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<document id="90ECA25DC081D471BF97ABF58CD7602E" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.158521" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a05a8e80-dd49-4f21-a0de-ce330525a9c1" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="158521" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461026022480" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Armbruster, Jonathan W." docDate="2004" docId="03ABA119FF95FFBA5808ED004415FA3E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00628.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 628" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Pseudancistrus Bleeker 1862" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="FF92D961FF91FFBD5900EE46406FFFA8" masterDocTitle="Pseudancistrus sidereus, a new species from southern Venezuela (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) with a redescription of Pseudancistrus" masterLastPageNumber="15" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1698572135821" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="748C0807637A63FBDF441AAC6406C96E">Pseudancistrus sidereus, a new species from southern Venezuela (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) with a redescription of Pseudancistrus</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03ABA119FF95FFBA5808ED004415FA3E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5680785" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119606230" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5680785" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ABA119FF95FFBA5808ED004415FA3E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ABA119FF95FFBA5808ED004415FA3E" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<subSubSection id="C3184384FF95FFB95808ED00411AFC2B" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF95FFB95808ED004205FCC8" blockId="4.[264,618,838,899]" box="[264,618,838,864]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="D0F5A763FF95FFB95808ED004205FCC8" bold="true" box="[264,618,838,864]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF95FFB95808ED004205FCC8" ID-CoL="6YQK" ID-ENA="471096" authority="Bleeker 1862" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1862" box="[264,618,838,864]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB95808ED004205FCC8" bold="true" box="[264,618,838,864]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB95808ED0041AFFCC8" bold="true" box="[264,448,838,864]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pseudancistrus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF936DFEFF95FFB958C7ED004205FCC8" author="Bleeker" box="[455,618,838,864]" pageId="4" pageNumber="14" refString="Bleeker, P. (1862) Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Neerlandaises, publie sous les auspices du Gouvernement colonial neerlandais. Tome II. Siluroides, Chacoides et Heterobranchoides. Amsterdam. Atlas Ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Nederlandaises 2, 1 - 112, Pls. 49 - 101." type="journal article" year="1862">Bleeker 1862</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF95FFB95808ED2F411AFC2B" blockId="4.[264,618,838,899]" box="[264,373,873,899]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<figureCitation id="13390C8AFF95FFB95808ED2F411AFC2B" box="[264,373,873,899]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="2.[264,368,1258,1282]" captionStartId-1="3.[264,368,1710,1734]" captionTargetBox-0="[264,1322,473,1247]" captionTargetBox-1="[264,1322,313,1683]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[264,1323,464,1254]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[254,1335,302,1684]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Pseudancistrus barbatus showing extreme development of the hypertrophied snout odontodes, AUM 38023, 126.6 mm SL. Photo by M. H. Sabaj." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Representative examples of Pseudancistrus: A. P. brevispinis NRM 32374, 49.6 mm SL, B. Pseudancistrus sp., AUM 36409, 54.4 mm SL, C. P. nigrescens AUM 35741, 133.8 mm SL, D. P. orinoco AMNH 91023, 62.5 mm SL. Photos by J. W. Armbruster." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/158522/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/158523/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 12</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3184384FF95FFB95808EDFF420CFB70" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF95FFB95808EDFF43F1FC7B" blockId="4.[264,926,953,979]" box="[264,926,953,979]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB95808EDFF41DEFC7B" bold="true" box="[264,433,953,979]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<typeStatus id="54B9AEADFF95FFB95808EDFF412AFC7B" box="[264,325,953,979]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Type</typeStatus>
Species:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF95FFB958B9EDFF43F1FC7B" authority="Valenciennes 1840" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1840" box="[441,926,953,979]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB958B9EDFF42D6FC7A" box="[441,697,953,978]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hypostomus barbatus</emphasis>
Valenciennes 1840
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF95FFB95808EA4F41E3FB8B" blockId="4.[264,797,1033,1129]" box="[264,396,1033,1059]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Synonyms:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF95FFB95808EA744237FBC0" blockId="4.[264,797,1033,1129]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF95FFB95808EA744217FBE0" authority="Isbrucker, Nijssen" authorityName="Isbrucker, Nijssen" box="[264,632,1073,1097]" family="Loricariidae" genus="Lithoxancistrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB95808EA7441C1FBE1" box="[264,430,1074,1097]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Lithoxancistrus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF936DFEFF95FFB958B5EA774217FBE0" author="Isbrucker" box="[437,632,1073,1096]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" refString="Isbrucker, I. J. H., Nijssen, H., &amp; Cala, P. (1988) Lithoxancistrus orinoco, nouveau genre et espece de poisson-chat cuirasse du Rio Orinoco en Colombie (Pisces, Siluriformes, Loricariidae). Revue francaise d'Aquariologie Herpetologie, 15, 13 - 16." type="journal article" year="1988">Isbrücker, Nijssen</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and Cala 1988
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF95FFB95808EA144237FBC0" authority="Isbrucker 2001" authorityName="Isbrucker" authorityYear="2001" box="[264,600,1105,1129]" family="Loricariidae" genus="Guyanancistrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB95808EA1441DEFBC1" box="[264,433,1106,1129]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Guyanancistrus</emphasis>
Isbrücker 2001
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF95FFB95808EADF411BFB1B" blockId="4.[264,1132,1177,1657]" box="[264,372,1177,1203]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Includes:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF95FFB95808EA84420CFB70" blockId="4.[264,1132,1177,1657]" box="[264,611,1217,1241]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF95FFB95808EA84420CFB70" authority="Valenciennes 1840" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1840" box="[264,611,1217,1241]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB95808EA8441EEFB71" box="[264,385,1218,1241]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. barbatus</emphasis>
(Valenciennes 1840)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3184384FF95FFB95808EAA4424EFAD0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF95FFB95808EAA4421EFAB0" blockId="4.[264,1132,1177,1657]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF95FFB95808EAA441F9FB51" box="[264,406,1250,1273]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevispinis">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB95808EAA441F9FB51" box="[264,406,1250,1273]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. brevispinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF936DFEFF95FFB958A4EAA74329FB50" author="Heitmans" box="[420,838,1249,1272]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" refString="Heitmans, W. R. B., Nijssen, H. &amp; Isbrucker, I. J. H. (1983) The mailed catfish genus Lasiancistrus Regan 1904, from French Guiana and Surinam, with descriptions of two new species (Pisces, Siluriformes, Loricariidae). Bijdragen Tot De Dierkunde, 53, 33 - 48." type="journal article" year="1983">Heitmans, Nijssen, and Isbrücker 1983</bibRefCitation>
)
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF95FFB95808EB44421EFAB0" authority="Steindachner 1915" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1915" box="[264,625,1281,1305]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coquenani">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB95808EB4441FEFAB1" box="[264,401,1282,1305]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. coquenani</emphasis>
(Steindachner 1915)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF95FFB95808EB644259FA90" blockId="4.[264,1132,1177,1657]" box="[264,566,1313,1337]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF95FFB95808EB644259FA90" authority="Gunther 1868" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1868" box="[264,566,1313,1337]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="depressus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB95808EB6441E5FA91" box="[264,394,1314,1337]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. depressus</emphasis>
(Günther 1868)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF95FFB95808EB044248FAF0" blockId="4.[264,1132,1177,1657]" box="[264,551,1345,1369]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF95FFB95808EB044248FAF0" authority="Fowler 1941" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1941" box="[264,551,1345,1369]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="genisetiger">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB95808EB0441F7FAF1" box="[264,408,1346,1369]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. genisetiger</emphasis>
Fowler 1941
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF95FFB95808EB24424EFAD0" blockId="4.[264,1132,1177,1657]" box="[264,545,1377,1401]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF95FFB95808EB24424EFAD0" authority="Regan 1904" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1904" box="[264,545,1377,1401]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guentheri">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB95808EB2441E7FAD1" box="[264,392,1378,1401]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. guentheri</emphasis>
(Regan 1904)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3184384FF95FFB95808EBC4426EF9D0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF95FFB95808EBC44268FA70" blockId="4.[264,1132,1177,1657]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF95FFB95808EBC44233FA30" ID-CoL="4NK8S" authority="Valenciennes 1840" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1840" box="[264,604,1409,1433]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttatus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB95808EBC44117FA31" box="[264,376,1410,1433]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. guttatus</emphasis>
(Valenciennes 1840)
</taxonomicName>
, synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF95FFB95BECEBC4430AFA31" ID-CoL="3NZ6C" box="[748,869,1410,1433]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB95BECEBC4430AFA31" box="[748,869,1410,1433]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. barbatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EF936DFEFF95FFB95A9DEBC74409FA30" author="Fisch-Muller" box="[925,1126,1409,1432]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" refString="Fisch-Muller, S. (2003) Subfamily Ancistrinae. In: Reis, R. E., Kullander, S. O. &amp; Ferraris, C. J. Jr. (ED) Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America, EDIPUCRS, Porto Alegre, 373 - 400." type="book chapter" year="2003">Fisch­Muller 2003</bibRefCitation>
)
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF95FFB95808EBE441F7FA11" ID-CoL="4NK8V" box="[264,408,1442,1465]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longispinis">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB95808EBE441F7FA11" box="[264,408,1442,1465]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. longispinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF936DFEFF95FFB958A5EBE74328FA10" author="Heitmans" box="[421,839,1441,1464]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" refString="Heitmans, W. R. B., Nijssen, H. &amp; Isbrucker, I. J. H. (1983) The mailed catfish genus Lasiancistrus Regan 1904, from French Guiana and Surinam, with descriptions of two new species (Pisces, Siluriformes, Loricariidae). Bijdragen Tot De Dierkunde, 53, 33 - 48." type="journal article" year="1983">Heitmans, Nijssen, and Isbrücker 1983</bibRefCitation>
)
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF95FFB95808EB844268FA70" ID-CoL="4NK8X" authority="Norman 1926" authorityName="Norman" authorityYear="1926" box="[264,519,1473,1497]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB95808EB844135FA71" box="[264,346,1474,1497]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. niger</emphasis>
(Norman 1926)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF95FFB95808EBA44220FA50" blockId="4.[264,1132,1177,1657]" box="[264,591,1505,1529]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF95FFB95808EBA44220FA50" ID-CoL="4NK8Y" authority="Eigenmann 1912" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[264,591,1505,1529]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB95808EBA441FCFA51" box="[264,403,1506,1529]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. nigrescens</emphasis>
Eigenmann 1912
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF95FFB95808E844427EF990" blockId="4.[264,1132,1177,1657]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF95FFB95808E844429FF9B0" authority="Isbrucker, Nijssen and Cala 1988" authorityName="Isbrucker, Nijssen and Cala" authorityYear="1988" box="[264,752,1537,1561]" family="Loricariidae" genus="Lithoxancistrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orinoco">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB95808E844411AF9B1" box="[264,373,1538,1561]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. orinoco</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF936DFEFF95FFB95883E8474288F9B0" author="Isbrucker" box="[387,743,1537,1560]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" refString="Isbrucker, I. J. H., Nijssen, H., &amp; Cala, P. (1988) Lithoxancistrus orinoco, nouveau genre et espece de poisson-chat cuirasse du Rio Orinoco en Colombie (Pisces, Siluriformes, Loricariidae). Revue francaise d'Aquariologie Herpetologie, 15, 13 - 16." type="journal article" year="1988">Isbrücker, Nijssen and Cala 1988</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF95FFB95808E864427EF990" ID-CoL="4NK92" authority="Fowler 1941" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1941" box="[264,529,1569,1593]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papariae">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB95808E86441EDF991" box="[264,386,1570,1593]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. papariae</emphasis>
Fowler 1941
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF95FFB95808E8044230F9F0" blockId="4.[264,1132,1177,1657]" box="[264,607,1601,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF95FFB95808E8044230F9F0" ID-CoL="4NK96" authority="Gunther 1864" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[264,607,1601,1625]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schomburgkii">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB95808E80441DDF9F1" box="[264,434,1602,1625]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. schomburgkii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF936DFEFF95FFB958C0E8074238F9F0" author="Gunther" box="[448,599,1601,1624]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" refString="Gunther, A. (1864) Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families Siluridae, Characinidae, Haplochitonidae, Sternoptychidae, Scopelidae, Stomiatidae in the collection of the British Museum. Catalogue of Fishes, 5, i - xxii + 1 - 455." type="journal article" year="1864">Günther 1864</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF95FFB95808E824426EF9D0" blockId="4.[264,1132,1177,1657]" box="[264,513,1633,1657]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB95808E8244119F9D1" box="[264,374,1634,1657]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. s i d e re u s</emphasis>
new species
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3184384FF95FFB85808E8EF4333FAC6" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF95FFB85808E8EF4470FEF6" blockId="4.[264,1321,1705,1891]" lastBlockId="5.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB95808E8EF41E5F96B" bold="true" box="[264,394,1705,1731]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF95FFB95893E8EF4229F96A" box="[403,582,1705,1730]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB95893E8EF4229F96A" box="[403,582,1705,1730]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pseudancistrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not diagnosed by any unique characteristics. Characteristics considered as synapomorphies for
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF95FFB95BA4E8974338F942" box="[676,855,1745,1770]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF95FFB95BA4E8974338F942" box="[676,855,1745,1770]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pseudancistrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<bibRefCitation id="EF936DFEFF95FFB95AA2E8974410F943" author="Armbruster" box="[930,1151,1745,1771]" pageId="4" pageNumber="14" refString="Armbruster, J. W. (2004) Phylogenetic relationships of the suckermouth armored catfishes (Loricariidae) with emphasis on the Hypostominae and the Ancistrinae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 141, 1 - 80." type="journal article" year="2004">Armbruster (2004)</bibRefCitation>
are: no suture between pterotic­supracleithrum and hyomandibula (34­0, reversal), no contact of the hyomandibula with the prootic (35­1), straight, spoon­shaped anterior process of metapterygoid (58­1), nasal bone not much wider than laterosensory canal running through it (105­ 0), sphenotic not contacting posteriormost infraorbital externally (117­1), and a short ventral ridge on the pelvic basipterygium (172­1, lost in some species).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF94FFB85838EF2A42FCFDDE" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85838EF2A4184FE2D" box="[312,491,364,389]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB85838EF2A4184FE2D" box="[312,491,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pseudancistrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be separated from the Corymbophanini and the Hypostomini by having hypertrophied odontodes on the cheek; from most of the
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85D01EFD244E5FE06" box="[1025,1162,404,430]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Rhinelepini">Rhinelepini</taxonomicName>
by having an adipose fin and a dorsal flap of the iris and from
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85A49EFFA4414FE7D" box="[841,1147,444,469]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pogonopoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wertheimeri">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB85A49EFFA4414FE7D" box="[841,1147,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pogonopoma wertheimeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having few or no plates on the abdomen (vs. abdomen fully plated); and from the
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85D3CEFA24567FE56" box="[1084,1288,484,510]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Pterygoplichthini">Pterygoplichthini</taxonomicName>
by lacking an enlarged, respiratory stomach and by lacking or nearly lacking plates on the abdomen (vs. abdomen fully plated in adults), and from
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85A9EEC72440AFDE5" box="[926,1125,564,589]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pterygoplichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB85A9EEC72440AFDE5" box="[926,1125,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pterygoplichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having seven dorsal­fin rays (vs. nine or more).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF94FFB85838ECC2427AFBFE" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Within the
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB858C2ECC24255FD36" box="[450,570,644,670]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Ancistrini">Ancistrini</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85B49ECC24293FD35" box="[585,764,644,669]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB85B49ECC24293FD35" box="[585,764,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pseudancistrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be separated from
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB85D1EECC2434DFD6D" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85D1EECC244E0FD35" box="[1054,1167,644,669]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Ancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ancistrus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85D9FECC24549FD35" box="[1183,1318,644,669]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Dekeyseria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Dekeyseria</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85808ECEA41DEFD6D" box="[264,433,684,709]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Exastilithoxus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Exastilithoxus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB858BFECEA421FFD6D" box="[447,624,684,709]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hopliancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hopliancistrus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85B7EECEA4370FD6D" box="[638,799,684,709]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Lasiancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lasiancistrus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
most
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB85A6FECEA44E2FD6D" box="[879,1165,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85A6FECEA43B8FD6D" box="[879,983,684,709]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Lithoxus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lithoxus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85AE5ECEA44E6FD6D" box="[997,1161,684,709]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Neblinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neblinichthys</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85DCBECEA410AFD45" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudolithoxus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB85DCBECEA410AFD45" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pseudolithoxus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having 45 plate rows on the caudal peduncle (vs. 3); from
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB85D7FEC9241B6FCBD" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85D7FEC924548FD45" box="[1151,1319,724,749]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Baryancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Baryancistrus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85808ECBA41BAFCBD" box="[264,469,764,789]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Spectracanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Spectracanthicus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85B13ECBA42C5FCBD" box="[531,682,764,789]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Parancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB85B13ECBA42C5FCBD" box="[531,682,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Parancistrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by not having a membranous connection of the posterior end of the dorsal fin with the adipose fin; from some
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB85ACBED624118FCCD" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85ACBED624416FC95" box="[971,1145,804,829]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hemiancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hemiancistrus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85D87ED624549FC95" box="[1159,1318,804,829]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hypancistrus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85808ED0A411CFCCD" box="[264,371,844,869]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Panaque" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Panaque</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB858B3ED0A424DFCCD" box="[435,546,844,869]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Peckoltia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB858B3ED0A424DFCCD" box="[435,546,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Peckoltia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having 10+ odontodes on the opercle (vs. usually 0, but up to 10, odontodes); from
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB85B07ED324444FC25" box="[519,1067,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85B07ED3242E3FC25" box="[519,652,884,909]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Acanthicus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85B99ED32430EFC25" box="[665,865,884,909]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Leporacanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Leporacanthicus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85A6DED324448FC25" box="[877,1063,884,909]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Megalancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Megalancistrus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85D64ED324544FC25" box="[1124,1323,884,909]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudacanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB85D64ED324544FC25" box="[1124,1323,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pseudacanthicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by lacking hypertrophied keel odontodes on the lateral plates; from
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85D24EDDA44FDFC1D" box="[1060,1170,924,949]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Ancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB85D24EDDA44FDFC1D" box="[1060,1170,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ancistrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85DCCEDDA4121FC75" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Chaetostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB85DCCEDDA4121FC75" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Chaetostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having plates on the edge of the snout; and from
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB85ABDED8241A5FBAD" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85ABDED824434FC75" box="[957,1115,964,989]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Chaetostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Chaetostoma</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85D68ED824548FC75" box="[1128,1319,964,989]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Cordylancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cordylancistrus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85808EDAA41A9FBAD" box="[264,454,1004,1029]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Dolichancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Dolichancistrus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85B03EDAA42DEFBAD" box="[515,689,1004,1029]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Leptoancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB85B03EDAA42DEFBAD" box="[515,689,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Leptoancistrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having the spinelet and the nuchal plate of the dorsal fin supporting odontodes (vs. skin covering the spinelet and nuchal plate in all but adult male
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85848EA7A426CFBFD" box="[328,515,1084,1109]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Dolichancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB85848EA7A426CFBFD" box="[328,515,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dolichancistrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF94FFB85838EA224333FAC6" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85838EA224184FBD5" box="[312,491,1124,1149]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB85838EA224184FBD5" box="[312,491,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pseudancistrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be separated from the Neopleostominae,
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85D2EEA224484FBD5" box="[1070,1259,1124,1149]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hemipsilichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB85D2EEA224484FBD5" box="[1070,1259,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hemipsilichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and most of the
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB858A0EACA42EEFB0E" box="[416,641,1164,1190]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hypoptopomatinae">Hypoptopomatinae</taxonomicName>
by having a
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB85A28EACA4358FB0D" box="[808,823,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">V</emphasis>
­shaped dorsal­fin spinelet (vs. dorsal­fin spinelet rectangular or absent); from all of the Hyopotopomatinae by lacking odontodes on the ventral surface of the pectoral girdle; from the
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85A54EA9A438CFB5E" box="[852,995,1244,1270]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Loricariinae">Loricariinae</taxonomicName>
by having four or five rows of plates on the caudal peduncle (vs. three) and by having an adipose fin; and from
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85DE0EB424142FAED" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Delturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB85DE0EB424142FAED" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Delturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB8586CEB6A4246FAED" box="[364,553,1324,1349]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hemipsilichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB8586CEB6A4246FAED" box="[364,553,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hemipsilichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(a new subfamily;
<bibRefCitation id="EF936DFEFF94FFB85A15EB6A438DFAEE" author="Armbruster" box="[789,994,1324,1350]" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" refString="Armbruster, J. W. (2004) Phylogenetic relationships of the suckermouth armored catfishes (Loricariidae) with emphasis on the Hypostominae and the Ancistrinae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 141, 1 - 80." type="journal article" year="2004">Armbruster 2004</bibRefCitation>
) by having a single (rarely two) median, preadipose plates (vs. three or more).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3184384FF94FFBA5838EB3A4415FA3E" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF94FFB85838EB3A4339F8E6" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF94FFB85838EB3A41A6FA3E" bold="true" box="[312,457,1404,1430]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Description</emphasis>
: Member of subfamily Hypostominae, tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF94FFB85AE9EB3A4431FA3E" box="[1001,1118,1404,1430]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Ancistrini">Ancistrini</taxonomicName>
as diagnosed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF936DFEFF94FFB85808EBE24183FA16" author="Armbruster" box="[264,492,1444,1470]" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" refString="Armbruster, J. W. (2004) Phylogenetic relationships of the suckermouth armored catfishes (Loricariidae) with emphasis on the Hypostominae and the Ancistrinae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 141, 1 - 80." type="journal article" year="2004">Armbruster (2004)</bibRefCitation>
. Small to large loricariids. Ventral surface from anus to head largely naked in adults. Lateral plates unkeeled except ventral plate bent to form keel­like ridge on caudal peduncle, inframedian plate row bent from pectoral­spine insertion to above pelvic fin forming ridge, and dorsal plate row bent, forming ridge from insertion of dorsal­fin spine to posterior end of adipose­fin spine (ridges on either side converging at posterior end of adipose­fin spine). Cheek plates with numerous hypertrophied odontodes, longest odontode reaching almost to posterior edge of cleithral process; cheek odontodes and supporting plates evertible at an angle greater than 75° from head primitively although advanced species may not have evertible cheek plates, 1560 evertible cheek odontodes. Frontal, infraorbitals, nasal, opercle, preopercle (in some species), pterotic­supracleithrum, and suprapreopercle supporting odontodes.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7D4087FF97FFBB5808EF5D4440FED0" ID-Table-UUID="DF7D4087FF97FFBB5808EF5D4440FED0" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7D4087FF97FFBB5808EF5D4440FED0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[268,1273,412,1842]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF97FFBB5808EF5D4440FED0" blockId="6.[264,1323,283,376]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF97FFBB5808EF5D4114FE9B" bold="true" box="[264,379,283,307]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Selected morphometrics of
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF97FFBB5BA8EF5A43C5FE9B" box="[680,938,284,307]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sidereus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF97FFBB5BA8EF5A43C5FE9B" box="[680,938,284,307]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pseudancistrus sidereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Landmarks represent the two landmarks the measurement is between (see Armbruster 2003). Measurements are ratios of SL (predorsal l. to pelvic­dorsal l.) or head l. (head­eye l. to premaxillary tooth cup l.).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF97FFBB580CEFDA44B1F89A" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<table id="F902E2AFFF970042580CEFDA4496F89A" box="[268,1273,412,1842]" gridcols="4" gridrows="36" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CEFDA4496FE1B" box="[268,1273,412,435]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CEFDA42D1FE1B" box="[268,702,412,435]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Landmarks Measurement</th>
<th id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CEFDA4340FE1B" box="[796,815,412,435]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N</th>
<th id="76E37B31FF9700425A79EFDA4475FE1B" box="[889,1050,412,435]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Average SD</th>
<th id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CEFDA4496FE1B" box="[1116,1273,412,435]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Range</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CEF824496FE73" box="[268,1273,452,475]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CEF8242D1FE73" box="[268,702,452,475]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">120 SL (mm)</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CEF824340FE73" box="[796,815,452,475]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79EF824475FE73" box="[889,1050,452,475]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">162.0 15.5</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CEF824496FE73" box="[1116,1273,452,475]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">148.7 183.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CEFAB4496FDAC" box="[268,1273,493,516]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CEFAB42D1FDAC" box="[268,702,493,516]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">110 Predorsal L.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CEFAB4340FDAC" box="[796,815,493,516]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79EFAB4475FDAC" box="[889,1050,493,516]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">38.2 0.4</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CEFAB4496FDAC" box="[1116,1273,493,516]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">37.9 39.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CEC534496FD84" box="[268,1273,533,556]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CEC5342D1FD84" box="[268,702,533,556]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">17 Head L. (HL)</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CEC534340FD84" box="[796,815,533,556]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79EC534475FD84" box="[889,1050,533,556]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">30.8 0.3</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CEC534496FD84" box="[1116,1273,533,556]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">30.3 31.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CEC7B4496FDFC" box="[268,1273,573,596]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CEC7B42D1FDFC" box="[268,702,573,596]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">710 Head­dorsal L.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CEC7B4340FDFC" box="[796,815,573,596]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79EC7B4475FDFC" box="[889,1050,573,596]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7.5 0.5</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CEC7B4496FDFC" box="[1116,1273,573,596]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">6.9 8.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CEC234496FDD4" box="[268,1273,613,636]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CEC2342D1FDD4" box="[268,702,613,636]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">89 Cleithral W.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CEC234340FDD4" box="[796,815,613,636]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79EC234475FDD4" box="[889,1050,613,636]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">25.6 0.3</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CEC234496FDD4" box="[1116,1273,613,636]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">25.1 26.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CECCB4496FD0C" box="[268,1273,653,676]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CECCB42D1FD0C" box="[268,702,653,676]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">112 Head­pectoral L.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CECCB4340FD0C" box="[796,815,653,676]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79ECCB4475FD0C" box="[889,1050,653,676]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">25.7 0.7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CECCB4496FD0C" box="[1116,1273,653,676]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">24.4 26.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CECF04496FD65" box="[268,1273,694,717]" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CECF042D1FD65" box="[268,702,694,717]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1213 Thorax L.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CECF04340FD65" box="[796,815,694,717]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79ECF04475FD65" box="[889,1050,694,717]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">22.3 1.1</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CECF04496FD65" box="[1116,1273,694,717]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">20.3 23.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CEC984496FD5D" box="[268,1273,734,757]" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CEC9842D1FD5D" box="[268,702,734,757]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1229 Pectoral­spine L.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CEC984340FD5D" box="[796,815,734,757]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79EC984475FD5D" box="[889,1050,734,757]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">28.6 1.6</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CEC984496FD5D" box="[1116,1273,734,757]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">27.4 32.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CED404496FCB5" box="[268,1273,774,797]" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CED4042D1FCB5" box="[268,702,774,797]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1314 Abdominal L.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CED404340FCB5" box="[796,815,774,797]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79ED404475FCB5" box="[889,1050,774,797]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">22.7 0.8</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CED404496FCB5" box="[1116,1273,774,797]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">21.4 23.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CED684496FCED" box="[268,1273,814,837]" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CED6842D1FCED" box="[268,702,814,837]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1330 Pelvic­spine L.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CED684340FCED" box="[796,815,814,837]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79ED684475FCED" box="[889,1050,814,837]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">23.5 0.9</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CED684496FCED" box="[1116,1273,814,837]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">22.4 24.8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CED104496FCC5" box="[268,1273,854,877]" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CED1042D1FCC5" box="[268,702,854,877]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1415 Postanal L.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CED104340FCC5" box="[796,815,854,877]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79ED104475FCC5" box="[889,1050,854,877]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">36.2 1.0</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CED104496FCC5" box="[1116,1273,854,877]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">34.5 37.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CED384496FC3D" box="[268,1273,894,917]" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CED3842D1FC3D" box="[268,702,894,917]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1431 Anal­fin spine L.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CED384340FC3D" box="[796,815,894,917]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79ED384475FC3D" box="[889,1050,894,917]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">8.7 0.9</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CED384496FC3D" box="[1116,1273,894,917]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7.4 10.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CEDE14496FC16" box="[268,1273,935,958]" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CEDE142D1FC16" box="[268,702,935,958]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1012 Dorsal­pectoral D.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CEDE14340FC16" box="[796,815,935,958]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79EDE14475FC16" box="[889,1050,935,958]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">23.4 0.5</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CEDE14496FC16" box="[1116,1273,935,958]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">22.9 24.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CED894496FC4E" box="[268,1273,975,998]" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CED8942D1FC4E" box="[268,702,975,998]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1011 Dorsal spine L.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CED894340FC4E" box="[796,815,975,998]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79ED894475FC4E" box="[889,1050,975,998]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">32.6 2.4</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CED894496FC4E" box="[1116,1273,975,998]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">29.2 35.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CEDB14496FBA6" box="[268,1273,1015,1038]" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CEDB142D1FBA6" box="[268,702,1015,1038]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1013 Dorsal­pelvic D.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CEDB14340FBA6" box="[796,815,1015,1038]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79EDB14475FBA6" box="[889,1050,1015,1038]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">20.2 0.8</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CEDB14496FBA6" box="[1116,1273,1015,1038]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">19.0 21.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CEA594496FB9E" box="[268,1273,1055,1078]" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CEA5942D1FB9E" box="[268,702,1055,1078]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1016 Dorsal­fin base L.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CEA594340FB9E" box="[796,815,1055,1078]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79EA594475FB9E" box="[889,1050,1055,1078]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">26.5 0.9</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CEA594496FB9E" box="[1116,1273,1055,1078]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">25.7 28.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CEA014496FBF6" box="[268,1273,1095,1118]" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CEA0142D1FBF6" box="[268,702,1095,1118]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1617 Dorsal­adipose D.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CEA014340FBF6" box="[796,815,1095,1118]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79EA014475FBF6" box="[889,1050,1095,1118]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">18.2 0.9</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CEA014496FBF6" box="[1116,1273,1095,1118]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">16.7 19.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CEA364496FB2F" box="[268,1273,1136,1159]" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CEA3642D1FB2F" box="[268,702,1136,1159]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1718 Adipose­spine L.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CEA364340FB2F" box="[796,815,1136,1159]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79EA364475FB2F" box="[889,1050,1136,1159]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">8.5 1.1</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CEA364496FB2F" box="[1116,1273,1136,1159]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">6.3 9.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CEADE4496FB07" box="[268,1273,1176,1199]" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CEADE42D1FB07" box="[268,702,1176,1199]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1719 Dorsal adipose­caudal D.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CEADE4340FB07" box="[796,815,1176,1199]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79EADE4475FB07" box="[889,1050,1176,1199]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">13.0 1.1</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CEADE4496FB07" box="[1116,1273,1176,1199]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">11.9 14.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CEA864496FB7F" box="[268,1273,1216,1239]" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CEA8642D1FB7F" box="[268,702,1216,1239]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1519 Caudal peduncle Dp.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CEA864340FB7F" box="[796,815,1216,1239]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79EA864475FB7F" box="[889,1050,1216,1239]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">8.6 0.2</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CEA864496FB7F" box="[1116,1273,1216,1239]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">8.2 8.8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CEAAE4496FB57" box="[268,1273,1256,1279]" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CEAAE42D1FB57" box="[268,702,1256,1279]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1517 Ventral adipose­caudal D.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CEAAE4340FB57" box="[796,815,1256,1279]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79EAAE4475FB57" box="[889,1050,1256,1279]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">20.7 0.5</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CEAAE4496FB57" box="[1116,1273,1256,1279]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">20.1 21.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CEB564496FA8F" box="[268,1273,1296,1319]" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CEB5642D1FA8F" box="[268,702,1296,1319]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1417 Adipose­anal D.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CEB564340FA8F" box="[796,815,1296,1319]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79EB564475FA8F" box="[889,1050,1296,1319]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">21.0 0.6</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CEB564496FA8F" box="[1116,1273,1296,1319]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">19.9 21.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CEB7E4496FAE7" box="[268,1273,1336,1359]" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CEB7E42D1FAE7" box="[268,702,1336,1359]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1416 Dorsal­anal D.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CEB7E4340FAE7" box="[796,815,1336,1359]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79EB7E4475FAE7" box="[889,1050,1336,1359]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">12.7 0.3</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CEB7E4496FAE7" box="[1116,1273,1336,1359]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">12.3 13.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CEB274496FAD0" box="[268,1273,1377,1400]" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CEB2742D1FAD0" box="[268,702,1377,1400]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1316 Pelvic­dorsal D.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CEB274340FAD0" box="[796,815,1377,1400]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79EB274475FAD0" box="[889,1050,1377,1400]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">24.8 0.9</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CEB274496FAD0" box="[1116,1273,1377,1400]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">24.0 26.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CEBCF4496FA08" box="[268,1273,1417,1440]" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CEBCF42D1FA08" box="[268,702,1417,1440]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">57 Head­eye L.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CEBCF4340FA08" box="[796,815,1417,1440]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79EBCF4475FA08" box="[889,1050,1417,1440]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">8.7 0.3</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CEBCF4496FA08" box="[1116,1273,1417,1440]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">8.3 9.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CEBF74496FA60" box="[268,1273,1457,1480]" gridrow="26" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CEBF742D1FA60" box="[268,702,1457,1480]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">45 Orbit Dia.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CEBF74340FA60" box="[796,815,1457,1480]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79EBF74475FA60" box="[889,1050,1457,1480]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">5.2 0.3</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CEBF74496FA60" box="[1116,1273,1457,1480]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4.7 5.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CEB9F4496FA58" box="[268,1273,1497,1520]" gridrow="27" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CEB9F42D1FA58" box="[268,702,1497,1520]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">14 Snout L.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CEB9F4340FA58" box="[796,815,1497,1520]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79EB9F4475FA58" box="[889,1050,1497,1520]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">20.7 0.8</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CEB9F4496FA58" box="[1116,1273,1497,1520]" gridcol="3" gridrow="27" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">19.7 21.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CE8474496F9B0" box="[268,1273,1537,1560]" gridrow="28" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CE84742D1F9B0" box="[268,702,1537,1560]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">23 Internares W.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CE8474340F9B0" box="[796,815,1537,1560]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79E8474475F9B0" box="[889,1050,1537,1560]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">3.3 0.3</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CE8474496F9B0" box="[1116,1273,1537,1560]" gridcol="3" gridrow="28" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">3.0 4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CE86F4496F9E8" box="[268,1273,1577,1600]" gridrow="29" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CE86F42D1F9E8" box="[268,702,1577,1600]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">56 Interorbital W.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CE86F4340F9E8" box="[796,815,1577,1600]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79E86F4475F9E8" box="[889,1050,1577,1600]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">11.4 0.8</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CE86F4496F9E8" box="[1116,1273,1577,1600]" gridcol="3" gridrow="29" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">10.7 12.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CE8144496F9C1" box="[268,1273,1618,1641]" gridrow="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CE81442D1F9C1" box="[268,702,1618,1641]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">712 Head Dp.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CE8144340F9C1" box="[796,815,1618,1641]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79E8144475F9C1" box="[889,1050,1618,1641]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">19.4 0.2</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CE8144496F9C1" box="[1116,1273,1618,1641]" gridcol="3" gridrow="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">19.1 19.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CE83C4496F939" box="[268,1273,1658,1681]" gridrow="31" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CE83C42D1F939" box="[268,702,1658,1681]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">124 Mouth L.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CE83C4340F939" box="[796,815,1658,1681]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79E83C4475F939" box="[889,1050,1658,1681]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">16.8 0.6</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CE83C4496F939" box="[1116,1273,1658,1681]" gridcol="3" gridrow="31" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">15.7 17.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CE8E44496F911" box="[268,1273,1698,1721]" gridrow="32" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CE8E442D1F911" box="[268,702,1698,1721]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2122 Mouth W.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CE8E44340F911" box="[796,815,1698,1721]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79E8E44475F911" box="[889,1050,1698,1721]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">20.3 0.6</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CE8E44496F911" box="[1116,1273,1698,1721]" gridcol="3" gridrow="32" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">19.4 21.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CE88C4496F949" box="[268,1273,1738,1761]" gridrow="33" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CE88C42D1F949" box="[268,702,1738,1761]" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2223 Barbel L.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CE88C4340F949" box="[796,815,1738,1761]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79E88C4475F949" box="[889,1050,1738,1761]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2.2 0.2</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CE88C4496F949" box="[1116,1273,1738,1761]" gridcol="3" gridrow="33" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1.8 2.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CE8B44496F8A1" box="[268,1273,1778,1801]" gridrow="34" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CE8B442D1F8A1" box="[268,702,1778,1801]" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2526 Dentary tooth cup L.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CE8B44340F8A1" box="[796,815,1778,1801]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79E8B44475F8A1" box="[889,1050,1778,1801]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7.1 0.4</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CE8B44496F8A1" box="[1116,1273,1778,1801]" gridcol="3" gridrow="34" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">6.5 7.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532124DFF970042580CE95D4496F89A" box="[268,1273,1819,1842]" gridrow="35" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76E37B31FF970042580CE95D42D1F89A" box="[268,702,1819,1842]" gridcol="0" gridrow="35" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2728 Premaxillary tooth cup L.</th>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A1CE95D4340F89A" box="[796,815,1819,1842]" gridcol="1" gridrow="35" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425A79E95D4475F89A" box="[889,1050,1819,1842]" gridcol="2" gridrow="35" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">6.9 0.5</td>
<td id="76E37B31FF9700425D5CE95D4496F89A" box="[1116,1273,1819,1842]" gridcol="3" gridrow="35" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">6.2 7.6</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF96FFBA5838EF5A4469FDE6" blockId="7.[264,1324,284,1430]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Caudal fin emarginate to forked, lower lobe longer than upper. Lower surface flat. Head moderate in length with horizontal distance between anterior of eye and tip of snout long. Head dorsoventrally flattened. Body depth increasing slowly, in broad arc from tip of snout to insertion of dorsal fin. Body depth decreases very little to dorsal procurrent caudal­fin spines; body depth increases slightly from posterior adipose­fin insertion to insertion of upper caudal­fin spine. Dorsal surface of head between eyes moderately concave. Supraoccipital crest not raised, posterior edge of supraoccipital rounded. Eye large (
<tableCitation id="C68025B4FF96FFBA5DE8EC4A417AFDE6" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,352,283,307]" captionTargetBox="[268,1273,412,1842]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="TABLE 1. Selected morphometrics of Pseudancistrus sidereus. Landmarks represent the two landmarks the measurement is between (see Armbruster 2003). Measurements are ratios of SL (predorsal l. to pelvic­dorsal l.) or head l. (head­eye l. to premaxillary tooth cup l.)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7D4087FF97FFBB5808EF5D4440FED0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" tableUuid="DF7D4087FF97FFBB5808EF5D4440FED0">Table 1</tableCitation>
) with well­developed dorsal flap of iris. Gill opening restricted.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF96FFBA5838EC1A4120FC96" blockId="7.[264,1324,284,1430]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Dorsal­fin spine short (table 1); dorsal fin reaching posterior edge of preadipose plate when depressed in all species except
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF96FFBA5BB9ECC243BBFD35" box="[697,980,644,669]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sidereus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF96FFBA5BB9ECC243BBFD35" box="[697,980,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pseudancistrus sidereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
where the dorsal fin does not reach preadipose plate. Depressed pectoral­fin spine reaching beyond base of pelvic­fin rays; depressed pelvic­fin spine typically reaching anterior insertion of anal fin (sometimes slightly beyond). Dorsal fin
<date id="FFBC36CFFF96FFBA5B9BECBA42AFFCBE" box="[667,704,764,790]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">II7</date>
, caudal fin
<date id="FFBC36CFFF96FFBA5A48ECBA431EFCBE" box="[840,881,764,790]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="1914-01">I14</date>
I, anal fin
<date id="FFBC36CFFF96FFBA5AE8ECBA444EFCBE" box="[1000,1057,764,790]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">I45</date>
, pectoral fin
<date id="FFBC36CFFF96FFBA5DBBECBA44B9FCBE" box="[1211,1238,764,790]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">I6</date>
, pelvic fin
<date id="FFBC36CFFF96FFBA5830ED624120FC96" box="[304,335,804,830]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">I5.</date>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF96FFBA5838ED0A44DAFC1E" blockId="7.[264,1324,284,1430]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lips papillose, forming oval disk about as wide as head. Maxillary barbel short, thin, and pointed. Buccal papilla short, narrow. Teeth long, thin with pointed cusps, lateral cusp about half length of medial cusp, 4589 dentary teeth, 3894 premaxillary teeth.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF96FFBA5838ED8242C3FBFE" blockId="7.[264,1324,284,1430]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF96FFBA5838ED8241E6FC76" bold="true" box="[312,393,964,990]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Color:</emphasis>
Generally dark gray, lighter on abdomen. Some species with light spots or blotches on the sides. Some species with the body mottled gray or brown. Fins generally colored as sides, but some species with bands in the caudal fin, or with orange to red edging on the dorsal and/or caudal fins.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF96FFBA5838EA22427FFAB6" blockId="7.[264,1324,284,1430]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF96FFBA5838EA224254FBD6" bold="true" box="[312,571,1124,1150]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sexual Dimorphism:</emphasis>
Most species with hypertrophied odontodes along the snout in both males and females, but males generally with longer snout odontodes.
<taxonomicName id="4C026B8CFF96FFBA5D77EACA4107FB65" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sidereus">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF96FFBA5D77EACA4107FB65" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pseudancistrus sidereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may have hypertrophied odontodes on the lateral plates (see description below). Some specimens with hypertrophied odontodes on tip of pectoral spine, but it is unknown if these are dimorphic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF96FFBA5838EB6A442BFAEE" blockId="7.[264,1324,284,1430]" box="[312,1092,1324,1350]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF96FFBA5838EB6A41CBFAEE" bold="true" box="[312,420,1324,1350]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ecology:</emphasis>
Found in swift flow among gravel, cobble, and boulders.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD100FFF96FFBA5838EB124415FA3E" blockId="7.[264,1324,284,1430]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B976CC1DFF96FFBA5838EB1241FEFAC6" bold="true" box="[312,401,1364,1390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Range:</emphasis>
Found around the
<collectingCountry id="F315509FFF96FFBA5B6FEB1242A5FAC6" box="[623,714,1364,1390]" name="Guyana" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Guyana</collectingCountry>
Shield in the Guyanas,
<collectingCountry id="F315509FFF96FFBA5AE3EB124431FAC6" box="[995,1118,1364,1390]" name="Venezuela" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="F315509FFF96FFBA5D9DEB124487FAC6" box="[1181,1256,1364,1390]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. Also found in northeastern
<collectingCountry id="F315509FFF96FFBA5B09EB3A423FFA3E" box="[521,592,1404,1430]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brazil</collectingCountry>
in the Rio Jaguaribe and Rio Grande do Norte.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>