138 lines
16 KiB
XML
138 lines
16 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="1E8AFCB303A01301951D9736741A366E">Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Calcaxonia) of the Okeanos Explorer expeditions (CAPSTONE) to the central Pacific</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1145D1D88D0D5FFE000C4FCDBD779B50">Cairns, Stephen D.</mods:namePart>
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C19DEEAFFEBFFC176B56FEE451DF999" ID-CoL="84M3T" authority="Gray, 1866" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1866" box="[238,559,1521,1548]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Calyptrophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96D797BFFEBFFC176B56FEE46ACF99E" bold="true" box="[238,414,1521,1548]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Calyptrophora</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF88D898FFEBFFC177FD6FEE451DF999" author="Gray, J. E." box="[422,559,1521,1547]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="24 - 27" refId="ref28394" refString="Gray, J. E. (1866) Description of two new forms of gorgonioid corals. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1866, 24 - 27." type="journal article" year="1866">Gray, 1866</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection id="C303F6E2FFEBFFC176CC6C2A46F5F9FE" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BA6A569FFEBFFC176CC6C2A46F5F9FE" blockId="5.[151,1436,1588,1644]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName id="4C19DEEAFFEBFFC176CC6C2A46FCF9DF" ID-CoL="84M3T" authority="Gray, 1866: 25" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="25" authorityYear="1866" box="[151,462,1588,1613]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Calyptrophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96D797BFFEBFFC176CC6C2A461FF9DF" box="[151,301,1589,1613]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Calyptrophora</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AB88378FFEBFFC1776F6C2A46FCF9DF" author="Gray, J. E." box="[308,462,1588,1613]" page="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1866">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF88D898FFEBFFC1776F6C2A469AF9DF" author="Gray, J. E." box="[308,424,1588,1613]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="24 - 27" refId="ref28394" refString="Gray, J. E. (1866) Description of two new forms of gorgonioid corals. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1866, 24 - 27." type="journal article" year="1866">Gray, 1866</bibRefCitation>
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: 25
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, fig. 1.—
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<treatmentCitation id="0AB88378FFEBFFC174776C2A45D2F9DF" author="Bayer, F. M." box="[556,736,1588,1613]" page="367" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="2001">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF88D898FFEBFFC174776C2A459DF9DF" author="Bayer, F. M." box="[556,687,1589,1613]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="367 - 380" refId="ref26986" refString="Bayer, F. M. (2001) New species of Calyptrophora (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Primnoidae) from the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 114 (2), 367 - 380." type="journal article" year="2001">Bayer, 2001</bibRefCitation>
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: 367
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–368.—
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<treatmentCitation id="0AB88378FFEBFFC1756A6C2B4308F9DF" author="Cairns, S. D. & Bayer, F. M." box="[817,1082,1588,1614]" page="44" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="2009">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF88D898FFEBFFC1756A6C2B4324F9DF" author="Cairns, S. D. & Bayer, F. M." box="[817,1046,1588,1614]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref28003" refString="Cairns, S. D. & Bayer, F. M. (2009) A generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 629, 1 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.629" type="journal article" year="2009">Cairns & Bayer, 2009</bibRefCitation>
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: 44
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–45.—Cairns, 2009: 420–426 (key to species); 2012: 42–43.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C303F6E2FFEBFFC176CC6C884400F93D" box="[151,818,1686,1711]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA6A569FFEBFFC176CC6C884400F93D" blockId="5.[151,818,1686,1711]" box="[151,818,1686,1711]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="B96D797BFFEBFFC176CC6C884610F93D" bold="true" box="[151,290,1686,1711]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<typeStatus id="54A21BCBFFEBFFC176CC6C8847FEF93D" box="[151,204,1687,1711]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Type</typeStatus>
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Species
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</emphasis>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C19DEEAFFEBFFC177756C8945AEF93D" authority="Gray, 1866" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1866" box="[302,668,1686,1711]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Calyptrophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="japonica">
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<emphasis id="B96D797BFFEBFFC177756C894511F93C" box="[302,547,1686,1710]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Calyptrophora japonica</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF88D898FFEBFFC174726C8845AEF93D" author="Gray, J. E." box="[553,668,1686,1711]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="24 - 27" refId="ref28394" refString="Gray, J. E. (1866) Description of two new forms of gorgonioid corals. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1866, 24 - 27." type="journal article" year="1866">Gray, 1866</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by monotypy.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C303F6E2FFEBFFC176CC6CC34325F839" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BA6A569FFEBFFC176CC6CC34325F839" blockId="5.[151,1437,1756,2035]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="B96D797BFFEBFFC176CC6CC34638F965" bold="true" box="[151,266,1756,1783]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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. Colonies uniplanar to slightly bushy (lyrate, dichotomous, polychotomous) or unbranched (flagelliform). Polyps arranged in whorls or pairs, in most species directed upward (
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<taxonomicName id="4C19DEEAFFEBFFC175FC6D1D433BF889" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1866" box="[935,1033,1794,1819]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Calyptrophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="japonica">
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<emphasis id="B96D797BFFEBFFC175FC6D1D433BF889" box="[935,1033,1794,1819]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">japonica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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-complex) or less commonly downward (
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<taxonomicName id="4C19DEEAFFEBFFC176BB6D3A4605F8AD" authorityName="Wright" authorityYear="1885" box="[224,311,1829,1855]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Calyptrophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="wyvillei">
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<emphasis id="B96D797BFFEBFFC176BB6D3A4605F8AD" box="[224,311,1829,1855]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">wyvillei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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-complex). Polyps consist of two annular sclerite rings, the basal and buccal scales, each composed of two inseparably fused components; basal and buccal scales hinge on a straight articular ridge. Distal margins of body wall scales usually spinose, toothed or lobate. Coenenchymal scales elongate and flat, usually with a granular and sometimes ridged outer surface. Curved tentacular platelets usually present.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C303F6E2FFEBFFC2769C6DAB468EFE19" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA6A569FFEBFFC2769C6DAB421CFE8D" blockId="5.[151,1437,1756,2035]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,153,431]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="B96D797BFFEBFFC1769C6DAB4677F85D" bold="true" box="[199,325,1972,1999]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Discussion</emphasis>
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. The genus currently consists of 27 species:
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the
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<taxonomicName id="4C19DEEAFFEBFFC175E26DA94329F85D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1866" box="[953,1051,1974,1999]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Calyptrophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="japonica">
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<emphasis id="B96D797BFFEBFFC175E26DA94329F85D" box="[953,1051,1974,1999]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">japonica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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-complex, which have upward-directed polyps; seven in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C19DEEAFFEBFFC177906DC64510F861" authorityName="Wright" authorityYear="1885" box="[459,546,2009,2035]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Calyptrophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="wyvillei">
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<emphasis id="B96D797BFFEBFFC177906DC64510F861" box="[459,546,2009,2035]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">wyvillei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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-complex, which have downward–directed polyps; and one indeterminate. This morphological division, while helpful in identifying species, is not supported by phylogenetic analysis, either using morphology (Cairns 2009) or molecular sequencing (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF88D898FFE8FFC274B86AA244CAFF45" author="Cairns, S. D. & Wirshing, H. H." box="[739,1016,189,215]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref28169" refString="Cairns, S. D. & Wirshing, H. H. (2018) A phylogenetic analysis of the Primnoidae (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Calcaxonia) with analyses of character evolution and a key to the genera and subgenera. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 18 (66), 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 018 - 1182 - 5" type="journal article" year="2018">Cairns & Wirshing 2018</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Furthermore, two species are known to have polyps that are oriented in both directions. This character may be due to a simple point mutation, and thus have less value in the classification of these species. The genus is more fully discussed by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF88D898FFE8FFC272D76B1A4218FE8D" author="Cairns, S. D." box="[1164,1322,261,287]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 71" refId="ref27497" refString="Cairns, S. D. (2012) New Zealand Primnoidae (Anthozoa: Alcyonacea) Part 1. Genera Narella, Narelloides, Metanarella, Calyptrophora, and Helicoprimnoa. NIWA Biodiversity Memoirs, 126, 1 - 71." type="journal article" year="2012">Cairns (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA6A569FFE8FFC276CC6B36468EFE19" blockId="6.[151,1437,153,431]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A key to all 16 species known at that time was given by Cairns (2009), but because 11 additional species are now known, including four herein, a revised key is provided below. The order of the species below are initially grouped by their polyp orientation.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C303F6E2FFE8FFC2769C6B8B4213FE3D" box="[199,1313,404,431]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BA6A569FFE8FFC2769C6B8B4213FE3D" blockId="6.[151,1437,153,431]" box="[199,1313,404,431]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis id="B96D797BFFE8FFC2769C6B8B466BFE3D" bold="true" box="[199,345,404,431]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distribution</emphasis>
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. Tropical and temperate latitudes in Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans,
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.
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</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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