1743 lines
262 KiB
XML
1743 lines
262 KiB
XML
<document id="F09F5D35EF5B127DD372139401D3E52D" ID-CLB-Dataset="7827" ID-DOI="10.1093/mspecies/sey001" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5e679cdf-4a94-4299-a7d3-a75d4bcac1de" ID-ISSN="1545-1410" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573450" ID-ZooBank="E859A537-D40B-420A-8832-A1F84E4286AB" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1614694665198" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Gaudin, Timothy J., Hicks, Patrick & Blanco, Yamil Di" docDate="2018" docId="03B2DE15061E1A038CD4FBF3D49D45ED" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpecies.50.956.1-13.pdf" docOrigin="Mammalian Species 50 (956)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/sey001" docStyle="DocumentStyle:E260F2FEBB038053A7447521347BED36.4:MammalSpecies.2016-.journal_article" docStyleId="E260F2FEBB038053A7447521347BED36" docStyleName="MammalSpecies.2016-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="FF8BA66D061E1A0A8F74FF87D15F416F" masterDocTitle="Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae)" masterLastPageNumber="13" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1698931765276" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="05C3987CDF886BD41697DE37F80F0C53">Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6DA24A791A23C6CF4F46BDB42BFDFBE2">Gaudin, Timothy J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="94FA8BB0E73E520FA059023A92AAD6DC">Hicks, Patrick</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4C63EF0F8F8C99C6745FCA7056F3C513">Blanco, Yamil Di</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="4758864AF73D549B1B55B121677FDC97">Mammalian Species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="1A619BBD52EA4260DA71990318577595">
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<mods:date id="5BF42AB775C8270966AE261C804A8863">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="79D05CA9E82325042BAD025B64AE423D">50</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="FE240E0224E5146FB68DF3B246D77BC4">956</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="9A592D18903ECC149CEF715984FBCCF9" type="DOI">10.1093/mspecies/sey001</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B2DE15061E1A038CD4FBF3D49D45ED" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4591168" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180301922" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4591168" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B2DE15061E1A038CD4FBF3D49D45ED" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2DE15061E1A038CD4FBF3D49D45ED" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection id="C3013C88061E1A0A8CD4FBF3D4C445E2" box="[928,1435,1139,1166]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA46F03061E1A0A8CD4FBF3D4C445E2" blockId="0.[928,1435,1139,1166]" box="[928,1435,1139,1166]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<heading id="D0ECD86F061E1A0A8CD4FBF3D4C445E2" box="[928,1435,1139,1166]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061E1A0A8CD4FBF3D4C445E2" ID-CoL="45B2F" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[928,1435,1139,1166]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
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<emphasis id="B96FB311061E1A0A8CD4FBF3D4C445E2" bold="true" box="[928,1435,1139,1166]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061E1A0A8CD4FBF3D58945E1" bold="true" box="[928,1238,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Myrmecophaga tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061E1A0A8BAAFBF4D4C445E2" author="LINNAEUS, C." box="[1246,1435,1139,1165]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref11165" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema naturae; sistens regna tria naturae, in classes et ordines, genera et species redacta tabulisque aeneis illustrate. Editio sexton, emendate et aucta. G. Kiesenetteri, Stockholm." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3013C88061E1A0A8B11FB30D45E45A1" box="[1125,1281,1207,1230]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061E1A0A8B11FB30D45E45A1" blockId="0.[1125,1281,1207,1230]" box="[1125,1281,1207,1230]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Giant Anteater</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3013C88061E1A0B8C3CFB78D18547CF" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061E1A0A8C3CFB78D4124439" blockId="0.[840,1523,1279,1782]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<insertion id="169E08C2061E1A0A8C3CFB78D55E4479" box="[840,1025,1279,1302]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061E1A0A8C25FB78D55E4479" ID-CoL="45B2F" authority="Linnaeus, 1758: 35" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="35" authorityYear="1758" box="[849,1025,1279,1302]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061E1A0A8C25FB78D2A74479" box="[849,1016,1279,1302]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Myrmecophaga</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</insertion>
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061E1A0A8B65FB78D5264479" box="[1041,1145,1279,1302]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061E1A0A8BFEFB78D4024479" author="LINNAEUS, C." box="[1162,1373,1279,1302]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref11165" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema naturae; sistens regna tria naturae, in classes et ordines, genera et species redacta tabulisque aeneis illustrate. Editio sexton, emendate et aucta. G. Kiesenetteri, Stockholm." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758:35</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A0D1A1061E1A0A8A05FB78D4F94479" box="[1393,1446,1279,1302]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E49811061E1A0A8CDDFA98D5ED4459" box="[937,1202,1311,1334]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">“America meridionali;”</quote>
|
||
restricted to
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DFA1E1061E1A0A8A13FA98D4B04459" box="[1383,1519,1311,1334]" country="Brazil" name="Pernambuco" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pernambuco</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DFA1E1061E1A0A8C0CFAB8D55F4439" box="[888,1024,1343,1366]" country="Brazil" name="Pernambuco" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pernambuco</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061E1A0A8B7EFAB8D5144439" box="[1034,1099,1343,1366]" name="Brazil" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061E1A0A8B07FAB8D4164439" author="THOMAS, O." box="[1139,1353,1343,1366]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="120 - 158" refId="ref13215" refString="THOMAS, O. 1911. The mammals of the tenth edition of Linnaeus; an attempt to fix the types of the genera and the exact bases and localities of the species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1911: 120 - 158." type="journal article" year="1911">Thomas (1911:132)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061E1A0A8C3CFAD8D2B844F9" blockId="0.[840,1523,1279,1782]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<insertion id="169E08C2061E1A0A8C3CFAD8D55E4419" box="[840,1025,1375,1398]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061E1A0A8C25FAD8D55E4419" ID-CoL="45B27" authority="Linnaeus, 1766: 52" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="52" authorityYear="1758" box="[849,1025,1375,1398]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061E1A0A8C25FAD8D2A74419" box="[849,1016,1375,1398]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Myrmecophaga</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</insertion>
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061E1A0A8B61FAD8D5064419" box="[1045,1113,1375,1398]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">jubata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061E1A0A8B19FAD8D41C4419" author="LINNAEUS, C." box="[1133,1347,1375,1398]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 532" refId="ref11205" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1766. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio duodecima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae 1: 1 - 532." type="journal article" year="1766">Linnaeus, 1766:52</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A0D1A1061E1A0A8A2EFAD8D4D04419" box="[1370,1423,1375,1398]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E49811061E1A0A8C0CFAF8D2B844F9" box="[888,999,1407,1430]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">“Brasilia.”</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061E1A0A8C3CFA18D54944B9" blockId="0.[840,1523,1279,1782]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061E1A0A8C3CFA18D46844D9" authority="G. Fischer, 1803: 333" authorityName="G. Fischer" authorityPageNumber="333" authorityYear="1803" box="[840,1335,1439,1462]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061E1A0A8C3CFA18D51D44D9" box="[840,1090,1439,1462]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Myrmecopha didactyla</emphasis>
|
||
G.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061E1A0A8B04FA18D46844D9" author="FISCHER, G." box="[1136,1335,1439,1462]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref10067" refString="FISCHER, G. 1803. Das Nationalmuseum der Naturgeschichte zu Paris. Freidrich Esslinger, Frankfurt am Main, Germany." type="book" year="1803">Fischer, 1803:333</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Incorrect subsequent spelling.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061E1A0A8C3CFA58D4D84779" blockId="0.[840,1523,1279,1782]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061E1A0A8C3CFA58D2014499" box="[840,862,1503,1526]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061E1A0A8C13FA58D2A74499" box="[871,1016,1503,1526]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">yrmecophaga</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061E1A0A8B60FA58D5074499" box="[1044,1112,1503,1526]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">iubata</emphasis>
|
||
Wied-Neuwied, 1826:537. Incorrect subsequent spelling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061E1A0A8B19FA78D4DF4779" ID-CoL="45B27" authority="Linnaeus, 1766" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[1133,1408,1535,1558]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jubata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061E1A0A8B19FA78D5DC4779" box="[1133,1155,1535,1558]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061E1A0A8BE5FA78D58A4779" box="[1169,1237,1535,1558]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">jubata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061E1A0A8BA8FA78D4DF4779" author="LINNAEUS, C." box="[1244,1408,1535,1558]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 532" refId="ref11205" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1766. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio duodecima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae 1: 1 - 532." type="journal article" year="1766">Linnaeus, 1766</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061E1A0A8C3CF998D4844759" blockId="0.[840,1523,1279,1782]" box="[840,1499,1567,1590]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061E1A0A8C3CF998D5A14759" authority=": Matschie, 1894: 63" authorityName="Matschie" authorityPageNumber="63" authorityYear="1894" box="[840,1278,1567,1590]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Tamandua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061E1A0A8C3CF998D5794759" box="[840,1062,1567,1590]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tamandua tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061E1A0A8B40F998D5A14759" author="MATSCHIE, P." box="[1076,1278,1567,1590]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="57 - 64" refId="ref11345" refString="MATSCHIE, P. 1894. Die von Herrn Paul Neumann in Argentinien gesammelten und beobachteten Saugethiere. Sitzungberichte Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1894: 57 - 64." type="journal article" year="1894">Matschie, 1894:63</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061E1A0A8C3CF9B8D4DF4739" blockId="0.[840,1523,1279,1782]" box="[840,1408,1599,1622]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061E1A0A8C3CF9B8D5FD4739" authority=": Rehn, 1900: 576" authorityName="Rehn" authorityPageNumber="576" authorityYear="1900" box="[840,1186,1599,1622]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Falcifer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jubata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061E1A0A8C3CF9B8D2B84739" box="[840,999,1599,1622]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Falcifer jubata</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061E1A0A8C81F9B8D5FD4739" author="REHN, J. A. G." box="[1013,1186,1599,1622]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="575 - 578" refId="ref12525" refString="REHN, J. A. G. 1900. On the Linnaean genera Myrmecophaga and Didelphis. American Naturalist 34: 575 - 578." type="journal article" year="1900">Rehn, 1900:576</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061E1A0A8C3CF9D8D5E047F9" blockId="0.[840,1523,1279,1782]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061E1A0A8C3CF9D8D4654719" authority="Lyon, 1906: 570" authorityName="Lyon" authorityPageNumber="570" authorityYear="1906" box="[840,1338,1631,1654]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061E1A0A8C3CF9D8D53B4719" box="[840,1124,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Myrmecophaga centralis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061E1A0A8B09F9D8D4654719" author="LYON, M. W., Jr." box="[1149,1338,1631,1654]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="569 - 571" refId="ref11303" refString="LYON, M. W., Jr. 1906. Description of a new species of great anteater from Central America. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum 31: 569 - 571, pl. 14." type="journal article" year="1906">Lyon, 1906:570</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A0D1A1061E1A0A8A22F9D8D4D44719" box="[1366,1419,1631,1654]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E49811061E1A0A8C0CF9F8D2B647F9" box="[888,1001,1663,1686]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">“Pacuare,”</quote>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DFA1E1061E1A0A8C9BF9F8D56647F9" box="[1007,1081,1663,1686]" country="Costa Rica" name="Limon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Limón</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061E1A0A8B30F9F8D5E447F9" box="[1092,1211,1663,1686]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061E1A0A8C3CF918D5134799" blockId="0.[840,1523,1279,1782]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061E1A0A8C3CF918D4F947D9" authority="Osgood, 1912: 40" authorityName="Osgood" authorityPageNumber="40" authorityYear="1912" box="[840,1446,1695,1718]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="tridactyla" subSpecies="artatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061E1A0A8C3CF918D59447D9" box="[840,1227,1695,1718]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Myrmecophaga tridactyla artatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061E1A0A8BABF918D4F947D9" author="OSGOOD, W. H." box="[1247,1446,1695,1718]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref12049" refString="OSGOOD, W. H. 1912. Mammals from western Venezuela and eastern Colombia. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoology Series 7: 1 - 48." type="book chapter" year="1912">Osgood, 1912:40</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A0D1A1061E1A0A8ACAF918D4AC47D9" box="[1470,1523,1695,1718]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9E49811061E1A0A8CA5F938D5134799" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
“Empalado Savannas,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE3C2E6061E1A0A8BB0F938D47E47B9" box="[1220,1313,1727,1750]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.828032" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" unit="mi" value="30.0">30 miles</quantity>
|
||
east of Maracaibo, [
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DFA1E1061E1A0A8C0BF958D2E14799" box="[895,958,1759,1782]" country="Venezuela" name="Zulia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Zulia</collectingRegion>
|
||
],
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061E1A0A8CBAF958D51F4799" box="[974,1088,1759,1782]" name="Venezuela" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
.”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF643F8B061F1A0B8F19FB44D33244E7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573452" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573452" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573452/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" startId="1.[109,144,1219,1240]" targetBox="[116,787,202,1204]" targetPageId="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061F1A0B8F19FB44D33244E7" blockId="1.[109,793,1219,1416]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8F19FB44D1E945B7" bold="true" box="[109,182,1219,1240]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
|
||
—Adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A0B8E60FB44D34845B7" ID-CoL="45B2F" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[276,535,1219,1240]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8E60FB44D34845B7" box="[276,535,1219,1240]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Myrmecophaga tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, photographed at Iberá, Corrientes, Argentina (~ −28.62042°S, 057.36244°W, 72 m elevation). The animal above shows the bushy tail and elongated rostrum characteristic of this species, and the animal below (shown with the head of a 2nd individual) illustrates the dramatic black striping at the end of the white forelimbs. Photos used with the permission of photographer Juan Ramon Diaz Colodrero (www.iberaphotosafari.com).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061F1A0B8F19FA4ED35B476F" blockId="1.[109,792,1481,1696]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A0B8F19FA4ED388448F" ID-CoL="5JTG7" authority=": Goldman, 1920: 64" authorityName="Goldman" authorityPageNumber="64" authorityYear="1920" box="[109,727,1481,1504]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="tridactyla" subSpecies="centralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8F19FA4ED0AD448F" box="[109,498,1481,1504]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Myrmecophaga tridactyla centralis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061F1A0B8D72FA4ED388448F" author="GOLDMAN, E. A." box="[518,727,1481,1504]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="1 - 309" refId="ref10517" refString="GOLDMAN, E. A. 1920. Mammals of Panama. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 69: 1 - 309." type="journal article" year="1920">Goldman, 1920:64</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. First use of current name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061F1A0B8F19F98ED0B4472F" blockId="1.[109,792,1481,1696]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A0B8F19F98ED24A474F" ID-CoL="5JTG6" authority="Pittier and Tate, 1932: 255" authorityName="Pittier and Tate" authorityPageNumber="255" authorityYear="1932" box="[109,789,1545,1568]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="tridactyla" subSpecies="artata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8F19F98ED086474F" box="[109,473,1545,1568]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Myrmecophaga tridactyla artata</emphasis>
|
||
Pittier and Tate, 1932:255
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Corrected gender concordance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061F1A0B8F19F9CED18547CF" blockId="1.[109,792,1481,1696]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A0B8F19F9CED3F0470F" authority="Utrera and Ramo, 1989: 65" authorityName="Utrera and Ramo" authorityPageNumber="65" authorityYear="1989" box="[109,687,1609,1632]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trydactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8F19F9CED0D9470F" box="[109,390,1609,1632]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Myrmecophaga trydactyla</emphasis>
|
||
Utrera and Ramo, 1989: 65
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Incorrect subsequent spelling
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A0B8EF1F9EED18D47CF" ID-CoL="45B2F" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8EF1F9EED3FD47EF" box="[389,674,1641,1664]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Myrmecophaga tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061F1A0B8DC4F9EED18D47CF" author="LINNAEUS, C." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref11165" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema naturae; sistens regna tria naturae, in classes et ordines, genera et species redacta tabulisque aeneis illustrate. Editio sexton, emendate et aucta. G. Kiesenetteri, Stockholm." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3013C88061F1A0B8F19F946D4694252" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061F1A0B8F19F946D24746F7" blockId="1.[109,792,1729,1944]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Context as for genus. As noted above,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A0B8F19F966D04C4797" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[109,275,1761,1784]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8F19F966D04C4797" box="[109,275,1761,1784]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Myrmecophaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is monotypic at least as far as living taxa are concerned. The specific epithet “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A0B8EA9F886D31C4677" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[477,579,1793,1816]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8EA9F886D31C4677" box="[477,579,1793,1816]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” refers to the fact that there are typically 3 well-developed claws on the manus, the unguals on the 4th and 5th digits being strongly reduced or absent. It is possible that several extinct species pertain to the genus, though none have been formally designated (see “Fossil
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061F1A0B8C3CFF4CD48743AD" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,706]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
Record”). The species-level synonymy is modified from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061F1A0B8AE8FF4CD2D1406D" author="GARDNER, A. L." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref10295" refString="GARDNER, A. L. 2007. Suborder Vermilingua Illiger. 1811. Pp. 168 - 177 in Mammals of South America. Volume 1: marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats (A. L. Gardner, ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="2007">Gardner (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Common names for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A0B8B0DFF6CD45B406D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1145,1284,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8B0DFF6CD5D0406D" box="[1145,1167,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8BE9FF6CD45B406D" box="[1181,1284,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include ant bear, gran hormiguero, oso hormiguero (o.h. commún, o.h. mayor, o.h. real, o.h. palmero, o.h. gigante), tamanduá bandera, oso bandera, oso comilón, oso caballuno, oso pajizo, oso caballo, oso banderón, tamanduá de occidente, tamandua de bandera, hormiguero gigante, oso palmero, papa-formigas, tamanduá-açú, tamanduábandeira, and tamanduá cavalho, grosser amiesenbär, grand fourmilier, tamanoir, grote miereneter, mierenbeer, and reuzenmeiereneter (Superina and Aguiar 2006). Superina and Aguiar (2006) also provide an extensive list of names in a variety of indigenous South American languages.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061F1A0B8B93FDACD4E7432D" author="GARDNER, A. L." box="[1255,1464,555,578]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref10295" refString="GARDNER, A. L. 2007. Suborder Vermilingua Illiger. 1811. Pp. 168 - 177 in Mammals of South America. Volume 1: marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats (A. L. Gardner, ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="2007">Gardner (2007:172)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
“tentatively” recognizes 3 extant subspecies, for populations in northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061F1A0B8CE3FDECD2A043ED" box="[919,1023,619,642]" name="Colombia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and northwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061F1A0B8BC8FDECD47443ED" box="[1212,1323,619,642]" name="Venezuela" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, in central America and Columbia and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061F1A0B8B65FD0CD53643CD" box="[1041,1129,651,674]" name="Ecuador" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
west of the Andes Mountains, and in the remainder of northern South America (see “Distribution”).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061F1A0B8C3CFD61D45E4392" blockId="1.[840,1334,742,829]" box="[840,1281,742,765]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8C3CFD61D29E4392" box="[840,961,742,765]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">M. t. artata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061F1A0B8CBCFD61D5DC4392" author="OSGOOD, W. H." box="[968,1155,742,765]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref12049" refString="OSGOOD, W. H. 1912. Mammals from western Venezuela and eastern Colombia. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoology Series 7: 1 - 48." type="book chapter" year="1912">Osgood, 1912:40</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. See above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061F1A0B8C3CFC81D4514272" blockId="1.[840,1334,742,829]" box="[840,1294,774,797]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8C3CFC81D2264272" box="[840,889,774,797]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">M. t.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A0B8CF4FC81D5CF4272" authority="Lyon, 1906: 570" authorityName="Lyon" authorityPageNumber="570" authorityYear="1906" box="[896,1168,774,797]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8CF4FC81D2824272" box="[896,989,774,797]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">centralis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061F1A0B8C90FC81D5CF4272" author="LYON, M. W., Jr." box="[996,1168,774,797]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="569 - 571" refId="ref11303" refString="LYON, M. W., Jr. 1906. Description of a new species of great anteater from Central America. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum 31: 569 - 571, pl. 14." type="journal article" year="1906">Lyon, 1906:570</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061F1A0B8C3CFCA1D4694252" blockId="1.[840,1334,742,829]" box="[840,1334,806,829]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8C3CFCA1D2264252" box="[840,889,806,829]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">M. t.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A0B8CF4FCA1D5E74252" authority="Linnaeus, 1758: 35" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="35" authorityYear="1758" box="[896,1208,806,829]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8CF4FCA1D2B74252" box="[896,1000,806,829]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061F1A0B8C9BFCA1D5E74252" author="LINNAEUS, C." box="[1007,1208,806,829]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref11165" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema naturae; sistens regna tria naturae, in classes et ordines, genera et species redacta tabulisque aeneis illustrate. Editio sexton, emendate et aucta. G. Kiesenetteri, Stockholm." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758:35</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E29476E8061F1A098B38FC07D24740ED" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3013C88061F1A098B38FC07D24740ED" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061F1A0B8B38FC07D5B042F5" blockId="1.[1100,1263,896,922]" box="[1100,1263,896,922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<heading id="D0ECD86F061F1A0B8B38FC07D5B042F5" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1100,1263,896,922]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8B38FC07D5B042F5" bold="true" box="[1100,1263,896,922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">DIAGNOSIS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061F1A0B8C07FC44D4424735" blockId="1.[840,1523,963,1946]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A0B8C07FC44D5CA42B5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[883,1173,963,986]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8C07FC44D5CA42B5" box="[883,1173,963,986]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Myrmecophaga tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is easily distinguished from the other 2 genera (3 species) of anteaters within the subor- der
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A0B8C01FB84D2A64575" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[885,1017,1027,1050]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Vermilingua">Vermilingua</taxonomicName>
|
||
by size alone. With an average total length of roughly
|
||
<quantity id="4CE3C2E6061F1A0B8CB3FBA4D5654555" box="[967,1082,1059,1082]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="mm" value="2000.0">2,000 mm</quantity>
|
||
, it is twice as long as the 2 species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A0B8C3CFBC4D2E74535" box="[840,952,1091,1114]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Tamandua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8C3CFBC4D2E74535" box="[840,952,1091,1114]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Tamandua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and it dwarfs the silky anteater
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A0B8A62FBC4D4B34535" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1302,1516,1091,1114]" class="Mammalia" family="Cyclopedidae" genus="Cyclopes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didactylus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8A62FBC4D4B34535" box="[1302,1516,1091,1114]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Cyclopes didactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has an average total length of
|
||
<quantity id="4CE3C2E6061F1A0B8B97FBE4D4284515" box="[1251,1399,1123,1146]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.415" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="4.33" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="mm" value="441.5" valueMax="450.0" valueMin="433.0">433–450 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A0B8AF0FBE4D22F45F5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8AF0FBE4D4C54515" box="[1412,1434,1123,1146]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8ADEFBE4D22F45F5" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has an average mass of
|
||
<quantity id="4CE3C2E6061F1A0B8B0CFB04D5E745F5" box="[1144,1208,1155,1178]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="kg" value="33.0">33 kg</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A0B8BB7FB04D46C45F5" box="[1219,1331,1155,1178]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Tamandua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8BB7FB04D46C45F5" box="[1219,1331,1155,1178]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Tamandua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A0B8A1DFB04D49445F5" baseAuthorityName="Gaudin and Branham" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1385,1483,1155,1178]" class="Mammalia" family="Cyclopedidae" genus="Cyclopes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8A1DFB04D49445F5" box="[1385,1483,1155,1178]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Cyclopes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are much smaller, weighing in at 3.2–7.0 kg and
|
||
<quantity id="4CE3C2E6061F1A0B8A53FB24D4C545D5" box="[1319,1434,1187,1210]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.875" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.75" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="g" value="287.5" valueMax="400.0" valueMin="175.0">175–400 g</quantity>
|
||
, respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061F1A0B8CE0FB44D50345B5" author="MONTGOMERY, G. G." box="[916,1116,1219,1242]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref11731" refString="MONTGOMERY, G. G. 1985. Movements, foraging and food habits of the four extant species of Neotropical vermilinguas (Mammalia: Myrmecophagidae). Pp. 365 - 375 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Montgomery 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061F1A0B8B1EFB44D5AF45B5" author="WETZEL, R. M." box="[1130,1264,1219,1242]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref13443" refString="WETZEL, R. M. 1985. The identification and distribution of the recent Xenarthra (= Edentata). Pp. 5 - 21 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Wetzel 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061F1A0B8A74FB44D4BC45B5" author="EISENBERG, J. F. & K. H. REDFORD & F. A. REID" box="[1280,1507,1219,1242]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref9884" refString="EISENBERG, J. F., K. H. REDFORD, AND F. A. REID. 1999. Mammals of the Neotropics, volume 3: the Central Neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1999">Eisenberg et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The coloration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A0B8B7BFB64D5C34595" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1039,1180,1251,1274]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8B7BFB64D5C34595" box="[1039,1180,1251,1274]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also distinctive. Dark brown or black hairs cover the majority of the body, with conspicuous elongated triangular black stripes extending from below the ear and the throat toward the forelimbs and continuing posterodorsally, ending at mid-body (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13207386061F1A0B8B1CFAE4D5F94415" box="[1128,1190,1379,1402]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[109,144,1219,1240]" captionTargetBox="[116,787,202,1204]" captionTargetId="figure-647@1.[115,787,201,1205]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1.—Adult Myrmecophaga tridactyla, photographed at Iberá, Corrientes, Argentina (~ −28.62042°S, 057.36244°W, 72 m elevation). The animal above shows the bushy tail and elongated rostrum characteristic of this species, and the animal below (shown with the head of a 2nd individual) illustrates the dramatic black striping at the end of the white forelimbs. Photos used with the permission of photographer Juan Ramon Diaz Colodrero (www.iberaphotosafari.com)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573452" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573452/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the other 2 genera the pelage is generally a lighter golden brown, although both species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A0B8C13FA24D28844D5" box="[871,983,1443,1466]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Tamandua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8C13FA24D28844D5" box="[871,983,1443,1466]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Tamandua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be marked by a black vest around the neck and anterior trunk (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061F1A0B8B63FA44D5C244B5" author="WETZEL, R. M." box="[1047,1181,1475,1498]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref13443" refString="WETZEL, R. M. 1985. The identification and distribution of the recent Xenarthra (= Edentata). Pp. 5 - 21 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Wetzel 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061F1A0B8BDFFA44D4D244B5" author="EISENBERG, J. F. & K. H. REDFORD & F. A. REID" box="[1195,1421,1475,1498]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref9884" refString="EISENBERG, J. F., K. H. REDFORD, AND F. A. REID. 1999. Mammals of the Neotropics, volume 3: the Central Neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1999">Eisenberg et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061F1A0B8AEFFA44D2224495" author="GARDNER, A. L." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref10295" refString="GARDNER, A. L. 2007. Suborder Vermilingua Illiger. 1811. Pp. 168 - 177 in Mammals of South America. Volume 1: marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats (A. L. Gardner, ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="2007">Gardner 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This pattern is quite distinct from the diagonal stripe of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A0B8C3CF984D28C4775" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[840,979,1539,1562]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8C3CF984D28C4775" box="[840,979,1539,1562]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The tail of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A0B8B21F984D5BE4775" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1109,1249,1539,1562]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8B21F984D5BE4775" box="[1109,1249,1539,1562]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not prehensile like that of other anteaters and is covered with long coarse hairs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061F1A0B8ADDF9A4D2224735" author="WETZEL, R. M." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref13443" refString="WETZEL, R. M. 1985. The identification and distribution of the recent Xenarthra (= Edentata). Pp. 5 - 21 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Wetzel 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061F1A0B8CFFF9C4D5334735" author="EISENBERG, J. F. & K. H. REDFORD & F. A. REID" box="[907,1132,1603,1626]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref9884" refString="EISENBERG, J. F., K. H. REDFORD, AND F. A. REID. 1999. Mammals of the Neotropics, volume 3: the Central Neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1999">Eisenberg et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061F1A0B8B0EF9C4D4524735" author="GARDNER, A. L." box="[1146,1293,1603,1626]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref10295" refString="GARDNER, A. L. 2007. Suborder Vermilingua Illiger. 1811. Pp. 168 - 177 in Mammals of South America. Volume 1: marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats (A. L. Gardner, ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="2007">Gardner 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061F1A098C07F9E4D24740ED" blockId="1.[840,1523,963,1946]" lastBlockId="3.[109,792,203,386]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
Skeletal characters may also be used to diagnose this species. Anteriorly, the greatly elongated rostrum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A0B8A11F904D4AC47F5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1381,1523,1667,1690]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8A11F904D42447F5" box="[1381,1403,1667,1690]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8AFFF904D4AC47F5" box="[1419,1523,1667,1690]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
generally constitutes more than 65% of the condylonasal length of the long, tapering skull (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13207386061F1A0B8B0EF944D5E447B5" box="[1146,1211,1731,1754]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[109,144,1814,1835]" captionTargetBox="[272,1379,201,1793]" captionTargetId="figure-7@2.[250,1383,200,1800]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2.—Dorsal (top left) and ventral (top right) views, with cranium and mandible shown in left lateral view (bottom) of a skull of an adult (gender unknown) Myrmecophaga tridactyla (UTCM [University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Natural History Museum] 1590), commercially obtained specimen lacking locality data. Occipitonasal length is 351.4 mm. Illustration by Julia Morgan Scott used with permission." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573456" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573456/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061F1A0B8BB9F944D43C47B5" author="GARDNER, A. L." box="[1229,1379,1731,1754]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref10295" refString="GARDNER, A. L. 2007. Suborder Vermilingua Illiger. 1811. Pp. 168 - 177 in Mammals of South America. Volume 1: marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats (A. L. Gardner, ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="2007">Gardner 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas in other anteaters the rostrum comprises less than 50% of skull length (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061F1A0B8CEAF884D56A4675" author="GARDNER, A. L." box="[926,1077,1795,1818]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref10295" refString="GARDNER, A. L. 2007. Suborder Vermilingua Illiger. 1811. Pp. 168 - 177 in Mammals of South America. Volume 1: marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats (A. L. Gardner, ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="2007">Gardner 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The braincase wall is markedly thickened relative to other anteaters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061F1A0B8BC2F8A4D49E4655" author="PATTERSON, B. & W. SEGALL & W. TURNBULL & T. J. GAUDIN" box="[1206,1473,1827,1850]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref12140" refString="PATTERSON, B., W. SEGALL, W. TURNBULL, AND T. J. GAUDIN. 1992. The ear region in xenarthrans (= Edentata: Mammalia). Part II. Pilosa (sloths, anteaters), palaeanodonts, and a miscellany. Fieldiana, Geology, New Series 24: 1 - 79." type="book chapter" year="1992">Patterson et al. 1992:41</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 47, figures 13 and 15). The jugal bones are sharply pointed posteriorly (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061F1A0B8CE2F8E4D5424615" author="GRASSe, P. P." box="[918,1053,1891,1914]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref10538" refString="GRASSe, P. P. 1955. Ordre des Edentes. Pp. 1182 - 1266 in Traite de Zoologie, tome XVII, fasc. II (P. P. Grasse, ed.). Masson et Cie, Paris, France." type="book" year="1955">Grassé 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas the jugal is rounded posteriorly in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A0B8C12F804D28946F5" box="[870,982,1923,1946]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Tamandua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8C12F804D28946F5" box="[870,982,1923,1946]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Tamandua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061F1A098BE1F804D1F1418D" authority="(Gaudin and Branham 1998)" baseAuthorityName="Gaudin and Branham" baseAuthorityYear="1998" class="Mammalia" family="Cyclopedidae" genus="Cyclopes" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" order="Pilosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061F1A0B8BE1F804D5A846F5" box="[1173,1271,1923,1946]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Cyclopes</emphasis>
|
||
(Gaudin and Branham 1998)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The lumbar vertebrae possess an extra xenarthrous facet not found in other anteaters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098ED1FF6CD370406D" author="GAUDIN, T. J." box="[421,559,235,258]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref10386" refString="GAUDIN, T. J. 1999. The morphology of xenarthrous vertebrae (Mammalia: Xenarthra). Fieldiana, Geology, New Series 41: 1 - 38." type="book chapter" year="1999">Gaudin 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), between the ventral surface of the accessory process and the dorsal surface of the transverse process.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098E35FEACD091402D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[321,462,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098E35FEACD091402D" box="[321,462,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only anteater species to have a fused pubic symphysis, and an elongated crest connecting the 3rd trochanter of the femur to the lateral epicondyle distally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF643F8B061C1A088F19F891D4564609" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573456" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573456" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573456/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" startId="2.[109,144,1814,1835]" targetBox="[272,1379,201,1793]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061C1A088F19F891D4564609" blockId="2.[109,1523,1814,1894]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061C1A088F19F891D1F34644" bold="true" box="[109,172,1814,1835]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
—Dorsal (top left) and ventral (top right) views, with cranium and mandible shown in left lateral view (bottom) of a skull of an adult (gender unknown)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061C1A088FA3F8B4D08D4627" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[215,466,1843,1864]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061C1A088FA3F8B4D08D4627" box="[215,466,1843,1864]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Myrmecophaga tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(UTCM [University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Natural History Museum] 1590), commercially obtained specimen lacking locality data. Occipitonasal length is 351.4 mm. Illustration by Julia Morgan Scott used with permission.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSection id="E29476E8061D1A098E65FE4DD397470B" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3013C88061D1A098E65FE4DD397470B" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061D1A098E65FE4DD32A408B" blockId="3.[273,629,458,484]" box="[273,629,458,484]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<heading id="D0ECD86F061D1A098E65FE4DD32A408B" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[273,629,458,484]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098E65FE4DD32A408B" bold="true" box="[273,629,458,484]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">GENERAL CHARACTERS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061D1A098FECFD8AD3C3420B" blockId="3.[109,793,525,1636]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098FECFD8AD0F0434B" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[152,431,525,548]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098FECFD8AD0F0434B" box="[152,431,525,548]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Myrmecophaga tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits little sexual dimorphism (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098F02FDAAD039432B" author="EISENBERG, J. F. & K. H. REDFORD & F. A. REID" box="[118,358,557,580]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref9884" refString="EISENBERG, J. F., K. H. REDFORD, AND F. A. REID. 1999. Mammals of the Neotropics, volume 3: the Central Neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1999">Eisenberg et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Its narrow body is covered by long, coarse, dark brown or black hair, and its long tail is uniformly brown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13207386061D1A098FB5FDEAD1A043EB" box="[193,255,621,644]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[109,144,1219,1240]" captionTargetBox="[116,787,202,1204]" captionTargetId="figure-647@1.[115,787,201,1205]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1.—Adult Myrmecophaga tridactyla, photographed at Iberá, Corrientes, Argentina (~ −28.62042°S, 057.36244°W, 72 m elevation). The animal above shows the bushy tail and elongated rostrum characteristic of this species, and the animal below (shown with the head of a 2nd individual) illustrates the dramatic black striping at the end of the white forelimbs. Photos used with the permission of photographer Juan Ramon Diaz Colodrero (www.iberaphotosafari.com)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573452" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573452/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The hairs covering the tail are even more coarse and longer than those of the body. Its flanks are marked by elongated, triangular black stripes with white borders, beginning just below the ears, covering the throat, and continuing diagonally back above the shoulders, tapering to a point posteriorly. The powerful forelimbs are predominantly white except for 2 black bands, one present above the wrists and the other above the claws (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098F02FCCAD1A4420B" author="WETZEL, R. M." box="[118,251,845,868]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref13443" refString="WETZEL, R. M. 1985. The identification and distribution of the recent Xenarthra (= Edentata). Pp. 5 - 21 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Wetzel 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098E7EFCCAD0B5420B" author="EISENBERG, J. F. & K. H. REDFORD & F. A. REID" box="[266,490,845,868]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref9884" refString="EISENBERG, J. F., K. H. REDFORD, AND F. A. REID. 1999. Mammals of the Neotropics, volume 3: the Central Neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1999">Eisenberg et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098E8CFCCAD3D4420B" author="GARDNER, A. L." box="[504,651,845,868]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref10295" refString="GARDNER, A. L. 2007. Suborder Vermilingua Illiger. 1811. Pp. 168 - 177 in Mammals of South America. Volume 1: marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats (A. L. Gardner, ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="2007">Gardner 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061D1A098FECFCEAD397470B" blockId="3.[109,793,525,1636]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Mean external measurements (mm; with parenthetical
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098D80FCEAD24E42EB" box="[756,785,877,900]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">SE</emphasis>
|
||
, range, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098F9AFC0AD1A442CB" box="[238,251,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">n</emphasis>
|
||
) based on adults from northern South America (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098F02FC2AD1A242AB" author="WETZEL, R. M." box="[118,253,941,964]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref13443" refString="WETZEL, R. M. 1985. The identification and distribution of the recent Xenarthra (= Edentata). Pp. 5 - 21 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Wetzel 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) were: total length 2,000 (241,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F09C4061D1A098D2EFC2AD3C942AB" box="[602,662,941,964]" degrees="1,740" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="55" value="1.74">1,740</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F09C4061D1A098DE1FC2AD3BF42AB" box="[661,736,941,964]" degrees="2,817" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="55" value="-2.817">–2,817</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 16); tail length 734 (76, 645–900, 16); pes length 165 (8, 150–180, 13), ear length 46.7 (4.7, 35–50, 9). Redford and Eisenberg (1992) reported a much smaller mean total length of 1,265.5 (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F09C4061D1A098F01FBAAD1EE452B" box="[117,177,1069,1092]" degrees="1,100" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="55" value="1.1">1,100</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F09C4061D1A098FC4FBAAD1A2452B" box="[176,253,1069,1092]" degrees="2,000" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="55" value="-2.0">–2,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 16), but other external measurements were identical to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098FC8FBCAD00E450B" author="WETZEL, R. M." box="[188,337,1101,1124]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref13443" refString="WETZEL, R. M. 1985. The identification and distribution of the recent Xenarthra (= Edentata). Pp. 5 - 21 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Wetzel (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Mean skull measurements (mm; with parenthetical
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098FAEFBEAD1A845EB" box="[218,247,1133,1156]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">SE</emphasis>
|
||
, range, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098E0EFBEAD0D845EB" box="[378,391,1133,1156]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">n</emphasis>
|
||
) based on adults from northern South America (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098FAEFB0AD03F45CB" author="WETZEL, R. M." box="[218,352,1165,1188]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref13443" refString="WETZEL, R. M. 1985. The identification and distribution of the recent Xenarthra (= Edentata). Pp. 5 - 21 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Wetzel 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) were: cranionasal length 359 (19, 313– 409, 52); ratio of rostral length/cranionasal length 0.65 (0.02, 0.63–0.73, 49).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098E64FB4AD0C2458B" author="REEVE, E. C. R." box="[272,413,1229,1252]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="47 - 80" refId="ref12483" refString="REEVE, E. C. R. 1940. Relative growth in the snout of anteaters. A study in the application of quantitative methods to systematics. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 110: 47 - 80." type="journal article" year="1940">Reeve (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported similar values, with a range of total skull lengths from 360 to 380 based on
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1DA48A061D1A098D29FB6AD3ED446B" box="[605,690,1261,1284]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="adult">23 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
individuals from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098FA7FA8AD049444B" box="[211,278,1293,1316]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098E51FA8AD02A444B" box="[293,373,1293,1316]" name="Bolivia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098EF7FA8AD0E9444B" box="[387,438,1293,1316]" name="Peru" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098E81FA8AD310444B" box="[501,591,1293,1316]" name="Ecuador" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Mean body mass (kg; with parenthetical
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098E1FFAAAD0D7442B" box="[363,392,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">SE</emphasis>
|
||
, range, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098D67FAAAD37F442B" box="[531,544,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">n</emphasis>
|
||
) based on adults from northern South America (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098EF2FACAD351440B" author="WETZEL, R. M." box="[390,526,1357,1380]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref13443" refString="WETZEL, R. M. 1985. The identification and distribution of the recent Xenarthra (= Edentata). Pp. 5 - 21 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Wetzel 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) was: 32.9 (7.1, 22–39, 5). Similar masses of
|
||
<quantity id="4CE3C2E6061D1A098E17FAEAD0E844EB" box="[355,439,1389,1412]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.62" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="kg" value="26.2">26.2 kg</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="4CE3C2E6061D1A098E86FAEAD31744EB" box="[498,584,1389,1412]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.06" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="kg" value="30.6">30.6 kg</quantity>
|
||
, respectively, were reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098F9BFA0AD0E044CB" author="MONTGOMERY, G. G." box="[239,447,1421,1444]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref11731" refString="MONTGOMERY, G. G. 1985. Movements, foraging and food habits of the four extant species of Neotropical vermilinguas (Mammalia: Myrmecophagidae). Pp. 365 - 375 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Montgomery (1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
—based on an unspecified number of individuals from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098E06FA2AD09844AB" box="[370,455,1453,1476]" name="Panama" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098D5FFA2AD39E44AB" author="MCNAB, B. K." box="[555,705,1453,1476]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="485 - 510" refId="ref11442" refString="MCNAB, B. K. 1984. Physiological convergence among ant-eating and termite-eating mammals. Journal of Zoology, London 203: 485 - 510." type="journal article" year="1984">McNab (1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
—based on a commercially obtained individual). Redford and Eisenberg (1992) reported 3 different values for mean body mass (kg; with parenthetical range), 32.9 (22–39) for 5 individuals of unspecified gender, 32.1 (26.4–36.4) for
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1DA48A061D1A098EBAF9AAD372472B" box="[462,557,1581,1604]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="male">12 males</specimenCount>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098D1AF9AAD3EE472B" box="[622,689,1581,1604]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and 29.2 (25.5–31.8) for
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1DA48A061D1A098E60F9CAD0D5470B" box="[276,394,1613,1636]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="female">12 females</specimenCount>
|
||
, presumably also from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098DF5F9CAD39A470B" box="[641,709,1613,1636]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E29476E8061D1A098E22F91CD4D243ED" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3013C88061D1A098E22F91CD4D243ED" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061D1A098E22F91CD37147DA" blockId="3.[342,558,1691,1717]" box="[342,558,1691,1717]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<heading id="D0ECD86F061D1A098E22F91CD37147DA" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[342,558,1691,1717]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098E22F91CD37147DA" bold="true" box="[342,558,1691,1717]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">DISTRIBUTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061D1A098FECF958D524400D" blockId="3.[109,792,1758,1942]" lastBlockId="3.[840,1523,203,642]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098FECF958D0F04799" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[152,431,1759,1782]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098FECF958D0F04799" box="[152,431,1759,1782]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Myrmecophaga tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a Neotropical species found at low elevations (Medri and Mourão 2005). It has a wide distribution from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098F81F899D000465A" box="[245,351,1822,1845]" name="Honduras" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
, south to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098EBDF899D348465A" box="[457,535,1822,1845]" name="Bolivia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098DDAF899D247465A" box="[686,792,1822,1845]" name="Argentina" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13207386061D1A098F02F8B9D1EC463A" box="[118,179,1854,1877]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,1333,1354]" captionTargetBox="[384,1248,202,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-314@4.[384,1248,202,1320]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3.—Geographic range of Myrmecophaga tridactyla in Central and South America (modified from Gardner 2007; IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group 2012). Subspecies are: 1, M. t. centralis (darkest gray area); 2, M. t. artata (lightest gray area); and 3, M. t. tridactyla (medium gray). Areas marked by vertical lines are those from which the species is likely extirpated recently. The region of Ecuador (west of the Andes) marked by horizontal lines and a question mark represents an area where the presence of M. tridactyla is in need of confirmation (IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group 2012)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573458/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098FB4F8B9D00D463A" author="GARDNER, A. L." box="[192,338,1854,1877]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref10295" refString="GARDNER, A. L. 2007. Suborder Vermilingua Illiger. 1811. Pp. 168 - 177 in Mammals of South America. Volume 1: marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats (A. L. Gardner, ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="2007">Gardner 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Aguiar and da Fonseca 2008).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098DEAF8B9D24B463A" box="[670,788,1854,1877]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
, southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098FA6F8D9D046461A" box="[210,281,1886,1909]" name="Belize" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098E21F8D9D094461A" box="[341,459,1886,1909]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
were once part of its distribution, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098FA1F8F8D03A46F9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[213,357,1919,1942]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098FA1F8F8D03A46F9" box="[213,357,1919,1942]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is now most likely extirpated in these countries (IUCN/SSC Anteater,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098BD1FF4CD293406D" author="SLOTH AND ARMADILLO SPECIALIST GROUP" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref10902" refString="IUCN / SSC ANTEATER, SLOTH AND ARMADILLO SPECIALIST GROUP. 2012. www. xenarthrans. org. Accessed 1 May 2012." type="book" year="2012">Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098C9CFF6CD5E1406D" author="REYES, H. & W. A. MATAMOROS & S. GLOWINSKI" box="[1000,1214,235,258]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="118 - 120" refId="ref12583" refString="REYES, H., W. A. MATAMOROS, AND S. GLOWINSKI. 2010. Distribution and conservation status of the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) in Honduras. The Southwestern Naturalist 55: 118 - 120." type="journal article" year="2010">Reyes et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have suggested that within
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098C3CFE8CD2ED404D" box="[840,946,267,290]" name="Honduras" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098CC8FE8CD519404D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[956,1094,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098CC8FE8CD519404D" box="[956,1094,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been eradicated from the Caribbean, and now can only be found further inland in the departments of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DFA1E1061D1A098C3CFECCD2FD400D" box="[840,930,331,354]" country="Honduras" name="Olancho" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Olancho</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DFA1E1061D1A098CA2FECCD528400D" box="[982,1143,331,354]" country="Honduras" name="Gracias a Dios" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Gracias a Dios</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061D1A098C07FEECD4D243ED" blockId="3.[840,1523,203,642]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
The distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098B2CFEECD5B440ED" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1112,1259,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098B2CFEECD5B440ED" box="[1112,1259,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within South America extends east of the Andes and as far south as the Gran Chaco region of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098CB4FE2CD54E40AD" box="[960,1041,427,450]" name="Bolivia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098B57FE2CD5D840AD" box="[1059,1159,427,450]" name="Paraguay" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098BBAFE2CD46740AD" box="[1230,1336,427,450]" name="Argentina" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098A24FE2CD4B440AD" author="GARDNER, A. L." box="[1360,1515,427,450]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref10295" refString="GARDNER, A. L. 2007. Suborder Vermilingua Illiger. 1811. Pp. 168 - 177 in Mammals of South America. Volume 1: marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats (A. L. Gardner, ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="2007">Gardner 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Aguiar and da Fonseca 2008). Only within
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098A62FE4CD420408D" box="[1302,1407,459,482]" name="Colombia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and possibly
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098C1BFE6CD295436D" box="[879,970,491,514]" name="Ecuador" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, can they be found west of the Andes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098A2DFE6CD4B4436D" author="GARDNER, A. L." box="[1369,1515,491,514]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref10295" refString="GARDNER, A. L. 2007. Suborder Vermilingua Illiger. 1811. Pp. 168 - 177 in Mammals of South America. Volume 1: marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats (A. L. Gardner, ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="2007">Gardner 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Aguiar and da Fonseca 2008).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098BE4FD8CD4F9434D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1168,1446,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098BE4FD8CD4F9434D" box="[1168,1446,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Myrmecophaga tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is now likely extirpated from parts of its historical range in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098C3CFDCCD2EA430D" box="[840,949,587,610]" name="Argentina" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
, eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098B6EFDCCD521430D" box="[1050,1150,587,610]" name="Paraguay" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098A51FDCCD439430D" box="[1317,1382,587,610]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(IUCN/SSC Anteater,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098CC4FDECD42243ED" author="SLOTH AND ARMADILLO SPECIALIST GROUP" box="[944,1405,619,642]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref10902" refString="IUCN / SSC ANTEATER, SLOTH AND ARMADILLO SPECIALIST GROUP. 2012. www. xenarthrans. org. Accessed 1 May 2012." type="book" year="2012">Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3013C88061D1A028B52FD43D3A3420D" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
|
||
<subSection id="E29476E8061D1A0D8B52FD43D4DD450D" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061D1A098B52FD43D44A43B1" blockId="3.[1062,1301,708,734]" box="[1062,1301,708,734]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<heading id="D0ECD86F061D1A098B52FD43D44A43B1" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1062,1301,708,734]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098B52FD43D44A43B1" bold="true" box="[1062,1301,708,734]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">FOSSIL RECORD</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061D1A098C07FC80D4F544F1" blockId="3.[840,1523,775,1726]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
The 1st record of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098BD8FC80D40F4271" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1196,1360,775,798]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098BD8FC80D40F4271" box="[1196,1360,775,798]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Myrmecophaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may go as far back as the Colloncuran South American Land Mammal Age (middle Miocene, 15.5–14 million years ago—McDonald et al. 2008), based on a suggestion made by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098B8AFCE0D4AC4211" author="PATTERSON, B. & W. SEGALL & W. TURNBULL & T. J. GAUDIN" box="[1278,1523,871,894]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref12140" refString="PATTERSON, B., W. SEGALL, W. TURNBULL, AND T. J. GAUDIN. 1992. The ear region in xenarthrans (= Edentata: Mammalia). Part II. Pilosa (sloths, anteaters), palaeanodonts, and a miscellany. Fieldiana, Geology, New Series 24: 1 - 79." type="book chapter" year="1992">Patterson et al. (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
that the extinct anteater genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098BCEFC00D41242F1" authorityName="Rovereto" authorityYear="1914" box="[1210,1357,903,926]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Neotamandua" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098BCEFC00D41242F1" box="[1210,1357,903,926]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Neotamandua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is congeneric with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098CF2FC20D57542D1" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[902,1066,935,958]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098CF2FC20D57542D1" box="[902,1066,935,958]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Myrmecophaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, both
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098B85FC20D4E142D1" author="ENGELMANN, G. F." box="[1265,1470,935,958]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref10015" refString="ENGELMANN, G. F. 1985. The phylogeny of the Xenarthra. Pp. 51 - 64 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Engelmann (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Gaudin and Branham (1998) treat
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098BB3FC40D40542B1" authorityName="Rovereto" authorityYear="1914" box="[1223,1370,967,990]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Neotamandua" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098BB3FC40D40542B1" box="[1223,1370,967,990]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Neotamandua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a separate genus closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098B3AFC60D5AD4291" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1102,1266,999,1022]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098B3AFC60D5AD4291" box="[1102,1266,999,1022]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Myrmecophaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A younger extinct anteater species from the Montehermosan South American Land Mammal Age (late Miocene; 7–4 million years ago),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098AE9FBA0D5814531" authority="(Kraglievich 1934)" baseAuthorityName="Kraglievich" baseAuthorityYear="1934" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Nunezia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caroloameghinoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098AE9FBA0D2A74531" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Nunezia caroloameghinoi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098B67FBC0D58B4531" author="KRAGLIEVICH, L." box="[1043,1236,1095,1118]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="17 - 136" refId="ref11100" refString="KRAGLIEVICH, L. 1934. La antiguedad Pliocena de las faunas de Monte Hermoso y Chapadmalal deducidas de su comparacion con las que le precedieron y sucedieron. El Siglo Illustrado 398: 17 - 136." type="journal article" year="1934">Kraglievich 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was later assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098C3CFBE0D2B34511" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[840,1004,1127,1150]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098C3CFBE0D2B34511" box="[840,1004,1127,1150]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Myrmecophaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by McKenna and Bell (1997). The slightly older
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098CFFFB00D41F45F1" authority="(Ameghino 1919)" baseAuthorityName="Ameghino" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[907,1344,1159,1182]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Neotamandua" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098CFFFB00D52E45F1" box="[907,1137,1159,1182]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Neotamandua magna</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098BF3FB00D46945F1" author="AMEGHINO, C." box="[1159,1334,1159,1182]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="150 - 153" refId="ref9458" refString="AMEGHINO, C. 1919. Sobre mamiferos fosiles del piso araucanense de Catamarca y Tucuman. Primera Reunion Nacional de la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales 1: 150 - 153." type="journal article" year="1919">Ameghino 1919</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was transferred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098C12FB20D2E345D1" box="[870,956,1191,1214]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Nunezia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098C12FB20D2E345D1" box="[870,956,1191,1214]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Nunezia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098C9CFB20D5ED45D1" author="KRAGLIEVICH, L." box="[1000,1202,1191,1214]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="17 - 136" refId="ref11100" refString="KRAGLIEVICH, L. 1934. La antiguedad Pliocena de las faunas de Monte Hermoso y Chapadmalal deducidas de su comparacion con las que le precedieron y sucedieron. El Siglo Illustrado 398: 17 - 136." type="journal article" year="1934">Kraglievich (1934)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and therefore should also be considered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098CB4FB40D53B45B1" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[960,1124,1223,1246]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098CB4FB40D53B45B1" box="[960,1124,1223,1246]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Myrmecophaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The latter 2 taxa represent the oldest definitive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098CDAFB60D50D4591" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[942,1106,1255,1278]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098CDAFB60D50D4591" box="[942,1106,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Myrmecophaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and suggest that the genus extends back at least as far as the Huayquerian South American Land Mammal Age (late Miocene, 9–7 million years ago). This date is slightly younger but not inconsistent with the molecular estimate of divergence between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098C80FAE0D5C74411" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1012,1176,1383,1406]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098C80FAE0D5C74411" box="[1012,1176,1383,1406]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Myrmecophaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098BA2FAE0D41C4411" box="[1238,1347,1383,1406]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Tamandua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098BA2FAE0D41C4411" box="[1238,1347,1383,1406]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tamandua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, determined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098C3CFA00D54944F1" author="DELSUC, F. & M. F. CATZEFLIS & M. J. STANHOPE & E. J. P. DOUZERY" box="[840,1046,1415,1438]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1605 - 1615" refId="ref9780" refString="DELSUC, F., M. F. CATZEFLIS, M. J. STANHOPE, AND E. J. P. DOUZERY. 2001. The evolution of armadillos, anteaters and sloths depicted by nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies: implications for the status of the enigmatic fossil Eurotamandua. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Appendices 268: 1605 - 1615." type="journal article" year="2001">Delsuc et al. (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to occur roughly 13 million years ago.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061D1A098C07FA20D29747D1" blockId="3.[840,1523,775,1726]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
A large gap of at least 2 million years exists between the late Miocene specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098BF4FA40D40244B1" baseAuthorityName="Kraglievich" baseAuthorityYear="1934" box="[1152,1373,1479,1502]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Nunezia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caroloameghinoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098BF4FA40D40244B1" box="[1152,1373,1479,1502]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">M. caroloameghinoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and younger specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098C93FA60D5274491" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[999,1144,1511,1534]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098C93FA60D5274491" box="[999,1144,1511,1534]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which are first known from the Irvingtonian North American Land Mammal Age (early Pleistocene, 1.9–1 million years ago) in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098A23F9A0D4F74751" box="[1367,1448,1575,1598]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Shaw and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098C01F9C0D2B84731" box="[885,999,1607,1630]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
1987). Additional fossil material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098A1CF9C0D4AC4731" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1384,1523,1607,1630]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098A1CF9C0D4AC4731" box="[1384,1523,1607,1630]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from late Pleistocene cave deposits in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098A30F9E0D4D74711" box="[1348,1416,1639,1662]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and from late Pleistocene sites in eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098BE9F900D58147F1" box="[1181,1246,1671,1694]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098A67F900D42F47F1" box="[1299,1392,1671,1694]" name="Uruguay" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098AF5F900D2E847D1" author="MCDONALD, H. G. & S. F. VIZCAiNO & M. S. BARGO" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref11375" refString="MCDONALD, H. G., S. F. VIZCAiNO, AND M. S. BARGO. 2008. Skeletal anatomy and the fossil history of the Vermilingua. Pp. 64 - 78 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. F. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville." type="book" year="2008">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061D1A098AF5F900D4AC47F1" box="[1409,1523,1671,1694]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
et al. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061D1A098C88F975D4614663" blockId="3.[840,1523,1778,1942]" box="[1020,1342,1778,1804]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098C88F975D4614663" bold="true" box="[1020,1342,1778,1804]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">FORM AND FUNCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061D1A098C07F898D4AD46F9" blockId="3.[840,1523,1778,1942]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098C07F898D2E84658" bold="true" box="[883,951,1823,1847]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Form.</emphasis>
|
||
—A distinguishing feature of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061D1A098A6CF898D2C74639" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061D1A098A6CF898D2C74639" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Myrmecophaga tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is its long, tubular skull, with its particularly elongated rostrum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13207386061D1A098C88F8D8D51E4619" box="[1020,1089,1887,1910]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[109,144,1814,1835]" captionTargetBox="[272,1379,201,1793]" captionTargetId="figure-7@2.[250,1383,200,1800]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2.—Dorsal (top left) and ventral (top right) views, with cranium and mandible shown in left lateral view (bottom) of a skull of an adult (gender unknown) Myrmecophaga tridactyla (UTCM [University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Natural History Museum] 1590), commercially obtained specimen lacking locality data. Occipitonasal length is 351.4 mm. Illustration by Julia Morgan Scott used with permission." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573456" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573456/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098B23F8D8D5824619" author="REEVE, E. C. R." box="[1111,1245,1887,1910]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="47 - 80" refId="ref12483" refString="REEVE, E. C. R. 1940. Relative growth in the snout of anteaters. A study in the application of quantitative methods to systematics. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 110: 47 - 80." type="journal article" year="1940">Reeve 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098B86F8D8D4DF4619" author="GRASSe, P. P." box="[1266,1408,1887,1910]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref10538" refString="GRASSe, P. P. 1955. Ordre des Edentes. Pp. 1182 - 1266 in Traite de Zoologie, tome XVII, fasc. II (P. P. Grasse, ed.). Masson et Cie, Paris, France." type="book" year="1955">Grassé 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061D1A098AEAF8D8D2CE46F9" author="REEVE, E. C. R." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="47 - 80" refId="ref12483" refString="REEVE, E. C. R. 1940. Relative growth in the snout of anteaters. A study in the application of quantitative methods to systematics. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 110: 47 - 80." type="journal article" year="1940">Reeve’s (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
study of cranial allometry demonstrated strong positive
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF643F8B061A1A0E8F19FAB2D32744AF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573458" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573458/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[109,144,1333,1354]" targetBox="[384,1248,202,1320]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061A1A0E8F19FAB2D32744AF" blockId="4.[109,1523,1333,1472]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061A1A0E8F19FAB2D1F14425" bold="true" box="[109,174,1333,1354]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
||
—Geographic range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061A1A0E8EE1FAB1D3D04424" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[405,655,1334,1355]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061A1A0E8EE1FAB1D3D04424" box="[405,655,1334,1355]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Myrmecophaga tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Central and South America (modified from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061A1A0E8B2FFAB1D5BE4424" author="GARDNER, A. L." box="[1115,1249,1334,1355]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref10295" refString="GARDNER, A. L. 2007. Suborder Vermilingua Illiger. 1811. Pp. 168 - 177 in Mammals of South America. Volume 1: marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats (A. L. Gardner, ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="2007">Gardner 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; IUCN/SSC Anteater,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061A1A0E8AB4FAB1D08E4407" author="SLOTH AND ARMADILLO SPECIALIST GROUP" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref10902" refString="IUCN / SSC ANTEATER, SLOTH AND ARMADILLO SPECIALIST GROUP. 2012. www. xenarthrans. org. Accessed 1 May 2012." type="book" year="2012">Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Subspecies are: 1,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061A1A0E8DE1FAD4D2454407" box="[661,794,1363,1384]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
M. t.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061A1A0E8DB2FAD4D2454407" authorityName="Lyon" authorityYear="1906" box="[710,794,1363,1384]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">centralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(darkest gray area); 2,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061A1A0E8C80FAD4D53F4407" box="[1012,1120,1363,1384]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. t. artata</emphasis>
|
||
(lightest gray area); and 3,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061A1A0E8A10FAD4D4AD4407" box="[1380,1522,1363,1384]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
M. t.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061A1A0E8AE1FAD4D4AD4407" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1429,1522,1363,1384]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">tridactyla</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(medium gray). Areas marked by vertical lines are those from which the species is likely extirpated recently. The region of Ecuador (west of the Andes) marked by horizontal lines and a question mark represents an area where the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061A1A0E8B70FA09D5DF44CC" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1028,1152,1422,1443]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061A1A0E8B70FA09D5DF44CC" box="[1028,1152,1422,1443]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in need of confirmation (IUCN/SSC Anteater,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061A1A0E8FBFFA2CD33544AF" author="SLOTH AND ARMADILLO SPECIALIST GROUP" box="[203,618,1451,1472]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref10902" refString="IUCN / SSC ANTEATER, SLOTH AND ARMADILLO SPECIALIST GROUP. 2012. www. xenarthrans. org. Accessed 1 May 2012." type="book" year="2012">Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061A1A0F8F19FA61D0FE40CD" blockId="4.[109,792,1510,1949]" lastBlockId="5.[109,793,203,1954]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
allometry in the growth of the facial region of the skull.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061A1A0E8DA1FA61D1874772" author="REEVE, E. C. R." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="47 - 80" refId="ref12483" refString="REEVE, E. C. R. 1940. Relative growth in the snout of anteaters. A study in the application of quantitative methods to systematics. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 110: 47 - 80." type="journal article" year="1940">Reeve (1940:72)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that the rostrum is “hardly wider or deeper in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061A1A0E8F19F9A1D0484752" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[109,279,1574,1597]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061A1A0E8F19F9A1D0484752" box="[109,279,1574,1597]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Myrmecophaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than at its widest point in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061A1A0E8D34F9A1D3EE4752" box="[576,689,1574,1597]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Tamandua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061A1A0E8D34F9A1D3EE4752" box="[576,689,1574,1597]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tamandua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,” despite the fact that overall skull length and rostral length is much greater in the former. The skull is also unusual for its longitudinal curvature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061A1A0E8E50F901D0F947F2" author="REEVE, E. C. R." box="[292,422,1670,1693]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="47 - 80" refId="ref12483" refString="REEVE, E. C. R. 1940. Relative growth in the snout of anteaters. A study in the application of quantitative methods to systematics. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 110: 47 - 80." type="journal article" year="1940">Reeve 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061A1A0E8EC2F901D36147F2" author="GRASSe, P. P." box="[438,574,1670,1693]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref10538" refString="GRASSe, P. P. 1955. Ordre des Edentes. Pp. 1182 - 1266 in Traite de Zoologie, tome XVII, fasc. II (P. P. Grasse, ed.). Masson et Cie, Paris, France." type="book" year="1955">Grassé 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and its very thick braincase, a unique and somewhat puzzling feature not found in other anteaters or in ant-eating mammals in general. The jugal bones are sharply pointed posteriorly, and the zygomatic arch is incomplete (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061A1A0E8E37F881D0954672" author="GRASSe, P. P." box="[323,458,1798,1821]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref10538" refString="GRASSe, P. P. 1955. Ordre des Edentes. Pp. 1182 - 1266 in Traite de Zoologie, tome XVII, fasc. II (P. P. Grasse, ed.). Masson et Cie, Paris, France." type="book" year="1955">Grassé 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The hard palate is comprised by not only the premaxilla, maxilla, and palatine bones, but also by horizontal palatal processes of the pterygoids that meet in the midline and form the ventral edge to the choanae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061A1A0E8F02F801D03846F2" author="PATTERSON, B. & W. SEGALL & W. TURNBULL & T. J. GAUDIN" box="[118,359,1926,1949]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref12140" refString="PATTERSON, B., W. SEGALL, W. TURNBULL, AND T. J. GAUDIN. 1992. The ear region in xenarthrans (= Edentata: Mammalia). Part II. Pilosa (sloths, anteaters), palaeanodonts, and a miscellany. Fieldiana, Geology, New Series 24: 1 - 79." type="book chapter" year="1992">Patterson et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061A1A0E8E08F801D35046F2" author="GAUDIN, T. J." box="[380,527,1926,1949]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="672 - 705" refId="ref10351" refString="GAUDIN, T. J. 1995. The ear region of edentates and the phylogeny of the Tardigrada (Mammalia: Xenarthra). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15: 672 - 705." type="journal article" year="1995">Gaudin 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Gaudin and Branham 1998). It is greatly elongated, covering the nasopharynx and basicranium in ventral view (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061A1A0E8BF9F981D42F4772" author="PATTERSON, B. & W. SEGALL & W. TURNBULL & T. J. GAUDIN" box="[1165,1392,1542,1565]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref12140" refString="PATTERSON, B., W. SEGALL, W. TURNBULL, AND T. J. GAUDIN. 1992. The ear region in xenarthrans (= Edentata: Mammalia). Part II. Pilosa (sloths, anteaters), palaeanodonts, and a miscellany. Fieldiana, Geology, New Series 24: 1 - 79." type="book chapter" year="1992">Patterson et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The auditory bulla is fully ossified, formed by a large ectotympanic and small entotympanic element with a medial contribution from the basioccipital, and the tympanic cavity is expanded into both an epitympanic sinus in the squamosal bone (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061A1A0E8A03F901D4B447F2" author="GUTH, C." box="[1399,1515,1670,1693]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref10628" refString="GUTH, C. 1961. La region temporale des Edentes. Ph. D. dissertation, L'Universite de Paris, Paris, France." type="book" year="1961">Guth 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061A1A0E8C3CF921D56D47D2" author="PATTERSON, B. & W. SEGALL & W. TURNBULL & T. J. GAUDIN" box="[840,1074,1702,1725]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref12140" refString="PATTERSON, B., W. SEGALL, W. TURNBULL, AND T. J. GAUDIN. 1992. The ear region in xenarthrans (= Edentata: Mammalia). Part II. Pilosa (sloths, anteaters), palaeanodonts, and a miscellany. Fieldiana, Geology, New Series 24: 1 - 79." type="book chapter" year="1992">Patterson et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and a hypotympanic sinus that forms a superficially visible inflation within the pterygoids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061A1A0E8AC9F941D2214792" author="GUTH, C." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref10628" refString="GUTH, C. 1961. La region temporale des Edentes. Ph. D. dissertation, L'Universite de Paris, Paris, France." type="book" year="1961">Guth 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061A1A0E8CE7F961D5DD4792" author="PATTERSON, B. & W. SEGALL & W. TURNBULL & T. J. GAUDIN" box="[915,1154,1766,1789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref12140" refString="PATTERSON, B., W. SEGALL, W. TURNBULL, AND T. J. GAUDIN. 1992. The ear region in xenarthrans (= Edentata: Mammalia). Part II. Pilosa (sloths, anteaters), palaeanodonts, and a miscellany. Fieldiana, Geology, New Series 24: 1 - 79." type="book chapter" year="1992">Patterson et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Storch and Habersetzer 1992). The eustachian tube opens at the posterior margins of the auditory bulla, a unique feature of anteaters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061A1A0E8A7EF8A1D4B44652" author="PATTERSON, B. & W. SEGALL & W. TURNBULL & T. J. GAUDIN" box="[1290,1515,1830,1853]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref12140" refString="PATTERSON, B., W. SEGALL, W. TURNBULL, AND T. J. GAUDIN. 1992. The ear region in xenarthrans (= Edentata: Mammalia). Part II. Pilosa (sloths, anteaters), palaeanodonts, and a miscellany. Fieldiana, Geology, New Series 24: 1 - 79." type="book chapter" year="1992">Patterson et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061A1A0E8C3CF8C1D2864632" author="GAUDIN, T. J." box="[840,985,1862,1885]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="672 - 705" refId="ref10351" refString="GAUDIN, T. J. 1995. The ear region of edentates and the phylogeny of the Tardigrada (Mammalia: Xenarthra). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15: 672 - 705." type="journal article" year="1995">Gaudin 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Gaudin and Branham 1998). The malleus has an anteroposteriorly elongated head, and the manubrium forms roughly a 150° angle to the neck in lateral view (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061A1A0E8A1DF801D4B446F2" author="DORAN, A. H. G." box="[1385,1515,1926,1949]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="391 - 497" refId="ref9850" refString="DORAN, A. H. G. 1878. Morphology of mammalian ossicula auditus. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Second Series: Zoology 1: 391 - 497." type="journal article" year="1878">Doran 1878</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8F19FF4CD1BD418D" author="GUTH, C." box="[109,226,203,226]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref10628" refString="GUTH, C. 1961. La region temporale des Edentes. Ph. D. dissertation, L'Universite de Paris, Paris, France." type="book" year="1961">Guth 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8F87FF4CD0C9418D" author="FLEISCHER, G." box="[243,406,203,226]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="131 - 239" refId="ref10089" refString="FLEISCHER, G. 1973. Studien am Skelett des Gohororgans der Saugetiere, einschlie Blich Des Menschen. Saugetierkunde Mitteilungen 40: 131 - 239." type="journal article" year="1973">Fleischer 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8ED2FF4CD3D5418D" author="PATTERSON, B. & W. SEGALL & W. TURNBULL & T. J. GAUDIN" box="[422,650,203,226]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref12140" refString="PATTERSON, B., W. SEGALL, W. TURNBULL, AND T. J. GAUDIN. 1992. The ear region in xenarthrans (= Edentata: Mammalia). Part II. Pilosa (sloths, anteaters), palaeanodonts, and a miscellany. Fieldiana, Geology, New Series 24: 1 - 79." type="book chapter" year="1992">Patterson et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The stapes is horseshoe-shaped, or with slightly convex crura, and is perforated by a large stapedial foramen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8D7FFE8CD3D3404D" author="DORAN, A. H. G." box="[523,652,267,290]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="391 - 497" refId="ref9850" refString="DORAN, A. H. G. 1878. Morphology of mammalian ossicula auditus. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Second Series: Zoology 1: 391 - 497." type="journal article" year="1878">Doran 1878</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8DE8FE8CD24F404D" author="GUTH, C." box="[668,784,267,290]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref10628" refString="GUTH, C. 1961. La region temporale des Edentes. Ph. D. dissertation, L'Universite de Paris, Paris, France." type="book" year="1961">Guth 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8F19FEACD052402D" author="FLEISCHER, G." box="[109,269,299,322]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="131 - 239" refId="ref10089" refString="FLEISCHER, G. 1973. Studien am Skelett des Gohororgans der Saugetiere, einschlie Blich Des Menschen. Saugetierkunde Mitteilungen 40: 131 - 239." type="journal article" year="1973">Fleischer 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8E6FFEACD0BD402D" author="GAUDIN, T. J. & J. R. WIBLE & J. A. HOPSON & W. D. TURNBULL" box="[283,482,299,322]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="31 - 79" refId="ref10464" refString="GAUDIN, T. J., J. R. WIBLE, J. A. HOPSON, AND W. D. TURNBULL. 1996. Reexamination of the morphological evidence for the cohort Epitheria (Mammalia, Eutheria). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 3: 31 - 79." type="journal article" year="1996">Gaudin et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), though the stapedial artery itself is absent (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8E56FECCD0C7400D" author="GUTH, C." box="[290,408,331,354]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref10628" refString="GUTH, C. 1961. La region temporale des Edentes. Ph. D. dissertation, L'Universite de Paris, Paris, France." type="book" year="1961">Guth 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The promontorium of the petrosal is crossed by a groove for the internal carotid artery (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8D96FEECD1FC40CD" author="GUTH, C." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref10628" refString="GUTH, C. 1961. La region temporale des Edentes. Ph. D. dissertation, L'Universite de Paris, Paris, France." type="book" year="1961">Guth 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8FC6FE0CD0CE40CD" author="PATTERSON, B. & W. SEGALL & W. TURNBULL & T. J. GAUDIN" box="[178,401,395,418]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref12140" refString="PATTERSON, B., W. SEGALL, W. TURNBULL, AND T. J. GAUDIN. 1992. The ear region in xenarthrans (= Edentata: Mammalia). Part II. Pilosa (sloths, anteaters), palaeanodonts, and a miscellany. Fieldiana, Geology, New Series 24: 1 - 79." type="book chapter" year="1992">Patterson et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061B1A0F8FECFE2CD1B2434D" blockId="5.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The jaws bear no teeth. The long dentary bones are slight and strongly compressed mediolaterally, and rather loosely joined at an unfused mandibular symphysis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8D7AFE6CD3CA436D" author="GRASSe, P. P." box="[526,661,491,514]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref10538" refString="GRASSe, P. P. 1955. Ordre des Edentes. Pp. 1182 - 1266 in Traite de Zoologie, tome XVII, fasc. II (P. P. Grasse, ed.). Masson et Cie, Paris, France." type="book" year="1955">Grassé 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8DD2FE6CD182434D" author="MCDONALD, H. G. & S. F. VIZCAiNO & M. S. BARGO" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref11375" refString="MCDONALD, H. G., S. F. VIZCAiNO, AND M. S. BARGO. 2008. Skeletal anatomy and the fossil history of the Vermilingua. Pp. 64 - 78 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. F. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville." type="book" year="2008">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061B1A0F8DD2FE6CD247436D" box="[678,792,491,514]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
et al. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061B1A0F8FECFDACD043466D" blockId="5.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The cervical vertebrae are elongated anteroposteriorly in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061B1A0F8F19FDCCD1A4430D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[109,251,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061B1A0F8F19FDCCD1A4430D" box="[109,251,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in particular the atlas and axis, although even in the remaining cervicals, the centra are longer than they are wide in ventral view. Thoracic vertebral counts vary from 15 to 16, and lumbar counts of 2–3 have been reported (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8D0EFD2CD25743AD" author="GAUDIN, T. J." box="[634,776,683,706]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref10386" refString="GAUDIN, T. J. 1999. The morphology of xenarthrous vertebrae (Mammalia: Xenarthra). Fieldiana, Geology, New Series 41: 1 - 38." type="book chapter" year="1999">Gaudin 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There are generally 4 sacral vertebrae, with tall neural spines. The first 3 sacrals attach to the ilium, the 4th to the ishium. The 1st caudal also attaches to the ischium (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8D68FC8CD257424D" author="MCDONALD, H. G. & S. F. VIZCAiNO & M. S. BARGO" box="[540,776,779,802]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref11375" refString="MCDONALD, H. G., S. F. VIZCAiNO, AND M. S. BARGO. 2008. Skeletal anatomy and the fossil history of the Vermilingua. Pp. 64 - 78 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. F. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville." type="book" year="2008">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061B1A0F8D68FC8CD3D1424D" box="[540,654,779,802]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
et al. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The anterior caudal vertebrae are robust with deep zygapophyses limiting lateral movement (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8EB5FCCCD3F0420D" author="MCDONALD, H. G. & S. F. VIZCAiNO & M. S. BARGO" box="[449,687,843,866]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref11375" refString="MCDONALD, H. G., S. F. VIZCAiNO, AND M. S. BARGO. 2008. Skeletal anatomy and the fossil history of the Vermilingua. Pp. 64 - 78 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. F. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville." type="book" year="2008">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061B1A0F8EB5FCCCD36C420D" box="[449,563,843,866]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
et al. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the anterior and posterior faces of the centra are slanted rather than vertical (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8FB9FC0CD02642CD" author="HIRSCHFELD, S. E." box="[205,377,907,930]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="419 - 423" refId="ref10745" refString="HIRSCHFELD, S. E. 1976. A new fossil anteater (Edentata, Mammalia) from Colombia, S. A. and evolution of the Vermilingua. Journal of Paleontology 50: 419 - 423." type="journal article" year="1976">Hirschfeld 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8EE4FC0CD37642CD" author="FLOWER, W. H." box="[400,553,907,930]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref10116" refString="FLOWER, W. H. 1885. An introduction to the osteology of the Mammalia. Macmillan and Company, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1885">Flower (1885)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reports 29 caudal vertebrae for
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061B1A0F8FADFC2CD03442AD" box="[217,363,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061B1A0F8FADFC2CD03842AD" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[217,359,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">M. tridactyla</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Original descriptions of the vertebrae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061B1A0F8F19FC4CD04B428D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[109,276,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061B1A0F8F19FC4CD04B428D" box="[109,276,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Myrmecophaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are found in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8ED4FC4CD37B428D" author="OWEN, R." box="[416,548,971,994]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="44 - 53" refId="ref12079" refString="OWEN, R. 1851. On the Megatherium (Megatherium americanum, Blumenbach). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 141: 44 - 53." type="journal article" year="1851">Owen (1851</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8DFEFC4CD24F428D" author="FLOWER, W. H." box="[650,784,971,994]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref10116" refString="FLOWER, W. H. 1885. An introduction to the osteology of the Mammalia. Macmillan and Company, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1885">Flower 1885</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8F19FC6CD1A5456D" author="JENKINS, F. A., Jr." box="[109,250,1003,1026]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="288 - 301" refId="ref10926" refString="JENKINS, F. A., Jr. 1970. Anatomy and function of expanded ribs in certain edentates and primates. Journal of Mammalogy 51: 288 - 301." type="journal article" year="1970">Jenkins 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). He states that within the Edentata (a term that is roughly equivalent to the modern Xenarthra) the development of vertebral processes is at its greatest complexity among placental mammals, with large neural spines, transverse processes, metapophyses, and anapophyses. As in other xenarthrans, these processes form extra intervertebral articulations, the xenarthrous articulations, between the posterior thoracic, lumbar, and 1st sacral vertebrae. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061B1A0F8E4FFB4CD0BD458D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[315,482,1227,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061B1A0F8E4FFB4CD0BD458D" box="[315,482,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Myrmecophaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, these form as joints between the dorsal surface of anapophysis of the anterior vertebra and the metapophysis of the succeeding vertebra, and, in the lumbar vertebrae only, between the ventral anapophysis and dorsal surface of the succeeding transverse process (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8D70FACCD3D0440D" author="GAUDIN, T. J." box="[516,655,1355,1378]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref10386" refString="GAUDIN, T. J. 1999. The morphology of xenarthrous vertebrae (Mammalia: Xenarthra). Fieldiana, Geology, New Series 41: 1 - 38." type="book chapter" year="1999">Gaudin 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The posterior thoracic, lumbar, and 1st sacral vertebrae are also characterized by medial and lateral zygapophyseal articulations, divided from one another by enlarged metapophyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8D2FFA2CD3B944AD" author="GAUDIN, T. J." box="[603,742,1451,1474]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref10386" refString="GAUDIN, T. J. 1999. The morphology of xenarthrous vertebrae (Mammalia: Xenarthra). Fieldiana, Geology, New Series 41: 1 - 38." type="book chapter" year="1999">Gaudin 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). To help visualize these xenarthrales, and the vertebrae in general, 3-dimensional reconstructions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061B1A0F8EADFA6CD338476D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[473,615,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061B1A0F8EADFA6CD338476D" box="[473,615,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vertebrae based on CT scans can be found in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8ED7F98CD33C474D" author="ENDO, H." box="[419,611,1547,1570]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref9980" refString="ENDO, H., ET AL. 2009. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the xenarthrous process of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in the giant anteater. Mammal Study 34: 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="2009">Endo et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. It has been suggested that the xenarthrous articulations stabilize the trunk while feeding in a bipedal standing posture without unduly restricting dorsal and lateral mobility of the trunk (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8D50F9ECD38847ED" author="ENDO, H." box="[548,727,1643,1666]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref9980" refString="ENDO, H., ET AL. 2009. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the xenarthrous process of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in the giant anteater. Mammal Study 34: 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="2009">Endo et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The rib shafts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061B1A0F8F87F90CD0C547CD" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[243,410,1675,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061B1A0F8F87F90CD0C547CD" box="[243,410,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Myrmecophaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are greatly expanded anteroposteriorly (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8FDDF92CD06947AD" author="JENKINS, F. A., Jr." box="[169,310,1707,1730]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="288 - 301" refId="ref10926" refString="JENKINS, F. A., Jr. 1970. Anatomy and function of expanded ribs in certain edentates and primates. Journal of Mammalogy 51: 288 - 301." type="journal article" year="1970">Jenkins 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8E3AF92CD0B247AD" author="JENKINS, F. A., Jr." box="[334,493,1707,1730]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="288 - 301" refId="ref10926" refString="JENKINS, F. A., Jr. 1970. Anatomy and function of expanded ribs in certain edentates and primates. Journal of Mammalogy 51: 288 - 301." type="journal article" year="1970">Jenkins (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
asserts that these expanded ribs also provide trunk support crucial to the fossorial lifestyle of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061B1A0F8FFEF96CD049466D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[138,278,1771,1794]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061B1A0F8FFEF96CD049466D" box="[138,278,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061B1A0F8FECF88CD2A145CD" blockId="5.[109,793,203,1954]" lastBlockId="5.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The scapula of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061B1A0F8E3EF88CD0AC464D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[330,499,1803,1826]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061B1A0F8E3EF88CD0AC464D" box="[330,499,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Myrmecophaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is nearly quadrangular in shape, due to an enlarged posterior fossa for the teres major muscle, separated from the infraspinous fossa by a tall, elongated secondary scapular spine (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8EFFF8ECD35146ED" author="TAYLOR, B. K." box="[395,526,1899,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref13137" refString="TAYLOR, B. K. 1985. Functional anatomy of the forelimb in vermilinguas (anteaters). Pp. 163 - 171 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Taylor 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8D69F8ECD25746ED" author="MCDONALD, H. G. & S. F. VIZCAiNO & M. S. BARGO" box="[541,776,1899,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref11375" refString="MCDONALD, H. G., S. F. VIZCAiNO, AND M. S. BARGO. 2008. Skeletal anatomy and the fossil history of the Vermilingua. Pp. 64 - 78 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. F. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville." type="book" year="2008">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061B1A0F8D69F8ECD3CF46ED" box="[541,656,1899,1922]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
et al. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It has a large acromion process and a large process that has been termed a metacromion (Gaudin and Branham 1998;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8AF4FF4CD2E5406D" author="MCDONALD, H. G. & S. F. VIZCAiNO & M. S. BARGO" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref11375" refString="MCDONALD, H. G., S. F. VIZCAiNO, AND M. S. BARGO. 2008. Skeletal anatomy and the fossil history of the Vermilingua. Pp. 64 - 78 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. F. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville." type="book" year="2008">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061B1A0F8AF4FF4CD4AC418D" box="[1408,1523,203,226]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
et al. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), though it lies at the midpoint of the scapular spine rather than at its ventral extremity. A scapular foramen, a feature characteristic of pilosan xenarthrans, is present between the glenoid region and the procoracoid (= anterior coracoid), which initially develops as a separate center of ossification (Rose and Emry 1993; Gaudin and Branham 1998;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8B8FFE0CD4BC40CD" author="MCDONALD, H. G. & S. F. VIZCAiNO & M. S. BARGO" box="[1275,1507,395,418]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref11375" refString="MCDONALD, H. G., S. F. VIZCAiNO, AND M. S. BARGO. 2008. Skeletal anatomy and the fossil history of the Vermilingua. Pp. 64 - 78 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. F. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville." type="book" year="2008">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061B1A0F8B8FFE0CD43140CD" box="[1275,1390,395,418]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
et al. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The clavicle is vestigial (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8B2DFE2CD58240AD" author="TAYLOR, B. K." box="[1113,1245,427,450]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref13137" refString="TAYLOR, B. K. 1985. Functional anatomy of the forelimb in vermilinguas (anteaters). Pp. 163 - 171 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Taylor 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The humerus is marked by very large muscular processes, including an expanded, posterior curved deltoid tubercle, connected distally by a ligament to the strong supinator crest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8BF3FD8CD43E434D" author="HILDEBRAND, M." box="[1159,1377,523,546]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref10654" refString="HILDEBRAND, M. 1985. Digging of quadrupeds. Pp. 89 - 109 in Functional vertebrate morphology (M. Hildebrand, D. M. Bramble, K. F. Liem, and D. B. Wake, eds.). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts." type="book" year="1985">Hildebrand 1985:96</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, figure 6-4G;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8C3CFDACD293432D" author="TAYLOR, B. K." box="[840,972,555,578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref13137" refString="TAYLOR, B. K. 1985. Functional anatomy of the forelimb in vermilinguas (anteaters). Pp. 163 - 171 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Taylor 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8CAFFDACD596432D" author="MCDONALD, H. G. & S. F. VIZCAiNO & M. S. BARGO" box="[987,1225,555,578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref11375" refString="MCDONALD, H. G., S. F. VIZCAiNO, AND M. S. BARGO. 2008. Skeletal anatomy and the fossil history of the Vermilingua. Pp. 64 - 78 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. F. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville." type="book" year="2008">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061B1A0F8CAFFDACD511432D" box="[987,1102,555,578]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
et al. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The entepicondylar process is flared distally and also curves posteriorly, and the entepicondylar canal is well-developed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8B98FDECD4BC43ED" author="MCDONALD, H. G. & S. F. VIZCAiNO & M. S. BARGO" box="[1260,1507,619,642]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref11375" refString="MCDONALD, H. G., S. F. VIZCAiNO, AND M. S. BARGO. 2008. Skeletal anatomy and the fossil history of the Vermilingua. Pp. 64 - 78 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. F. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville." type="book" year="2008">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061B1A0F8B98FDECD40043ED" box="[1260,1375,619,642]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
et al. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The olecranon of the ulna is robust and markedly flared medially, though less elongated than in other fossorial xenarthrans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8C25FD4CD554438D" author="HILDEBRAND, M." box="[849,1035,715,738]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref10654" refString="HILDEBRAND, M. 1985. Digging of quadrupeds. Pp. 89 - 109 in Functional vertebrate morphology (M. Hildebrand, D. M. Bramble, K. F. Liem, and D. B. Wake, eds.). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts." type="book" year="1985">Hildebrand 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Vizcaíno and Milne 2002). The distal end of the radius lies well anterior to the proximal end, the dorsal tubercle at the distal end is enlarged, and the distal articular surface is deeply concave (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8B1BFCACD402422D" author="MCDONALD, H. G. & S. F. VIZCAiNO & M. S. BARGO" box="[1135,1373,811,834]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref11375" refString="MCDONALD, H. G., S. F. VIZCAiNO, AND M. S. BARGO. 2008. Skeletal anatomy and the fossil history of the Vermilingua. Pp. 64 - 78 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. F. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville." type="book" year="2008">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061B1A0F8B1BFCACD5BD422D" box="[1135,1250,811,834]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
et al. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The latter 2 features serve to brace the wrist in its vertical standing posture (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8C25FCECD2E942ED" author="ORR, C. M." box="[849,950,875,898]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="639 - 658" refId="ref12014" refString="ORR, C. M. 2005. Knuckle-walking anteater: a convergence test of adaptation for purported knuckle-walking features of African Hominidae. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 128: 639 - 658." type="journal article" year="2005">Orr 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8CBBFCECD51942ED" author="ORR, C. M." box="[975,1094,875,898]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="639 - 658" refId="ref12014" refString="ORR, C. M. 2005. Knuckle-walking anteater: a convergence test of adaptation for purported knuckle-walking features of African Hominidae. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 128: 639 - 658." type="journal article" year="2005">Orr (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provides radiographs of the phalanges and wrists of the anteater taken in dorsovolar and radioulnar planes. The 3rd digit of the manus is greatly enlarged (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061B1A0F8ADEFC2CD2A2428D" authority=", UTCM" authorityName="UTCM" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061B1A0F8ADEFC2CD2C8428D" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
, UTCM
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Natural History Museum] 1900: midshaft width of metacarpal III =
|
||
<quantity id="4CE3C2E6061B1A0F8CF5FB8CD2BB454D" box="[897,996,1035,1058]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.54" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="15.4">15.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
; midshaft width of next largest digit, metacarpal IV =
|
||
<quantity id="4CE3C2E6061B1A0F8CF1FBACD281452D" box="[901,990,1067,1090]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="8.8">8.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
), with a large, medially offset keel on the metacarpal. The 3rd ungual is both the primary digging claw and the primary weight-bearing surface on the manus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8A0DFBECD22145CD" author="HILDEBRAND, M." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref10654" refString="HILDEBRAND, M. 1985. Digging of quadrupeds. Pp. 89 - 109 in Functional vertebrate morphology (M. Hildebrand, D. M. Bramble, K. F. Liem, and D. B. Wake, eds.). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts." type="book" year="1985">Hildebrand 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8CF8FB0CD2B145CD" author="ORR, C. M." box="[908,1006,1163,1186]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="639 - 658" refId="ref12014" refString="ORR, C. M. 2005. Knuckle-walking anteater: a convergence test of adaptation for purported knuckle-walking features of African Hominidae. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 128: 639 - 658." type="journal article" year="2005">Orr 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061B1A0F8C07FB2CD59947ED" blockId="5.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The pelvis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061B1A0F8B7CFB2CD5CA45AD" box="[1032,1173,1195,1218]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061B1A0F8B7CFB2CD5CA45AD" box="[1032,1173,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinctive. The medial dorsal flange of the ilium is tall and sharp, creating a deep gluteal fossa. The anteroventral edge of the ilium and pubis is aligned in lateral view and the ischial tuberosity lies anterior to the posterior edge of the pubic symphysis. The femoral head is directed medially in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061B1A0F8C11FACCD553440D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[869,1036,1355,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061B1A0F8C11FACCD553440D" box="[869,1036,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Myrmecophaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the conspicuous 3rd trochanter is elongated proximodistally, spanning the lateral margin of the femur from the greater trochanter to the lateral epicondyle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8AF5FA0CD2E744AD" author="MCDONALD, H. G. & S. F. VIZCAiNO & M. S. BARGO" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref11375" refString="MCDONALD, H. G., S. F. VIZCAiNO, AND M. S. BARGO. 2008. Skeletal anatomy and the fossil history of the Vermilingua. Pp. 64 - 78 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. F. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville." type="book" year="2008">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061B1A0F8AF5FA0CD4AC44CD" box="[1409,1523,1419,1442]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
et al. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The distal end of the tibia is marked by strong posterior grooves for the flexor tendons. The distal end of the fibula has 2 separate anterior and posterior facets that articulate with the tibia.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061B1A0F8CDAF98CD541474D" box="[942,1054,1547,1570]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Tamandua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061B1A0F8CDAF98CD541474D" box="[942,1054,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tamandua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has only 1 facet, and the tibia and fibula of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061B1A0F8C3CF9ACD2F5472D" baseAuthorityName="Gaudin and Branham" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[840,938,1579,1602]" class="Mammalia" family="Cyclopedidae" genus="Cyclopes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061B1A0F8C3CF9ACD2F5472D" box="[840,938,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cyclopes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are fused distally (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8B07F9ACD405472D" author="MCDONALD, H. G. & S. F. VIZCAiNO & M. S. BARGO" box="[1139,1370,1579,1602]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref11375" refString="MCDONALD, H. G., S. F. VIZCAiNO, AND M. S. BARGO. 2008. Skeletal anatomy and the fossil history of the Vermilingua. Pp. 64 - 78 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. F. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville." type="book" year="2008">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061B1A0F8B07F9ACD5BA472D" box="[1139,1253,1579,1602]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
et al. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The astragalar head is concave distally, and the pes is plantigrade (Rose and Emry 1993;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8CB9F9ECD5E947ED" author="MCDONALD, H. G. & S. F. VIZCAiNO & M. S. BARGO" box="[973,1206,1643,1666]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref11375" refString="MCDONALD, H. G., S. F. VIZCAiNO, AND M. S. BARGO. 2008. Skeletal anatomy and the fossil history of the Vermilingua. Pp. 64 - 78 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. F. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville." type="book" year="2008">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F93061B1A0F8CB9F9ECD56047ED" box="[973,1087,1643,1666]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
et al. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F03061B1A0F8C07F90CD52E46CD" blockId="5.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The facial muscles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B1480061B1A0F8B2FF90CD5B947CD" box="[1115,1254,1675,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB311061B1A0F8B2FF90CD5B947CD" box="[1115,1254,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are greatly reduced compared to those of most placental mammals, a feature that likely evolved to allow precise control over their mouths and noses while feeding (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8C85F96CD525466D" author="NAPLES, V. L." box="[1009,1146,1771,1794]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref11866" refString="NAPLES, V. L. 1985. The superficial facial musculature in sloths and vermilinguas (anteaters). Pp. 173 - 189 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Naples 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The m. buccinatorius is divided into 2 parts, the pars externus, which has fibers oriented dorsoventrally, and the pars internus, whose fibers are anteroventrally oriented (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F2061B1A0F8CDBF8CCD569460D" author="NAPLES, V. L." box="[943,1078,1867,1890]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref11866" refString="NAPLES, V. L. 1985. The superficial facial musculature in sloths and vermilinguas (anteaters). Pp. 173 - 189 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Naples 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This is a unique arrangement not found in other mammals, and is important in executing control over the cheek region while feeding.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306181A0C8FECFF4CD24C424D" blockId="6.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The jaw musculature is also strongly diminished (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8DACFF4CD1FD406D" author="OWEN, R." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="117 - 140" refId="ref12109" refString="OWEN, R. 1854. On the anatomy of the great anteater (Myrmecophaga jubata). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 4: 117 - 140." type="journal article" year="1854">Owen 1854</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Windle and Parsons 1899;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8EBEFF6CD33E406D" author="LUBOSCH, W." box="[458,609,235,258]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="521 - 556" refId="ref11282" refString="LUBOSCH, W. 1907. Das Kiefergelenk der Edentaten und Marsupialier. Jenaische Denkschriften 7: 521 - 556." type="journal article" year="1907">Lubosch 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8D1BFF6CD24F406D" author="KuHLHORN, F." box="[623,784,235,258]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="55 - 85" refId="ref11138" refString="KuHLHORN, F. 1940. Beziehungen zwischen Ernahrungsweise und Bau des Kauapparates bei einigen Gurtletierund Ameisenbarenarten. Gegenbaurs Morphologisches Jarhbuch 84: 55 - 85." type="journal article" year="1940">Kühlhorn 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8F19FE8CD1BF404D" author="GUTH, C." box="[109,224,267,290]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref10628" refString="GUTH, C. 1961. La region temporale des Edentes. Ph. D. dissertation, L'Universite de Paris, Paris, France." type="book" year="1961">Guth 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8F84FE8CD027404D" author="NAPLES, V. L." box="[240,376,267,290]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref11866" refString="NAPLES, V. L. 1985. The superficial facial musculature in sloths and vermilinguas (anteaters). Pp. 173 - 189 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Naples 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8EF3FE8CD0E3404D" author="NAPLES, V. L." box="[391,444,267,290]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="19 - 41" refId="ref11923" refString="NAPLES, V. L. 1999. Morphology, evolution and function of feeding in the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla. Journal of Zoology 249: 19 - 41." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006181A0C8EA1FE8CD33D404D" box="[469,610,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106181A0C8EA1FE8CD33D404D" box="[469,610,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks deep masseter (M. masseter profundus) and zygomaticomandubularis muscles, and the superficial masseter is thin (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8D26FECCD387400D" author="NAPLES, V. L." box="[594,728,331,354]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="19 - 41" refId="ref11923" refString="NAPLES, V. L. 1999. Morphology, evolution and function of feeding in the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla. Journal of Zoology 249: 19 - 41." type="journal article" year="1999">Naples 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The origin of the temporalis muscle is restricted to the posterodorsal region of the orbit, and does not extend onto the dorsal surface of the braincase (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8E5CFE2CD0C540AD" author="GUTH, C." box="[296,410,427,450]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref10628" refString="GUTH, C. 1961. La region temporale des Edentes. Ph. D. dissertation, L'Universite de Paris, Paris, France." type="book" year="1961">Guth 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8EDEFE2CD36F40AD" author="NAPLES, V. L." box="[426,560,427,450]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="19 - 41" refId="ref11923" refString="NAPLES, V. L. 1999. Morphology, evolution and function of feeding in the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla. Journal of Zoology 249: 19 - 41." type="journal article" year="1999">Naples 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The tongue is long, narrow, and protrusible, with a diameter of only
|
||
<quantity id="4CE3C2E606181A0C8DF2FE4CD3A4408D" box="[646,763,459,482]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 mm</quantity>
|
||
at its widest point, and is comprised of highly developed tongue musculature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8E70FD8CD020434D" author="REISS, K. Z." box="[260,383,523,546]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="87 - 117" refId="ref12551" refString="REISS, K. Z. 1997. Myology of the feeding apparatus of myrmecophagid anteaters (Xenarthra: Myrmecophagidae). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 4: 87 - 117." type="journal article" year="1997">Reiss 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8EE6FD8CD342434D" author="NAPLES, V. L." box="[402,541,523,546]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="19 - 41" refId="ref11923" refString="NAPLES, V. L. 1999. Morphology, evolution and function of feeding in the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla. Journal of Zoology 249: 19 - 41." type="journal article" year="1999">Naples 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The tongue muscles originate on the posterior end of the sternum instead of the hyoid (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8FCEFDCCD070430D" author="REISS, K. Z." box="[186,303,587,610]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="87 - 117" refId="ref12551" refString="REISS, K. Z. 1997. Myology of the feeding apparatus of myrmecophagid anteaters (Xenarthra: Myrmecophagidae). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 4: 87 - 117." type="journal article" year="1997">Reiss 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This allows the tongue to be extended up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CE3C2E606181A0C8F19FDECD19743ED" box="[109,200,619,642]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="610.0">610 mm</quantity>
|
||
beyond the mouth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8EDDFDECD36C43ED" author="NOWAK, R. M." box="[425,563,619,642]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref11987" refString="NOWAK, R. M. 1999. Walker's mammals of the world. 6 th ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="1999">Nowak 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8D38FDECD38843ED" author="REISS, K. Z." box="[588,727,619,642]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="87 - 117" refId="ref12551" refString="REISS, K. Z. 1997. Myology of the feeding apparatus of myrmecophagid anteaters (Xenarthra: Myrmecophagidae). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 4: 87 - 117." type="journal article" year="1997">Reiss (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
notes the elongation of the soft palate, the loss of the interhyoideus tendon, and the increased robustness of the M. medialis veli palatini in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006181A0C8F94FD4CD033438D" box="[224,364,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106181A0C8F94FD4CD033438D" box="[224,364,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
relative to other anteaters.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8DE4FD4CD247438D" author="REISS, K. Z." box="[656,792,715,738]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="87 - 117" refId="ref12551" refString="REISS, K. Z. 1997. Myology of the feeding apparatus of myrmecophagid anteaters (Xenarthra: Myrmecophagidae). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 4: 87 - 117." type="journal article" year="1997">Reiss (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also depicts the relationships among pharyngeal spaces and musculoskeletal structures of the tongue and hyoid in
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106181A0C8DF5FC8CD24C424D" box="[641,787,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006181A0C8DF5FC8CD250424D" box="[641,783,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">M. tridactyla</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306181A0C8FECFCACD0BB44AD" blockId="6.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8FECFCACD074422D" author="TAYLOR, B. K." box="[152,299,811,834]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref13137" refString="TAYLOR, B. K. 1985. Functional anatomy of the forelimb in vermilinguas (anteaters). Pp. 163 - 171 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Taylor (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
notes the enlargement of the digital flexors in the manus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006181A0C8E70FCCCD0CD420D" box="[260,402,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106181A0C8E70FCCCD0CD420D" box="[260,402,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Digital flexion is supplemented by an elongate, distally divided supinator muscle (Hildebrand and Goslow 2001), and the medial head of the triceps, which lacks an ulnar insertion and instead shares a tendon of insertion with the m. flexor digitorum profundus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8E9FFC4CD332428D" author="TAYLOR, B. K." box="[491,621,971,994]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref13137" refString="TAYLOR, B. K. 1985. Functional anatomy of the forelimb in vermilinguas (anteaters). Pp. 163 - 171 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Taylor 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The latter is a feature shared with the closely related genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006181A0C8D2DFC6CD396456D" box="[601,713,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Tamandua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106181A0C8D2DFC6CD396456D" box="[601,713,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tamandua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and is unique to these 2 genera among mammals.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006181A0C8D20FB8CD3BC454D" box="[596,739,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106181A0C8D20FB8CD3BC454D" box="[596,739,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also shows expansion of the teres major muscle and the dorsal forearm muscles, associated with powerful flexion of the elbow and retraction of the humerus, but lacks fusion of the clavotrapezius and clavodeltoid muscles into a common cephalohumeralis, as is common in aclaviculate mammals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8D70FB2CD3DA45AD" author="TAYLOR, B. K." box="[516,645,1195,1218]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref13137" refString="TAYLOR, B. K. 1985. Functional anatomy of the forelimb in vermilinguas (anteaters). Pp. 163 - 171 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Taylor 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8DE8FB2CD1AA458D" author="GAMBARYAN, P. P. & O. V. ZHEREBTSOVA & A. PEREPELOVA & V. PLATONOV" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref10178" refString="GAMBARYAN, P. P., O. V. ZHEREBTSOVA, A. PEREPELOVA, AND V. PLATONOV. 2009. Pes muscles and their action in giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Myrmecophagidae, Pilosa) compared with other plantigrade mammals. Russian Journal of Theriology 8: 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="2009">Gambaryan et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
note that the forelimb musculature has twice the weight of the hindlimb muscles, and that the weight of the hindlimb musculature active during the support phase of locomotion (including the gastrocnemius, soleus, and digital flexors) is greater than that of the muscles active during the swing phase (tibialis anterior, peroneus muscles, and digital extensors).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8F19FA0CD0D244CD" author="GAMBARYAN, P. P. & O. V. ZHEREBTSOVA & A. PEREPELOVA & V. PLATONOV" box="[109,397,1419,1442]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref10178" refString="GAMBARYAN, P. P., O. V. ZHEREBTSOVA, A. PEREPELOVA, AND V. PLATONOV. 2009. Pes muscles and their action in giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Myrmecophagidae, Pilosa) compared with other plantigrade mammals. Russian Journal of Theriology 8: 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="2009">Gambaryan et al. (2009:1)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also assert that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006181A0C8D4BFA0CD39344CD" box="[575,716,1419,1442]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106181A0C8D4BFA0CD39344CD" box="[575,716,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“has a complete set of short pes muscles.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306181A0C8FECFA4CD025460D" blockId="6.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The small eyes and ears of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006181A0C8EC0FA4CD360448D" box="[436,575,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106181A0C8EC0FA4CD360448D" box="[436,575,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
rest upon a cylindrical head which is elongated and narrow. The manual claws are quite conspicuous, and are much larger than the 5 pedal claws. The 3rd ungual of the manus is especially large. It is curled posteromedially under the manus and is weight bearing on its dorsolateral surface during standing and walking (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8DFEF9ECD24F47ED" author="WETZEL, R. M." box="[650,784,1643,1666]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref13443" refString="WETZEL, R. M. 1985. The identification and distribution of the recent Xenarthra (= Edentata). Pp. 5 - 21 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Wetzel 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8F19F90CD18F47CD" author="ORR, C. M." box="[109,208,1675,1698]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="639 - 658" refId="ref12014" refString="ORR, C. M. 2005. Knuckle-walking anteater: a convergence test of adaptation for purported knuckle-walking features of African Hominidae. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 128: 639 - 658." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DFA1E106181A0C8F19F90CD1CD47CD" box="[109,146,1675,1698]" country="Bolivia" name="Oruro" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Orr</collectingRegion>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8F94F90CD02A47CD" author="GARDNER, A. L." box="[224,373,1675,1698]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref10295" refString="GARDNER, A. L. 2007. Suborder Vermilingua Illiger. 1811. Pp. 168 - 177 in Mammals of South America. Volume 1: marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats (A. L. Gardner, ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="2007">Gardner 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Manual digits 4 and 5 are syndactylous and are covered by an external pad that contacts the substrate when standing and serves as the primary weight-bearing structure (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8FAFF96CD039466D" author="POCOCK, R. I." box="[219,358,1771,1794]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="983 - 1031" refId="ref12342" refString="POCOCK, R. I. 1924. The external characters of the South American edentates. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 65: 983 - 1031." type="journal article" year="1924">Pocock 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8E01F96CD088466D" author="ORR, C. M." box="[373,471,1771,1794]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="639 - 658" refId="ref12014" refString="ORR, C. M. 2005. Knuckle-walking anteater: a convergence test of adaptation for purported knuckle-walking features of African Hominidae. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 128: 639 - 658." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DFA1E106181A0C8E01F96CD0C5466D" box="[373,410,1771,1794]" country="Bolivia" name="Oruro" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Orr</collectingRegion>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Manual digit 5 lacks a claw (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8F02F88CD1A5464D" author="GRASSe, P. P." box="[118,250,1803,1826]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref10538" refString="GRASSe, P. P. 1955. Ordre des Edentes. Pp. 1182 - 1266 in Traite de Zoologie, tome XVII, fasc. II (P. P. Grasse, ed.). Masson et Cie, Paris, France." type="book" year="1955">Grassé 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The tail of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006181A0C8EF7F88CD351464D" box="[387,526,1803,1826]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106181A0C8EF7F88CD351464D" box="[387,526,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is covered by alternating rows of horny epidermal scales, the bushy hairs emerging behind each scale (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8F9EF8CCD035460D" author="WEBER, M." box="[234,362,1867,1890]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref13394" refString="WEBER, M. 1928. Die Saugetiere. Gustav Fischer, Jena." type="book" year="1928">Weber 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306181A0C8FECF8ECD4E642CD" blockId="6.[109,793,203,1954]" lastBlockId="6.[840,1524,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Few recent reports on the nonmuscular, nonintegumentary soft tissues of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006181A0C8E79F80CD0C446CD" box="[269,411,1931,1954]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106181A0C8E79F80CD0C446CD" box="[269,411,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exist.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8E91F80CD32246CD" author="FORBES, W. A." box="[485,637,1931,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="287 - 302" refId="ref10142" refString="FORBES, W. A. 1882. On some points in the anatomy of the great anteater (Myrmecophaga jubata). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1882: 287 - 302." type="journal article" year="1882">Forbes (1882)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
notes that the olfactory lobes of the brain are quite large and must be essential to an animal that is led by smell while foraging.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8A28FF6CD4AC406D" author="FORBES, W. A." box="[1372,1523,235,258]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="287 - 302" refId="ref10142" refString="FORBES, W. A. 1882. On some points in the anatomy of the great anteater (Myrmecophaga jubata). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1882: 287 - 302." type="journal article" year="1882">Forbes (1882)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also notes the prominence of the vermis of the cerebellum, and the presence of distinct cerebrellar flocculi and a well-developed corpus callosum.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8B75FECCD5AE400D" author="SHERWOOD, C. C." box="[1025,1265,331,354]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="301 - 328" refId="ref13027" refString="SHERWOOD, C. C., ET AL. 2009. Neocortical neuron types in Xenarthra and Afrotheria: implications for brain evolution in mammals. Brain Structure and Function 213: 301 - 328." type="journal article" year="2009">Sherwood et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
describe the anatomy of neocortical neurons, noting the predominance of nonphosphorylated neurofilament proteinimmunoreactive neurons, frequently with nonpyramidal shapes, in layer V of the neocortex. The soft palate is elongated in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006181A0C8B47FE4CD5E1408D" box="[1075,1214,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106181A0C8B47FE4CD5E1408D" box="[1075,1214,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the closely related genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006181A0C8C3CFE6CD2E8436D" box="[840,951,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Tamandua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106181A0C8C3CFE6CD2E8436D" box="[840,951,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tamandua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the soft palate extends posteriorly to the level of the 5th cervical vertebra (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8B2AFD8CD58A434D" author="REISS, K. Z." box="[1118,1237,523,546]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="87 - 117" refId="ref12551" refString="REISS, K. Z. 1997. Myology of the feeding apparatus of myrmecophagid anteaters (Xenarthra: Myrmecophagidae). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 4: 87 - 117." type="journal article" year="1997">Reiss 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8A68FD8CD4FB434D" author="REISS, K. Z." box="[1308,1444,523,546]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="87 - 117" refId="ref12551" refString="REISS, K. Z. 1997. Myology of the feeding apparatus of myrmecophagid anteaters (Xenarthra: Myrmecophagidae). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 4: 87 - 117." type="journal article" year="1997">Reiss (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
asserts that the anatomy of this region in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006181A0C8BCDFDACD41A432D" box="[1209,1349,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106181A0C8BCDFDACD41A432D" box="[1209,1349,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is quite similar. Therefore, like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006181A0C8C8FFDCCD535430D" box="[1019,1130,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Tamandua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106181A0C8C8FFDCCD535430D" box="[1019,1130,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tamandua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the nasopharynx and oropharynx would lie primarily within the neck (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8BA5FDECD41843ED" author="REISS, K. Z." box="[1233,1351,619,642]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="87 - 117" refId="ref12551" refString="REISS, K. Z. 1997. Myology of the feeding apparatus of myrmecophagid anteaters (Xenarthra: Myrmecophagidae). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 4: 87 - 117." type="journal article" year="1997">Reiss 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8A29FDECD4AC43ED" author="GRASSe, P. P." box="[1373,1523,619,642]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref10538" refString="GRASSe, P. P. 1955. Ordre des Edentes. Pp. 1182 - 1266 in Traite de Zoologie, tome XVII, fasc. II (P. P. Grasse, ed.). Masson et Cie, Paris, France." type="book" year="1955">Grassé (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
commented briefly on the “dent musculaire,” small muscular projections of the lining of the pylorus that extend into the lumen of the stomach. They are most likely used to crush ants and other insects, which are not chewed before being swallowed. The intestine is divided into discrete large and small intestines, but there is no cecum or ileocecal valve (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8BF0FCACD45E422D" author="OWEN, R." box="[1156,1281,811,834]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="117 - 140" refId="ref12109" refString="OWEN, R. 1854. On the anatomy of the great anteater (Myrmecophaga jubata). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 4: 117 - 140." type="journal article" year="1854">Owen 1854</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The right lateral and caudate lobes of the liver are fused, and the unlobed kidneys are pelvic in position (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8B61FCECD5C842ED" author="WEBER, M." box="[1045,1175,875,898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref13394" refString="WEBER, M. 1928. Die Saugetiere. Gustav Fischer, Jena." type="book" year="1928">Weber 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8BD3FCECD47242ED" author="GRASSe, P. P." box="[1191,1325,875,898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref10538" refString="GRASSe, P. P. 1955. Ordre des Edentes. Pp. 1182 - 1266 in Traite de Zoologie, tome XVII, fasc. II (P. P. Grasse, ed.). Masson et Cie, Paris, France." type="book" year="1955">Grassé 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The lung has an accessory lobe on the right side (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8BD7FC0CD44242CD" author="OWEN, R." box="[1187,1309,907,930]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="117 - 140" refId="ref12109" refString="OWEN, R. 1854. On the anatomy of the great anteater (Myrmecophaga jubata). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 4: 117 - 140." type="journal article" year="1854">Owen 1854</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8A5EFC0CD4F542CD" author="WEBER, M." box="[1322,1450,907,930]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref13394" refString="WEBER, M. 1928. Die Saugetiere. Gustav Fischer, Jena." type="book" year="1928">Weber 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306181A0C8C07FC2CD529446D" blockId="6.[840,1524,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8C07FC2CD54F42AD" author="GRASSe, P. P." box="[883,1040,939,962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref10538" refString="GRASSe, P. P. 1955. Ordre des Edentes. Pp. 1182 - 1266 in Traite de Zoologie, tome XVII, fasc. II (P. P. Grasse, ed.). Masson et Cie, Paris, France." type="book" year="1955">Grassé (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8B26FC2CD5B942AD" author="OWEN, R." box="[1106,1254,939,962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="117 - 140" refId="ref12109" refString="OWEN, R. 1854. On the anatomy of the great anteater (Myrmecophaga jubata). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 4: 117 - 140." type="journal article" year="1854">Owen (1854)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
emphasize the unusual nature of the salivary glands of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006181A0C8BE4FC4CD444428D" box="[1168,1307,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106181A0C8BE4FC4CD444428D" box="[1168,1307,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The salivary glands are very large and produce copious amounts of glue-like saliva. The volume of the submaxillary salivary gland alone is roughly equal to that of the entire head. The parotid and submaxillary salivary glands together form an almost continuous mass extending from the ear to the shoulder. A sublingual salivary gland is lacking in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006181A0C8CF9FB0CD54645CD" box="[909,1049,1163,1186]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106181A0C8CF9FB0CD54645CD" box="[909,1049,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it is functionally replaced by numerous mucus glands that open within the mouth, especially on the hard palate and between the mandibular rami, where they form a continuous layer (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8C96FB6CD539446D" author="GRASSe, P. P." box="[994,1126,1259,1282]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref10538" refString="GRASSe, P. P. 1955. Ordre des Edentes. Pp. 1182 - 1266 in Traite de Zoologie, tome XVII, fasc. II (P. P. Grasse, ed.). Masson et Cie, Paris, France." type="book" year="1955">Grassé 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306181A0C8C07FA8CD58B474D" blockId="6.[840,1524,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The female reproductive organs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006181A0C8B81FA8CD4DC444D" box="[1269,1411,1291,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106181A0C8B81FA8CD4DC444D" box="[1269,1411,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other anteaters are peculiar in that there is no well-defined cervix and there are 2 vaginal outlets (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8B19FACCD5AD440D" author="FORBES, W. A." box="[1133,1266,1355,1378]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="287 - 302" refId="ref10142" refString="FORBES, W. A. 1882. On some points in the anatomy of the great anteater (Myrmecophaga jubata). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1882: 287 - 302." type="journal article" year="1882">Forbes 1882</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8A74FACCD4C4440D" author="WISLOCKI, G. B." box="[1280,1435,1355,1378]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="239 - 377" refId="ref13621" refString="WISLOCKI, G. B. 1928. Observations on the gross and microscopic anatomy of the sloths (Bradypus griseus griseus Gray and Choloepus hoffmanni Peters). Journal of Morphology and Physiology 46: 239 - 377." type="journal article" year="1928">Wislocki 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8ADEFACCD22244ED" author="GRASSe, P. P." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref10538" refString="GRASSe, P. P. 1955. Ordre des Edentes. Pp. 1182 - 1266 in Traite de Zoologie, tome XVII, fasc. II (P. P. Grasse, ed.). Masson et Cie, Paris, France." type="book" year="1955">Grassé 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Novacek and Wyss 1986).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006181A0C8BDEFAECD46944ED" box="[1194,1334,1387,1410]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106181A0C8BDEFAECD46944ED" box="[1194,1334,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also lacks a freestanding clitoris or visible labia minora (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8B83FA0CD42544CD" author="FORBES, W. A." box="[1271,1402,1419,1442]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="287 - 302" refId="ref10142" refString="FORBES, W. A. 1882. On some points in the anatomy of the great anteater (Myrmecophaga jubata). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1882: 287 - 302." type="journal article" year="1882">Forbes 1882</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and has a single pair of pectoral nipples (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8BE6FA2CD45244AD" author="OWEN, R." box="[1170,1293,1451,1474]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="117 - 140" refId="ref12109" refString="OWEN, R. 1854. On the anatomy of the great anteater (Myrmecophaga jubata). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 4: 117 - 140." type="journal article" year="1854">Owen 1854</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006181A0C8A57FA2CD2C8448D" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106181A0C8A57FA2CD2C8448D" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Myrmecophaga tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males are characterized by intra-abdominal testes, welldeveloped prostatic glands, and a short penis without a baculum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8C25F98CD28E474D" author="WEBER, M." box="[849,977,1547,1570]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref13394" refString="WEBER, M. 1928. Die Saugetiere. Gustav Fischer, Jena." type="book" year="1928">Weber 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8C94F98CD59B474D" author="RODRIGUES, F. H. G. & I. M. MEDRI & G. H. B. DE MIRANDA & ALVES, AND & G. MOURaO" box="[992,1220,1547,1570]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref12625" refString="RODRIGUES, F. H. G., I. M. MEDRI, G. H. B. DE MIRANDA, C. CAMILO- ALVES, AND G. MOURaO. 2008. Anteater behavior and ecology. Pp. 257 - 268 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainseville." type="book" year="2008">Rodrigues et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306181A0C8C07F9ACD4AD47AD" blockId="6.[840,1524,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106181A0C8C07F9ACD44D472D" box="[883,1298,1579,1603]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106181A0C8C07F9ACD280472C" bold="true" box="[883,991,1579,1603]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Function.</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006181A0C8C8EF9ACD44D472D" box="[1018,1298,1579,1602]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">Myrmecophaga tridactyla</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is a terrestrial quadrupedal animal that rarely uses its ability to climb (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8A13F9CCD22247ED" author="MONTGOMERY, G. G." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref11731" refString="MONTGOMERY, G. G. 1985. Movements, foraging and food habits of the four extant species of Neotropical vermilinguas (Mammalia: Myrmecophagidae). Pp. 365 - 375 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Montgomery 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8CFCF9ECD51F47ED" author="YOUNG, R. J. & C. M. COHELO & D. L. WIELOCH" box="[904,1088,1643,1666]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="41 - 46" refId="ref13661" refString="YOUNG, R. J., C. M. COHELO, AND D. L. WIELOCH. 2003. A note on the climbing abilities of giant anteaters Myrmecophaga tridactyla. Boletim do Museo de Biologia Mello Leitao (N. Ser) 15: 41 - 46." type="journal article" year="2003">Young et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Its hindlimbs exhibit a plantigrade posture during normal locomotion, but the forelimb posture is typically characterized as “knuckle-walking” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8A7AF92CD4BD47AD" author="VAUGHAN, T. A. & J. M. RYAN & N. J. CZAPLEWSKI" box="[1294,1506,1707,1730]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref13289" refString="VAUGHAN, T. A., J. M. RYAN, AND N. J. CZAPLEWSKI. 2015. Mammalogy. 6 th ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Burlington, Massachusetts." type="book" year="2015">Vaughan et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306181A0D8C07F94CD3C740CD" blockId="6.[840,1524,203,1954]" lastBlockId="7.[109,793,203,1954]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206181A0C8C07F94CD2B7478D" author="ORR, C. M." box="[883,1000,1739,1762]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="639 - 658" refId="ref12014" refString="ORR, C. M. 2005. Knuckle-walking anteater: a convergence test of adaptation for purported knuckle-walking features of African Hominidae. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 128: 639 - 658." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DFA1E106181A0C8C07F94CD2C7478D" box="[883,920,1739,1762]" country="Bolivia" name="Oruro" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Orr</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
examines the knuckle-walking of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006181A0C8A2BF94CD4B3478D" box="[1375,1516,1739,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106181A0C8A2BF94CD4B3478D" box="[1375,1516,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, providing detailed analysis of the osteological features and the actions of articulations and joints of the manus and wrist, and how weight is borne upon them during standing and walking.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006181A0C8C3CF8CCD28B460D" box="[840,980,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106181A0C8C3CF8CCD28B460D" box="[840,980,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
holds the manus vertically during locomotion, and exhibits digit hyperextension at the metacarpophalangeal joints. Weight is borne upon the manus and is transferred to the substrate primarily through the fatty pad that unites flexed digits 4 and 5, with a contribution through the dorsal surface of the greatly enlarged 3rd ungual phalanx.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8ED2FE8CD3F8404D" author="GAMBARYAN, P. P. & O. V. ZHEREBTSOVA & A. PEREPELOVA & V. PLATONOV" box="[422,679,267,290]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref10178" refString="GAMBARYAN, P. P., O. V. ZHEREBTSOVA, A. PEREPELOVA, AND V. PLATONOV. 2009. Pes muscles and their action in giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Myrmecophagidae, Pilosa) compared with other plantigrade mammals. Russian Journal of Theriology 8: 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="2009">Gambaryan et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also study myrmecophagid locomotion, but focus on the myology of the pes and its adaptive properties. They note that although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006191A0D8DA5FECCD1E340ED" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106191A0D8DA5FECCD1E340ED" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a specialized fossorial animal, it has rear feet that are adapted to walking like other plantigrade mammals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306191A0D8FECFE2CD3F3454D" blockId="7.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Although the anatomy and function of the forelimb of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006191A0D8F19FE4CD182408D" box="[109,221,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Tamandua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106191A0D8F19FE4CD182408D" box="[109,221,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tamandua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006191A0D8E8DFE4CD3D8408D" box="[505,647,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106191A0D8E8DFE4CD3D8408D" box="[505,647,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, their behavior is quite distinct in several ways (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8E9BFE6CD330436D" author="TAYLOR, B. K." box="[495,623,491,514]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref13137" refString="TAYLOR, B. K. 1985. Functional anatomy of the forelimb in vermilinguas (anteaters). Pp. 163 - 171 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Taylor 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006191A0D8DF2FE6CD24D436D" box="[646,786,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106191A0D8DF2FE6CD24D436D" box="[646,786,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006191A0D8FCDFD8CD076434D" box="[185,297,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Tamandua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106191A0D8FCDFD8CD076434D" box="[185,297,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tamandua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has generally been thought to prefer ants to termites, and has rarely been observed climbing or ripping open termite nests (Montgomery and Lubin 1977;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8D3EFDCCD24F430D" author="MONTGOMERY, G. G." box="[586,784,587,610]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref11731" refString="MONTGOMERY, G. G. 1985. Movements, foraging and food habits of the four extant species of Neotropical vermilinguas (Mammalia: Myrmecophagidae). Pp. 365 - 375 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Montgomery 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8F19FDECD07B43ED" author="SHAW, J. H. & T. S. CARTER & AND J. C." box="[109,292,619,642]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref12906" refString="SHAW, J. H., T. S. CARTER, AND J. C. MACHADO- NETO. 1985. Ecology of the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla in Serra da Canastra, Minas Gerais, Brazil: a pilot study. Pp. 379 - 384 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Shaw et al. 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), yet it still retains great grasping and tearing power. This is generally concentrated on the greatly enlarged 3rd digit, the power being provided by the muscular flexion of large forelimb muscles, as well as the medial head of the triceps and the supinator muscle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8EA1FD6CD304426D" author="TAYLOR, B. K." box="[469,603,747,770]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref13137" refString="TAYLOR, B. K. 1985. Functional anatomy of the forelimb in vermilinguas (anteaters). Pp. 163 - 171 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Taylor 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Hildebrand and Goslow 2001).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8E67FC8CD0F8424D" author="TAYLOR, B. K." box="[275,423,779,802]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref13137" refString="TAYLOR, B. K. 1985. Functional anatomy of the forelimb in vermilinguas (anteaters). Pp. 163 - 171 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Taylor (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
concludes that because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006191A0D8DDFFC8CD1CA422D" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106191A0D8DDFFC8CD1CA422D" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
rarely climbs or tears open termite mounds, the retention of this power must be primarily associated with defense against predators. More recent information provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8D04FCECD1EA42CD" author="RODRIGUES, F. H. G. & I. M. MEDRI & G. H. B. DE MIRANDA & ALVES, AND & G. MOURaO" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref12625" refString="RODRIGUES, F. H. G., I. M. MEDRI, G. H. B. DE MIRANDA, C. CAMILO- ALVES, AND G. MOURaO. 2008. Anteater behavior and ecology. Pp. 257 - 268 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainseville." type="book" year="2008">Rodrigues et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, however, shows that feeding preference in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006191A0D8DF8FC0CD24742CD" box="[652,792,907,930]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106191A0D8DF8FC0CD24742CD" box="[652,792,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is dependent upon season and location. In grassland areas with a high density of termite mounds,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006191A0D8E95FC4CD332428D" box="[481,621,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106191A0D8E95FC4CD332428D" box="[481,621,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
will consume a much greater proportion of termites, and therefore will use their large 3rd digits more frequently to open termite nests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306191A0D8FECFBACD198442D" blockId="7.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The mode of digging utilized by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006191A0D8D6DFBACD3F5452D" box="[537,682,1067,1090]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106191A0D8D6DFBACD3F5452D" box="[537,682,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8E7CFBCCD08B450D" author="HILDEBRAND, M." box="[264,468,1099,1122]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref10654" refString="HILDEBRAND, M. 1985. Digging of quadrupeds. Pp. 89 - 109 in Functional vertebrate morphology (M. Hildebrand, D. M. Bramble, K. F. Liem, and D. B. Wake, eds.). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts." type="book" year="1985">Hildebrand (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as “hook-and-pull” digging. Once an individual has found a termite or ant nest, it will insert the 2nd and 3rd digit into a hole or crevice, and then pull the manus back toward the body.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8EB9FB2CD3C545AD" author="HILDEBRAND, M." box="[461,666,1195,1218]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref10654" refString="HILDEBRAND, M. 1985. Digging of quadrupeds. Pp. 89 - 109 in Functional vertebrate morphology (M. Hildebrand, D. M. Bramble, K. F. Liem, and D. B. Wake, eds.). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts." type="book" year="1985">Hildebrand (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also notes the unusual arrangement of the medial head of the triceps, and affirms that the claws can be flexed against the palm, creating a grip that can be used to manipulate the material of a termite or ant nest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306191A0D8FECFACCD5F643AD" blockId="7.[109,793,203,1954]" lastBlockId="7.[840,1523,203,1122]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Masticatory function of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006191A0D8EEAFACCD374440D" box="[414,555,1355,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106191A0D8EEAFACCD374440D" box="[414,555,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been investigated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8FE6FAECD07244ED" author="NAPLES, V. L." box="[146,301,1387,1410]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="19 - 41" refId="ref11923" refString="NAPLES, V. L. 1999. Morphology, evolution and function of feeding in the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla. Journal of Zoology 249: 19 - 41." type="journal article" year="1999">Naples (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Modifications of the head contribute to the acquisition of ants and termites through the contraction and concomitant protrusion of the tongue, unusual rotational movements of the mandible to form a mouth opening, and movement of the anterior tip of the rostrum in order to aim the tongue toward prey. The masticatory system is marked by rapid tongue protrusion–retraction cycles (up to 160 cycles/min), and high associated food transport rates, coupled with nearly continuous swallowing. After retracting the prey-covered tongue into the mouth, prey is removed from the tongue as it moves anteriorly, rubbing against transverse ridges running along the roof of the mouth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8FB7F94CD014478D" author="NAPLES, V. L." box="[195,331,1739,1762]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="19 - 41" refId="ref11923" refString="NAPLES, V. L. 1999. Morphology, evolution and function of feeding in the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla. Journal of Zoology 249: 19 - 41." type="journal article" year="1999">Naples 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8E10F94CD0A1478D" author="NAPLES, V. L." box="[356,510,1739,1762]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="19 - 41" refId="ref11923" refString="NAPLES, V. L. 1999. Morphology, evolution and function of feeding in the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla. Journal of Zoology 249: 19 - 41." type="journal article" year="1999">Naples (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
asserts that the tongue of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006191A0D8F19F96CD1A5466D" box="[109,250,1771,1794]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106191A0D8F19F96CD1A5466D" box="[109,250,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be extended about the length of its head, over
|
||
<quantity id="4CE3C2E606191A0D8F19F88CD199464D" box="[109,198,1803,1826]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="350.0">350 mm</quantity>
|
||
beyond the mouth opening in some adults, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8DB8F88CD1EA462D" author="NOWAK, R. M." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref11987" refString="NOWAK, R. M. 1999. Walker's mammals of the world. 6 th ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="1999">Nowak (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reports that it can be extended nearly twice as far, some
|
||
<quantity id="4CE3C2E606191A0D8F19F8CCD192460D" box="[109,205,1867,1890]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="610.0">610 mm</quantity>
|
||
. This extraordinary extensibility is made possible by an overall increase in the length of the tongue via loss of attachment to the hyoid and attachment instead to the sternum (Windle and Parsons 1899;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8B6DFF4CD58E418D" author="ENGELMANN, G. F." box="[1049,1233,203,226]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref10015" refString="ENGELMANN, G. F. 1985. The phylogeny of the Xenarthra. Pp. 51 - 64 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Engelmann 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8B96FF4CD406418D" author="REISS, K. Z." box="[1250,1369,203,226]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="87 - 117" refId="ref12551" refString="REISS, K. Z. 1997. Myology of the feeding apparatus of myrmecophagid anteaters (Xenarthra: Myrmecophagidae). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 4: 87 - 117." type="journal article" year="1997">Reiss 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). While feeding, the tongue is aimed by cervical muscles which control head orientation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8CBAFE8CD509404D" author="NAPLES, V. L." box="[974,1110,267,290]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="19 - 41" refId="ref11923" refString="NAPLES, V. L. 1999. Morphology, evolution and function of feeding in the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla. Journal of Zoology 249: 19 - 41." type="journal article" year="1999">Naples 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Like many mammals,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006191A0D8A11FE8CD4AC404D" box="[1381,1523,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106191A0D8A11FE8CD4AC404D" box="[1381,1523,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has unfused mandibular symphyses, though the symphysis is particularly loose in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006191A0D8B59FECCD5E3400D" box="[1069,1212,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106191A0D8B59FECCD5E3400D" box="[1069,1212,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and assumes a highly unusual horizontal orientation at rest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8BB6FEECD41540ED" author="NAPLES, V. L." box="[1218,1354,363,386]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="19 - 41" refId="ref11923" refString="NAPLES, V. L. 1999. Morphology, evolution and function of feeding in the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla. Journal of Zoology 249: 19 - 41." type="journal article" year="1999">Naples 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Masseter and temporalis muscles are used in closing the jaw in most mammals, but in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006191A0D8CA6FE2CD53F40AD" box="[978,1120,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106191A0D8CA6FE2CD53F40AD" box="[978,1120,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, they function to spread and depress the mandibular symphysis via rotation of the mandibular rami medially around their long axes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8BC8FE6CD41A436D" author="NAPLES, V. L." box="[1212,1349,491,514]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="19 - 41" refId="ref11923" refString="NAPLES, V. L. 1999. Morphology, evolution and function of feeding in the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla. Journal of Zoology 249: 19 - 41." type="journal article" year="1999">Naples 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There is very little mandibular depression during mouth opening due in part to a decrease in the size of the digastric muscle, but more importantly, to an anteroposterior expansion of the buccinator that limits jaw depression. Nevertheless, mandibular rotation allows
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006191A0D8C3CFD0CD28C43CD" box="[840,979,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106191A0D8C3CFD0CD28C43CD" box="[840,979,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to produce an opening sufficiently large for protrusion and retraction of the tongue.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306191A0D8C07FD4CD4DD450D" blockId="7.[840,1523,203,1122]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
A body temperature of 32.7°C for a captive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006191A0D8A48FD4CD49B438D" box="[1340,1476,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106191A0D8A48FD4CD49B438D" box="[1340,1476,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8CDAFD6CD513426D" author="MCNAB, B. K." box="[942,1100,747,770]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="485 - 510" refId="ref11442" refString="MCNAB, B. K. 1984. Physiological convergence among ant-eating and termite-eating mammals. Journal of Zoology, London 203: 485 - 510." type="journal article" year="1984">McNab (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but he also recorded measurements of 34–36.7°C during activity in the field. The basal metabolic rate is quite low, averaging
|
||
<quantity id="4CE3C2E606191A0D8B54FCACD5DE422D" box="[1056,1153,811,834]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="0.085">0.085 cm</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C6EC24B06191A0D8BF5FCAED5D64258" attach="both" box="[1153,1161,809,823]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3</superScript>
|
||
O 2 /g·h (± 0.002,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106191A0D8A42FCACD41C422D" box="[1334,1347,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 29), only 34% of the expected value based on body mass (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8A71FCCCD4D2420D" author="MCNAB, B. K." box="[1285,1421,843,866]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="485 - 510" refId="ref11442" refString="MCNAB, B. K. 1984. Physiological convergence among ant-eating and termite-eating mammals. Journal of Zoology, London 203: 485 - 510." type="journal article" year="1984">McNab 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Its thermal conductance is also low, however, averaging
|
||
<quantity id="4CE3C2E606191A0D8A2CFCECD49642ED" box="[1368,1481,875,898]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="0.0054">0.0054 cm</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C6EC24B06191A0D8ABDFCEED48E4218" attach="both" box="[1481,1489,873,887]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3</superScript>
|
||
O 2 / g·h·°C (± 0.0003,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106191A0D8B75FC0CD55142CD" box="[1025,1038,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 18), some 94% of expectations for body size (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8C25FC2CD28342AD" author="MCNAB, B. K." box="[849,988,939,962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="485 - 510" refId="ref11442" refString="MCNAB, B. K. 1984. Physiological convergence among ant-eating and termite-eating mammals. Journal of Zoology, London 203: 485 - 510." type="journal article" year="1984">McNab 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), due to its coarse pelage and the use of its large bushy tail as an aid for thermoregulation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8B87FC4CD424428D" author="MCNAB, B. K." box="[1267,1403,971,994]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="485 - 510" refId="ref11442" refString="MCNAB, B. K. 1984. Physiological convergence among ant-eating and termite-eating mammals. Journal of Zoology, London 203: 485 - 510." type="journal article" year="1984">McNab 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8AF3FC4CD2E8456D" author="RODRIGUES, F. H. G. & I. M. MEDRI & G. H. B. DE MIRANDA & ALVES, AND & G. MOURaO" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref12625" refString="RODRIGUES, F. H. G., I. M. MEDRI, G. H. B. DE MIRANDA, C. CAMILO- ALVES, AND G. MOURaO. 2008. Anteater behavior and ecology. Pp. 257 - 268 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainseville." type="book" year="2008">Rodrigues et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The combination of its low conductance, large body mass, and high metabolic scope make it an able thermoregulator over a wide range of ambient temperatures (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8A67FBACD4C3452D" author="MCNAB, B. K." box="[1299,1436,1067,1090]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref11469" refString="MCNAB, B. K. 1985. Energetics, population biology, and distribution of xenarthrans, living and extinct. Pp. 219 - 232 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">McNab 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with a lower thermoneutrality limit of 15.0°C (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8B9DFBCCD42D450D" author="MCNAB, B. K." box="[1257,1394,1099,1122]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="485 - 510" refId="ref11442" refString="MCNAB, B. K. 1984. Physiological convergence among ant-eating and termite-eating mammals. Journal of Zoology, London 203: 485 - 510." type="journal article" year="1984">McNab 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E29476E806191A028CDEFB17D3A3420D" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306191A0D8CDEFB17D4CE45C5" blockId="7.[938,1425,1168,1194]" box="[938,1425,1168,1194]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<heading id="D0ECD86F06191A0D8CDEFB17D4CE45C5" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[938,1425,1168,1194]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106191A0D8CDEFB17D4CE45C5" bold="true" box="[938,1425,1168,1194]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306191A0D8C07FB4DD45A478E" blockId="7.[840,1523,1226,1953]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Reproductive behavior has been little documented in wildliving
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006191A0D8CF9FB6DD5FC446E" box="[909,1187,1258,1281]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106191A0D8CF9FB6DD5FC446E" box="[909,1187,1258,1281]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Myrmecophaga tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Shaw et al. 1987;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8A02FB6DD222444E" author="MEDRI, I. M. & G. MOURaO & F. RODRIGUEZ" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref11597" refString="MEDRI, I. M., G. MOURaO, AND F. RODRIGUEZ. 2006. Ordem Xenarthra. Pp. 71 - 99 in Mamiferos do Brasil (N. R. Reis, A. L. Perachi, W. A. Pedro, and I. P. Lima, eds.). Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil." type="book" year="2006">Medri et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8CFBFA8DD521444E" author="RODRIGUES, F. H. G. & I. M. MEDRI & G. H. B. DE MIRANDA & ALVES, AND & G. MOURaO" box="[911,1150,1290,1313]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref12625" refString="RODRIGUES, F. H. G., I. M. MEDRI, G. H. B. DE MIRANDA, C. CAMILO- ALVES, AND G. MOURaO. 2008. Anteater behavior and ecology. Pp. 257 - 268 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainseville." type="book" year="2008">Rodrigues et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), though a recent report suggests males will aggressively pursue females even if the female is not receptive (Júnior and Bertassoni 2014). Their exceptional olfactory sense is used by males to pick up chemical cues revealing the reproductive status of females (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8BCEFA0DD4C544CE" author="RODRIGUES, F. H. G. & I. M. MEDRI & G. H. B. DE MIRANDA & ALVES, AND & G. MOURaO" box="[1210,1434,1418,1441]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref12625" refString="RODRIGUES, F. H. G., I. M. MEDRI, G. H. B. DE MIRANDA, C. CAMILO- ALVES, AND G. MOURaO. 2008. Anteater behavior and ecology. Pp. 257 - 268 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainseville." type="book" year="2008">Rodrigues et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Estrus cycles occur at approximately 7-week intervals, with each cycle lasting 47–62 days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8B5CFA4DD5BC448E" author="KNOTT, K. K." box="[1064,1251,1482,1505]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="83" refId="ref11018" refString="KNOTT, K. K., ET AL. 2013. Fecal estrogen, progestagen and glucocorticoid metabolites during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla): evidence for delayed implantation. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 11: 83." type="journal article" year="2013">Knott et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Estrus may be marked by vaginal discharge (Shaw et al. 1987). The onset of ovarian cyclic activity takes place within 4–11 weeks after pregnancy occurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8CEAF9ADD514472E" author="PATZL, M. & F. SCHWARZENBERGER & C. OSMANN & E. BAMBERG & AND W." box="[926,1099,1578,1601]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="209 - 219" refId="ref12202" refString="PATZL, M., F. SCHWARZENBERGER, C. OSMANN, E. BAMBERG, AND W. B ARTMANN 1998. Monitoring ovarian cycle and pregnancy in the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) by faecal progestagen and oestrogen analysis. Animal Reproduction Science 53: 209 - 219." type="journal article" year="1998">Patzl et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8B2EF9ADD450472E" author="KNOTT, K. K." box="[1114,1295,1578,1601]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="83" refId="ref11018" refString="KNOTT, K. K., ET AL. 2013. Fecal estrogen, progestagen and glucocorticoid metabolites during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla): evidence for delayed implantation. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 11: 83." type="journal article" year="2013">Knott et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Cycles are not seasonal, and females are normally polyestrous, with slight vaginal bleeding marking the proestrus period (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8B98F9EDD4CE47EE" author="SCHAUERTE, N." box="[1260,1425,1642,1665]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref12808" refString="SCHAUERTE, N. 2005. Untersuchungen zur Zyklus- und Graviditatsdiagnostik beim Grossen Ameisenbaren (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). Giessener Elektronische Bibliothek: URN: urn: nbn: de: hebis: 26 - opus- 28121. http: // geb. uni-giessen. de / geb / volltexte / 2006 / 2812 /. Accessed 1 February 2015." type="journal volume" year="2005">Schauerte 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). During intercourse, the male is positioned over the female while she lies on her side. Copulations can occur several times for a period of approximately 3 days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8B49F94DD5AB478E" author="MEDRI, I. M. & G. MOURaO & F. RODRIGUEZ" box="[1085,1268,1738,1761]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref11597" refString="MEDRI, I. M., G. MOURaO, AND F. RODRIGUEZ. 2006. Ordem Xenarthra. Pp. 71 - 99 in Mamiferos do Brasil (N. R. Reis, A. L. Perachi, W. A. Pedro, and I. P. Lima, eds.). Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil." type="book" year="2006">Medri et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306191A028C07F96DD0D3436D" blockId="7.[840,1523,1226,1953]" lastBlockId="8.[109,793,203,866]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Gestation typically lasts 170–190 days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8A78F96DD4F3466E" author="BARTMANN, W." box="[1292,1452,1770,1793]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref9491" refString="BARTMANN, W. 1983. Haltung und Zucht von grossen Amiesenbaren, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, im Dortmunder Tierpark. Zoologisher Garten NF 53: 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1983">Bartmann 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Shaw et al. 1987;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8CB3F88DD520464E" author="MEDRI, I. M. & G. MOURaO & F. RODRIGUEZ" box="[967,1151,1802,1825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref11597" refString="MEDRI, I. M., G. MOURaO, AND F. RODRIGUEZ. 2006. Ordem Xenarthra. Pp. 71 - 99 in Mamiferos do Brasil (N. R. Reis, A. L. Perachi, W. A. Pedro, and I. P. Lima, eds.). Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil." type="book" year="2006">Medri et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8BFBF88DD47F464E" author="GARDNER, A. L." box="[1167,1312,1802,1825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref10295" refString="GARDNER, A. L. 2007. Suborder Vermilingua Illiger. 1811. Pp. 168 - 177 in Mammals of South America. Volume 1: marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats (A. L. Gardner, ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="2007">Gardner 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8A44F88DD4BC464E" author="KNOTT, K. K." box="[1328,1507,1802,1825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="83" refId="ref11018" refString="KNOTT, K. K., ET AL. 2013. Fecal estrogen, progestagen and glucocorticoid metabolites during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla): evidence for delayed implantation. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 11: 83." type="journal article" year="2013">Knott et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The placenta is hemochorial, discoid, and lobulated (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8A09F8ADD223460E" author="BENIRSCHKE, K." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref9545" refString="BENIRSCHKE, K. 2008. Reproductive parameters and placentation in anteaters and sloths. Pp. 160 - 171 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. F. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville." type="book" year="2008">Benirschke 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006191A0D8CE0F8CDD541460E" box="[916,1054,1866,1889]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106191A0D8CE0F8CDD541460E" box="[916,1054,1866,1889]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
usually produces only 1 offspring (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8AE9F8CDD22346EE" author="GARDNER, A. L." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref10295" refString="GARDNER, A. L. 2007. Suborder Vermilingua Illiger. 1811. Pp. 168 - 177 in Mammals of South America. Volume 1: marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats (A. L. Gardner, ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="2007">Gardner 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with a body mass between 1.1 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CE3C2E606191A0D8A7DF8EDD41346EE" box="[1289,1356,1898,1921]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="kg" value="1.6">1.6 kg</quantity>
|
||
at birth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8AC7F8EDD22346CE" author="BYRNE, P. S." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="28 - 29" refId="ref9643" refString="BYRNE, P. S. 1962. Giant anteaters born in Zoo. Journal of the British Guiana Museum and Zoo of the Royal Agricultural & Commercial Society 36: 28 - 29." type="journal article" year="1962">Byrne 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Breeding can occur throughout the year (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206191A0D8A49F80DD4BC46CE" author="PATZL, M. & F. SCHWARZENBERGER & C. OSMANN & E. BAMBERG & AND W." box="[1341,1507,1930,1953]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="209 - 219" refId="ref12202" refString="PATZL, M., F. SCHWARZENBERGER, C. OSMANN, E. BAMBERG, AND W. B ARTMANN 1998. Monitoring ovarian cycle and pregnancy in the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) by faecal progestagen and oestrogen analysis. Animal Reproduction Science 53: 209 - 219." type="journal article" year="1998">Patzl et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but evidence exists for seasonality in courtship and in giving birth in captive animals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028E4AFF6CD097406D" author="MERRETT, P. K." box="[318,456,235,258]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref11668" refString="MERRETT, P. K. 1983. Edentates. Project for city and guilds: animal management course. Zoological Trust of Guernsey, Guernsey, British Isles." type="book" year="1983">Merrett 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Shaw et al. 1987). Shaw et al. (1987) observed courtship repeatedly in January and recorded births inconsistent with the gestation periods recorded in captivity, and suggested the possibility of delayed implantation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028DDBFECCD1CB40ED" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028DDBFECCD1CB40ED" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a characteristic known in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028ED7FEECD1F440CD" authority="(Loughry and McDonough 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Loughry and McDonough" baseAuthorityYear="2013" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" genus="Dasypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028ED7FEECD0A240ED" box="[419,509,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dasypus</emphasis>
|
||
(Loughry and McDonough 2013)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but not in other xenarthrans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028EA3FE0CD3DA40CD" author="BENIRSCHKE, K." box="[471,645,395,418]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref9545" refString="BENIRSCHKE, K. 2008. Reproductive parameters and placentation in anteaters and sloths. Pp. 160 - 171 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. F. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville." type="book" year="2008">Benirschke 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The case for delayed implantation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028E13FE2CD0B140AD" box="[359,494,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028E13FE2CD0B140AD" box="[359,494,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is strongly disputed by other researchers (S. Nofs, pers. comm.), but received support from the work of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028FB1FE6CD0DA436D" author="KNOTT, K. K." box="[197,389,491,514]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="83" refId="ref11018" refString="KNOTT, K. K., ET AL. 2013. Fecal estrogen, progestagen and glucocorticoid metabolites during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla): evidence for delayed implantation. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 11: 83." type="journal article" year="2013">Knott et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306161A028FECFD8CD3A3420D" blockId="8.[109,793,203,866]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Lactation lasts 6 months and young are carried on the mother’s back for 6–9 months until the female is pregnant again, enabling intense parental care in this species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028E8CFDCCD3C3430D" author="BARTMANN, W." box="[504,668,587,610]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref9491" refString="BARTMANN, W. 1983. Haltung und Zucht von grossen Amiesenbaren, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, im Dortmunder Tierpark. Zoologisher Garten NF 53: 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1983">Bartmann 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028DD9FDCCD18143ED" author="RODRIGUES, F. H. G. & I. M. MEDRI & G. H. B. DE MIRANDA & ALVES, AND & G. MOURaO" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref12625" refString="RODRIGUES, F. H. G., I. M. MEDRI, G. H. B. DE MIRANDA, C. CAMILO- ALVES, AND G. MOURaO. 2008. Anteater behavior and ecology. Pp. 257 - 268 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainseville." type="book" year="2008">Rodrigues et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The interval between consecutive births is typically 9 months. Offspring typically reach sexual maturity in 2–4 years, but have been recorded as soon as 1.6 years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028D20FD2CD25743AD" author="KNOTT, K. K." box="[596,776,683,706]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="83" refId="ref11018" refString="KNOTT, K. K., ET AL. 2013. Fecal estrogen, progestagen and glucocorticoid metabolites during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla): evidence for delayed implantation. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 11: 83." type="journal article" year="2013">Knott et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Yearlings exhibit rapid growth during the second half of their 2nd year, and require at least 3 years to reach full size in the wild (Shaw et al. 1987).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028E4DFC8CD317424D" box="[313,584,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028E4DFC8CD317424D" box="[313,584,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Myrmecophaga tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lives up to 15 years in the wild, but can live from 25 to more than 30 years in captivity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028F02FCCCD1B5420D" author="JONES, M. L." box="[118,234,843,866]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="113 - 128" refId="ref10958" refString="JONES, M. L. 1982. Longevity of captive mammals. Zoologische Garten 52: 113 - 128." type="journal article" year="1982">Jones 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028F83FCCCD030420D" author="WEIGL, R." box="[247,367,843,866]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref13408" refString="WEIGL, R. 2005. Longevity of mammals in captivity; from the living collections of the world. A list of mammalian longevity in captivity. Klein Senckenberg-Reihe, Frankfurt, Germany." type="book" year="2005">Weigl 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028E09FCCCD36F420D" author="MEDRI, I. M. & G. MOURaO & F. RODRIGUEZ" box="[381,560,843,866]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref11597" refString="MEDRI, I. M., G. MOURaO, AND F. RODRIGUEZ. 2006. Ordem Xenarthra. Pp. 71 - 99 in Mamiferos do Brasil (N. R. Reis, A. L. Perachi, W. A. Pedro, and I. P. Lima, eds.). Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil." type="book" year="2006">Medri et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028D4AFCCCD3B3420D" author="KNOTT, K. K." box="[574,748,843,866]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="83" refId="ref11018" refString="KNOTT, K. K., ET AL. 2013. Fecal estrogen, progestagen and glucocorticoid metabolites during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla): evidence for delayed implantation. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 11: 83." type="journal article" year="2013">Knott et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E29476E806161A028E0CFC1FD4FE466D" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3013C8806161A028E0CFC1FD4FE466D" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306161A028E0CFC1FD35142DD" blockId="8.[376,526,920,946]" box="[376,526,920,946]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<heading id="D0ECD86F06161A028E0CFC1FD35142DD" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[376,526,920,946]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028E0CFC1FD35142DD" bold="true" box="[376,526,920,946]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">ECOLOGY</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306161A028FECFC5CD01247FD" blockId="8.[109,792,987,1970]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Unless stated otherwise, the following information is drawn from the work of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028E5AFC7CD376457D" author="RODRIGUES, F. H. G. & I. M. MEDRI & G. H. B. DE MIRANDA & ALVES, AND & G. MOURaO" box="[302,553,1019,1042]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref12625" refString="RODRIGUES, F. H. G., I. M. MEDRI, G. H. B. DE MIRANDA, C. CAMILO- ALVES, AND G. MOURaO. 2008. Anteater behavior and ecology. Pp. 257 - 268 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainseville." type="book" year="2008">Rodrigues et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who have provided a comprehensive survey of the literature on the ecology and behavior of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028FDBFBBCD099453D" box="[175,454,1083,1106]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028FDBFBBCD099453D" box="[175,454,1083,1106]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Myrmecophaga tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028EA7FBBCD300453D" box="[467,607,1083,1106]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028EA7FBBCD300453D" box="[467,607,1083,1106]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the ability to climb but prefers a terrestrial existence as opposed to the purely arboreal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028FBAFBFCD06F45FD" baseAuthorityName="Gaudin and Branham" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[206,304,1147,1170]" class="Mammalia" family="Cyclopedidae" genus="Cyclopes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028FBAFBFCD06F45FD" box="[206,304,1147,1170]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cyclopes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the 2 species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028D6AFBFCD3D145FD" box="[542,654,1147,1170]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Tamandua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028D6AFBFCD3D145FD" box="[542,654,1147,1170]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tamandua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that may be found foraging on the ground or in the trees (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028D33FB1CD38645DD" author="GARDNER, A. L." box="[583,729,1179,1202]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref10295" refString="GARDNER, A. L. 2007. Suborder Vermilingua Illiger. 1811. Pp. 168 - 177 in Mammals of South America. Volume 1: marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats (A. L. Gardner, ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="2007">Gardner 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The diet of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028FC2FB3CD01E45BD" box="[182,321,1211,1234]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028FC2FB3CD01E45BD" box="[182,321,1211,1234]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
consists of almost entirely ants and termites, although it may feed on the occasional beetle larva, social insect mimic, or European bee that has created a hive within a termite nest. As many as 35,000 ants or termites may be consumed in a single day (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028F93FABCD029443D" author="MOELLER, W." box="[231,374,1339,1362]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref11698" refString="MOELLER, W. 1990. Modern xenarthrans. Pp. 583 - 626 in Grzimek's encyclopedia of mammals (B. Grzimek, ed.). McGraw-Hill, New York." type="book" year="1990">Moeller 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028EFFFABCD33C443D" author="MONTGOMERY, G. G." box="[395,611,1339,1362]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref11731" refString="MONTGOMERY, G. G. 1985. Movements, foraging and food habits of the four extant species of Neotropical vermilinguas (Mammalia: Myrmecophagidae). Pp. 365 - 375 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Montgomery (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
notes that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028DA0FABCD1E3441D" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028DA0FABCD1E3441D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
studied in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F9306161A028E5AFADCD0C3441D" box="[302,412,1371,1394]" name="Venezuela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
consumed 23 different ant morphospecies, preferring large or medium-sized ants. The proportion of ants or termites consumed depends on the geographic region and the season, with termites forming a greater proportion of the diet in drier habitats, and during the dry season (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028D04FA5CD1FD477D" author="RODRIGUES, F. H. G. & I. M. MEDRI & G. H. B. DE MIRANDA & ALVES, AND & G. MOURaO" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref12625" refString="RODRIGUES, F. H. G., I. M. MEDRI, G. H. B. DE MIRANDA, C. CAMILO- ALVES, AND G. MOURaO. 2008. Anteater behavior and ecology. Pp. 257 - 268 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainseville." type="book" year="2008">Rodrigues et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028FC8FA7CD014477D" box="[188,331,1531,1554]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028FC8FA7CD014477D" box="[188,331,1531,1554]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is able to limit its exposure to the varied physical and chemical defenses of ants and termites by feeding only briefly at any one site and then moving to another. Feeding bouts may last as little as 38 seconds per ant or termite nest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028F02F9FCD06247FD" author="MONTGOMERY, G. G." box="[118,317,1659,1682]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref11731" refString="MONTGOMERY, G. G. 1985. Movements, foraging and food habits of the four extant species of Neotropical vermilinguas (Mammalia: Myrmecophagidae). Pp. 365 - 375 in The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas (G. G. Montgomery, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1985">Montgomery 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306161A028FECF91CD49040ED" blockId="8.[109,792,987,1970]" lastBlockId="8.[840,1524,203,1794]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028FECF91CD0F247DD" box="[152,429,1691,1714]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028FECF91CD0F247DD" box="[152,429,1691,1714]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Myrmecophaga tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is generally solitary except during the breeding season or when females are carrying young. Mean home ranges can vary from
|
||
<quantity id="4CE3C2E606161A028EDDF95CD311479D" box="[425,590,1755,1778]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" metricValueMax="11.9" metricValueMin="2.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="7.3" valueMax="11.9" valueMin="2.7">2.7 to 11.9 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C6EC24B06161A028D3AF95ED3094788" attach="left" box="[590,598,1753,1767]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028D1DF95CD1FD467D" author="RODRIGUES, F. H. G. & I. M. MEDRI & G. H. B. DE MIRANDA & ALVES, AND & G. MOURaO" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref12625" refString="RODRIGUES, F. H. G., I. M. MEDRI, G. H. B. DE MIRANDA, C. CAMILO- ALVES, AND G. MOURaO. 2008. Anteater behavior and ecology. Pp. 257 - 268 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainseville." type="book" year="2008">Rodrigues et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Overlapping of individual home ranges from these studies was considerable, as density reached up to 2 animals per km
|
||
<superScript id="7C6EC24B06161A028C7DF89ED24E4648" attach="left" box="[777,785,1817,1831]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2</superScript>
|
||
. Higher densities at certain sites were attributable to abundant resources and to a lack of natural predators (primarily jaguars), human hunting, and road kills. Sex ratios vary among regions from 1:1 to as many as
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1DA48A06161A028E16F81CD0EC46DD" box="[354,435,1947,1970]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
|
||
per female (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028D43F81CD25746DD" author="SAMPAIO, C. de & ALVES, AND & G. MOURaO" box="[567,776,1947,1970]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="52 - 56" refId="ref12767" refString="SAMPAIO, C. de, P. CAMILO- ALVES, AND G. MOURaO. 2006. Responses of a specialized insectivorous mammal (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) to variation in ambient temperature. Biotropica 38: 52 - 56." type="journal article" year="2006">Sampaio et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Antagonistic interactions between males, ranging from circling to serious fighting, have been observed and may indicate territorial defense behavior (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028B3BFE8CD469404D" author="RODRIGUES, F. H. G. & I. M. MEDRI & G. H. B. DE MIRANDA & ALVES, AND & G. MOURaO" box="[1103,1334,267,290]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref12625" refString="RODRIGUES, F. H. G., I. M. MEDRI, G. H. B. DE MIRANDA, C. CAMILO- ALVES, AND G. MOURaO. 2008. Anteater behavior and ecology. Pp. 257 - 268 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainseville." type="book" year="2008">Rodrigues et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Tree scratching may be used by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028C82FEACD5DD402D" box="[1014,1154,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028C82FEACD5DD402D" box="[1014,1154,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to communicate with conspecifics and was found to be associated with higher stress levels attributed to anthropogenic disturbance or fire (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028A7DFEECD4E040ED" author="BRAGA, F. G. & R. E. F. SANTOS & A. C. BATISTA" box="[1289,1471,363,386]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="7 - 12" refId="ref9595" refString="BRAGA, F. G., R. E. F. SANTOS, AND A. C. BATISTA. 2010. Marking behavior of the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Mammalia: Myrmecophagidae) in southern Brazil. Zoologia 27: 7 - 12." type="journal article" year="2010">Braga et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306161A028C07FE0CD488458D" blockId="8.[840,1524,203,1794]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028C07FE0CD5D340CD" box="[883,1164,395,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028C07FE0CD5D340CD" box="[883,1164,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Myrmecophaga tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be found at night or during the day roaming diverse habitats ranging from very wet rainforests to dry savannas and thorn scrub. The home ranges of individuals also consist of a variety of habitats, with varying habitat preferences depending upon its activity and the region where it lives. There is some interindividual variation as well. For example, some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028CC3FDCCD51B430D" box="[951,1092,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028CC3FDCCD51B430D" box="[951,1092,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the Pantanal wetlands in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F9306161A028A0CFDCCD4E6430D" box="[1400,1465,587,610]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
have been observed resting in both savanna and forest, whereas other studies conducted in the same region found that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028A10FD0CD4AC43CD" box="[1380,1523,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028A10FD0CD4AC43CD" box="[1380,1523,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
preferred resting in open areas. It was observed foraging in many habitat
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A0D1A106161A028CE2FD4CD291438D" box="[918,974,715,738]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">types</typeStatus>
|
||
including scrub savanna, grasslands, forest patches, savanna, and near lakes. Foraging frequency in a given habitat among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028CECFC8CD57B424D" box="[920,1060,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028CECFC8CD57B424D" box="[920,1060,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Pantanal generally correlated to percent cover of that habitat. Shaw et al. (1987) rarely observed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028C3CFCCCD287420D" box="[840,984,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028C3CFCCCD287420D" box="[840,984,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
foraging in brushland within Serra da Canastra National Park in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F9306161A028B74FCECD51B42ED" box="[1024,1092,875,898]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, though termite mounds were abundant. Instead, it was unexpectedly found foraging in gallery forests, an area of fewer termite mounds. In a study conducted within Emas National Park in the Brazilian Cerrado,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028A66FC4CD4AC428D" author="VYNNE, C." box="[1298,1523,971,994]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref13363" refString="VYNNE, C., ET AL. 2011. Resource selection and its implications for wideranging mammals of the Brazilian Cerrado. PLoS One 6: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="2011">Vynne et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028CB6FC6CD50E456D" box="[962,1105,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028CB6FC6CD50E456D" box="[962,1105,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
utilizes agricultural areas and is generally found close to roads. It may use them as corridors as it travels through the croplands, an activity that increased as more of these areas appeared within its habitats. From the few examples above, it is clear that generalizations regarding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028A1DFBECD4AC45ED" box="[1385,1523,1131,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028A1DFBECD4AC45ED" box="[1385,1523,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
habitat preferences may be unreliable because of the abundant intraspecific variation, though future studies of its habitat preferences may provide more clarification (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028B97FB4CD499458D" author="RODRIGUES, F. H. G. & I. M. MEDRI & G. H. B. DE MIRANDA & ALVES, AND & G. MOURaO" box="[1251,1478,1227,1250]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref12625" refString="RODRIGUES, F. H. G., I. M. MEDRI, G. H. B. DE MIRANDA, C. CAMILO- ALVES, AND G. MOURaO. 2008. Anteater behavior and ecology. Pp. 257 - 268 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainseville." type="book" year="2008">Rodrigues et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306161A028C07FB6CD468448D" blockId="8.[840,1524,203,1794]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Temperature influences daily activity patterns. During very hot periods,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028CB8FA8CD507444D" box="[972,1112,1291,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028CB8FA8CD507444D" box="[972,1112,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
prefers to forage at night. Midday foraging increases as temperatures decrease. To conserve heat, it may be seen wrapping itself with its giant tail while it sleeps, or it may fully extend the tail to absorb the sun’s rays. Bathing is often associated with cooling off, but this may not be the reason
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028C03FA2CD55A44AD" box="[887,1029,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028C03FA2CD55A44AD" box="[887,1029,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
participates in this activity—it may bathe to remove ants or termites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028B26FA4CD478448D" author="EMMONS, L. H. & R. P. FLORES & S. A. ALPIRRE & M. J. SWARNER" box="[1106,1319,1483,1506]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="41 - 43" refId="ref9935" refString="EMMONS, L. H., R. P. FLORES, S. A. ALPIRRE, AND M. J. SWARNER. 2004. Bathing behavior of giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). Edentata 6: 41 - 43." type="journal article" year="2004">Emmons et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306161A028C07FA6CD4FE466D" blockId="8.[840,1524,203,1794]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Many female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028B71FA6CD5D4476D" box="[1029,1163,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028B71FA6CD5D4476D" box="[1029,1163,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and to a lesser extent males, will return to their area of birth to breed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028BC7F98CD4DC474D" author="COLLEVATTI, R. G. & K. C. E. LEITE & G. H. B. DE MIRANDA & F. H. G. RODRIGUES" box="[1203,1411,1547,1570]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="112 - 120" refId="ref9709" refString="COLLEVATTI, R. G., K. C. E. LEITE, G. H. B. DE MIRANDA, AND F. H. G. RODRIGUES. 2007. Evidence of high inbreeding in a population of the endangered giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Myrmecophagidae), from Emas National Park, Brazil. Genetics and Molecular Biology 30: 112 - 120." type="journal article" year="2007">Collevatti et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028CC6F9ACD567472D" box="[946,1080,1579,1602]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028CC6F9ACD567472D" box="[946,1080,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028BC4F9ACD4C8472D" author="COLLEVATTI, R. G. & K. C. E. LEITE & G. H. B. DE MIRANDA & F. H. G. RODRIGUES" box="[1200,1431,1579,1602]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="112 - 120" refId="ref9709" refString="COLLEVATTI, R. G., K. C. E. LEITE, G. H. B. DE MIRANDA, AND F. H. G. RODRIGUES. 2007. Evidence of high inbreeding in a population of the endangered giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Myrmecophagidae), from Emas National Park, Brazil. Genetics and Molecular Biology 30: 112 - 120." type="journal article" year="2007">Collevatti et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in Emas National Park,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F9306161A028C94F9CCD57E470D" box="[992,1057,1611,1634]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, has been greatly reduced due to recurrent fire events.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206161A028CE3F9ECD5DB47ED" author="COLLEVATTI, R. G. & K. C. E. LEITE & G. H. B. DE MIRANDA & F. H. G. RODRIGUES" box="[919,1156,1643,1666]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="112 - 120" refId="ref9709" refString="COLLEVATTI, R. G., K. C. E. LEITE, G. H. B. DE MIRANDA, AND F. H. G. RODRIGUES. 2007. Evidence of high inbreeding in a population of the endangered giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Myrmecophagidae), from Emas National Park, Brazil. Genetics and Molecular Biology 30: 112 - 120." type="journal article" year="2007">Collevatti et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
estimate a population of 300 individuals in the park, or 0.23 per km
|
||
<superScript id="7C6EC24B06161A028BD4F90ED5F747F8" attach="left" box="[1184,1192,1673,1687]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2</superScript>
|
||
, but suggest that a 1994 fire may have reduced the population to as few as 43 individuals. This kind of bottleneck, combined with their philopatric nature, may contribute to a high level of inbreeding and a loss of genetic variation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E29476E806161A038B26F8B1D3ED438D" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3013C8806161A038B26F8B1D3ED438D" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306161A028B26F8B1D5B5463F" blockId="8.[1106,1258,1846,1872]" box="[1106,1258,1846,1872]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<heading id="D0ECD86F06161A028B26F8B1D5B5463F" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1106,1258,1846,1872]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028B26F8B1D5B5463F" bold="true" box="[1106,1258,1846,1872]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">GENETICS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306161A038C07F8FDD38F408D" blockId="8.[840,1523,1914,1969]" lastBlockId="9.[109,792,203,738]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006161A028C07F8FDD5CF46FE" box="[883,1168,1914,1937]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106161A028C07F8FDD5CF46FE" box="[883,1168,1914,1937]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Myrmecophaga tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a diploid number (2n) of 60 chromosomes and a fundamental number (FN) of 104 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206171A038F02FF4CD1BE418D" author="HSU, T. C." box="[118,225,203,226]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="108 - 109" refId="ref10784" refString="HSU, T. C. 1965. Chromosomes of two species of anteaters. Mammalian Chromosome Newsletter 15: 108 - 109." type="journal article" year="1965">Hsu 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206171A038F80FF4CD34E418D" author="PEREIRA JuNIOR, H. R. J. & W. JORGE & M. E. L. T. DA COSTA" box="[244,529,203,226]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="391 - 94" refId="ref12255" refString="PEREIRA JuNIOR, H. R. J., W. JORGE, AND M. E. L. T. DA COSTA. 2004. Chromosome study of anteaters (Myrmecophagideae [sic], Xenarthra) - a preliminary report. Genetics and Molecular Biology 27: 391 - 94." type="journal article" year="2004">Pereira Júnior et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It has an extra group of acrocentrics (group V), as compared to the 2 species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006171A038F19FE8CD182404D" box="[109,221,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Tamandua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106171A038F19FE8CD182404D" box="[109,221,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Tamandua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The karyotype comprises pairs of 2 large metacentric chromosomes (group I), 3 submetacentric chromosomes (group II), 8 medium submetacentric chromosomes (group III), 11 medium to small metacentric chromosomes (group IV), and 5 acrocentric chromosomes (group V). Sex-determining chromosomes X and Y comprise a large metacentric and small acrocentric morphology, respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206171A038EC1FE4CD39F408D" author="PEREIRA JuNIOR, H. R. J. & W. JORGE & M. E. L. T. DA COSTA" box="[437,704,459,482]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="391 - 94" refId="ref12255" refString="PEREIRA JuNIOR, H. R. J., W. JORGE, AND M. E. L. T. DA COSTA. 2004. Chromosome study of anteaters (Myrmecophagideae [sic], Xenarthra) - a preliminary report. Genetics and Molecular Biology 27: 391 - 94." type="journal article" year="2004">Pereira Júnior et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306171A038FECFE6CD3ED438D" blockId="9.[109,792,203,738]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Population genetic studies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006171A038EBEFE6CD30C436D" box="[458,595,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106171A038EBEFE6CD30C436D" box="[458,595,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are rare.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206171A038DC4FE6CD1B2434D" author="COLLEVATTI, R. G. & K. C. E. LEITE & G. H. B. DE MIRANDA & F. H. G. RODRIGUES" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="112 - 120" refId="ref9709" refString="COLLEVATTI, R. G., K. C. E. LEITE, G. H. B. DE MIRANDA, AND F. H. G. RODRIGUES. 2007. Evidence of high inbreeding in a population of the endangered giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Myrmecophagidae), from Emas National Park, Brazil. Genetics and Molecular Biology 30: 112 - 120." type="journal article" year="2007">Collevatti et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
conducted one such study, and found a high level of inbreeding in the population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006171A038EB2FDACD30B432D" box="[454,596,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106171A038EB2FDACD30B432D" box="[454,596,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Emas National Park, with a low level of genetic diversity, especially in males, in spite of the more philopatric behavior of females. Males with adjacent home ranges showed low levels of relatedness (Prodöhl et al. 2008).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206171A038F82FD2CD09643AD" author="GARCIA, J. E. & L. A. VILAS BOAS & M. V. F. LEMOS & E. G. DE MACEDO LEMOS & E. P. B. CONTEL" box="[246,457,683,706]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="600 - 602" refId="ref10233" refString="GARCIA, J. E., L. A. VILAS BOAS, M. V. F. LEMOS, E. G. DE MACEDO LEMOS, AND E. P. B. CONTEL. 2005. Identification of microsatellite DNA markers for the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla. Journal of Heredity 96: 600 - 602." type="journal article" year="2005">Garcia et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the identification of 6 microsatellite loci that may be useful in future studies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E29476E806171A038E3BFCA3D49D45ED" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3013C8806171A038E3BFCA3D49D45ED" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306171A038E3BFCA3D3694251" blockId="9.[335,566,804,830]" box="[335,566,804,830]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<heading id="D0ECD86F06171A038E3BFCA3D3694251" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[335,566,804,830]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106171A038E3BFCA3D3694251" bold="true" box="[335,566,804,830]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">CONSERVATION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306171A038FECFCE0D3F44591" blockId="9.[109,793,871,1950]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006171A038FECFCE0D0E34211" box="[152,444,871,894]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106171A038FECFCE0D0E34211" box="[152,444,871,894]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Myrmecophaga tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is broadly distributed from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F9306171A038F19FC00D18A42F1" box="[109,213,903,926]" name="Honduras" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
to northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F9306171A038E14FC00D09542F1" box="[352,458,903,926]" name="Argentina" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
and take advantage of a wide variety of habitats. Because of this, extinction is not likely in the near future. However, its existence is in peril in many portions of its range, as it is subject to the threat of human activities. Domestic dogs, highway collisions, burning, and destruction of its habitat, and sport and subsistence hunting all take their toll on populations. Low reproductive rates and a highly specialized diet also contribute to its decline (Aguiar and da Fonseca 2008).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006171A038F19FB00D1A645F1" box="[109,249,1159,1182]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106171A038F19FB00D1A645F1" box="[109,249,1159,1182]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is listed on Appendix II of CITES and is identified as “Vulnerable” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red List (International
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206171A038DDBFB40D3C44591" author="INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref10864" refString="INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES. 2014. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red list of threatened species. www. icunredlist. org. Accessed 1 February 2015." type="book" year="2014">Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306171A038FECFA80D0644771" blockId="9.[109,793,871,1950]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Habitat destruction and fragmentation are the primary cause for the decrease in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006171A038E4EFAA0D0994451" box="[314,454,1319,1342]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106171A038E4EFAA0D0994451" box="[314,454,1319,1342]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
numbers. The species may survive this loss of habitat by foraging in agricultural fields and pasturelands that contain many termite mounds and mimic the undisturbed grasslands in which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006171A038EBFFA00D30844F1" box="[459,599,1415,1438]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106171A038EBFFA00D30844F1" box="[459,599,1415,1438]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
thrives. However, these pastoral areas must be in close proximity to covered habitats to meet the thermoregulatory needs of the animals, especially during the hotter times of the year (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206171A038D58FA60D24F4491" author="RODRIGUES, F. H. G. & I. M. MEDRI & G. H. B. DE MIRANDA & ALVES, AND & G. MOURaO" box="[556,784,1511,1534]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref12625" refString="RODRIGUES, F. H. G., I. M. MEDRI, G. H. B. DE MIRANDA, C. CAMILO- ALVES, AND G. MOURaO. 2008. Anteater behavior and ecology. Pp. 257 - 268 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainseville." type="book" year="2008">Rodrigues et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206171A038F19F980D0744771" author="VYNNE, C." box="[109,299,1543,1566]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref13363" refString="VYNNE, C., ET AL. 2011. Resource selection and its implications for wideranging mammals of the Brazilian Cerrado. PLoS One 6: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="2011">Vynne et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306171A038FECF9A0D524402D" blockId="9.[109,793,871,1950]" lastBlockId="9.[840,1523,203,1154]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006171A038FECF9A0D0E84751" box="[152,439,1575,1598]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106171A038FECF9A0D0E84751" box="[152,439,1575,1598]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Myrmecophaga tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is actively hunted throughout its range, as it is an easy target and provides a fair amount of meat (Aguiar and da Fonseca 2008). It may be hunted for illegal trade and to be kept as a pet in certain parts of its range (International
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206171A038E7FF920D04747B1" author="INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref10864" refString="INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES. 2014. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red list of threatened species. www. icunredlist. org. Accessed 1 February 2015." type="book" year="2014">Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In Bosawas Biosphere Reserve in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F9306171A038DD0F940D24B47B1" box="[676,788,1735,1758]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
||
, hunters do not actively seek
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006171A038EE9F960D3774791" box="[413,552,1767,1790]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106171A038EE9F960D3774791" box="[413,552,1767,1790]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but kill them because they pose a threat to their hunting dogs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206171A038D47F880D3E74671" author="KOSTER, J. M." box="[563,696,1799,1822]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="414 - 416" refId="ref11065" refString="KOSTER, J. M. 2008. Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) killed by hunters with dogs in the Bosawas Biosphere Reserve, Nicaragua. Southwestern Naturalist 55: 414 - 416." type="journal article" year="2008">Koster 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Others feel they should be killed on sight due to superstitions or out of fear of the animal’s presumed hostility and aggressive nature. The latter represents a misinterpretation of the defensive behavior of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006171A038FC7F800D01F46F1" box="[179,320,1927,1950]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106171A038FC7F800D01F46F1" box="[179,320,1927,1950]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, designed to ward off predators before any physical interactions occur.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006171A038B02FF4CD45C418D" box="[1142,1283,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106171A038B02FF4CD45C418D" box="[1142,1283,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been taken for its thick, tough hide, which provides durable leather for equestrian purposes (Aguiar and da Fonseca 2008); and, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F9306171A038A24FE8CD49F404D" box="[1360,1472,267,290]" name="Venezuela" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it is killed for its large foreclaws.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306171A038C07FECCD492432D" blockId="9.[840,1523,203,1154]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006171A038C07FECCD5D4400D" box="[883,1163,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106171A038C07FECCD5D4400D" box="[883,1163,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Myrmecophaga tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been extirpated from certain parts of its historical range, especially in Central America (IUCN/ SSC Anteater,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206171A038C9EFE0CD49C40CD" author="SLOTH AND ARMADILLO SPECIALIST GROUP" box="[1002,1475,395,418]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref10902" refString="IUCN / SSC ANTEATER, SLOTH AND ARMADILLO SPECIALIST GROUP. 2012. www. xenarthrans. org. Accessed 1 May 2012." type="book" year="2012">Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as a consequence of the human activities mentioned above. In La Selva,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F9306171A038CE5FE4CD555408D" box="[913,1034,459,482]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the last individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006171A038B89FE4CD4D5408D" box="[1277,1418,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106171A038B89FE4CD4D5408D" box="[1277,1418,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was seen in the 1960s or 1970s (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206171A038B4FFE6CD5ED436D" author="CLARK, D." box="[1083,1202,491,514]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="4 - 19" refId="ref9678" refString="CLARK, D. 2007. Detecting tropical forests' responses to global climatic and atmospheric change: current challenges and a way forward. Biotropica 39: 4 - 19." type="journal article" year="2007">Clark 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As mentioned above,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006171A038AD9FE6CD2C8434D" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106171A038AD9FE6CD2C8434D" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is endangered in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C2F9306171A038B38FD8CD5E9434D" box="[1100,1206,523,546]" name="Honduras" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206171A038B9FFD8CD4F0434D" author="REYES, H. & W. A. MATAMOROS & S. GLOWINSKI" box="[1259,1455,523,546]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="118 - 120" refId="ref12583" refString="REYES, H., W. A. MATAMOROS, AND S. GLOWINSKI. 2010. Distribution and conservation status of the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) in Honduras. The Southwestern Naturalist 55: 118 - 120." type="journal article" year="2010">Reyes et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that the Honduran Caribbean is now devoid of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006171A038A4FFDACD499432D" box="[1339,1478,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106171A038A4FFDACD499432D" box="[1339,1478,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306171A038C07FDCCD51A42CD" blockId="9.[840,1523,203,1154]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
With a typical birth interval of no more than 1 offspring every 9 months (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206171A038C8EFDECD58243ED" author="RODRIGUES, F. H. G. & I. M. MEDRI & G. H. B. DE MIRANDA & ALVES, AND & G. MOURaO" box="[1018,1245,619,642]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref12625" refString="RODRIGUES, F. H. G., I. M. MEDRI, G. H. B. DE MIRANDA, C. CAMILO- ALVES, AND G. MOURaO. 2008. Anteater behavior and ecology. Pp. 257 - 268 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainseville." type="book" year="2008">Rodrigues et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see above),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006171A038A1CFDECD4AC43ED" box="[1384,1523,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106171A038A1CFDECD4AC43ED" box="[1384,1523,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations grow slowly, are they are currently being killed at a much higher rate than can be replenished through natural breeding efforts, contributing to declining numbers and a reduced gene pool in the smaller remnant populations. Population bottlenecks, created primarily through habitat destruction, may eventually lead to a reduction in evolutionary potential. Corridors connecting the fragmented populations and preventing bottlenecks are critical in insuring that genetic variability is maintained (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206171A038C25FC0CD56A42CD" author="RODRIGUES, F. H. G. & I. M. MEDRI & G. H. B. DE MIRANDA & ALVES, AND & G. MOURaO" box="[849,1077,907,930]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref12625" refString="RODRIGUES, F. H. G., I. M. MEDRI, G. H. B. DE MIRANDA, C. CAMILO- ALVES, AND G. MOURaO. 2008. Anteater behavior and ecology. Pp. 257 - 268 in The biology of the Xenarthra (S. Vizcaino and W. J. Loughry, eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainseville." type="book" year="2008">Rodrigues et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA46F0306171A038C07FC2CD49D45ED" blockId="9.[840,1523,203,1154]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Scientific conservation efforts are led by the IUCN/SSC Edentate Specialist Group whose primary mission is the preservation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B148006171A038CB0FC6CD50E456D" box="[964,1105,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" genus="Myrmecophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FB31106171A038CB0FC6CD50E456D" box="[964,1105,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and all other xenarthran species. They provide grants for short-term field projects with a conservation emphasis and produce the open access journal Edentata, which is available to publish the findings of these field projects (IUCN/ SSC Anteater,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A12F206171A038C91FBECD4ED45ED" author="SLOTH AND ARMADILLO SPECIALIST GROUP" box="[997,1458,1131,1154]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref10902" refString="IUCN / SSC ANTEATER, SLOTH AND ARMADILLO SPECIALIST GROUP. 2012. www. xenarthrans. org. Accessed 1 May 2012." type="book" year="2012">Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |