646 lines
78 KiB
XML
646 lines
78 KiB
XML
<document id="E650048EA9F60BA8484A81AF64AA44B4" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4256.1.1SLASH10888" ID-CLB-Dataset="33174" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.556851" ID-GBIF-Dataset="10284664-323e-49f2-a19f-3ef15f718cc0" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="556851" ID-ZooBank="985C0239-D00C-457D-B593-76A3081BCEEA" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1493019240325" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Calder, Dale R." docDate="2017" docId="03A787C74936FF9CFF58F8BCFE32FA89" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4256.1.1SLASH10888.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4256 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus Buss & Yund 1989" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="30" masterDocId="FF9EFFBF492CFF81FFCFFFE9FFF0FFF1" masterDocTitle="Additions to the hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the Bay of Fundy, northeastern North America, with a checklist of species reported from the region" masterLastPageNumber="86" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="27" updateTime="1698439043565" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="6415B62C921B6644D9338F1704E82687">Additions to the hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the Bay of Fundy, northeastern North America, with a checklist of species reported from the region</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DA7F6EB050B19242D68B8BAC3A21846B">Calder, Dale R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="CD48C3EEB8154EB23CD642123074337B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E37E55E2C1DAA8E2F0EFD07C067DBB10">2017</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03A787C74936FF9CFF58F8BCFE32FA89" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6015987" ID-GBIF-Taxon="128697018" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6015987" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74936FF9CFF58F8BCFE32FA89" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A787C74936FF9CFF58F8BCFE32FA89" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<subSubSection id="C314655A4936FF9BFF58F8BCFF04F861" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB136D14936FF9BFF58F8BCFCF9F89E" blockId="26.[151,777,1877,1936]" box="[151,777,1877,1903]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<heading id="D0F981BD4936FF9BFF58F8BCFCF9F89E" bold="true" box="[151,777,1877,1903]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFF58F8BCFCF9F89E" ID-CoL="6MHB4" authority="Buss & Yund, 1989" authorityName="Buss & Yund" authorityYear="1989" box="[151,777,1877,1903]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="symbiolongicarpus">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFF58F8BCFCF9F89E" bold="true" box="[151,777,1877,1903]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFF58F8BCFDE3F89E" bold="true" box="[151,531,1877,1903]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFDD5F8BCFCF9F89E" author="Buss" box="[538,777,1877,1903]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Buss, L. W. & Yund, P. O. (1989) A sibling species group of Hydractinia in the north-eastern United States. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 69, 857 - 874." type="journal article" year="1989">Buss & Yund, 1989</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB136D14936FF9BFF58F89EFF04F861" blockId="26.[151,777,1877,1936]" box="[151,244,1911,1936]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<figureCitation id="13352A544936FF9BFF58F89EFF15F861" box="[151,229,1911,1936]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1571,1593]" captionTargetBox="[164,1424,386,1541]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[150,1436,373,1549]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 13. Filiferan hydroids, continued. a, Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus, part of colony with gastrozooid, gonozooid with female gonophores, spine, and dactylozooid, ROMIZ B 643. Scale equals 0.25 mm. b, Eudendrium bleakneyi, sp. nov., hydranth, holotype, ROMIZ B 1473. Scale equals 0.1 mm. c, Eudendrium bleakneyi, female gonophores, paratype, ROMIZ B 1381. Scale equals 0.1 mm. d, Eudendrium bleakneyi, male gonophores, holotype, ROMIZ B 1473. Scale equals 0.1 mm. e, Eudendrium vaginatum, part of a stem with hydranth pedicels, SNM HYD- 001053. Scale equals 0.5 mm. f, Eudendrium vaginatum, tip of a pedicel with hydranth, bent over, SNM HYD- 001053. Scale equals 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556865/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
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a
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C314655A4936FF9BFF58F829FCB4F827" box="[151,836,1984,2006]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14936FF9BFF58F829FCB4F827" blockId="26.[151,836,1984,2006]" box="[151,836,1984,2006]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11FF4936FF9BFF58F829FCB4F827" box="[151,836,1984,2006]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFF58F829FD2AF827" ID-CoL="6MHB4" authority="Buss & Yund, 1989: 863" authorityName="Buss & Yund" authorityPageNumber="863" authorityYear="1989" box="[151,730,1984,2006]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="symbiolongicarpus">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFF58F829FE28F827" box="[151,472,1984,2006]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AAF10C04936FF9BFE11F828FD2AF827" author="Buss" box="[478,730,1984,2006]" page="863" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" year="1989">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFE11F828FD59F827" author="Buss" box="[478,681,1984,2006]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Buss, L. W. & Yund, P. O. (1989) A sibling species group of Hydractinia in the north-eastern United States. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 69, 857 - 874." type="journal article" year="1989">Buss & Yund, 1989</bibRefCitation>
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: 863
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, figs. 1, 2.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C314655A4937FF9AFF58FF7EFE1CFEB1" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14937FF9AFF58FF7EFEE8FF24" blockId="27.[151,1436,151,320]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4937FF9AFF58FF7EFEE8FF24" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688614" country="United States of America" county="Long Island Sound" latitude="41.266666" location="Guilford" longLatPrecision="1157" longitude="-72.73333" municipality="Long Island" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Connecticut" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAC34937FF9AFF58FF7EFEC6FF41" bold="true" box="[151,310,151,176]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<typeStatus id="54B588734937FF9AFF58FF7EFF22FF41" box="[151,210,151,176]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F31976414937FF9AFEF2FF71FE89FF41" box="[317,377,152,176]" name="United States of America" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">USA</collectingCountry>
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:
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<collectingCounty id="62D04E5D4937FF9AFE4BFF71FDADFF41" box="[388,605,151,176]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BD5ACAB4937FF9AFE4BFF71FDFAFF41" box="[388,522,151,176]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Long Island</collectingMunicipality>
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Sound
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</collectingCounty>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334937FF9AFDA7FF7EFD02FF41" box="[616,754,151,176]" country="United States of America" name="Connecticut" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Connecticut</collectingRegion>
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,
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<location id="8ED1600A4937FF9AFD31FF7EFC91FF41" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74936FF9CFF58F8BCFE32FA89:8ED1600A4937FF9AFD31FF7EFC91FF41" box="[766,865,151,176]" country="United States of America" county="Long Island Sound" latitude="41.266666" longLatPrecision="1157" longitude="-72.73333" municipality="Long Island" name="Guilford" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" stateProvince="Connecticut">Guilford</location>
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,
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<location id="8ED1600A4937FF9AFCA2FF7EFBE5FF41" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74936FF9CFF58F8BCFE32FA89:8ED1600A4937FF9AFCA2FF7EFBE5FF41" box="[877,1045,151,176]" country="United States of America" county="Long Island Sound" latitude="41.266666" longLatPrecision="1157" longitude="-72.73333" municipality="Long Island" name="Harrison Point" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" stateProvince="Connecticut">Harrison Point</location>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE3A50164937FF9AFBEFFF7EFB8FFF41" box="[1056,1151,151,176]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="925" value="41.266666">41°16'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE3A50164937FF9AFB44FF71FB05FF5E" box="[1163,1269,152,176]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="925" value="-72.73333">72°44' W</geoCoordinate>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204937FF9AFACAFF71FEFBFF24" author="Buss" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="Buss, L. W. & Yund, P. O. (1989) A sibling species group of Hydractinia in the north-eastern United States. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 69, 857 - 874." type="journal article" year="1989">Buss & Yund 1989: 868</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14937FF9AFF08FF36FE1CFEB1" blockId="27.[151,1436,151,320]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAC34937FF9AFF08FF36FE47FF09" bold="true" box="[199,439,223,248]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Material examined.</emphasis>
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NS: Kingsport,
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<date id="FFB010114937FF9AFD4CFF36FCF5FF09" box="[643,773,223,248]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="1966-07-19">19.vii.1966</date>
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, low tide, one colony, on gastropod shell occupied by
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524937FF9AFF58FEECFE73FEEC" box="[151,387,260,285]" class="Malacostraca" family="Paguridae" genus="Pagurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicarpus">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAC34937FF9AFF58FEECFE73FEEC" box="[151,387,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Pagurus longicarpus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with gastrozooids and gonozooids, gonozooids with female gonophores, coll. J.S. Bleakney & K.H. Bailey, ROMIZ B643.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<caption id="DF7166594937FF9AFF58F9CAFBAEF923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556865/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" targetBox="[164,1424,386,1541]" targetPageId="27">
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<paragraph id="8BB136D14937FF9AFF58F9CAFBAEF923" blockId="27.[151,1436,1571,1746]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAC34937FF9AFF58F9CAFED2F9C8" bold="true" box="[151,290,1571,1593]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
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Filiferan hydroids, continued. a,
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524937FF9AFD4CF9CAFC38F9C8" box="[643,968,1571,1593]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="symbiolongicarpus">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAC34937FF9AFD4CF9CAFC38F9C8" box="[643,968,1571,1593]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, part of colony with gastrozooid, gonozooid with female gonophores, spine, and dactylozooid, ROMIZ B643. Scale equals 0.25 mm. b,
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524937FF9AFB9FF9A8FAC7F9A6" box="[1104,1335,1601,1623]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" genus="Eudendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bleakneyi" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAC34937FF9AFB9FF9A8FAC7F9A6" box="[1104,1335,1601,1623]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Eudendrium bleakneyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24957B84937FF9AFA8AF9ABFA69F9A6" box="[1349,1433,1602,1623]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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, hydranth, holotype, ROMIZ B1473. Scale equals 0.1 mm. c,
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524937FF9AFCD5F989FBF1F987" box="[794,1025,1632,1654]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" genus="Eudendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bleakneyi">
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||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34937FF9AFCD5F989FBF1F987" box="[794,1025,1632,1654]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Eudendrium bleakneyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, female gonophores, paratype, ROMIZ B1381. Scale equals 0.1 mm. d,
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524937FF9AFE29F996FD3CF964" box="[486,716,1663,1685]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" genus="Eudendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bleakneyi">
|
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<emphasis id="B97AEAC34937FF9AFE29F996FD3CF964" box="[486,716,1663,1685]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Eudendrium bleakneyi</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, male gonophores, holotype, ROMIZ B1473. Scale equals 0.1 mm. e,
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524937FF9AFF58F974FE79F945" box="[151,393,1693,1716]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" genus="Eudendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vaginatum">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAC34937FF9AFF58F974FE79F945" box="[151,393,1693,1716]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Eudendrium vaginatum</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, part of a stem with hydranth pedicels, SNM HYD-001053. Scale equals 0.5 mm. f,
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524937FF9AFAD1F974FEF2F923" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" genus="Eudendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vaginatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34937FF9AFAD1F974FEF2F923" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Eudendrium vaginatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, tip of a pedicel with hydranth, bent over, SNM HYD-001053. Scale equals 0.2 mm.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C314655A4937FF9DFF08F910FE27FE94" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14937FF9DFF08F910FC65FF09" blockId="27.[151,1436,1785,2026]" lastBlockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34937FF9AFF08F910FEA9F8E3" bold="true" box="[199,345,1785,1810]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Description.</emphasis>
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||
Hydroid encrusting a gastropod shell occupied by pagurid crab
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524937FF9AFB86F912FAC8F8E3" box="[1097,1336,1785,1810]" class="Malacostraca" family="Paguridae" genus="Pagurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicarpus">
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||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34937FF9AFB86F912FAC8F8E3" box="[1097,1336,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Pagurus longicarpus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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. Colony stolonal, with a dense aggregation zooids arising from an encrustation of naked coenosarc dotted by innumerable small perisarcal spines and a lesser number of much larger, jagged perisarcal spines, grooves of these spines filled with naked coenosarc. Zooids naked, polymorphic, in poor condition but with distinguishable gastrozooids, gonozooids, and dactylozooids. Gastrozooids columnar, varying in height but about
|
||
<quantity id="4CF69B344937FF9AFB9AF863FB44F850" box="[1109,1204,1930,1954]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, terminating in an elongated hypostome; tentacles in a staggered but narrow ring at distal end, tapering from base to tip, about
|
||
<quantity id="4CF69B344937FF9AFA4FF847FF5DF81B" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="in" value="20.0">20 in</quantity>
|
||
number, appearing amphicoronate, with ones in upper whorl larger than those in lower whorl. Gonozooids columnar, shorter, lacking tentacles, terminating with a cap of bulbous nematocyst batteries. Dactylozooids tentacle-shaped, tapering from proximal to distal end, located inside orifice of shell adjacent to hermit crab. Colony female, with each gonozooid bearing several gonophores in a whorl.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14930FF9DFF08FEEDFDE8FEB1" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Gonophores fixed sporosacs lacking tentacles and canals, varying from nearly spherical to oval to irregular in shape, each one with several eggs.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14930FF9DFF08FEA5FE27FE94" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,471,332,357]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFF08FEA5FECBFE94" bold="true" box="[199,315,332,357]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Cnidome.</emphasis>
|
||
Undescribed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C314655A4930FF9CFF08FE86FE32FA89" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14930FF9DFF08FE86FCE9FD3D" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4930FF9DFF08FE86FEA7FE21" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688623" country="United Kingdom" location="Plymouth" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Plymouth">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFF08FE86FECBFE79" bold="true" box="[199,315,367,392]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Difficulties identifying species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFD15FE86FBAEFE79" authority="Van Beneden, 1844a" authorityName="Van Beneden" authorityYear="1844" box="[730,1118,367,392]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFD15FE86FC91FE79" box="[730,865,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hydractinia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204930FF9DFCA2FE99FBAEFE79" author="Van" box="[877,1118,367,392]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Van Beneden, P. - J. (1844 a) Sur les genres Eleutherie et Synhydre. Bulletins de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles- Lettres de Bruxelles, 11 (2), 305 - 314." type="journal article" year="1844" yearSuffix="a">Van Beneden, 1844a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the basis of traditional morphology alone have long been apparent. For example,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204930FF9DFCD0FE7DFC22FE5D" author="Nutting" box="[799,978,404,429]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1901 a) The hydroids of the Woods Hole region. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 19, 325 - 386." type="journal article" year="1901" yearSuffix="a">Nutting (1901a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
compared hydroids from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFB3DFE7DFA92FE5C" box="[1266,1378,404,429]" country="United Kingdom" name="Plymouth" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Plymouth</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976414930FF9DFAA2FE7CFA68FE5D" box="[1389,1432,405,428]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">UK</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and Woods Hole
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4930FF9DFEAAFE51FABAFDCC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688645" country="United States of America" location="Massachusetts" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Massachusetts">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976414930FF9DFEAAFE51FE50FE21" box="[357,416,440,464]" name="United States of America" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and concluded that European populations assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFBD9FE50FAADFE21" authority="Fleming, 1828" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1828" box="[1046,1373,439,464]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="echinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFBD9FE50FB6BFE21" box="[1046,1179,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">H. echinata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204930FF9DFB63FE5EFAA4FE21" author="Fleming" box="[1196,1364,439,464]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Fleming, J. (1828) A history of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematical arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, Mollusca, and Radiata of the United Kingdom. Bell & Bradfute, Edinburgh, 565 pp." type="book" year="1828">Fleming, 1828</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were readily distinguishable from American populations referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFCABFE34FB4BFE04" authority="L. Agassiz, 1860" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityYear="1860" box="[868,1211,476,501]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polyclina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFCABFE34FC00FE04" box="[868,1008,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">H. polyclina</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204930FF9DFC36FE34FB4BFE04" author="Agassiz" box="[1017,1211,476,501]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Agassiz, L. (1860) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. III. Little, Brown & Company, Boston, 301 pp." type="book" year="1860">L. Agassiz, 1860</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the much larger size of their polyps and the smaller number of tentacles on gastrozooids.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204930FF9DFBEBFDE9FB4DFDE9" author="Fraser" box="[1060,1213,512,536]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1912) Some hydroids of Beaufort, North Carolina. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 30, 339 - 387." type="journal article" year="1912">Fraser (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
came to a different conclusion after examining specimens from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFD4AFDCDFCD7FDCC" box="[645,807,548,573]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Vineyard Haven, Tarpaulin Cove, Woods Hole)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4930FF9DFA9AFDCDFE9CFD91" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688639" country="United States of America" location="South Harpswell" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Maine">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFA9AFDCDFA6CFDCC" box="[1365,1436,548,573]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Maine</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<location id="8ED1600A4930FF9DFF51FDAEFE94FD91" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74936FF9CFF58F8BCFE32FA89:8ED1600A4930FF9DFF51FDAEFE94FD91" box="[158,356,583,608]" country="United States of America" name="South Harpswell" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" stateProvince="Maine">South Harpswell</location>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4930FF9DFEB5FDAEFD59FD91" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688642" box="[378,681,583,608]" country="United States of America" location="North Carolina" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="North Carolina">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFEB5FDAEFDD6FD91" box="[378,550,583,608]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFEB5FDAEFE4BFD91" box="[378,443,583,608]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">North</collectingRegion>
|
||
Carolina
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Beaufort)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4930FF9DFD77FDA1FD59FD75" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688636" country="United States of America" location="Nova Scotia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Nova Scotia">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFD77FDA1FCB5FD91" box="[696,837,583,608]" country="Canada" name="Nova Scotia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Nova Scotia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Canso), and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFC22FDA1FB56FD91" box="[1005,1190,583,608]" country="Canada" name="New Brunswick" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">New Brunswick</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Grand Manan), and comparing them with colonies from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFD93FD84FD59FD75" box="[604,681,621,644]" country="United Kingdom" name="Devon" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Devon</collectingRegion>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4930FF9DFD72FD85FC5EFD74" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688635" box="[701,942,620,645]" country="United Kingdom" location="Plymouth" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Plymouth">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976414930FF9DFD72FD85FCEAFD74" box="[701,794,620,645]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFCFDFD85FC56FD74" box="[818,934,620,645]" country="United Kingdom" name="Plymouth" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Plymouth</collectingRegion>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4930FF9DFC0EFD84FCE9FD3D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688628" country="United Kingdom" location="No" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="No">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFC0EFD84FC13FD75" box="[961,995,621,644]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">No</collectingRegion>
|
||
consistent differences of taxonomic importance could be found by him between populations from the two sides of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFBF2FD66FB8EFD59" box="[1085,1150,655,680]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">North</collectingRegion>
|
||
Atlantic, and he referred them all to a single species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFE1DFD5CFCE4FD3D" authority="Fleming, 1828" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1828" box="[466,788,692,717]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="echinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFE1DFD5CFDA5FD3C" box="[466,597,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">H. echinata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204930FF9DFDACFD5DFCFDFD3D" author="Fleming" box="[611,781,692,717]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Fleming, J. (1828) A history of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematical arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, Mollusca, and Radiata of the United Kingdom. Bell & Bradfute, Edinburgh, 565 pp." type="book" year="1828">Fleming, 1828</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14930FF9DFF08FD3EFF26FC39" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Alternative methods have helped in resolving the taxonomy of this difficult genus. Utilizing breeding experiments, electrophoretic analyses, and morphometrics,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204930FF9DFC9CFD14FBBFFCE5" author="Buss" box="[851,1103,764,789]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Buss, L. W. & Yund, P. O. (1989) A sibling species group of Hydractinia in the north-eastern United States. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 69, 857 - 874." type="journal article" year="1989">Buss & Yund (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
demonstrated that hydroids commonly identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFE69FCF6FD64FCC9" box="[422,660,799,824]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="echinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFE69FCF6FD64FCC9" box="[422,660,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hydractinia echinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from northeastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFCA5FCF6FC5BFCC9" box="[874,939,799,824]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">North</collectingRegion>
|
||
America comprised a sibling species group. Moreover, none of these sibling species was conspecific with the European
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFBC1FCACFB65FCAC" box="[1038,1173,836,861]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="echinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFBC1FCACFB65FCAC" box="[1038,1173,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">H. echinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. One of the American populations, found as epibionts on shells inhabited predominantly by the hermit crab
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFB82FC80FAC8FC71" box="[1101,1336,871,896]" class="Malacostraca" family="Paguridae" genus="Pagurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicarpus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFB82FC80FAC8FC71" box="[1101,1336,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Pagurus longicarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
between Freeport,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFECCFC65FEBDFC54" box="[259,333,908,933]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Maine</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and Guilford,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFE3AFC65FD8FFC54" box="[501,639,908,933]" country="United States of America" name="Connecticut" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Connecticut</collectingRegion>
|
||
, was established as a new species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFBCCFC64FF22FC39" authority="Buss & Yund, 1989" authorityName="Buss & Yund" authorityYear="1989" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="symbiolongicarpus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFBCCFC64FB0AFC54" box="[1027,1274,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">H. symbiolongicarpus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204930FF9DFACEFC64FF22FC39" author="Buss" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Buss, L. W. & Yund, P. O. (1989) A sibling species group of Hydractinia in the north-eastern United States. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 69, 857 - 874." type="journal article" year="1989">Buss & Yund, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14930FF9DFF08FC3CFC4EF969" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4930FF9DFF08FC3CFAFBFC1C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688629" box="[199,1291,980,1005]" location="A" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A">
|
||
Two other species were recognized in the complex.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFCE5FC3DFCCEFC1D" box="[810,830,980,1004]" country="Gambia" name="Upper River" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
population sampled between Starboard
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4930FF9DFAD5FC3DFF1BFBE1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688641" location="Maine" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Maine">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFAD5FC3DFA95FC1C" box="[1306,1381,980,1005]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Maine</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and Nahant
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4930FF9DFF38FC1EFBA8FBC4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688647" location="Massachusetts" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Massachusetts">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFF38FC1EFE6CFBE1" box="[247,412,1015,1040]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
, growing as epibionts on shells of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFCE4FC10FC19FBE1" box="[811,1001,1015,1040]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Littorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="littorea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFCE4FC10FC19FBE1" box="[811,1001,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Littorina littorea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
inhabited by the hermit crab
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFAF2FC10FEFAFBC4" class="Malacostraca" family="Paguridae" genus="Pagurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acadianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFAF2FC10FEFAFBC4" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Pagurus acadianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was referred by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204930FF9DFE1AFBF4FD25FBC5" author="Buss" box="[469,725,1052,1077]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Buss, L. W. & Yund, P. O. (1989) A sibling species group of Hydractinia in the north-eastern United States. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 69, 857 - 874." type="journal article" year="1989">Buss and Yund (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFD33FBF4FBA8FBC4" authority="L. Agassiz, 1860" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityYear="1860" box="[764,1112,1052,1077]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polyclina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFD33FBF4FC79FBC4" box="[764,905,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">H. polyclina</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204930FF9DFC5DFBF4FBA8FBC4" author="Agassiz" box="[914,1112,1052,1077]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Agassiz, L. (1860) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. III. Little, Brown & Company, Boston, 301 pp." type="book" year="1860">L. Agassiz, 1860</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4930FF9DFBABFBF5FCCAFB51" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688649" collectionCode="MCZ" collectorName="While & L. Agassiz" location="A" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCode="MCZ 9010" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="A" typeStatus="lectotype">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFBABFBF5FB88FBC5" box="[1124,1144,1052,1076]" country="Gambia" name="Upper River" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B588734930FF9DFB4EFBF5FB18FBC4" box="[1153,1256,1052,1077]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of that species, designated as
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBA89EAA4930FF9DFEF1FBA9FE32FBA9" box="[318,450,1087,1112]" collectionCode="MCZ" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE144930FF9DFEF1FBA9FE8BFBA9" box="[318,379,1088,1112]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
9010
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
-b, was selected by them from what is taken to have been Louis Agassiz’s
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B588734930FF9DFA8AFBA9FA6CFBA9" box="[1349,1436,1088,1112]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
material at the Museum of Comparative Zoology (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE144930FF9DFD3FFB8DFCC3FB8D" box="[752,819,1124,1148]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074930FF9DFC85FB8DFC7FFB8C" box="[842,911,1124,1149]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">While</collectorName>
|
||
collection localities of the species were not specified in the original accounts of
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074930FF9DFDE5FB61FD52FB51" box="[554,674,1159,1184]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
L.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204930FF9DFD86FB6EFD52FB51" author="Agassiz" box="[585,674,1159,1184]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Agassiz, L. (1860) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. III. Little, Brown & Company, Boston, 301 pp." type="book" year="1860">Agassiz</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
(1860, 1862)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204930FF9DFC8AFB61FBE0FB51" author="Agassiz" box="[837,1040,1159,1184]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Agassiz, A. (1865) North American Acalephae. Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Harvard College, No. 2, 1 - 234." type="book chapter" year="1865">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4930FF9DFC8AFB61FCACFB51" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688640" box="[837,860,1160,1184]" location="A" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A" typeStatus="lectotype">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFC8AFB61FCACFB51" box="[837,860,1160,1184]" country="Gambia" name="Upper River" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4930FF9DFCA9FB6EFBE0FB51" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688630" box="[870,1040,1159,1184]" collectionCode="MCZ" collectorName="The & Grand Manan" country="Iceland" location="Bay of Fundy" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCode="MCZ 55" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Massachusetts" typeStatus="lectotype">Agassiz (1865)</materialsCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed material at MCZ from Grand Manan Island, NB, in the
|
||
<location id="8ED1600A4930FF9DFE0DFB44FD90FB34" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74936FF9CFF58F8BCFE32FA89:8ED1600A4930FF9DFE0DFB44FD90FB34" box="[450,608,1196,1221]" country="Iceland" name="Bay of Fundy" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" stateProvince="Massachusetts">Bay of Fundy</location>
|
||
, as well as from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFCE9FB45FC38FB34" box="[806,968,1196,1221]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Chelsea Beach, Swampscott, Nantucket Shoals, and Nahant).
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074930FF9DFE43FB26FE48FB19" box="[396,440,1231,1256]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">The</collectorName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B588734930FF9DFE0FFB26FDD7FB19" box="[448,551,1231,1256]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen was taken from an original collection (
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBA89EAA4930FF9DFB94FB39FB4FFB19" box="[1115,1215,1231,1256]" collectionCode="MCZ" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">MCZ 55</specimenCode>
|
||
) obtained at
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074930FF9DFA99FB26FF15FAFD" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Grand Manan</collectorName>
|
||
during 1859 by
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFE6BFB1DFE4CFAFD" box="[420,444,1268,1292]" country="Gambia" name="Upper River" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4930FF9DFE70FB1DFB2AFA89" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688643" collectionCode="MCZ" collectorName="E. Verrill. Remaining" country="Iceland" location="Grand Manan" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCode="MCZ 56" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Massachusetts" typeStatus="paralectotype">
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074930FF9DFE70FB1DFD42FAFC" box="[447,690,1268,1293]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">E. Verrill. Remaining</collectorName>
|
||
material from that collection, together with specimens in another lot obtained at
|
||
<location id="8ED1600A4930FF9DFEF0FAFEFE2AFADE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74936FF9CFF58F8BCFE32FA89:8ED1600A4930FF9DFEF0FAFEFE2AFADE" box="[319,474,1303,1328]" country="Iceland" name="Grand Manan" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" stateProvince="Massachusetts">Grand Manan</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBA89EAA4930FF9DFE26FAF1FDBDFAC1" box="[489,589,1303,1328]" collectionCode="MCZ" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE144930FF9DFE26FAF1FDD7FAC1" box="[489,551,1304,1328]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
56
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
), form part of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B588734930FF9DFCD5FAFEFC41FAC1" box="[794,945,1303,1328]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
series. The second species, also recognized as new (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFF34FAD4FD3FFAA5" authority="Buss & Yund, 1989" authorityName="Buss & Yund" authorityYear="1989" box="[251,719,1340,1365]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="symbiopollicaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFF34FAD4FE2BFAA4" box="[251,475,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">H. symbiopollicaris</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204930FF9DFE2AFAD4FD3FFAA5" author="Buss" box="[485,719,1340,1365]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Buss, L. W. & Yund, P. O. (1989) A sibling species group of Hydractinia in the north-eastern United States. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 69, 857 - 874." type="journal article" year="1989">Buss & Yund, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), occurred on shells occupied by hermit crabs identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFA48FAD4FEF2FA89" class="Malacostraca" family="Paguridae" genus="Pagurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pollicaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFA48FAD4FEF2FA89" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">P. pollicaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Colonies of that species were collected at Woods Hole,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFC5CFAB6FBC8FA89" box="[915,1080,1375,1400]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and Guilford
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4930FF9DFB28FAB6FA82FA89" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688632" box="[1255,1394,1375,1400]" country="Iceland" location="Connecticut" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Connecticut" typeStatus="paralectotype">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFB28FAB6FA82FA89" box="[1255,1394,1375,1400]" country="United States of America" name="Connecticut" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Connecticut</collectingRegion>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4930FF9DFAB1FAB6FC4EF969" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688633" collectorName="Minas Basin, NS" country="Iceland" county="lower Bay of Fundy" location="The" municipality="Hydroids" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Maine" typeStatus="lectotype">
|
||
Of the three species distinguished by Buss & Yund,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFD35FA6CFC7CFA6C" box="[762,908,1412,1437]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polyclina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFD35FA6CFC7CFA6C" box="[762,908,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">H. polyclina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to have a stronger boreal affinity. Hydractiniid hydroids identified earlier from cold waters of the
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62D04E5D4930FF9DFCB1FA4EFB99FA31" box="[894,1129,1447,1472]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">lower Bay of Fundy</collectingCounty>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFB5BFA40FAEAFA31" box="[1172,1306,1447,1472]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="echinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFB5BFA40FAEAFA31" box="[1172,1306,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">H. echinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were most likely based on H.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFEB8FA25FE2FFA14" box="[375,479,1484,1509]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polyclina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFEB8FA25FE2FFA14" box="[375,479,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">polyclina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a conclusion supported by the collection locality of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B588734930FF9DFBB2FA25FB14FA14" box="[1149,1252,1484,1509]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of that species.
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD5ACAB4930FF9DFF58FA06FF0FF9F9" box="[151,255,1519,1544]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hydroids</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFEE6FA06FD7FF9F9" box="[297,655,1519,1544]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="symbiolongicarpus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFEE6FA06FD7FF9F9" box="[297,655,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurring northwards to estuaries of central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFB59FA06FB2EF9F9" box="[1174,1246,1519,1544]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Maine</collectingRegion>
|
||
were thought to represent either recent introductions or disjunct populations of a species occurring predominantly south of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFAADF9FDFA6CF9DD" box="[1378,1436,1556,1580]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
Cod (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204930FF9DFF1BF9DEFE30F9A1" author="Folino" box="[212,448,1591,1616]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Folino, N. C. & Yund, P. O. (1998) The distribution of hydroid sibling species on hermit crabs in estuaries in the Gulf of Maine. Estuaries, 21, 829 - 836." type="journal article" year="1998">Folino & Yund 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<location id="8ED1600A4930FF9DFE1CF9DEFE0FF9A1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74936FF9CFF58F8BCFE32FA89:8ED1600A4930FF9DFE1CF9DEFE0FF9A1" box="[467,511,1591,1616]" country="Iceland" county="lower Bay of Fundy" municipality="Hydroids" name="The" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" stateProvince="Maine">The</location>
|
||
species has been shown here to extend even further north into
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074930FF9DFB74F9DEFA8BF9A1" box="[1211,1403,1591,1616]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Minas Basin, NS</collectorName>
|
||
, in the
|
||
<location id="8ED1600A4930FF9DFF0DF9B4FE5AF984" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74936FF9CFF58F8BCFE32FA89:8ED1600A4930FF9DFF0DF9B4FE5AF984" box="[194,426,1628,1653]" country="Iceland" county="lower Bay of Fundy" municipality="Hydroids" name="upper Bay of Fundy" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" stateProvince="Maine">upper Bay of Fundy</location>
|
||
, where it is also likely disjunct.
|
||
<location id="8ED1600A4930FF9DFCEDF9B5FCB1F985" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74936FF9CFF58F8BCFE32FA89:8ED1600A4930FF9DFCEDF9B5FCB1F985" box="[802,833,1628,1652]" country="Iceland" county="lower Bay of Fundy" municipality="Hydroids" name="As" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" stateProvince="Maine">As</location>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFCBBF9B5FB30F984" box="[884,1216,1628,1653]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="symbiopollicaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFCBBF9B5FB30F984" box="[884,1216,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hydractinia symbiopollicaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is not known to occur north of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334930FF9DFEF3F969FE85F969" box="[316,373,1664,1688]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
Cod (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204930FF9DFE74F969FD63F969" author="Buss" box="[443,659,1663,1688]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Buss, L. W. & Yund, P. O. (1989) A sibling species group of Hydractinia in the north-eastern United States. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 69, 857 - 874." type="journal article" year="1989">Buss & Yund 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204930FF9DFD50F996FC42F969" author="Cunningham" box="[671,946,1663,1688]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Cunningham, C. W., Buss, L. W. & Anderson, C. (1991) Molecular and geologic evidence of shared history between hermit crabs and the symbiotic genus Hydractinia. Evolution, 45, 1301 - 1316." type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
Cunningham
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFCF8F968FC98F969" box="[823,872,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1991
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14930FF9DFF08F94DFCB5F89E" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Trophosome morphology was found by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204930FF9DFD5AF94CFC73F94D" author="Buss" box="[661,899,1700,1725]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Buss, L. W. & Yund, P. O. (1989) A sibling species group of Hydractinia in the north-eastern United States. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 69, 857 - 874." type="journal article" year="1989">Buss & Yund (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to be of less utility in distinguishing the three sibling species than the identity of the pagurid crabs occupying their substrate shells. Nevertheless, there was a tendency for the chitinous skeleton of the hydroid to grow beyond the shell margin in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFBA0F904FB0CF8F4" box="[1135,1276,1772,1797]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polyclina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFBA0F904FB0CF8F4" box="[1135,1276,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">H. polyclina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but not in the others. Colonies of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFE75F8F8FDB8F8D9" box="[442,584,1807,1832]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polyclina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFE75F8F8FDB8F8D9" box="[442,584,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">H. polyclina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFD48F8F8FC98F8D9" box="[647,872,1807,1832]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="symbiopollicaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFD48F8F8FC98F8D9" box="[647,872,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">H. symbiopollicaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also occasionally included unusual gastrozooids having 3–5 tentacles with significantly thickened bases, alternating with 2-4 shorter tentacles of normal shape. Such polyps were not seen by them in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFD88F8B0FCCEF881" box="[583,830,1879,1904]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="symbiolongicarpus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFD88F8B0FCCEF881" box="[583,830,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">H. symbiolongicarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14930FF9DFF08F895FA6DF82D" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Questions remain over the taxonomy and biogeography of these putative species. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204930FF9DFB39F895FF14F849" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Schuchert, P. & Cunningham, C. W. (2009) Reconciling genealogical and morphological species in a worldwide study of the family Hydractiniidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Zoologica Scripta, 38, 403 - 430. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2008.00376. x" type="journal article">
|
||
Miglietta
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFAABF894FA65F864" box="[1380,1429,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFF3BF849FE87F848" box="[244,375,1952,1977]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Fucaceae" genus="Ascophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fucales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Heterokontophyta" rank="species" species="preliminary">preliminary</taxonomicName>
|
||
molecular studies suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFD22F848FC3FF848" box="[749,975,1952,1977]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="symbiopollicaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFD22F848FC3FF848" box="[749,975,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">H. symbiopollicaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be conspecific with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524930FF9DFAC9F848FA65F848" box="[1286,1429,1952,1977]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polyclina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34930FF9DFAC9F848FA65F848" box="[1286,1429,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">H. polyclina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Confirmation of this conclusion is warranted, and both species are currently recognized as valid in WoRMS.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14931FF9CFF58FF71FE90FEB1" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,1400]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Moreover, Miglietta
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFEB1FF70FE5EFF41" box="[382,430,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. proposed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524931FF9CFD96FF70FD13FF41" box="[601,739,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polyclina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFD96FF70FD13FF41" box="[601,739,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">H. polyclina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in fact an amphi-Atlantic species, occurring on the coasts of Belgium and Denmark as well as northeastern North America. At those locations in Europe, the species was thought by the authors to have been misidentified previously as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524931FF9CFC5EFF08FBE8FF09" box="[913,1048,223,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="echinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFC5EFF08FBE8FF09" box="[913,1048,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">H. echinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. That conclusion, too, merits reexamination.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524931FF9CFEFBFEEDFDDFFEEC" box="[308,559,260,285]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polyclina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFEFBFEEDFDDFFEEC" box="[308,559,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hydractinia polyclina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not included in an account of northwest European anthoathecates by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204931FF9CFF58FECEFEACFEB1" author="Schuchert" box="[151,348,295,320]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="Schuchert, P. (2012) North-west European athecate hydroids and their medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, 59, 1 - 364." type="journal article" year="2012">Schuchert (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14931FF9CFF08FEA5FB72FD1E" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,1400]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
The occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524931FF9CFE53FEA5FC45FE94" authority="in Minas Basin" authorityName="in Minas Basin" box="[412,949,332,357]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="symbiolongicarpus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFE53FEA5FCF1FE94" box="[412,769,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus</emphasis>
|
||
in Minas Basin
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is biogeographically noteworthy in that its known distribution elsewhere is entirely to the south of the region. Nevertheless, the basin is hydrographically distinct from much of the rest of the Bay of Fundy, in part because of significantly warmer surface water temperatures during summer. As a result, several species of marine invertebrates, isolated from their primary populations along the Atlantic coast of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976414931FF9CFD4BFE35FCEDFE05" box="[644,797,476,501]" name="United States of America" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
, are known to occur there (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204931FF9CFB98FE35FAF4FE04" author="Ganong" box="[1111,1284,476,501]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="Ganong, W. F. (1890 b) Southern invertebrates on the shores of Acadia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Section 4, 8, 167 - 185." type="journal article" year="1890" yearSuffix="b">Ganong 1890b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204931FF9CFADEFE35FEE4FDE9" author="Bousfield" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="Bousfield, E. L. & Leim, A. H. (1960) The fauna of Minas Basin and Minas Channel. National Museum of Canada Bulletin, 166, 30 pp. [This reference has been variously dated as 1958, 1959, and 1960. A note on page 30 states " The Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery Ottawa, 1960 ".]" type="book" year="1960">Bousfield & Leim 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 26). Notably, one of the species included in the list of Bousfield and Leim was the hermit crab
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524931FF9CFAF2FDE8FEEDFDCC" class="Malacostraca" family="Paguridae" genus="Pagurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicarpus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFAF2FDE8FEEDFDCC" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Pagurus longicarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. To the list of disjunct species in Bousfield and Leim may be added the relatively warm-water hydroids
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524931FF9CFF58FDA0FE61FD91" box="[151,401,583,608]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="symbiolongicarpus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFF58FDA0FE61FD91" box="[151,401,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">H. symbiolongicarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524931FF9CFE02FDAEFCA4FD91" authority="S.F. Clark, 1875" authorityName="S.F. Clark" authorityYear="1875" box="[461,852,583,608]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Obelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFE02FDAEFD7DFD91" box="[461,653,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Obelia bidentata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204931FF9CFD59FDA1FCA4FD91" author="Clark" box="[662,852,583,608]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="Clark, S. F. (1875) Descriptions of new and rare species of hydroids from the New England coast. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 3, 58 - 66." type="journal article" year="1875">S.F. Clark, 1875</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both reported herein.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524931FF9CFB93FDAEFF22FD74" authority="Nutting, 1896" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1896" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" genus="Eudendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="album">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFB93FDAEFAC6FD91" box="[1116,1334,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Eudendrium album</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204931FF9CFAF0FDAEFF22FD74" author="Nutting" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1896) Notes on Plymouth hydroids. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, New Series, 4, 146 - 154." type="journal article" year="1896">Nutting, 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, identified during this study from Minas Basin, may be another. Although reported earlier by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204931FF9CFACCFD84FA6CFD75" author="Fraser" box="[1283,1436,620,644]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1918) Hydroids of eastern Canada. Contributions to Canadian Biology, 1917 - 1918, 329 - 367." type="book chapter" year="1918">Fraser (1918)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from perpetually cold waters of the lower Bay of Fundy, its actual distribution in the bay may be restricted to areas having seasonally warmer water temperatures. Other similar species occurring near the mouth of the Bay of Fundy (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524931FF9CFF6FFD30FE4FFD01" authority="Alder, 1856a" authorityName="Alder" authorityYear="1856" box="[160,447,727,752]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" genus="Eudendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capillare">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFF6FFD30FED3FD01" box="[160,291,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">E. capillare</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204931FF9CFEE5FD3EFE4FFD01" author="Alder" box="[298,447,727,752]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="Alder, J. (1856 a) A notice of some new genera and species of British hydroid zoophytes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 2, 18, 353 - 362." type="journal article" year="1856" yearSuffix="a">Alder, 1856a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524931FF9CFE05FD30FDA4FD01" box="[458,596,727,752]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" genus="Eudendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bleakneyi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFE05FD30FDA4FD01" box="[458,596,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">E. bleakneyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFDACFD3EFD4CFD01" bold="true" box="[611,700,727,752]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24957B84931FF9CFDACFD3EFD4CFD01" box="[611,700,727,752]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), could easily be mistaken for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524931FF9CFBD9FD30FB8BFD01" box="[1046,1147,727,752]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" genus="Eudendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="album">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFBD9FD30FB8BFD01" box="[1046,1147,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">E. album</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14931FF9CFF08FD15FB2CFBE1" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,1400]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
As noted elsewhere (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204931FF9CFE35FD15FD4DFCE5" author="Schuchert" box="[506,701,764,789]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="Schuchert, P. (2001 a) Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om GrOnland, Bioscience, 53, 1 - 184." type="journal article" year="2001" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2001a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204931FF9CFD03FD15FCE5FCE5" author="Schuchert" box="[716,789,764,788]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="Schuchert, P. (2008 a) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 3. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 115, 221 - 302." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">2008a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204931FF9CFCEBFD15FBDBFCE5" author="Cartwright" box="[804,1067,764,789]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="Cartwright, P., Evans, N. M., Dunn, C. W., Marques, A. C., Miglietta, M. P., Schuchert, P. & Collins, A. G. (2008) Phylogenetics of Hydroidolina (Hydrozoa: Cnidaria). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 88, 1663 - 1672." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Cartwright
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFC67FD14FC2EFCE4" box="[936,990,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204931FF9CFBF4FD15FAE4FCE5" author="Calder" box="[1083,1300,764,789]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="Calder, D. R., Carlton, J. T. & Choong, H. H. C. (2014) Clava multicornis (Forsskal, 1775): rediscovery of a North Atlantic hydroid (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata) on the Pacific coast of North America. BioInvasions Records, 3, 71 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.3391 / bir. 2014.3.2.03" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Calder
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFB5EFD14FB35FCE4" box="[1169,1221,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), molecular studies have revealed that the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524931FF9CFD9AFCF6FD2CFCC9" box="[597,732,799,824]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFD9AFCF6FD2CFCC9" box="[597,732,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hydractinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524931FF9CFCD2FCF6FBFAFCC9" authority="Gmelin, 1791" authorityName="Gmelin" authorityYear="1791" box="[797,1034,799,824]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Clava" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFCD2FCF6FC90FCC9" box="[797,864,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Clava</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204931FF9CFCA3FCF6FBFAFCC9" author="Gmelin" box="[876,1034,799,824]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Caroli a Linne, systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima tertia, aucta reformata. Tomus 1. Pars 6. G. E. Beer, Lipsiae, 1100 pp. [pp. 3021 - 4120]" type="book chapter" year="1791">Gmelin, 1791</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are closely related and should be referred to the same family.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334931FF9CFE00FCADFE13FCAD" box="[463,483,836,860]" country="Gambia" name="Upper River" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
nomenclatural problem arises from this discovery because widely used family names (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524931FF9CFF51FC8EFE4EFC71" authority="McCrady, 1859" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1859" box="[158,446,871,896]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clavidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
Clavidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204931FF9CFEC3FC8EFE4EFC71" author="McCrady" box="[268,446,871,896]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 103 - 221." type="journal article" year="1859">McCrady, 1859</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524931FF9CFE05FC8EFCC9FC71" authority="L. Agassiz, 1862" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityYear="1862" box="[458,825,871,896]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
Hydractiniidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204931FF9CFDB7FC81FCC9FC71" author="Agassiz" box="[632,825,871,896]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. IV. Little, Brown & Company, Boston, 380 pp." type="book" year="1862">L. Agassiz, 1862</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) have been based on the two genera. Prevailing usage so far this century has been to combine them in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524931FF9CFD74FC65FC91FC54" box="[699,865,908,933]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Hydractiniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and to abandon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524931FF9CFBD0FC65FB76FC54" box="[1055,1158,908,933]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clavidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Clavidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. While this is counter to the Principle of Priority in nomenclature, it has been justified given the greater number of species assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524931FF9CFF58FC3DFECDFC1C" box="[151,317,980,1005]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Hydractiniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and to the supposed greater familiarity of that name.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334931FF9CFC5BFC3DFC58FC1D" box="[916,936,980,1004]" country="Gambia" name="Upper River" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
ruling on the issue from the ICZN is needed in the interests of nomenclatural stability. Meanwhile, prevailing usage has been maintained here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14931FF9CFF08FBF5FD3DFB51" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,1400]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
The binomen
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524931FF9CFEA4FBF4FE0AFBC4" box="[363,506,1052,1077]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polyclina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFEA4FBF4FE0AFBC4" box="[363,506,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">H. polyclina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has often been attributed to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204931FF9CFC9BFBF4FBD9FBC4" author="Agassiz" box="[852,1065,1052,1077]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. IV. Little, Brown & Company, Boston, 380 pp." type="book" year="1862">L. Agassiz (1862)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Although the species was first described in that publication, the specific name was made nomenclaturally available two years earlier. The name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524931FF9CFF58FB8DFE62FB8C" box="[151,402,1124,1149]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polyclina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFF58FB8DFE62FB8C" box="[151,402,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hydractinia polyclina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was used by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204931FF9CFDF2FB8CFCFFFB8C" author="Agassiz" box="[573,783,1124,1149]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="Agassiz, L. (1860) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. III. Little, Brown & Company, Boston, 301 pp." type="book" year="1860">L. Agassiz (1860)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in association with illustrations of the species, thereby meeting criteria of availability (ICZN Art. 12.2.7).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14931FF9CFF08FB45FCBCFAFD" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,1400]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334931FF9CFF08FB45FF2BFB35" box="[199,219,1196,1220]" country="Gambia" name="Upper River" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
substantial literature exists on the genetics of allorecognition, and rejection or fusion, of merging conspecific colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524931FF9CFED1FB26FE97FB19" box="[286,359,1231,1256]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sessile">sessile</taxonomicName>
|
||
invertebrates.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524931FF9CFDDEFB26FC86FB19" box="[529,886,1231,1256]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="symbiolongicarpus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFDDEFB26FC86FB19" box="[529,886,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been used extensively a model organism in such studies (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204931FF9CFE95FB1CFD96FAFD" author="Rosengarten" box="[346,614,1268,1293]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="Rosengarten, R. D., Moreno, M. A., Lakkis, F. G., Buss, L. W. & Dellaporta, S. L. (2011) Genetic diversity of the allodeterminant alr 2 in Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 28, 933 - 947. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / molbev / msq 282" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Rosengarten
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFE22FB1CFDEEFAFC" box="[493,542,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204931FF9CFDBEFB1DFCB0FAFD" author="Powell" box="[625,832,1268,1293]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="Powell, A. E., Moreno, M., Gloria-Soria, A, Lakkis, F. G., Dellaporta, S. L. & Buss, L. W. (2011) Genetic background and allorecognition phenotype in Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus. G 3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics, 1, 499 - 503. https: // doi. org / 10.1534 / g 3.111.001149" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Powell
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFD0AFB1CFD06FAFC" box="[709,758,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14931FF9CFF08FAFEFC5CFAC1" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,1400]" box="[199,940,1303,1328]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFF08FAFEFE26FAC1" bold="true" box="[199,470,1303,1328]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Recorded distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Bay of Fundy: recorded for the first time.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14931FF9CFF08FAD4FACBFAA5" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,1400]" box="[199,1339,1340,1365]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Eastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334931FF9CFEEDFAD5FE94FAA4" box="[290,356,1340,1365]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">North</collectingRegion>
|
||
America: Bay of Fundy (this study) to Beaufort,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334931FF9CFC42FAD5FBC5FAA4" box="[909,1077,1340,1365]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334931FF9CFC42FAD5FC3EFAA4" box="[909,974,1340,1365]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">North</collectingRegion>
|
||
Carolina
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204931FF9CFB8BFAD5FAC0FAA5" author="Miglietta" box="[1092,1328,1340,1365]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Schuchert, P. & Cunningham, C. W. (2009) Reconciling genealogical and morphological species in a worldwide study of the family Hydractiniidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Zoologica Scripta, 38, 403 - 430. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2008.00376. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Miglietta
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34931FF9CFB7BFAD4FB14FAA4" box="[1204,1252,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14931FF9CFF08FAB6FE32FA89" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,1400]" box="[199,450,1375,1400]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Worldwide: As above.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |