treatments-xml/data/03/A6/E9/03A6E95BFFA4FFC7E37F1463DF6EFE66.xml

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<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA4FFC5E37F1463DDF8FA0E" blockId="20.[264,479,1404,1430]" box="[264,479,1404,1430]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<heading id="D0F8EF21FFA4FFC5E37F1463DDF8FA0E" bold="true" box="[264,479,1404,1430]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA4FFC5E37F1463DDF8FA0E" bold="true" box="[264,479,1404,1430]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Family 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA4FFC5E3101463DDF8FA0E" ID-CoL="CZP" ID-ENA="7366" box="[359,479,1404,1430]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Muscidae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA4FFC5E37F14D8D81EF931" blockId="20.[264,1323,1479,1705]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
The hematophagous muscids in the Nearctic Region are exotic species in the subfamily Stomoxyinae. Only two species of Stomoxyinae occur in the Park. The face fly, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA4FFC5E6AB14F0DDD6F9A9" authority="DeGeer" authorityName="DeGeer" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="autumnalis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA4FFC5E6AB14F0DDADF9A8" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Musca autumnalis</emphasis>
DeGeer
</taxonomicName>
, is also an exotic species that feeds on the mucus around the eyes of large animals (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA4FFC5E3C21720DEFDF9C1" author="Gilreath" box="[437,730,1599,1625]" pageId="20" pageNumber="41" refString="Gilreath, M. E. &amp; Adkins, Jr, T. R. (1982) Distribution of the face fly in South Carolina. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, 17, 139 - 141." type="journal article" year="1982">Gilreath &amp; Adkins 1982</bibRefCitation>
). Although not a blood feeder adults of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA4FFC5E6C71720DD66F918" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="autumnalis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA4FFC5E6C71720D8EFF9C0" box="[1200,1224,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA4FFC5E6A01720DD66F918" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">autumnalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are anautogenous and require protein meals from large mammals (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA4FFC5E6FD1778D938F919" author="Moon" box="[1162,1311,1639,1665]" pageId="20" pageNumber="42" refString="Moon, R. D. (2002) Muscid flies (Muscidae). Mullen, G. &amp; Durden, L. (Eds.), Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp. 279 - 302." type="book chapter" year="2002">Moon 2002</bibRefCitation>
). These flies feed on living tissue and transmit pathogens to their hosts.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA4FFC5E37F17C0DE59F961" blockId="20.[264,1323,1759,1865]" box="[264,638,1759,1785]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA4FFC5E37F17C0DE59F961" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[264,638,1759,1785]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Haematobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="irritans">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA4FFC5E37F17C0DDDFF960" box="[264,504,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Haematobia irritans</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA4FFC5E34F1618D86DF8D1" blockId="20.[264,1323,1759,1865]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Collections: North 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA4FFC5E05D1618DFEFF8B9" authority="Haywood Co., Sterling" authorityName="Haywood Co., Sterling" box="[554,968,1799,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Sterling</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA4FFC5E1AA1618D85EF8B9" box="[989,1145,1799,1825]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="1993-07-02">2 July 1993</date>
, fogged, coll. unknown; Swain Co., Oconaluftee/Ravensford, ex cattle, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA4FFC5E1DC1630D862F8D1" box="[939,1093,1839,1865]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="2002-08">August 2002</date>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA5FFC4E34F1003D928FDBE" blockId="21.[264,1324,284,550]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA5FFC4E34F1003DE00FEAD" ID-CoL="3J83P" box="[312,551,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Haematobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="irritans">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA5FFC4E34F1003DE00FEAD" box="[312,551,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Haematobia irritans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an ectoparasite of cattle and leaves its host only when disturbed to lay eggs in feces or to consume fluids from fresh cow dung. It is restricted to areas of the Park with cattle. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA5FFC4E38E1073DECEFE1D" ID-CoL="3J83P" box="[505,745,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Haematobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="irritans">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA5FFC4E38E1073DECEFE1D" box="[505,745,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Haematobia irritans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was historically present in Cades Cove but cattle have been removed from that area. It probably will not become a pest of elk or deer because the dung of these animals desiccates quickly and is not conducive for larval development. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA5FFC4E30310FBDE4CFE65" ID-CoL="3J83P" box="[372,619,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Haematobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="irritans">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA5FFC4E30310FBDE4CFE65" box="[372,619,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Haematobia irritans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a potential vector of several helminths and microbial pathogens, including the filarial nematode 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA5FFC4E08A1313D92DFDBE" authority="(Hibler) (Moon 2002)" authorityName="(Hibler) (Moon" authorityYear="2002" box="[765,1290,524,550]" class="Chromadorea" family="Filariidae" genus="Stephanofilaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="stilesi">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA5FFC4E08A1313DFD9FDBD" box="[765,1022,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Stephanofilaria stilesi</emphasis>
(Hibler) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA5FFC4E6041313D925FDBE" author="Moon" box="[1139,1282,524,550]" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" refString="Moon, R. D. (2002) Muscid flies (Muscidae). Mullen, G. &amp; Durden, L. (Eds.), Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp. 279 - 302." type="book chapter" year="2002">Moon 2002</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA5FFC4E37F1343DE65FDEE" blockId="21.[264,1323,604,870]" box="[264,578,604,630]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA5FFC4E37F1343DE65FDEE" authority="DeGeer" authorityName="DeGeer" box="[264,578,604,630]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="autumnalis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA5FFC4E37F1343DDF8FDED" box="[264,479,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Musca autumnalis</emphasis>
DeGeer
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA5FFC4E34F139BDD4BFD76" blockId="21.[264,1323,604,870]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Collections: Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E1E6139BD811FD06" box="[913,1078,644,670]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2003-06-11">11 June 2003</date>
; Sevier Co., Brushy Mountain (1467 meters, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA5FFC4E04F13B3DE9CFD5E" box="[568,699,684,710]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="5" value="35.6762">35.6762°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA5FFC4E0BC13B3DF70FD5E" box="[715,855,684,710]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="5" value="-83.4305">83.4305°W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E11813B3D830FD5E" box="[879,1047,684,710]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1999-05-29">29 May 1999</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. G. Dahlem.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFA5FFC4E34F13E3DE5FFC2E" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA5FFC4E34F13E3D882FCFE" blockId="21.[264,1323,604,870]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA5FFC4E34F13E3DE37FC8D" box="[312,528,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="autumnalis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA5FFC4E34F13E3DE37FC8D" box="[312,528,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Musca autumnalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
overwinters in Park buildings and appears to be a pest of domesticated animals in the Park. At least two species of Thelazia (Nematoda: Thelazioidea) can develop in Nearctic strains of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA5FFC4E0101253DF37FCFE" box="[615,784,844,870]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="autumnalis">M. autumnalis</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA5FFC4E1681253D86AFCFE" author="O'Hara" box="[799,1101,844,870]" pageId="21" pageNumber="43" refString="O'Hara, J. E. &amp; Kennedy, M. J. (1989) Prevalence and intensity of Thelazia spp. (Nematoda: Thelaziodea) in a Musca autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae) population from central Alberta. Journal of Parasitology, 75, 803 - 806." type="journal article" year="1989">O’Hara &amp; Kennedy 1989</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA5FFC4E62E1253D8BFFCFE" author="Kennedy" box="[1113,1176,844,870]" pageId="21" pageNumber="43" refString="O'Hara, J. E. &amp; Kennedy, M. J. (1991) Development of the nematode eyeworm, Thelazia skrjabini (Nematoda: Thelazioidea), in experimentally infected face flies, Musca autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Parasitology, 77, 417 - 425." type="journal article" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA5FFC4E37F1283DE5FFC2E" blockId="21.[264,1323,924,1870]" box="[264,632,924,950]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA5FFC4E37F1283DE5FFC2E" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[264,632,924,950]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Stomoxys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcitrans">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA5FFC4E37F1283DDD5FC2D" box="[264,498,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Stomoxys calcitrans</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFA5FFC7E34F12DBDF6EFE66" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA5FFC4E34F12DBDEACF9C6" blockId="21.[264,1323,924,1870]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Collections: North 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA5FFC4E06812DBDFEFFC46" authority="Haywood Co., Big Creek" authorityName="Haywood Co., Big Creek" box="[543,968,964,990]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Big Creek</taxonomicName>
near Park boundary, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E6BA12DBDD62FB9E" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2001-05-17">17 May 2001</date>
, biting humans; Cataloochee, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E0C512F3DF6FFB9E" box="[690,840,1004,1030]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2002-05-03">3 May 2002</date>
, in Palmer Chapel, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E64F12F3D8FFFB9E" box="[1080,1240,1004,1030]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2002-07-22">22 July 2002</date>
, biting elk; Purchase Knob, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E072150BDE81FBB6" box="[517,678,1044,1070]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2002-07-23">23 July 2002</date>
, on truck, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E15D150BDFEDFBB6" box="[810,970,1044,1070]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2003-07-31">31 July 2003</date>
, biting feral dog; Swain Co., Deep Creek horse stable (610 meters, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA5FFC4E0BD1523DF69FBCE" box="[714,846,1084,1110]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="5" value="35.4732">35.4732°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA5FFC4E12D1523DFC2FBCE" box="[858,997,1084,1110]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="5" value="-83.4295">83.4295°W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E18D1523D8BCFBCE" box="[1018,1179,1084,1110]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2001-05-23">23 May 2001</date>
; Tow String Road, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E321157BDDDFFBE6" box="[342,504,1124,1150]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2001-05-10">10 May 2001</date>
, biting humans; Mount Weaver Overlook on 
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFFA5FFC4E660157BD81AFBE6" box="[1047,1085,1124,1150]" name="United States of America" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">US</collectingCountry>
441, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E6F5157BD901FBE6" box="[1154,1318,1124,1150]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2001-05-10">10 May 2001</date>
; Oconaluftee/Ravensford, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E04D1593DEC4FB3E" box="[570,739,1164,1190]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2001-05-10">10 May 2001</date>
, on truck, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E1191593D82DFB3E" box="[878,1034,1164,1190]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2002-06-04">4 June 2002</date>
, biting cows, pigs, and sheep; Straight Fork, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E07A15ABDE95FB56" box="[525,690,1204,1230]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2001-05-15">15 May 2001</date>
, on truck; Road to Clingman’s Dome (1584 meters, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA5FFC4E37F15C3DDACFB6E" box="[264,395,1244,1270]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="5" value="35.6088">35.6088°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA5FFC4E3E015C3DE05FB6E" box="[407,546,1244,1270]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="5" value="-83.4392">83.4392°W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E04015C3DEF0FB6E" box="[567,727,1244,1270]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2001-06-20">20 June 2001</date>
; Tow String Road, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E1CC15C3D85DFB6E" box="[955,1146,1244,1270]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2001-08-15">15 August 2001</date>
, biting human; Smokemont stable, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E382141BDE9FFA86" box="[501,696,1284,1310]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2002-08-15">15 August 2002</date>
, biting horses; Twentymile Creek ranger station, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E77C141BDDA2FADE" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2002-05-16">16 May 2002</date>
, in bog; Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E1C71433D873FADE" box="[944,1108,1324,1350]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2001-05-25">25 May 2001</date>
, biting horses, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E77A1433DD59FAF6" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1999-07-24">24 July 1999</date>
, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E3FC144BDED2FAF6" box="[395,757,1364,1390]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2000-10-19" valueMax="2000-11-07" valueMin="2000-10-19">19 October–7 November 2000</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. J. Cooper, Parker, Stocks, &amp; Petersen, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E30C1463DE0BFA0E" box="[379,556,1404,1430]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2003-08-04">4 August 2003</date>
, biting llama; Cocke Co., Cosby, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E1C91463D878FA0E" box="[958,1119,1404,1430]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2001-05-29">29 May 2001</date>
, on truck; Sevier Co., Brushy Mountain, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E05F14BBDEE9FA26" box="[552,718,1444,1470]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1999-05-29">29 May 1999</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. G. Dahlem, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E62014BBD900FA26" box="[1111,1319,1444,1470]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2000-10-23">23 October 2000</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. Parker, Stocks, &amp; Petersen; Sugarlands trailhead (568 meters, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA5FFC4E37F14EBDDACF996" box="[264,395,1524,1550]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="5" value="35.6631">35.6631°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA5FFC4E3EA14EBDE0EF996" box="[413,553,1524,1550]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="5" value="-83.5259">83.5259°W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E03514EBDEC8F996" box="[578,751,1524,1550]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2001-05-10">10 May 2001</date>
; Sugarlands horse stable, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E64014EBD8F3F996" box="[1079,1236,1524,1550]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2002-06-05">5 June 2002</date>
, biting horses; Copeland Creek, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E05B1703DEEDF9AE" box="[556,714,1564,1590]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2002-06-22">22 June 2002</date>
, biting deer; Goshen Prong, 
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA5FFC4E6621703DD56F9C6" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2001-10-25" valueMax="2001-11-10" valueMin="2001-10-25">25 October–10 November 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, I. Stocks.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA5FFC7E34F1773DF6EFE66" blockId="21.[264,1323,924,1870]" lastBlockId="22.[264,1323,284,510]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
The stable fly, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA5FFC4E3921773DE5FF91D" box="[485,632,1644,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Stomoxys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcitrans">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA5FFC4E3921773DE5FF91D" box="[485,632,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">S. calcitrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, was one of the most frequently encountered biting flies in the Park. The only areas that were apparently devoid of this species were high elevations such as Clingman’s Dome. Black body traps, truck traps, Malaise traps, and active netting failed to collect any specimens above 1600 meters. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA5FFC4E1E117FBD8A1F965" box="[918,1158,1764,1789]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Stomoxys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcitrans">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA5FFC4E1E117FBD8A1F965" box="[918,1158,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Stomoxys calcitrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
readily bites humans, domesticated animals, deer, feral pigs, and elk. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA5FFC4E1D51613D8ABF8BD" box="[930,1164,1804,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Stomoxys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcitrans">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA5FFC4E1D51613D8ABF8BD" box="[930,1164,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Stomoxys calcitrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a potential vector of a spirurid nematode (
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA5FFC4E0E7162BD814F8D6" authority="Schneider" authorityName="Schneider" box="[656,1075,1844,1870]" class="Chromadorea" family="Habronematidae" genus="Habronema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="microstoma">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA5FFC4E0E7162BDF96F8D5" box="[656,945,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Habronema microstoma</emphasis>
Schneider
</taxonomicName>
) of horses, equine infectious anemia virus, and bovine leukosis viruses (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA6FFC7E1F11003D830FEAE" author="Moon" box="[902,1047,284,310]" pageId="22" pageNumber="42" refString="Moon, R. D. (2002) Muscid flies (Muscidae). Mullen, G. &amp; Durden, L. (Eds.), Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp. 279 - 302." type="book chapter" year="2002">Moon 2002</bibRefCitation>
). Stomoxyinae are also vectors of some 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA6FFC7E3A3105BDE53FEC5" box="[468,628,324,349]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protista" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA6FFC7E3A3105BDE53FEC5" box="[468,628,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species to mammals (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA6FFC7E1F4105BD839FEC6" author="Zumpt" box="[899,1054,324,350]" pageId="22" pageNumber="44" refString="Zumpt, F. (1973) The Stomoxyine Biting Flies of the World. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 175 pp." type="book" year="1973">Zumpt 1973</bibRefCitation>
). The flies trapped on Brushy Mountain and in Cades Cove were infested with phoretic mites, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA6FFC7E6271073DF21FE36" authority="Rack &amp; Vercammen-Grandjean" authorityName="Rack &amp; Vercammen-Grandjean" class="Arachnida" family="Siteroptidae" genus="Pediculaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostigmata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trombidiphilus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA6FFC7E6271073DD5AFE35" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Pediculaster trombidiphilus</emphasis>
Rack &amp; Vercammen­Grandjean
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA6FFC7E16C108BDF45FE36" box="[795,866,404,430]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acari" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Acari</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA6FFC7E105108BD808FE36" box="[882,1071,404,430]" class="Arachnida" family="Pygmephoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostigmata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pygmephoridae</taxonomicName>
), on their abdomens and thoraxes. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA6FFC7E3DB10A3DED3FE4D" box="[428,756,444,469]" class="Arachnida" family="Siteroptidae" genus="Pediculaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostigmata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trombidiphilus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA6FFC7E3DB10A3DED3FE4D" box="[428,756,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Pediculaster trombidiphilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally described from Africa and might be exotic (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA6FFC7E3F510FBDF1BFE66" author="Rack" box="[386,828,484,510]" pageId="22" pageNumber="43" refString="Rack, G. &amp; Vercammen-Grandjean, V. H. (1979) Siteroptes (Siteroptoides) trombidiphilus sp. n. (Acarina: Pygmephoridae) phoretisch auf einem Weibchen der Familie Trombidiidae (Acarina) aus Ostafrika. Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Hamburg, 6, 217 - 220." type="journal article" year="1979">Rack &amp; Vercammen­Grandjean 1979</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>