347 lines
40 KiB
XML
347 lines
40 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="649CFB33CDA7819A9412A19D4C05F940">A review of neococcid scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) based on the morphology of the adult males</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102CFCFF6FFDCED7BC" ID-CoL="3ZCT" ID-ENA="38116" authority="O.G. Costa, 1835" authorityName="O. G. Costa" authorityYear="1835" box="[151,517,225,252]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102CFCFF6FFEEDD7BB" bold="true" box="[151,294,225,252]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Dactylopius</emphasis>
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O.G.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A6D46102D19FF6FFDCED7BC" author="Costa" box="[370,517,225,251]" firstAuthor="Costa" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refId="ref199795" refString="Costa, O. G. (1835) Nuove observazioni intorno alle cocciniglie ed ai loro pretesi maschi. F. Fernandes, Napoli, 24 pp." type="book" year="1835">
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<collectingRegion id="49DF95900A6D46102D19FF6FFE70D7BC" box="[370,443,225,251]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Costa</collectingRegion>
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, 1835
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</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30108F90A6D46102CFCFEA8FAC0D61B" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BA45B720A6D46102CFCFEA8FDBCD67A" blockId="66.[151,1291,293,349]" box="[151,631,293,318]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102CFCFEA8FEC5D67A" box="[151,270,294,317]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Diaprosteci</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A6D46102D7FFEA8FE65D67A" author="Costa, O. G." box="[276,430,294,318]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refId="ref199676" refString="Costa, O. G. (1828 a) Prospetto di una nuova divisione metodica del genere Coccus, Lin. Lam. Ec. 100 th Dalla Tipografia Trani, Napoli, 8 pp." type="book" year="1828">
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<collectingRegion id="49DF95900A6D46102D7FFEA8FE85D679" box="[276,334,294,318]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Costa</collectingRegion>
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1828a, 7
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. Unavailable name.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA45B720A6D46102CFCFECAFAC0D61B" blockId="66.[151,1291,293,349]" box="[151,1291,324,349]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102CFCFECAFE78D61A" ID-CoL="3ZCT" authority="Costa 1829" authorityName="Costa" authorityYear="1829" box="[151,435,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102CFCFECAFEDAD61B" box="[151,273,324,348]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Dactylopius</emphasis>
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<collectingRegion id="49DF95900A6D46102D73FECAFE99D61B" box="[280,338,324,348]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Costa</collectingRegion>
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1829, 16
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.
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<typeStatus id="54A0E5D00A6D46102DD6FECBFE24D61A" box="[445,495,325,349]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102E27FECAFCD9D61B" ID-CoL="33W87" box="[588,786,324,348]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coccus">
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<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102E27FECAFCD9D61B" box="[588,786,324,348]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Dactylopius coccus</emphasis>
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<collectingRegion id="49DF95900A6D46102F73FECAFC99D61B" box="[792,850,324,348]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Costa</collectingRegion>
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by subsequent designation ICZN 1983, 77.
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<subSubSection id="C30108F90A6D46102CFCFE04FD86D3FA" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="discussion">
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<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102CFCFE04FEFDD6E2" bold="true" box="[151,310,394,421]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Introduction.</emphasis>
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This family, as currently understood, contains only the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102864FE05FB5DD6E2" box="[1039,1174,395,421]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102864FE05FB5DD6E2" box="[1039,1174,395,421]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Dactylopius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Costa with 11 species (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A6D46102CF4FE21FE19D68E" author="Garcia Morales" box="[159,466,431,457]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Garcia Morales" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refId="ref201635" refString="Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B. D., Miller, D. R., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2019) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: https: // data. nal. usda. gov / dataset / scalenet-scaleinsects-coccoidea-database (accessed 12 August 2019)" type="url" year="2019">
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García Morales
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<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102D3EFE3EFE4CD68E" box="[341,391,431,457]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2019
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The adult males of three species have been described previously,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D461028A8FE3EFF18D6A9" authority="(Cockerell)" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confusus">
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<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D461028A8FE3EFA8CD68E" box="[1219,1351,431,457]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">D. confusus</emphasis>
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(Cockerell)
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102D67FE5DFE58D6AA" box="[268,403,467,493]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102D67FE5DFE58D6AA" box="[268,403,467,493]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Dactylopius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nr.
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102D81FE5DFD1FD6A9" authority="(Cockerell)" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[490,724,467,494]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confusus">
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<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102D81FE5DFD87D6AA" box="[490,588,467,493]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">confusus</emphasis>
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(Cockerell)
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A6D46102F6AFE5DFC79D6A9" author="Loubser" box="[769,946,467,494]" firstAuthor="Loubser" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refId="ref207675" refString="Loubser, H. J. M. (1966) A study on the morphology and taxonomy of the males of two Dactylopius species (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). M. S. Thesis in Agriculture, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 106 pp." type="book" year="1966">Loubser (1966)</bibRefCitation>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102F9AFE5AFBAAD6AA" box="[1009,1121,468,493]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coccus">
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<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102F9AFE5AFBAAD6AA" box="[1009,1121,468,493]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">D. coccus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Costa by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A6D461028BCFE5DFE96D556" author="Perez Guerra and Kosztarab" firstAuthor="Perez Guerra" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 90" refId="ref210353" refString="Perez Guerra, G. & Kosztarab, M. P. (1992) Biosystematics of the family Dactylopiidae (Homoptera: Coccinea) with emphasis on the life cycle of Dactylopius coccus Costa. Bulletin of the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, 92 - 1, 1 - 90." type="journal article" year="1992">Pérez Guerra and Kosztarab (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A6D46102E6AFE79FC44D556" author="Perez Guerra and Kosztarab" box="[513,911,503,529]" firstAuthor="Perez Guerra" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 90" refId="ref210353" refString="Perez Guerra, G. & Kosztarab, M. P. (1992) Biosystematics of the family Dactylopiidae (Homoptera: Coccinea) with emphasis on the life cycle of Dactylopius coccus Costa. Bulletin of the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, 92 - 1, 1 - 90." type="journal article" year="1992">Pérez Guerra and Kosztarab (1992)</bibRefCitation>
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, the material collected and described by
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A6D46102933FE79FEC1D571" author="Loubser" firstAuthor="Loubser" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refId="ref207675" refString="Loubser, H. J. M. (1966) A study on the morphology and taxonomy of the males of two Dactylopius species (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). M. S. Thesis in Agriculture, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 106 pp." type="book" year="1966">Loubser (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
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||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102D5AFD92FE87D572" box="[305,332,540,565]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">D.</emphasis>
|
||
sp. nr.
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102DF4FD95FDCAD572" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[415,513,539,565]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confusus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102DF4FD95FDCAD572" box="[415,513,539,565]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">confusus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Hermon,
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||
<collectingRegion id="49DF95900A6D46102EDAFD95FC92D572" box="[689,857,539,565]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Cape Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F30C1BE20A6D46102F0EFD95FC3DD572" box="[869,1014,539,565]" name="South Africa" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, is referable to
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D461028CEFD95FE99D51E" authority="De Lotto (1974)" authorityName="De Lotto" authorityYear="1974" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="austrinus">
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<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D461028CEFD95FA57D572" box="[1189,1436,539,565]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Dactylopius austrinus</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A6D46102CFCFDB1FE99D51E" author="De Lotto" box="[151,338,575,601]" firstAuthor="De Lotto" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="167 - 193" refId="ref200006" refString="De Lotto, G. (1974) On the status and identity of the cochineal insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Dactylopiidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 37, 167 - 193." type="journal article" year="1974">De Lotto (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The description of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102E5DFDCEFD6ED51E" box="[566,677,576,601]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coccus">
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||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102E5DFDCEFD6ED51E" box="[566,677,576,601]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">D. coccus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A6D46102EBAFDB1FBA9D51E" author="Perez Guerra and Kosztarab" box="[721,1122,575,601]" firstAuthor="Perez Guerra" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 90" refId="ref210353" refString="Perez Guerra, G. & Kosztarab, M. P. (1992) Biosystematics of the family Dactylopiidae (Homoptera: Coccinea) with emphasis on the life cycle of Dactylopius coccus Costa. Bulletin of the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, 92 - 1, 1 - 90." type="journal article" year="1992">Pérez Guerra and Kosztarab (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is poor and so
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102979FDCEFA4AD51E" box="[1298,1409,576,601]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coccus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102979FDCEFA4AD51E" box="[1298,1409,576,601]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">D. coccus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is redescribed below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A6D46102CACFD09FD88D316" blockId="66.[151,1437,394,2041]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
The molecular studies of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A6D46102D8FFD09FD3ED5E6" author="Cook and Gullan" box="[484,757,647,673]" firstAuthor="Cook" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="441 - 452" refId="ref199531" refString="Cook, L. G. & Gullan, P. J. (2004) The gall-inducing habit has evolved multiple times among the eriococcid scale insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 83 (4), 441 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2004.00396. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Cook and Gullan (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A6D46102F40FD09FBF6D5E6" author="Gullan and Cook" box="[811,1085,647,673]" firstAuthor="Gullan" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="413 - 425" refId="ref202599" refString="Gullan, P. J. & Cook, L. G. (2007) Phylogeny and higher classification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea). Zootaxa, 1668, 413 - 425." type="journal article" year="2007">Gullan and Cook (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have all placed the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D4610290FFD06FF3BD582" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D4610290FFD06FF3BD582" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Dactylopius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sister to the Acanthococcid eriococcid clade, whereas the cladistic study based on the adult male morphology (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A6D46102CBAFD41FE2CD5AE" author="Hodgson & Hardy" box="[209,487,719,745]" firstAuthor="Hodgson" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="794 - 804" refId="ref203953" refString="Hodgson, C. J. & Hardy, N. B. (2013) The phylogeny of the superfamily Coccoidea (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) based on the morphology of extant and extinct macropterous males. Systematic Entomology, 38, 794 - 804. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12030" type="journal article" year="2013">Hodgson & Hardy 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) found the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102E00FD41FCC3D5AE" authorityName="Signoret" authorityYear="1875" box="[619,776,719,745]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dactylopiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be sister to the Gondwanan clade. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102947FD5EFA57D5AE" box="[1324,1436,720,745]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coccus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102947FD5EFA57D5AE" box="[1324,1436,720,745]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">D. coccus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(redescribed below) has the trochanter sensilla in a triangle on each side whereas they are arranged in a more or less a straight line on all genera in the Gondwanan clade; this is here considered to be a highly significant feature, suggesting that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102D75FCB5FE6ED412" box="[286,421,827,853]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102D75FCB5FE6ED412" box="[286,421,827,853]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Dactylopius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is closer to the Acanthococcid clade. However, unlike the adult males in the Acanthococcid clade, those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102D28FCEEFE79D43E" box="[323,434,864,889]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coccus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102D28FCEEFE79D43E" box="[323,434,864,889]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">D. coccus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
share the following character-states with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102FE2FCEEFBF4D43E" baseAuthorityName="Boyer de Fonscolombe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[905,1087,863,889]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Eriococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="buxi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102FE2FCEEFBF4D43E" box="[905,1087,863,889]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Eriococcus buxi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the BSE clade (condition in Acanthococcid clade in brackets): (i) alary setae absent (present), and (ii) postmesospiracular setae present (absent). On the other hand, unlike male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102D90FC26FD81D486" baseAuthorityName="Boyer de Fonscolombe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[507,586,935,961]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Eriococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="buxi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102D90FC26FD81D486" box="[507,586,935,961]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">E. buxi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102EBDFC29FC96D486" box="[726,861,935,961]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102EBDFC29FC96D486" box="[726,861,935,961]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Dactylopius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. have the following character-states: (i) absence of hamulohalteres (present), (ii) no postoccipital ridge (present), and (iii) capitate setae on several antennal segments (apical segment only). Despite these differences, it is clear that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102FCCFC61FBE5D34E" box="[935,1070,1007,1033]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102FCCFC61FBE5D34E" box="[935,1070,1007,1033]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Dactylopius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
falls within the overall umbrella term “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102CB5FB9DFEB2D36A" box="[222,377,1043,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eriococcidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
”. Because of the distribution of the trochanter sensilla, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D4610284EFB9DFB09D36A" authorityName="Signoret" authorityYear="1875" box="[1061,1218,1043,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dactylopiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are here discussed prior to the Gondwanan clade species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A6D46102CACFBD5FD86D3FA" blockId="66.[151,1437,394,2041]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Based on the detailed description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102E0DFBD2FD1ED332" box="[614,725,1116,1141]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coccus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102E0DFBD2FD1ED332" box="[614,725,1116,1141]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">D. coccus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
below and on the descriptions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D4610283CFBD2FB17D332" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[1111,1244,1115,1141]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confusus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D4610283CFBD2FB17D332" box="[1111,1244,1115,1141]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">D. confusus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D4610297EFBD5FA57D332" box="[1301,1436,1115,1141]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D4610297EFBD5FA57D332" box="[1301,1436,1115,1141]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Dactylopius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. near
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102C9EFBF1FE9CD3DE" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[245,343,1151,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confusus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102C9EFBF1FE9CD3DE" box="[245,343,1151,1177]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">confusus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102D03FB0EFE39D3DE" authorityName="De Lotto" authorityYear="1974" box="[360,498,1152,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="austrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102D03FB0EFE39D3DE" box="[360,498,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">D. austrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A6D46102E00FBF1FCD0D3DD" author="Loubser" box="[619,795,1151,1178]" firstAuthor="Loubser" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refId="ref207675" refString="Loubser, H. J. M. (1966) A study on the morphology and taxonomy of the males of two Dactylopius species (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). M. S. Thesis in Agriculture, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 106 pp." type="book" year="1966">Loubser (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, it would appear that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D4610285CFBF1FB1FD3DE" authorityName="Signoret" authorityYear="1875" box="[1079,1236,1151,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dactylopiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be diagnosed on the following adult male characters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30108F90A6D46102CACFB48FF32D0BE" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A6D46102CACFB48FD56D066" blockId="66.[151,1437,394,2041]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102CACFB48FBF9D3A6" bold="true" box="[199,1074,1222,1249]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Family diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102DDDFB48FD90D3A6" authorityName="Signoret" authorityYear="1875" box="[438,603,1222,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dactylopiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on adult male morphology. Body
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
quite large, not attenuated; with few setae, all hs; loculate pores absent apart from in glandular pouches.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102FAEFB65FBCED242" bold="true" box="[965,1029,1259,1285]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Head</emphasis>
|
||
: Median crest distinct and long, extending posteriorly to well past posterior margin of ocular sclerite; without striations or reticulations;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102967FA81FEE8D20A" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">postoccipital ridge absent</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102D59FABAFE0BD20A" box="[306,448,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">pores absent</emphasis>
|
||
; genal setae present; dorsal simple eyes subequal to or slightly larger than ventral eyes, latter quite far forward; ocelli placed close to postocular ridge;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102F0EFAD9FEEFD2D2" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">ocular sclerite without any setae and striations or reticulations</emphasis>
|
||
; preocular ridge short both dorsally and ventrally;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102F0FFAF5FBB6D2D2" box="[868,1149,1403,1429]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">interocular ridge present</emphasis>
|
||
; antennae 10-segmented,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102CFCFA11FDBFD2FE" box="[151,628,1439,1465]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">each flagellar segment rather club-shaped</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102EE8FA11FC9AD2FE" box="[643,849,1439,1465]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">fs all short and fat</emphasis>
|
||
; flagellar segments each with many fs, a few hs and
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102CFCFA4DFE6AD29A" box="[151,417,1475,1501]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">with 1–5 capitate setae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102DDAFA4DFDC1D29A" bold="true" box="[433,522,1475,1501]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
: prosternal median ridge absent; prothoracic setae absent; prescutum oval, with prescutal setae; scutal setae few medially; without a distinct sclerotised invagination on anterior margin near prealare; scutellum rectangular, without a foramen; scutellar setae present;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102FD1F985FAE4D162" box="[954,1327,1547,1573]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">postmesospiracular setae present</emphasis>
|
||
; basisternum without basisternal setae;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102D9FF9A1FCD5D10E" box="[500,798,1583,1609]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">metaprecoxal ridge absent</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102F46F9A1FC2FD10E" box="[813,996,1583,1609]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">alar lobe absent</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102F98F9A1FF2BD12A" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">alar setae present or absent; sensoria absent</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102C84F9DDFE27D12A" box="[239,492,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">hamulohalteres absent</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102D91F9DDFAE9D12A" box="[506,1314,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">each trochanter with 3 circular sensoria arranged in a triangle medially</emphasis>
|
||
; each tibia with 2 apical spurs; most setae on tibia and tarsi spur-like; tarsi two segmented; claws long and thin, almost straight,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102CFCF915FEABD1F2" box="[151,352,1691,1717]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">without a denticle</emphasis>
|
||
; claw digitules with small capitate apices.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102F56F914FC79D1F2" bold="true" box="[829,946,1690,1717]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
: tergites and sternites mainly unsclerotised; caudal extensions absent; ostioles absent; glandular pouches present;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102FDAF931FAA3D19E" box="[945,1384,1727,1753]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">glandular pouch setae extremely short</emphasis>
|
||
; abdominal segment IX large, lying under segment VIII, but fused to style; anal opening large; style narrowly triangular and blunt; style with a group of setae dorsally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A6D46102CACF8A5FF32D0BE" blockId="66.[151,1437,394,2041]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Note.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A6D46102D60F8A5FE73D001" author="Loubser" box="[267,440,1835,1862]" firstAuthor="Loubser" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refId="ref207675" refString="Loubser, H. J. M. (1966) A study on the morphology and taxonomy of the males of two Dactylopius species (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). M. S. Thesis in Agriculture, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 106 pp." type="book" year="1966">Loubser (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
shows 2 alar setae on the wings of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102F13F8A2FC37D002" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[888,1020,1835,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confusus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102F13F8A2FC37D002" box="[888,1020,1835,1861]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">D. confusus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D4610285AF8A2FB70D002" authorityName="De Lotto" authorityYear="1974" box="[1073,1211,1836,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="austrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D4610285AF8A2FB70D002" box="[1073,1211,1836,1861]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">D. austrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; they are not shown on the illustration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102DEEF8DEFE38D02E" box="[389,499,1872,1897]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coccus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102DEEF8DEFE38D02E" box="[389,499,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">D. coccus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A6D46102E74F8C1FC7AD02E" author="Perez Guerra and Kosztarab" box="[543,945,1871,1897]" firstAuthor="Perez Guerra" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 90" refId="ref210353" refString="Perez Guerra, G. & Kosztarab, M. P. (1992) Biosystematics of the family Dactylopiidae (Homoptera: Coccinea) with emphasis on the life cycle of Dactylopius coccus Costa. Bulletin of the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, 92 - 1, 1 - 90." type="journal article" year="1992">Pérez Guerra and Kosztarab (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In the present study, no alar setae could be detected on the males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102DC6F8FAFDD0D0CA" box="[429,539,1908,1933]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coccus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102DC6F8FAFDD0D0CA" box="[429,539,1908,1933]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">D. coccus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
descibed below, nor on those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102FE2F8FAFB8CD0CA" authority="Green" authorityName="Green" box="[905,1095,1907,1933]" class="Insecta" family="Cerococcidae" genus="Antecerococcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102FE2F8FAFC37D0CA" box="[905,1020,1907,1933]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">D. indicus</emphasis>
|
||
Green
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102805F8FDFB2FD0CA" box="[1134,1252,1907,1933]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">ceylonicus</emphasis>
|
||
(Green)) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D461029EAF8FAFE49D0F5" authority="(Cockerell)" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confusus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D461029EAF8FAFF32D0F6" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">D. confusus</emphasis>
|
||
(Cockerell)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, 3 were present on each wing of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102F33F816FC3CD0F6" box="[856,1015,1944,1969]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Sphaerococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tomentosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102F33F816FC3CD0F6" box="[856,1015,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">D. tomentosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DF95900A6D46102852F819FB60D0F6" box="[1081,1195,1943,1969]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DF95900A6D4610294FF819FA53D0F6" box="[1316,1432,1943,1969]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6D46102CD7F835FDF7D092" box="[188,572,1979,2005]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="echinocarpa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6D46102CD7F835FE67D092" box="[188,428,1979,2005]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Opuntia echinocarpa</emphasis>
|
||
(Cactaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFA57DB20A6D46102E23F835FD67D092" box="[584,684,1979,2005]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" value="1924-10-01">1.x.1924</date>
|
||
, A.P. Dodd (USNM)) and so it would appear that this character is variable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30108F90A6C46112CACFF16FE90D6CC" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A6C46112CACFF16FE90D6CC" blockId="67.[151,1437,152,395]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6C46112CACFF16FE8FD7F4" bold="true" box="[199,324,152,179]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Comment.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6C46112DA5FF17FD9ED7F4" box="[462,597,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6C46112DA5FF17FD9ED7F4" box="[462,597,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Dactylopius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species differ from those in the acanthococcine-group as follows: (i) postoccipital ridge absent; (ii) setae on ocular sclerite absent; (iii) interocular ridges present; (iv) prosternal median ridge absent; (v) postmesospiracular setae present; (vi) alar lobes absent; (vii) hamulohalteres absent, and (viii) presence of very short glandular pouch setae. Adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A6C46112F5AFE8BFC70D658" box="[817,955,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F87600A6C46112F5AFE8BFC70D658" box="[817,955,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Dactylopius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species differ from those in the Gondwanan-group as follows: (i) abdomen not attenuated; (ii) postoccipital ridge absent; (iii) interocular ridge present; (iv) antenna with short, plump fleshy setae, and (v) the sensoria on each side of each trochanter oval, more or less in a triangle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |