126 lines
15 KiB
XML
126 lines
15 KiB
XML
<document id="225916EEE0504DD78E720AF2A6B0E27F" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140" ID-CLB-Dataset="32975" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.583183" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6c479acc-8b18-4f0b-a6e5-85bcd6d7b6b7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="583183" ID-ZooBank="2D00AFF5-4FE2-4EC1-A328-C8670CFB8D6D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1495696370209" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Jong, Rienk De" docDate="2017" docId="03AA87D32868FFFFF7F0FB49FD72B788" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4270 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Vanessa vetula" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="41" masterDocId="FF93FFAB2840FFD7F767FF87FFA3B03E" masterDocTitle="Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)" masterLastPageNumber="63" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="41" updateTime="1698439901205" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="BFEFC2F9039E3C3BB96A8C2E564E54A0">Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="2BE3E02623CBE203CF611B448380D609" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="22C6EFF2B97188C5C15CB6E829F7F8F1">Jong, Rienk De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="DF150187479C32D761B29E03957F4F40">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="8012B8455D8A1B49818DAF20F904466E">
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<mods:date id="FE2D13EFF410D610B65D44C238EAF218">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="5427FD38A0DED8C66239605007B95F58">4270</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="13E9C75A598EB91C2102FE6A00FFB7A5">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="581ADBDE959191EC52759E1232D22879" type="CLB-Dataset">32975</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7F38AC703D23CCE53482F415E4B6208F" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.583183</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AA87D32868FFFFF7F0FB49FD72B788" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6047076" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130844929" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6047076" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D32868FFFFF7F0FB49FD72B788" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87D32868FFFFF7F0FB49FD72B788" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<subSubSection id="C319654E2868FFFFF7F0FB49FE9BB510" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52868FFFFF7F0FB49FD24B4D6" blockId="40.[151,647,1230,1256]" box="[151,647,1230,1256]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<heading id="D0F481A92868FFFFF7F0FB49FD24B4D6" bold="true" box="[151,647,1230,1256]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72868FFFFF7F0FB49FD24B4D6" bold="true" box="[151,647,1230,1256]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72868FFFFF7F0FB49FF4BB4D6" bold="true" box="[151,232,1230,1256]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462868FFFFF7F0FB49FF40B4D6" box="[151,227,1230,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vetula">vetula</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462868FFFFF788FB49FD24B4D6" authority="von Heyden, 1859" authorityName="von Heyden" authorityYear="1859" box="[239,647,1230,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vetula">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72868FFFFF788FB49FE01B4D6" bold="true" box="[239,418,1230,1256]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Vanessa vetula</emphasis>
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von
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342868FFFFF6BAFB49FD24B4D6" author="Heyden" box="[477,647,1230,1256]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="von Heyden, C. (1859) Fossile Insekten aus der Rheinischen Braunkohle. Palaeontographica, 8, 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="1859">Heyden, 1859</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52868FFFFF7F0FA91FE9BB510" blockId="40.[151,1437,1301,1974]" box="[151,312,1301,1326]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Incertae sedis.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C319654E2868FFFFF7A0FABDFD72B788" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52868FFFFF7A0FABDFBA0B56C" blockId="40.[151,1437,1301,1974]" box="[199,1027,1337,1362]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6B3C982868FFFFF7A0FABDFBA0B56C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739242" box="[199,1027,1337,1362]" country="Germany" location="Rheinland-Pfalz" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rheinland-Pfalz">
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<collectingCountry id="F31476552868FFFFF7A0FABDFE93B56C" box="[199,304,1338,1362]" name="Germany" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Germany</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F8272868FFFFF65CFABEFE57B56C" box="[315,500,1337,1362]" country="Germany" name="Rheinland-Pfalz" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Rheinland-Pfalz</collectingRegion>
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, Siebengebirge, Rott; Chattian, late Oligocene.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52868FFFFF7A0FADAFD6DB548" blockId="40.[151,1437,1301,1974]" box="[199,718,1373,1398]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Depository: BMNH (holotype, but not found).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52868FFFFF7A0FA06FEAFB580" blockId="40.[151,1437,1301,1974]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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Published figures: von
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342868FFFFF6BBFA06FC9DB5A4" author="Heyden" box="[476,830,1409,1434]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="von Heyden, C. (1859) Fossile Insekten aus der Rheinischen Braunkohle. Palaeontographica, 8, 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="1859">Heyden (1859: Pl. 1 Fig. 10)</bibRefCitation>
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; Scudder (1875: Pl. III
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<figureCitation id="13382A402868FFFFF303FA06FB1CB5A4" box="[1124,1215,1409,1434]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 13" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1787,1809]" captionTargetBox="[211,1372,202,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[174,1418,193,1750]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 13. Ƒanessa pluto Heer, 1849. Figures copied from (1875), Plate II, figures 1, 17 and 7, respectively. (A), copied by Scudder from original description by Heer; (B) and (C), figures sent to Scudder by Mr. Brunner de Wattenwyl, made after the same object. Note differences in wing shape and other details. Figs 14 – 16. Thaites ruminiana Scudder, 1875. Figures copied from Scudder (1875), Plate III, figures 9, 1 and 3, respectively. (A), underside of fossil; (B), reconstruction of venation; (C), reconstruction of markings. In (A) two separate subcostal veins have been drawn in the forewing, an impossible configuration in Lepidoptera, and apparently a mistake, corrected in (B) and (C). Fig. 17. Cyllo sepulta Boisduval, 1841, wing venation after Scudder (1875). Fig. 18. Butterfly fossil recorded by Wangrin (1939), but shown to be a fraud by Ansorge (2015). Photo kindly provided by J. Ansorge, Horst, Germany (see text for explanation)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583188/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Figs 12</figureCitation>
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, 16, as
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462868FFFFF242FA06FF5FB580" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Thanatites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="juvenalis">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72868FFFFF242FA06FF5FB580" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Thanatites juvenalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52868FFFFF7A0FA4EFD72B788" blockId="40.[151,1437,1301,1974]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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The original description and figure of this specimen was reproduced by Scudder (1875), who corrected previous mistakes and compared the fossil to the hesperiid
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462868FFFFF406FA6AFB1FB638" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[865,1212,1517,1542]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Thanaos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="juvenalis">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72868FFFFF406FA6AFB90B638" box="[865,1075,1517,1542]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Thanaos juvenalis</emphasis>
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(Fabricius)
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</taxonomicName>
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(Pyrginae; now in
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462868FFFFF7F0F995FF4DB617" box="[151,238,1554,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erynnis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72868FFFFF7F0F995FF4DB617" box="[151,238,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Erynnis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). Because of supposed similarities, Scudder (1875) erected the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462868FFFFF371F996FB2FB614" box="[1046,1164,1553,1578]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Thanatites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72868FFFFF371F996FB2FB614" box="[1046,1164,1553,1578]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Thanatites</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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for the fossil. There is, however, very little to support this opinion. As remarked by Scudder (1875: 65), the fossil "…is excessively obscure at the present time, and no fossil object I have ever studied has proved so difficult to decipher as this." The venation is too obscure to be helpful. The only character that could point to
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462868FFFFF489F9FAFBD7B6A8" box="[1006,1140,1661,1686]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
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is the presence of a costal fold, an apomorphy of part of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462868FFFFF57AF926FD04B684" box="[541,679,1697,1722]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
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. However, it is not mentioned in the original description, and only casually so by Scudder. Moreover, it is not shown in the figure. Scudder's assumption that the nearest living allies occur in tropical America is pure speculation, especially since it is not even certain that the fossil belongs to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462868FFFFF7F0F88AFE82B718" box="[151,289,1805,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
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. There are no indications either, that the fossil belongs to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462868FFFFF36EF88AFB00B718" box="[1033,1187,1805,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
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, as supposed by von
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342868FFFFF7F0F8B6FEE4B774" author="Heyden" box="[151,327,1841,1866]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="von Heyden, C. (1859) Fossile Insekten aus der Rheinischen Braunkohle. Palaeontographica, 8, 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="1859">Heyden (1859)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342868FFFFF631F8B6FE4EB774" author="Kirby" box="[342,493,1841,1866]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Kirby, W. F. (1871) A Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera. John van Voorst, London, vii + 690 pp." type="book" year="1871">Kirby (1871)</bibRefCitation>
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placed it in the recent genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462868FFFFF433F8B6FC64B774" box="[852,967,1841,1866]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Araschnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72868FFFFF433F8B6FC64B774" box="[852,967,1841,1866]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Araschnia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, apparently following von Heyden who compared it to
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462868FFFFF62EF8D1FDC8B750" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[329,619,1877,1902]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levana">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72868FFFFF62EF8D1FE5BB750" box="[329,504,1877,1902]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Vanessa levana</emphasis>
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Linnaeus
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</taxonomicName>
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, now in
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462868FFFFF5B3F8D2FCE4B750" box="[724,839,1877,1902]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Araschnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72868FFFFF5B3F8D2FCE4B750" box="[724,839,1877,1902]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Araschnia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). Unless the specimen can be found and studied in greater detail, it is inconsequential for understanding either the timing or relationships of butterflies.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342868FFFFF39FF8FEFA3FB7AC" author="Kozlov" box="[1272,1436,1913,1938]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Kozlov, M. V. (1988) Paleontology of lepidopterans and problems of the phylogeny of the order Papilionida. In: Ponomarenko, A. G. (Ed.), The Mesozoic-Cenozoic Crisis in the Evolution of Insects. Academy of Sciences, Moscow, pp. 16 - 69. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1988">Kozlov (1988)</bibRefCitation>
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listed the fossil as “
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72868FFFFF615F81AFDEEB788" box="[370,589,1949,1974]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Thanaites vetulinus</emphasis>
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(Heyden)”.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |