377 lines
44 KiB
XML
377 lines
44 KiB
XML
<document id="23FA1A6699AE2D05BC58AA30E00EFCEC" ID-CLB-Dataset="285349" ID-DOI="10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.014" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d30e1c4c-6a0f-4e42-97ec-8f9abb4e26ea" ID-ISSN="1873-3700" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10486867" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.treatments_approvedBy="jonas" checkinTime="1704950218509" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Epifano, Francesco, Fiorito, Serena, Genovese, Salvatore, Granica, Sebastian, Vitalini, Sara & Zidorn, Christian" docDate="2015" docId="03A0E701A379FFBBFCDA0681FE22407E" docLanguage="en" docName="Phytochemistry.115.27-43.pdf" docOrigin="Phytochemistry 115 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.014" docStyle="DocumentStyle:9E596C34F4E94307D29315B03ACE1007.6:Phytochemistry.2014-2019.journal_article" docStyleId="9E596C34F4E94307D29315B03ACE1007" docStyleName="Phytochemistry.2014-2019.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Skimmia japonica Thunb." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="32" masterDocId="FF999F79A37DFFBDFFE50019FFF4462D" masterDocTitle="Phytochemistry of the genus Skimmia (Rutaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="43" masterPageNumber="27" pageNumber="31" updateTime="1705416209838" updateUser="jonas">
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<mods:title id="BCC1010A70983F33E36929DCCDDE3FD8">Phytochemistry of the genus Skimmia (Rutaceae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9B8FA60C6D157097400AF92580A8856E">Epifano, Francesco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9ABB7832CEFE3BA30F7F0B8767555950">Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università ‘‘ G. D’Annunzio’ ’ Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti Scalo, CH, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E180742D3C17582130D8F601E3A837ED">Fiorito, Serena</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="609D57ED18554967282C2098D4CAF332">Genovese, Salvatore</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="13FFD23B2297E1DEB059605560BD88A0">Granica, Sebastian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="44A52890F4B5297360FA0EC9309C2101">Vitalini, Sara</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="427501816E9B870DF35FD1182BE21786">Zidorn, Christian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6F0AAC255A6E2F07E878AC00FCA895DD">Phytochemistry</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="A9B0531EA6EF7DA6D83579E900B340AF">
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<mods:date id="D037CF7C8058F54626B25CAC55AD89CD">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="19896483C9AF56B10FCCE4E8DCE64550">2015-07-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="0DFE559DEE0A7AFD0EAA6528FC535620">115</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="167ED636F3B665061595B49B299F76A3" type="CLB-Dataset">285349</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F33562F4E918B3D7170125185EC96438" type="DOI">10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.014</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E35A0171DCB93F128EA4EC31447C8EC2" type="ISSN">1873-3700</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="395E2E2593EF1FC9A942DA8644A3235E" type="Zenodo-Dep">10486867</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A0E701A379FFBBFCDA0681FE22407E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A0E701A379FFBBFCDA0681FE22407E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0E701A379FFBBFCDA0681FE22407E" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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<subSubSection id="C313059CA379FFB9FCDA0681FC254081" box="[831,977,1688,1708]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB65617A379FFB9FCDA0681FC254081" blockId="4.[831,977,1688,1708]" box="[831,977,1688,1708]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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<heading id="D0FEE17BA379FFB9FCDA0681FC254081" box="[831,977,1688,1708]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B97D8A05A379FFB9FCDA0681FC254081" box="[831,977,1688,1708]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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3.4.
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<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A379FFB9FC8D0681FC254081" ID-CoL="6Z3Y4" authority="Thunb." authorityName="Thunb." box="[872,977,1688,1708]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">S. japonica</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF76069FA379FFB9FF9406B7FED840FE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10486873" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10486873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10486873/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" startId="4.[113,139,1710,1724]" targetBox="[521,676,1523,1634]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8BB65617A379FFB9FF9406B7FED840FE" blockId="4.[113,783,1710,1747]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="B97D8A05A379FFB9FF9406B7FF5F4091" bold="true" box="[113,171,1710,1724]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
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Chemical structure and molecular weights of angular coumarins – compounds
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<emphasis id="B97D8A05A379FFB9FF3006DCFF1D40FE" bold="true" box="[213,233,1733,1747]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">64</emphasis>
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and 65.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C313059CA379FFBBFCBB06D6FE22407E" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB65617A379FFB8FCBB06D6FDBE4315" blockId="4.[831,1501,1743,2014]" lastBlockId="5.[87,758,954,2006]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A379FFB9FCBB06D6FC3140CE" ID-CoL="6Z3Y4" box="[862,965,1743,1763]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
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<emphasis id="B97D8A05A379FFB9FCBB06D6FC3140CE" box="[862,965,1743,1763]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">S. japonica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is an evergreen plant native to the Himalaya and
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<collectingCountry id="F31E1687A379FFB9FA5606C8FC9F40D2" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">East Asia</collectingCountry>
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. In Europe it is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant featuring large white fragrant inflorescences (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A379FFB9FB110711FA874136" author="Taylor, N. P." box="[1268,1395,1800,1819]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" pagination="168 - 194" refId="ref18807" refString="Taylor, N. P., 1987. A revision of the genus Skimmia (Rutaceae). Kew Mag. 4, 168 - 194." type="journal article" year="1987">Taylor, 1987</bibRefCitation>
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). The first phytochemical study on
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<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A379FFB9FBDF073AFB57411A" ID-CoL="6Z3Y4" box="[1082,1187,1827,1847]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
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<emphasis id="B97D8A05A379FFB9FBDF073AFB57411A" box="[1082,1187,1827,1847]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">S. japonica</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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was reported at the beginning of XXth century.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A379FFB9FC0B0759FB8F417E" author="Honda, J." box="[1006,1147,1856,1875]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" pagination="83 - 94" refId="ref15867" refString="Honda, J., 1904. About the skimmianine an alkaloid of the Skimmia japonica. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Ex. Path Ph. 52, 83 - 94." type="journal article" year="1904">Honda (1904)</bibRefCitation>
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isolated the alkaloid skimmianine
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<emphasis id="B97D8A05A379FFB9FCDA0745FCAC4142" bold="true" box="[831,856,1884,1903]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">13</emphasis>
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||
from an ethanol extract of
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<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A379FFB9FB650742FB1F4142" ID-CoL="6Z3Y4" box="[1152,1259,1883,1903]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
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<emphasis id="B97D8A05A379FFB9FB650742FB1F4142" box="[1152,1259,1883,1903]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">S. japonica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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leaves but at the time was neither able to determine its exact chemical structure nor to assign a correct molecular formula. In the early 1930s
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<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A379FFB9FA69078DFBF741EE" author="Asahina, Y. & Inubuse, M." pageId="4" pageNumber="31" pagination="2052 - 2056" refId="ref14085" refString="Asahina, Y., Inubuse, M., 1930. Uber Skimmianin. Chem. Ber. 63, 2052 - 2056." type="journal article" year="1930">Asahina and Inubuse (1930)</bibRefCitation>
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||
repeated the work of Honda, re-isolated skimmianine
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<emphasis id="B97D8A05A379FFB9FC7B07D2FC4341F3" bold="true" box="[926,951,1995,2014]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">13</emphasis>
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and, using classical methods of synthetic organic chemistry in combination with the analytical methods available at the time, correctly identified its structure
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<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FDC203CFFDB445C4" bold="true" box="[551,576,982,1001]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">13</emphasis>
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as a dimethoxy derivative of dictamnine
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<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FEBF03EBFE874228" bold="true" box="[346,371,1010,1029]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">12</emphasis>
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. Later
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<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FE5903EBFD5B4228" author="Tomita, M. & Ishii, H." box="[444,687,1010,1029]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="1180 - 1183" refId="ref18853" refString="Tomita, M., Ishii, H., 1958. Studies on the alkaloids of rutaceous plants. III. Alkaloids of Skimmia japonica Thunb. var. intermedia Komatsu form. repens Hara. Yakugaku Zasshi 78, 1180 - 1183." type="journal article" year="1958">Tomita and Ishii (1958)</bibRefCitation>
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re-examined the alkaloid content of
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<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FE7E0414FDF0420C" box="[411,516,1037,1057]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
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<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FE7E0414FDF0420C" box="[411,516,1037,1057]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">S. japonica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and showed that apart from skimmianine
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<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FEFF0433FEC74210" bold="true" box="[282,307,1066,1085]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">13</emphasis>
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, which is the major alkaloid occurring in
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<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FD000430FF5D4274" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
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<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FD000430FF5D4274" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">S. japonica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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extracts, the species also contained other alkaloids of at the time not fully confirmed structure. In the 1960s
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<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FD77047BFF0F42BC" author="Boyd, D. R. & Grundon, M. F." pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="2637 - 2638" refId="ref14598" refString="Boyd, D. R., Grundon, M. F., 1967. Quinoline alkaloids of Skimmia japonica Thunb. Tetrahedron Lett. 8, 2637 - 2638." type="journal article" year="1967">Boyd and Grundon (1967)</bibRefCitation>
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studied female plants of
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<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FDE30464FD8442BC" box="[518,624,1149,1169]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
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<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FDE30464FD8442BC" box="[518,624,1149,1169]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">S. japonica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and isolated apart from skimmianine
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<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FEBF0480FE874281" bold="true" box="[346,371,1177,1196]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">13</emphasis>
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||
two additional alkaloids, dictamnine
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<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FFB204ACFF8442E5" bold="true" box="[87,112,1205,1224]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">12</emphasis>
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and (+)-platydesmine salt
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<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FE6404ACFE6E42E5" bold="true" box="[385,410,1205,1224]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">19</emphasis>
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. In 1970 and 1974 the same team expanded the knowledge on the occurrence of alkaloids in leaves of
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<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FFB204F5FF4B432D" box="[87,191,1260,1281]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
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<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FFB204F5FF96432D" box="[87,98,1260,1280]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">S</emphasis>
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||
.
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<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FF8804F5FF4B432D" box="[109,191,1260,1280]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">japonica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by describing the isolation and identification of eduline
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<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FFB20510FF904331" bold="true" box="[87,100,1289,1308]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">3</emphasis>
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||
, γ- fagarine
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||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FF390510FF014331" bold="true" box="[220,245,1289,1308]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">14</emphasis>
|
||
, and 5-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenyl-4-quinolone
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||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FD0D0510FD014331" bold="true" box="[744,757,1289,1308]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">1</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FFBA053CFE944315" author="Boyd, D. R. & Grundon, M. F." box="[95,352,1317,1336]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="556 - 558" refId="ref14630" refString="Boyd, D. R., Grundon, M. F., 1970. Quinoline alkaloids. Part X. (+) - Platydesminium salt and other alkaloids from Skimmia japonica Thunb. The synthesis of edulinine. J. Chem. Soc. C Org., 556 - 558" type="book chapter" year="1970">Boyd and Grundon, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FE89053CFDC94315" author="Grundon, M. F. & Harrison, D. M. & Sypropoulos, C. G." box="[364,573,1317,1336]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="2181 - 2184" refId="ref15501" refString="Grundon, M. F., Harrison, D. M., Sypropoulos, C. G., 1974. Biosynthesis of aromatic isoprenoids. Part II. Aromatic hydroxylation in the biosynthesis of the furoquinoline alkaloids, skimmianine, evoxine, and choisyine. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 2181 - 2184." type="journal article" year="1974">Grundon et al., 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF76069FA378FFB8FEEE0215FAFA4437" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10518976" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10518976" box="[267,1294,522,538]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10518976/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" startId="5.[267,293,524,538]" targetBox="[359,1203,181,495]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB65617A378FFB8FEEE0215FAFA4437" blockId="5.[267,1294,522,538]" box="[267,1294,522,538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FEEE0215FEC94437" bold="true" box="[267,317,524,538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Fig. 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Chemical structures and molecular weights of flavonols and flavones detected in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FC390213FBAA4437" box="[988,1118,522,538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FC390213FBEB4437" box="[988,1055,522,538]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Skimmia</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
– compounds
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FB320215FAFE4437" bold="true" box="[1239,1290,524,538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">66–69</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF76069FA378FFB8FE85036BFB4E45AD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10518978" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10518978" box="[352,1210,880,896]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10518978/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" startId="5.[352,378,882,896]" targetBox="[367,1202,577,851]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB65617A378FFB8FE85036BFB4E45AD" blockId="5.[352,1210,880,896]" box="[352,1210,880,896]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FE85036BFE6645AD" bold="true" box="[352,402,882,896]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Fig. 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Chemical structures and molecular weights of flavanones in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FC620369FBFE45AD" box="[903,1034,880,896]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FC620369FC3E45AD" box="[903,970,880,896]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Skimmia</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
– compounds
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FB66036BFB4145AD" bold="true" box="[1155,1205,882,896]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">70–71</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB65617A378FFB8FF930558FBA3420C" blockId="5.[87,758,954,2006]" lastBlockId="5.[805,1475,954,2006]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Several studies have been carried out focusing on the biosynthesis and chemical transformations of alkaloids occurring in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FD000545FF5D43A1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FD000545FF5D43A1" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">S. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other taxa of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FE5D0560FDE743A1" box="[440,531,1401,1420]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rutaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FD920560FD0443A1" author="Ohta, T." box="[631,752,1401,1420]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="63 - 66" refId="ref16795" refString="Ohta, T., 1953. Fluroquinolines. I. Catalytic reduction of dictamnine and skimmianine. Yakugaku Zasshi 73, 63 - 66." type="journal article" year="1953">Ohta, 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FFB2058CFEBA4385" author="Tomita, M. & Ishii, H." box="[87,334,1429,1448]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="1180 - 1183" refId="ref18853" refString="Tomita, M., Ishii, H., 1958. Studies on the alkaloids of rutaceous plants. III. Alkaloids of Skimmia japonica Thunb. var. intermedia Komatsu form. repens Hara. Yakugaku Zasshi 78, 1180 - 1183." type="journal article" year="1958">Tomita and Ishii, 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FEBB058CFD844385" author="Matsuo, M. & Kasida, Y." box="[350,624,1429,1448]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="1108 - 1112" refId="ref16344" refString="Matsuo, M., Kasida, Y., 1966. Biosynthesis of skimmianine. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 14, 1108 - 1112." type="journal article" year="1966">Matsuo and Kasida, 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FD9A058CFF0343EE" author="Collins, J. F. & Grundon, M. F." pageId="5" pageNumber="32" refId="ref14904" refString="Collins, J. F., Grundon, M. F., 1969. The biosynthesis of isoprenoid quinoline alkaloids. J. Chem. Soc. D Chem. Commun., 621 b - 622 b" type="book" year="1969">Collins and Grundon, 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FEE005A9FDE543E9" author="Boyd, D. R. & Grundon, M. F." box="[261,529,1456,1476]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="556 - 558" refId="ref14630" refString="Boyd, D. R., Grundon, M. F., 1970. Quinoline alkaloids. Part X. (+) - Platydesminium salt and other alkaloids from Skimmia japonica Thunb. The synthesis of edulinine. J. Chem. Soc. C Org., 556 - 558" type="book chapter" year="1970">Boyd and Grundon, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FDC505A9FF7943CD" author="Grundon, M. F. & James, K. J." pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="1311 - 1312" refId="ref15454" refString="Grundon, M. F., James, K. J., 1971. Biosynthesis of isoprene derivatives: origin of the furan ring in the quinoline alkaloid dictamnine. J. Chem. Soc. D Chem. Commun., 1311 - 1312" type="book chapter" year="1971">Grundon and James, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FF7C05D5FEAE43CD" author="Collins, J. F. & Donnelly, W. J. & Grundon, M. F. & James, K. J." box="[153,346,1484,1504]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="2177 - 2181" refId="ref14944" refString="Collins, J. F., Donnelly, W. J., Grundon, M. F., James, K. J., 1974. Biosynthesis of aromatic isoprenoids. Part I. The role of 3 - prenylquinolines and of platydesmine in the biosynthesis of the furoquinoline alkaloid, dictamnine. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 2177 - 2181." type="journal article" year="1974">Collins et al., 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FE8005D5FDC343CD" author="Grundon, M. F. & Harrison, D. M. & Sypropoulos, C. G." box="[357,567,1484,1504]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="2181 - 2184" refId="ref15501" refString="Grundon, M. F., Harrison, D. M., Sypropoulos, C. G., 1974. Biosynthesis of aromatic isoprenoids. Part II. Aromatic hydroxylation in the biosynthesis of the furoquinoline alkaloids, skimmianine, evoxine, and choisyine. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 2181 - 2184." type="journal article" year="1974">Grundon et al., 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Apart from alkaloids,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FF7405FEFF0C43D6" box="[145,248,1511,1532]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FF7405FEFF6843D6" box="[145,156,1511,1531]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FF4305FEFF0C43D6" box="[166,248,1511,1531]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a rich source of coumarins, which are the second major group of compounds present in this genus. The first report on the occurrence of coumarins stems from 1938 when seselin
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FFB20625FF844062" bold="true" box="[87,112,1596,1615]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">65</emphasis>
|
||
was isolated (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FEE30625FDF84062" author="Spath, E. & Neufeld, O." box="[262,524,1596,1615]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="353 - 356" refId="ref18221" refString="Spath, E., Neufeld, O., 1938 a. Natural coumarins XXXVI. Occurrence of seselin in Japanese Skimmia species. Chem. Ber. 71, 353 - 356." type="journal article" year="1938">Späth and Neufeld, 1938a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Additional investigations by the same authors revealed that apart from seselin,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FD48064EFF8B40AA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FD48064EFF8B40AA" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">S. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
contains high quantities of umbelliferone
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FDC9066DFDB140AA" bold="true" box="[556,581,1652,1671]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">21</emphasis>
|
||
and its glucoside – skimmin
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FF350696FF1D408F" bold="true" box="[208,233,1679,1698]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">22</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FF1E0689FDFE408E" author="Spath, E. & Neufeld, O." box="[251,522,1680,1699]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="535 - 540" refId="ref18256" refString="Spath, E., Neufeld, O., 1938 b. Natural coumarins. XXXVII. Skimmin. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 57, 535 - 540." type="journal article" year="1938">Späth and Neufeld, 1938b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Later
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FDB80689FF6E4092" author="Atkinson, E. & Boyd, D. R. & Grundon, M. F." pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="853 - 855" refId="ref14144" refString="Atkinson, E., Boyd, D. R., Grundon, M. F., 1974. Coumarins of Skimmia japonica. Phytochemistry 13, 853 - 855." type="journal article" year="1974">Atkinson et al. (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FEC006B3FE7A4093" box="[293,398,1706,1726]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FEC006B3FE7A4093" box="[293,398,1706,1726]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">S. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a source of both simple coumarins and furocoumarins, which has been confirmed by other studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FFBA06FAFE5340DB" author="Reisch, J. & Achenbach, S. H." box="[95,423,1763,1782]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="650" refId="ref17377" refString="Reisch, J., Achenbach, S. H., 1989. Die Wurzelcumarine von Skimmia japonica ' oblata' Thunb. Pharmazie 44, 650." type="journal article" year="1989">Reisch and Achenbach, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FE5A06FAFE0740DB" author="Reisch, J. & Achenbach, S. H." box="[447,499,1763,1782]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="548" refId="ref17405" refString="Reisch, J., Achenbach, S. H., 1991. Comparative study of the content of male and female Skimmia japonica subsp. japonica. Pharmazie 46, 548." type="journal article" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FDEF06FAFDBD40DB" author="Reisch, J. & Achenbach, S. H." box="[522,585,1763,1782]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="933 - 935" refId="ref17439" refString="Reisch, J., Achenbach, S. H., 1992 a. Untersuchungen uber die Inhaltsstoffe der diozischen Skimmia japonica subsp. japonica [Chemical constituents of the dioecious Skimmia japonica subsp. japonica]. Pharmazie 47, 933 - 935." type="journal article" year="1992">1992a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,b).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FD9E06FAFEEF413F" author="Reisch, J. & Achenbach, S. H." pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="933 - 935" refId="ref17439" refString="Reisch, J., Achenbach, S. H., 1992 a. Untersuchungen uber die Inhaltsstoffe der diozischen Skimmia japonica subsp. japonica [Chemical constituents of the dioecious Skimmia japonica subsp. japonica]. Pharmazie 47, 933 - 935." type="journal article" year="1992">Reisch and Achenbach (1992a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported on differences in the chemical composition of stem barks from male and female plants of
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FD6D0703FD024103" box="[648,758,1818,1838]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FD6D0703FD064103" box="[648,754,1818,1838]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">S. japonica</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The authors showed some differences in the content of simple coumarins between plants of both sexes and reported the occurrence of the following coumarins in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FE730777FDF441AF" box="[406,512,1902,1922]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FE730777FDF441AF" box="[406,512,1902,1922]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">S. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FDF70776FDDF41AF" bold="true" box="[530,555,1903,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">21</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FDDC0776FDA641AF" bold="true" box="[569,594,1903,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">22</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FD840776FD8E41AF" bold="true" box="[609,634,1903,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">24</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FD6C0776FD5641AF" bold="true" box="[649,674,1903,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">31</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FD550776FD1B41AF" bold="true" box="[688,751,1903,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">37–43</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FFB20792FF6241B3" bold="true" box="[87,150,1931,1950]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">45–51</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FF460792FF1741B3" bold="true" box="[163,227,1931,1950]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">54–58</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FF150792FEDB41B3" bold="true" box="[240,303,1931,1950]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">60–63</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FE810792FE8941B3" bold="true" box="[356,381,1931,1950]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">65</emphasis>
|
||
. Unfortunately, however, the results of this potentially very interesting study are difficult to critically evaluate, because the authors fail to report standard deviations for their quantification results and because it is not clear whether the reported values are derived from investigations of one single plant per sex or whether multiple samples had been investigated to obtain the reported results.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB65617A378FFB8FCA10433FA81435D" blockId="5.[805,1475,954,2006]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Takeda (1941) investigated the alcoholic extract of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FABD0430FA374210" box="[1368,1475,1065,1085]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FABD0430FA374210" box="[1368,1475,1065,1085]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">S. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from which two triterpenoids – skimmion/taraxeron
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FAD8045FFAA24274" bold="true" box="[1341,1366,1094,1113]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">81</emphasis>
|
||
and skimmiol/taraxerol
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FC5A047BFC2C4258" bold="true" box="[959,984,1122,1141]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">80</emphasis>
|
||
together with skimmianine were isolated and identified. The investigation of leaves and fruits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FACA0464FA6D42BC" box="[1327,1433,1149,1169]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FACA0464FA6D42BC" box="[1327,1433,1149,1169]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">S. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has led to the isolation and identification of two more triterpenoids named skimmiarepins A and B
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FB8D04ACFB7542E5" bold="true" box="[1128,1153,1205,1224]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">78</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FB5304ACFB3B42E5" bold="true" box="[1206,1231,1205,1224]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">79</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FB0504ACFA7C42E4" author="Ochi, M. & Tatsukawa, A. & Seki, N. & Kotsuki, H. & Shibata, K." box="[1248,1416,1205,1225]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="3225 - 3229" refId="ref16726" refString="Ochi, M., Tatsukawa, A., Seki, N., Kotsuki, H., Shibata, K., 1988. Skimmiarepin A and B, 2 new insect growth inhibitory triterpenoids from Skimmia japonica Thunb. var. intermedia Komatsu form. repens (Nakai) Hara. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 61, 3225 - 3229." type="journal article" year="1988">Ochi et al., 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The only steroid detected in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FBDE04C9FB5842C9" box="[1083,1196,1232,1252]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FBDE04C9FB5842C9" box="[1083,1196,1232,1252]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">S. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
so far is β- sitosterol
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FA4C04C8FA3642C9" bold="true" box="[1449,1474,1233,1252]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">72</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FCC804F4FBA0432D" author="Reisch, J. & Achenbach, S. H." box="[813,1108,1261,1280]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="548" refId="ref17405" refString="Reisch, J., Achenbach, S. H., 1991. Comparative study of the content of male and female Skimmia japonica subsp. japonica. Pharmazie 46, 548." type="journal article" year="1991">Reisch and Achenbach, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FB8404F4FB6B432D" author="Reisch, J. & Achenbach, S. H." box="[1121,1183,1261,1280]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="933 - 935" refId="ref17439" refString="Reisch, J., Achenbach, S. H., 1992 a. Untersuchungen uber die Inhaltsstoffe der diozischen Skimmia japonica subsp. japonica [Chemical constituents of the dioecious Skimmia japonica subsp. japonica]. Pharmazie 47, 933 - 935." type="journal article" year="1992">1992a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Triterpenoids and steroids were reported to be minor compounds in
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FB060511FAA04331" box="[1251,1364,1288,1308]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FB060511FAA44331" box="[1251,1360,1288,1308]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">S. japonica</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In the literature there are several studies concerning the biosynthesis and transformations of triterpenoids from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FB300559FADD4379" box="[1237,1321,1344,1364]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FB300559FADD4379" box="[1237,1321,1344,1364]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Skimmia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FAA60558FC44435D" author="Takeda, K. & Yoshiki, S." pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="506 - 510" refId="ref18619" refString="Takeda, K., Yoshiki, S., 1941. Triterpenoid of Japanese Skimmia species. II. Dehydrogenation of skimmiol by selenium. Yakugaku Zasshi 61, 506 - 510." type="journal article" year="1941">Takeda and Yoshiki, 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FC590544FBB2435D" author="Takeda, K." box="[956,1094,1373,1392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="390 - 395" refId="ref18531" refString="Takeda, K., 1942. Triterpenoids of Skimmia japonica. III. Oxides of the skimmol series and their derivatives. Yakugaku Zasshi 62, 390 - 395." type="journal article" year="1942">Takeda, 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FBB40544FB12435D" author="Takeda, K." box="[1105,1254,1373,1392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="197 - 204" refId="ref18562" refString="Takeda, K., 1943 a. Triterpenoid in Skimmia species. V. Relation between skimmiol and β- amarin. Yakugaku Zasshi 63, 197 - 204." type="journal article" year="1943">Takeda, 1943a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,b;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FAE60544FA9C435D" author="Abe, S." box="[1283,1384,1373,1392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="87" refId="ref13906" refString="Abe, S., 1962. Synthesis of oleana- 12,15 - diene. Nippon Kagaku Zasshi 83, 87." type="journal article" year="1962">Abe, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB65617A378FFB8FCA10560FB38401E" blockId="5.[805,1475,954,2006]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Seeds of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FC790561FBF743A1" box="[924,1027,1400,1420]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FC790561FBF743A1" box="[924,1027,1400,1420]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">S. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
yielded a wide variety of limonoids, a group of triterpenoids known from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FB91058CFB3B4385" box="[1140,1231,1429,1448]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rutaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FAE7058CFA934385" box="[1282,1383,1429,1448]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Meliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
families. A total of 21 limonoids
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FBFC05A9FB9143EE" bold="true" box="[1049,1125,1456,1476]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">82–102</emphasis>
|
||
including 13 aglycones belonging to the limonin, calamine, and ichangensin groups together with eight glucosides were detected and quantified in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FAD605FEFA6B43D6" box="[1331,1439,1511,1531]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FAD605FEFA6B43D6" box="[1331,1439,1511,1531]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">S. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FCC0061CFBF3403A" author="Hasegawa, S. & Miyake, M. & Robertson, G. H. & Berhow, M." box="[805,1031,1540,1560]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="835 - 838" refId="ref15596" refString="Hasegawa, S., Miyake, M., Robertson, G. H., Berhow, M., 1998. Limonoids in Miyamashikimi (Skimmia japonica Thunb.). J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci. 67, 835 - 838." type="journal article" year="1998">Hasegawa et al. (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Chemical structures and molecular weights of these limonoids are displayed in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13324A92A378FFB8FB750639FB33401E" box="[1168,1223,1568,1587]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[209,235,1911,1925]" captionTargetBox="[324,1222,1640,1879]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 8. Chemical structures and molecular weights of triterpene type limonoids detected in seeds of Skimmia japonica – compounds 82–102." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10486877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10486877/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB65617A378FFB8FCA10625FAED4167" blockId="5.[805,1475,954,2006]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
The report of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF982BE6A378FFB8FC280625FB464062" author="Hasegawa, S. & Miyake, M. & Robertson, G. H. & Berhow, M." box="[973,1202,1596,1615]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="835 - 838" refId="ref15596" refString="Hasegawa, S., Miyake, M., Robertson, G. H., Berhow, M., 1998. Limonoids in Miyamashikimi (Skimmia japonica Thunb.). J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci. 67, 835 - 838." type="journal article" year="1998">Hasegawa et al. (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is the only report on limonoids in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FC14064EFBB14046" box="[1009,1093,1623,1643]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FC14064EFBB14046" box="[1009,1093,1623,1643]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Skimmia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
so far. Though the authors claim to have used TLC and NMR (aglycones) and HPLC and NMR (glucosides) for compound identification, it is striking that they were able to identify so many compounds with a limited sample (
|
||
<quantity id="4CF1FBF2A378FFB8FAAA06B2FA4F4092" box="[1359,1467,1707,1727]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" unit="g" value="225.0" valueMax="250.0" valueMin="200.0">200–250 g</quantity>
|
||
) using these methods. It seems feasible that only few main compounds were actually identified by NMR while most minor compounds were only assigned using Rf values or HPLC retention times. This would also explain why no new compounds were amongst the 21 limonoids reported in this study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB65617A378FFB8FCA1074AFB9641B3" blockId="5.[805,1475,954,2006]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
According to our literature survey neither qualitative nor quantitative modern chromatographic systems to analyse
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FAB20777FA3741AF" box="[1367,1475,1902,1922]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FAB20777FA3741AF" box="[1367,1475,1902,1922]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">S. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extracts have been established.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB65617A378FFBBFCA107BFFE22407E" blockId="5.[805,1475,954,2006]" lastBlockId="6.[113,783,1544,1619]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Notably, there are no studies on the presence of polyphenols (phenolic acids and flavonoids) in aerial parts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A378FFB8FAC407D8FA7E41F8" box="[1313,1418,1985,2005]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A378FFB8FAC407D8FA7E41F8" box="[1313,1418,1985,2005]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">S. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This β group of compounds seems to have been neglected so far and research focusing on the structures and yields of these compounds in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C092D94A37BFFBBFF690626FF01407E" box="[140,245,1599,1619]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Skimmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97D8A05A37BFFBBFF690626FF01407E" box="[140,245,1599,1619]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">S. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be performed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |