FAE8602E235D" author="MARIVAUX L. &amp; ANTOINE P. - O. &amp; BAQRI S. R. H. &amp; BENAMMI M. &amp; CHAIMANEE Y. &amp; CROCHET J. - Y. &amp; FRANCESCHI D. DE &amp; IQBAL N. &amp; JAEGER J. - J. &amp; METAIS G. &amp; ROOHI G. &amp; WELCOMME J. - L." box="[822,1042,1332,1359]" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" pagination="8436 - 8441" refId="ref14105" refString="MARIVAUX L., ANTOINE P. - O., BAQRI S. R. H., BENAMMI M., CHAIMANEE Y., CROCHET J. - Y., FRANCESCHI D. DE, IQBAL N., JAEGER J. - J., METAIS G., ROOHI G. &amp; WELCOMME J. - L. 2005. - Anthropoid primates from the Oligocene of Pakistan (Bugti Hills): Data on early anthropoid evolution and biogeography. Proceedings of National Academy of Science, USA 102 (24): 8436 - 8441. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0503469102" type="journal article" year="2005">
Marivaux
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFC2CFAE967E8235C" box="[930,980,1332,1358]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
), from which it differs in having a fully lingual paraconid.In other eosimiids (
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFB20FA896138237C" authorityName="Beard, Qi, Dawson, Wang &amp; Li" authorityYear="1994" box="[1198,1284,1365,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Eosimias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFB20FA896138237C" box="[1198,1284,1365,1390]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Eosimias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFA81FA886193237C" authorityName="Beard &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2004" box="[1295,1455,1364,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Phenacopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFA81FA886193237C" box="[1295,1455,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Phenacopithecus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFCD5FAA86793239C" authorityName="Jaeger, Thein, Benammi, Chaimanee, Soe, Lwin, Tun, Wai &amp; Ducrocq" authorityYear="1999" box="[859,943,1396,1422]" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Bahinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFCD5FAA86793239C" box="[859,943,1396,1422]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Bahinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), the paraconid of m2 is typically less cuspidate and farther removed from the metaconid. The hypoconulid of Sü-2021 flares distobuccally, as it does in
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFAADFA68614323DF" authorityName="Beard, Qi, Dawson, Wang &amp; Li" authorityYear="1994" box="[1315,1407,1460,1485]" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Eosimias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFAADFA68614323DF" box="[1315,1407,1460,1485]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Eosimias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFCA0FA0F67EC23FF" authorityName="Beard &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2004" box="[814,976,1491,1517]" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Phenacopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFCA0FA0F67EC23FF" box="[814,976,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Phenacopithecus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFC79FA0F607623FF" authorityName="Jaeger, Thein, Benammi, Chaimanee, Soe, Lwin, Tun, Wai &amp; Ducrocq" authorityYear="1999" box="[1015,1098,1491,1517]" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Bahinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFC79FA0F607623FF" box="[1015,1098,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Bahinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the talonids of m1-2 lack distinct hypoconulids. In
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFC6BFA2F6058201F" authorityName="Marivaux, Antoine, Hassan Baqri, Benammi, Chaimanee, Crochet, de Franceschi, Iqbal, Jaeger, Metais, Roohi &amp; Welcomme" authorityYear="2005" box="[997,1124,1523,1549]" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Phileosimias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFC6BFA2F6058201F" box="[997,1124,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Phileosimias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and most early African anthropoids, the lower molar hypoconulids can be substantial and cuspidate, but they are located closer to the entoconid than the hypoconid, in contrast to the more central placement of the hypoconulid in
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFB8CF9AF60AB209F" baseAuthorityName="Seiffert" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[1026,1175,1651,1677]" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Sungulusimias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFB8CF9AF60AB209F" box="[1026,1175,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Sungulusimias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3056535FFB3DF4DFCA3F96F66012403" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="720" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA036BEFFB3DF4CFCA3F96F67AD20D9" blockId="10.[811,1455,1715,2028]" box="[813,913,1715,1741]" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">
<smallCapsWord id="8D46A062FFB3DF4CFCA3F96F67AD20D9" baselines="1734,1734" box="[813,913,1715,1741]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Remarks" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">REMARKS</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA036BEFFB3DF4DFCA3F90E66012403" blockId="10.[811,1455,1715,2028]" lastBlockId="11.[131,776,216,529]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="720" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFCA3F90E67F820FE" baseAuthorityName="Seiffert" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[813,964,1746,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Sungulusimias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFCA3F90E67F820FE" box="[813,964,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Sungulusimias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the first record of stem anthropoids in
<collectingCountry id="F308762EFFB3DF4CFAF4F90F6762211E" name="Turkey" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Anatolia</collectingCountry>
and only the second example of Paleogene primates from there (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4FFFB3DF4CFC3FF8CE6052213E" author="BEARD K. C. &amp; METAIS G. &amp; OCAKOGLU F. &amp; LICHT A." box="[945,1134,1810,1836]" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" pagination="143 - 152" refId="ref11974" refString="BEARD K. C., METAIS G., OCAKOGLU F. &amp; LICHT A. 2021. - An omomyid primate from the Pontide microcontinent of north-central Anatolia: implications for sweepstakes dispersal of terrestrial mammals during the Eocene. Geobios 66 - 67: 143 - 152. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2020.06.008" type="book chapter" year="2021">
Beard
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFC76F8CF6011213E" box="[1016,1069,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
). Other eosimiids are known from
<collectingCountry id="F308762EFFB3DF4CFCE7F8EE6791215E" box="[873,941,1842,1868]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4FFFB3DF4CFC32F8EE6048215E" author="BEARD K. C. &amp; QI T. &amp; DAWSON M. R. &amp; WANG B. &amp; LI C." box="[956,1140,1842,1868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" pagination="604 - 609" refId="ref11850" refString="BEARD K. C., QI T., DAWSON M. R., WANG B. &amp; LI C. 1994. - A diverse new primate fauna from middle Eocene fissure-fillings in southeastern China. Nature 368: 604 - 609. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 368604 a 0" type="journal article" year="1994">
Beard
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFB8FF8EF6009215E" box="[1025,1077,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">et al.</emphasis>
1994
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4FFFB3DF4CFB0FF8EE6086215E" author="BEARD K. C. &amp; TONG Y. &amp; DAWSON M. R. &amp; WANG J. &amp; HUANG X." box="[1153,1210,1842,1868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" pagination="82 - 85" refId="ref11908" refString="BEARD K. C., TONG Y., DAWSON M. R., WANG J. &amp; HUANG X. 1996. - Earliest complete dentition of an anthropoid primate from the late middle Eocene of Shanxi Province, China. Science 272 (5258): 82 - 85. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 2890776" type="journal article" year="1996">1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4FFFB3DF4CFB49F8EE6194215E" author="BEARD K. C. &amp; WANG J." box="[1223,1448,1842,1869]" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" pagination="401 - 432" refId="ref11787" refString="BEARD K. C. &amp; WANG J. 2004. - The eosimiid primates (Anthropoidea) of the Heti Formation, Yuanqu Basin, Shanxi and Henan Provinces, People's Republic of China. Journal of Human Evolution 46 (4): 401 - 432. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2004.01.002" type="journal article" year="2004">Beard &amp; Wang 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4FFFB3DF4CFCA3F88E67FA217E" author="NI X. &amp; LI Q. &amp; LI L. &amp; BEARD K. C." box="[813,966,1874,1900]" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" pagination="673 - 677" refId="ref15450" refString="NI X., LI Q., LI L. &amp; BEARD K. C. 2016. - Oligocene primates from China reveal divergence between African and Asian primate evolution. Science 352 (6286): 673 - 677. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. aaf 2107" type="journal article" year="2016">
Ni
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFCDFF88F67B9217E" box="[849,901,1874,1900]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F308762EFFB3DF4CFC52F88F607B217F" box="[988,1095,1875,1901]" name="Myanmar" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4FFFB3DF4CFBD6F88F6129217E" author="JAEGER J. - J. &amp; THEIN T. &amp; BENAMMI M. &amp; CHAIMANEE Y. &amp; SOE A. N. &amp; LWIN T. &amp; TUN T. &amp; WAI S. &amp; DUCROCQ S." box="[1112,1301,1874,1901]" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" pagination="528 - 530" refId="ref13246" refString="JAEGER J. - J., THEIN T., BENAMMI M., CHAIMANEE Y., SOE A. N., LWIN T., TUN T., WAI S. &amp; DUCROCQ S. 1999. - A new Primate from the middle Eocene of Myanmar and the early origin of anthropoids. Science 286 (5439): 528 - 530. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 286.5439.528" type="journal article" year="1999">
Jaeger
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFB2EF88F60E9217E" box="[1184,1237,1874,1900]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">et al.</emphasis>
1999
</bibRefCitation>
) and
<collectingCountry id="F308762EFFB3DF4CFADAF88E6193217E" box="[1364,1455,1874,1900]" name="Pakistan" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B4FFFB3DF4CFCB8F8AE602A219F" author="MARIVAUX L. &amp; ANTOINE P. - O. &amp; BAQRI S. R. H. &amp; BENAMMI M. &amp; CHAIMANEE Y. &amp; CROCHET J. - Y. &amp; FRANCESCHI D. DE &amp; IQBAL N. &amp; JAEGER J. - J. &amp; METAIS G. &amp; ROOHI G. &amp; WELCOMME J. - L." box="[822,1046,1906,1933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" pagination="8436 - 8441" refId="ref14105" refString="MARIVAUX L., ANTOINE P. - O., BAQRI S. R. H., BENAMMI M., CHAIMANEE Y., CROCHET J. - Y., FRANCESCHI D. DE, IQBAL N., JAEGER J. - J., METAIS G., ROOHI G. &amp; WELCOMME J. - L. 2005. - Anthropoid primates from the Oligocene of Pakistan (Bugti Hills): Data on early anthropoid evolution and biogeography. Proceedings of National Academy of Science, USA 102 (24): 8436 - 8441. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0503469102" type="journal article" year="2005">
Marivaux
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFC2DF8AF67EB219E" box="[931,983,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
), so
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB3DF4CFBC9F8AE60E2219E" baseAuthorityName="Seiffert" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[1095,1246,1906,1932]" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Sungulusimias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB3DF4CFBC9F8AE60E2219E" box="[1095,1246,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="719">Sungulusimias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also the westernmost record of this group. Discovery of Anatolian eosimiids is not unexpected, given that eosimiids are well-documented from farther east along the Eurasian Neotethyan margin and that eosimiiforms colonized the African/Arabian Plate prior to its tectonic collision with Eurasia near the Oligocene-Miocene boundary (Chaimanee
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB2DF4DFD8FFEC466062723" box="[513,570,279,305]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="720">et al.</emphasis>
2012). However,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB2DF4DFF09FEEB65222743" baseAuthorityName="Seiffert" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[135,286,311,337]" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Sungulusimias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="720" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB2DF4DFF09FEEB65222743" box="[135,286,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="720">Sungulusimias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is apparently younger than the oldest known African anthropoids, which date to the late middle or early late Eocene (
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). What role, if any,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D3DFFB2DF4DFE5BFE4B665027A3" baseAuthorityName="Seiffert" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[469,620,407,433]" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Sungulusimias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="720" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96BEAACFFB2DF4DFE5BFE4B665027A3" box="[469,620,407,433]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="720">Sungulusimias</emphasis>
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and its collateral relatives may have played in the colonization of Africa by early anthropoids must await better understanding of its anatomy and phylogenetic relationships.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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