873 lines
80 KiB
XML
873 lines
80 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5710704" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d665d9ec-6453-4e64-939b-5dfac9e7c68e" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190222401" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5710704" approvalRequired_for_document="1" checkinTime="1637245362778" checkinUser="jonas" docAuthor="Lane, D. F., Justiniano, M. A. A., Terrill, R. S., Rheindt, F. E., Klicka, L. B., Rosenberg, G. H., Schmitt, C. J. & Burns, K. J." docDate="2021" docId="039F9B294213A008FD944ED89C5E9F28" docLanguage="en" docName="Ornitol.138.1-17.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Ornithology 138 (4)" docTitle="Heliothraupis oneilli Lane, Aponte, Rheindt, Rosenberg, Schmitt, and Terrill 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="FFA6E3514215A003FE124A669D129A17" masterDocTitle="A new genus and species of tanager (Passeriformes, Thraupidae) from the lower Yungas of western Bolivia and southern Peru" masterLastPageNumber="17" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1637249028622" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new genus and species of tanager (Passeriformes, Thraupidae) from the lower Yungas of western Bolivia and southern Peru</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lane, D. F.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Justiniano, M. A. A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Terrill, R. S.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rheindt, F. E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Klicka, L. B.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rosenberg, G. H.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Schmitt, C. J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Burns, K. J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Ornithology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-10-29</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>138</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>4</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>17</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1093/ornithology/ukab059</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">d665d9ec-6453-4e64-939b-5dfac9e7c68e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5710688</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5710704" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190222401" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5710704" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039F9B294213A008FD944ED89C5E9F28" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039F9B294213A008FD944ED89C5E9F28" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[902,1433,1214,1271]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName authority="Lane, Aponte, Rheindt, Rosenberg, Schmitt, and Terrill" authorityName="Lane, Aponte, Rheindt, Rosenberg, Schmitt, and Terrill" authorityYear="2021" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Heliothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oneilli" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[902,1146,1214,1238]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Heliothraupis oneilli</emphasis>
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, Lane, Aponte, Rheindt, Rosenberg, Schmitt, and Terrill
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1302,1390,1247,1271]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="6" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[831,1478,1300,1932]" box="[857,1166,1300,1325]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[857,1024,1300,1324]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">English name:</emphasis>
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Inti Tanager
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[831,1478,1300,1932]" box="[857,1171,1332,1357]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[857,1029,1332,1356]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Spanish name:</emphasis>
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Tangara Inti
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="6" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[831,1478,1300,1932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408722304" collectingDate="2019-01-27" collectionCode="LSUMZ" collectorName="Miguel Angel Aponte Justiniano" country="Bolivia" elevation="960" latitude="-14.44" location="Madidi" longLatPrecision="128" longitude="-68.53167" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="MNK-AV 6350, ML 238445" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="La Paz" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[857,974,1364,1388]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
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<typeStatus box="[857,969,1364,1388]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<specimenCode box="[979,1148,1364,1388]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">MNK-AV 6350</specimenCode>
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;
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<collectingCountry box="[1156,1268,1364,1388]" name="Bolivia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" value="Bolivia">BOLIVIA</collectingCountry>
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: dept.
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<collectingRegion box="[1338,1412,1365,1388]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">La Paz</collectingRegion>
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;
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<collectingRegion pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Prov. Franz Tamayo</collectingRegion>
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, loc. ANMI.
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039F9B294213A008FD944ED89C5E9F28:8EE97CE44213A005FA674F1299D59F9B" box="[1141,1223,1396,1420]" country="Bolivia" latitude="-14.44" longLatPrecision="128" longitude="-68.53167" name="Madidi" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" stateProvince="La Paz">Madidi</location>
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, valle del
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039F9B294213A008FD944ED89C5E9F28:8EE97CE44213A005FB2B4F1298D39F9B" box="[1337,1473,1396,1420]" country="Bolivia" latitude="-14.44" longLatPrecision="128" longitude="-68.53167" name="Machariapo" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" stateProvince="La Paz">Machariapo</location>
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, ca.
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<locationDeviation bearing="315.0" box="[871,1000,1428,1452]" distance="33000.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
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<quantity box="[871,943,1428,1452]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" unit="km" value="33.0">33 km</quantity>
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NW
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</locationDeviation>
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039F9B294213A008FD944ED89C5E9F28:8EE97CE44213A005FDE34FF299259FBB" box="[1009,1079,1428,1452]" country="Bolivia" latitude="-14.44" longLatPrecision="128" longitude="-68.53167" name="Apolo" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" stateProvince="La Paz">Apolo</location>
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,
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<geoCoordinate box="[1092,1190,1427,1452]" degrees="14" direction="south" minutes="26.4" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" precision="92" value="-14.44">
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14
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<superScript attach="none" box="[1119,1123,1427,1441]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">°</superScript>
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26.4’S
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</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate box="[1204,1314,1427,1452]" degrees="68" direction="west" minutes="31.9" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" precision="92" value="-68.53167">
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68
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<superScript attach="none" box="[1231,1235,1427,1441]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">°</superScript>
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31.9’W
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</geoCoordinate>
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, elevation
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<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="960.0">
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<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="960.0">960 m</quantity>
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</elevation>
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.
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<specimenCount box="[874,933,1460,1484]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" type="male">Male</specimenCount>
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. Tissue sample:
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<accessionNumber box="[1133,1334,1460,1484]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">LSUMZ B-95316</accessionNumber>
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.
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<date pageId="6" pageNumber="6" value="2019-01-27">
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<collectingDate pageId="6" pageNumber="6" value="2019-01-27">27 January 2019</collectingDate>
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</date>
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. Collected and prepared by
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<collectorName pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Miguel Angel Aponte Justiniano</collectorName>
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, field catalog number 1189. Associated sound recordings: (
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<specimenCode box="[969,1101,1556,1580]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">ML 238445</specimenCode>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[831,1478,1300,1932]" lastBlockId="7.[155,802,199,1919]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[857,1107,1588,1612]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Diagnosis of species.</emphasis>
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The combination of several distinct plumage characters is unique within the family (see Frontispiece). The brilliant yellow plumage with the contrasting black supercilium and pinkish bill of the male is more likely to remind one of an African or Asian
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[831,914,1748,1772]" class="Aves" family="Oriolidae" genus="Oriolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[831,914,1748,1772]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Oriolus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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oriole (e.g.,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Vieillot" authorityYear="1817" box="[1083,1270,1748,1772]" class="Aves" family="Oriolidae" genus="Oriolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auratus">
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<emphasis box="[1083,1270,1748,1772]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Oriolus auratus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, African Golden Oriole,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[918,1111,1780,1804]" class="Aves" family="Oriolidae" genus="Oriolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chinensis">
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<emphasis box="[918,1111,1780,1804]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Oriolus chinensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, Black-naped Oriole, or
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1846" class="Aves" family="Oriolidae" genus="Oriolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuirostris">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Oriolus tenuirostris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, Slender-billed Oriole) before any Neotropical species comes to mind! The burnt orange crest is similar to that of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lafresnaye" authorityYear="1847" box="[937,1170,1876,1900]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Tachyphonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="delatrii">
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<emphasis box="[937,1170,1876,1900]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Tachyphonus delatrii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. This crest differs from that of male
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<taxonomicName box="[920,1197,1908,1932]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Trichothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanops">
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<emphasis box="[920,1197,1908,1932]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Trichothraupis melanops</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in that it is never hidden by the lateral crown feathers. The mostly yellow female is less distinctive, perhaps most likely confused with a juvenile
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Latham" baseAuthorityYear="1790" box="[204,493,263,287]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Schistochlamys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopis">
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<emphasis box="[204,493,263,287]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Schistochlamys melanopis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Black-faced Tanager), or a female
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<taxonomicName box="[233,417,295,319]" class="Aves" family="Cardinalidae" genus="Piranga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olivacea">
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<emphasis box="[233,417,295,319]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Piranga olivacea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Scarlet Tanager),
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<taxonomicName box="[621,700,295,319]" class="Aves" family="Cardinalidae" genus="Piranga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flava">
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<emphasis box="[621,700,295,319]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">P. flava</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Hepatic Tanager), or
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<taxonomicName box="[304,396,327,351]" class="Aves" family="Cardinalidae" genus="Piranga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubra">
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<emphasis box="[304,396,327,351]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">P. rubra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Summer Tanager), but is brighter yellow than any of these, with a proportionately longer tail than
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Vieillot" authorityYear="1808" box="[211,298,392,415]" class="Aves" family="Cardinalidae" genus="Piranga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[211,298,392,415]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Piranga</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and with at least some bright orange or pink on the bill.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="7.[155,802,199,1919]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[181,475,455,479]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
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Description of
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||
<typeStatus box="[363,469,455,479]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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||
Plumage colors were scored using Munsell (no date), judged under a mixture of natural and fluorescent lighting. Forehead and crown are burnt orange closest to 7YR 6/12; the crown feathers behind the center of the crown are longer, forming a short, shaggy crest. Aline of blackish feathering extends from the nares, the lores, justoverthe eyes, andalongthe sidesof the crown above the auriculars, ending at the rear of the auriculars. The feathering between the eye and the rictus, as well as the lower half of the orbital feathering are yellow, closest to 2.5Y 8.5/12. Auriculars are a greenish-yellow closest to 5Y 7/12. Body feathers from nape to upper tail coverts are a uniform olive closest to 7.5Y 5/8. Lesser, median, and greater secondary and primary wing coverts also closest to 7.5Y 5/8; small feathers along leading edge of wing from “wrist” to base of outermost primary yellow, closest to 5Y 8.5/12. Rectrices and remiges are also olive, darkest near feather shaft (closest to 7.5Y 4/6), becoming paler towards margins (remix margins visible on closed wing), closest to 7.5Y 5/8, inner tips of primaries darkest, closest to 5Y 3/4. Axillaries and underwing coverts yellow, closest to 5Y 8.5/12. Undersides of primaries dusky (closest to 5Y 4/2), innermost portion of inner web becoming most contrastingly yellow (closest to 5Y 8/8). Primaries 8-4 emarginated (
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<figureCitation box="[163,254,1223,1247]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[834,915,1010,1032]" captionTargetBox="[843,1468,200,976]" captionTargetId="figure-548@9.[837,1477,197,979]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Line drawings of external morphological characters of Heliothraupis, based on LSUMZ 195912. (A) Bill structure, (B) outside view of left leg, (C) underside of tail, and (D) dorsal view of open right wing. Drawing by DFL." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5710694" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5710694/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Figure 3</figureCitation>
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). Malar, chin, throat, and center of breast saffron yellow, closest to 2.5Y 8/16, becoming a medium yellow (closest to 5Y 8.5/14) on belly and undertail coverts. Sides of breast and flanks olive-yellow, closest to 5Y 6/10. Label information: Weight
|
||
<quantity box="[404,479,1351,1375]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.18" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" unit="g" value="21.8">21.8 g</quantity>
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||
; Length
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<quantity box="[592,669,1351,1375]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" unit="cm" value="18.0">18 cm</quantity>
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||
; Wingspan
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||
<quantity box="[155,243,1383,1407]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" unit="cm" value="26.5">26.5 cm</quantity>
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; Bill orange; Tarsi, toes yellowish brown; No wing, tail, or body molt; Medium fat; Left testis
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||
<date box="[626,660,1415,1438]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">7 x</date>
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||
<quantity box="[667,735,1415,1439]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
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||
; Skull 100% ossified; Stomach contained seeds and insect remains; Collected by mist net; Voice recorded by MAA and also on
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<date box="[240,358,1511,1535]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" value="1925-01">25 January</date>
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by DFL (ML 238445).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[155,802,199,1919]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408722308" collectionCode="MUSM" country="Bolivia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" specimenCode="MUSM 30068, LSUMZ 195912, 195915, 195916, 195921, 195922, 195925, B-95315, MKN-AV 6349, 6360, 6361, 6362, 6363, 6364, 6365, 6366" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[181,306,1543,1567]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[181,300,1543,1567]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCode box="[321,488,1543,1567]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">MUSM 30068</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[508,695,1543,1567]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">LSUMZ 195912</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[715,797,1543,1567]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">195915</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[155,237,1575,1599]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">195916</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[264,346,1575,1599]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">195921</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[374,456,1575,1599]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">195922</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[483,565,1575,1599]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">195925</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[593,675,1575,1599]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">195925</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[702,797,1575,1599]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">B-95315</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[155,326,1607,1631]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">MKN-AV 6349</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[336,392,1607,1631]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">6360</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[401,456,1607,1631]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">6361</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[467,523,1607,1631]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">6362</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[533,589,1607,1631]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">6363</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[599,655,1607,1631]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">6364</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[665,721,1607,1631]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">6365</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[731,787,1607,1631]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">6366</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[155,802,199,1919]" lastBlockId="7.[833,1481,199,1919]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[181,484,1639,1663]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus box="[360,478,1639,1663]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In addition to the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[697,797,1639,1663]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, another
|
||
<specimenCount box="[256,526,1671,1695]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="generic">16 paratype specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[577,728,1671,1695]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Heliothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[577,728,1671,1695]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Heliothraupis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exist. Fifteen of these are also males, 14 from within
|
||
<quantity box="[664,733,1703,1727]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
|
||
of the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[155,203,1735,1759]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, and collected between
|
||
<date pageId="7" pageNumber="7" value="2012-12-22" valueMax="2012-12-26" valueMin="2012-12-22">22 and 26 December 2012</date>
|
||
and
|
||
<date box="[259,480,1767,1791]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" value="2019-01-25" valueMax="2019-01-28" valueMin="2019-01-25">25–28 January 2019</date>
|
||
. One male, the firstspecimen that was collected on
|
||
<date box="[406,542,1799,1823]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" value="2004-06-09">9 June 2004</date>
|
||
, is from the Kosñipata road in Peru (MUSM 30068). None of these males differ noticeably from the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[376,474,1863,1887]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in plumage coloration or pattern. Although the crowns of some individuals appear very slightly scaled with darker orange tips to the crest feathers, others have more saturated orange-yellow on the center of the breast and undertail coverts. Of the
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1313,1411,263,287]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="male">14 males</specimenCount>
|
||
taken in December, only 2 exhibited any molt: LSUMZ 195916 had all rectrices sheathed (presumably adventitious replacement). Of the 3 birds taken in January, 2 exhibited molt. MNK.AV. 6349 had asymmetrical wing (primaries 6 on both wings, and secondaries 2, 3 on left wing and 3 on the right wing sheathed) and tail (left rectrices 3, 4, right rectrices 2, 3 sheathed) molt and moderate body molt, and LSUMZ B-95315 had only asymmetrical tail molt (left rectrix 3, right 3–6 sheathed). An additional bird observed and photographed on
|
||
<date box="[1079,1299,583,607]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" value="2019-01-22" valueMax="2019-01-24" valueMin="2019-01-22">22–24 January 2019</date>
|
||
had all rectrices sheathed. The Peruvian specimen (MUSM 30068), collected on
|
||
<date box="[955,1100,647,671]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" value="2004-06-09">9 June 2004</date>
|
||
, had rectrices that were heavily worn, both primaries 6 and secondaries 1 sheathed, and it showed trace body molt; we conclude that the bird was beginning definitive prebasic molt.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[833,1481,199,1919]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
We only collected
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1068,1165,775,799]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
, (LSUMZ 195925), taken
|
||
<date pageId="7" pageNumber="7" value="2012-12-25">25 December 2012</date>
|
||
fromone of the southernmostand highestelevation territories we encountered in 2012 (BOLIVIA: dpto La Paz, Machariapo Valley,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1216,1298,871,895]" degrees="14" direction="south" minutes="36" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" precision="925" value="-14.6">14°36’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1312,1406,871,895]" degrees="68" direction="west" minutes="27" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" precision="925" value="-68.45">68°27’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="1100.0">1,100 m</quantity>
|
||
), which differed from the males primarily in head and breast plumage. The forehead to nape of the female is olive, concolor with the remaining dorsal plumage, closest to 7.5Y 5/8. The lores and anterior portion of the orbit feathering are a pale greenish-cream closest to 7.5Y 8/8. Rear portion of orbit a pale yellow 5Y 8/8. The auriculars, rear portion of the supercilium, malar, and sides of neck are yellow-olive (5Y 7/10). Chin and throat a pale medium yellow (5Y 8.5/10). Aweakly defined broad ochraceousyellow band across the breast is closest to 2.5Y 7/12 with weak olive streaks, particularly towards sides of breast (closest to 7.5Y 7/12). Label information: Weight
|
||
<quantity box="[1404,1477,1255,1279]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.91" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" unit="g" value="29.1">29.1 g</quantity>
|
||
. Wingspan
|
||
<quantity box="[952,1045,1287,1311]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.51" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="251.0">251 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Iris dark brown. Mandible orange with dusky splotch. Maxilla dusky with orange around tomium and nares. Tarsi and toes gray. Shot in tropical deciduous forest with scrub (mate of LSUMZ 195924). Unshelled egg in oviduct
|
||
<date box="[954,1036,1415,1439]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" value="2016-10-23">
|
||
23 x
|
||
<quantity box="[1009,1036,1415,1439]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="16.0">16</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
mm. No bursa of Fabricius. Skull 100% ossified. No molt. Stomach contained arthropod parts. We only observed one other female, on
|
||
<date pageId="7" pageNumber="7" value="2012-12-26">26 December 2012</date>
|
||
, near the locality of the female specimen, which it resembled, except in having an entirely pinkish-orange bill.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[833,1481,199,1919]" lastBlockId="9.[155,802,1086,1910]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[860,1134,1575,1599]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Specimens examined.</emphasis>
|
||
All known specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Lane, Aponte, Rheindt, Rosenberg, Schmitt, and Terrill" authorityYear="2021" box="[833,939,1607,1631]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Heliothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oneilli">
|
||
<emphasis box="[833,939,1607,1631]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">H. oneilli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were reviewed and measured, as well as male specimens of several related taxa for comparison (Table 2):
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408722306" collectionCode="LSUMZ" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" specimenCode="LSUMZ 96899, LSUMZ 196420, LSUMZ 169146" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[879,1167,1671,1695]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Trichothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanops">
|
||
<emphasis box="[879,1167,1671,1695]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Trichothraupis melanops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1191,1368,1671,1695]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">LSUMZ 96899</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode pageId="7" pageNumber="7">LSUMZ 196420</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[933,1120,1703,1727]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">LSUMZ 169146</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408722305" collectionCode="LSUMZ" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" specimenCode="LSUMZ 167782, LSUMZ 167783" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1136,1474,1703,1727]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Eucometis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="penicillata" subSpecies="pallida">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1136,1474,1703,1727]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Eucometis penicillata pallida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode box="[833,1018,1735,1759]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">LSUMZ 167782</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1035,1221,1735,1759]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">LSUMZ 167783</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408722307" collectionCode="LSUMZ" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" specimenCode="LSUMZ 138840" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=": LSUMZ" authorityName="LSUMZ" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Eucometis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="penicillata" subSpecies="stictothorax">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Eucometis penicillata stictothorax</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode box="[996,1086,1767,1791]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">LSUMZ</specimenCode>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
138840
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408722301" collectionCode="LSUMZ" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" specimenCode="LSUMZ 125305, LSUMZ 183845, LSUMZ 183846" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Eucometis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="penicillata" subSpecies="albicollis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Eucometis penicillata albicollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode box="[958,1150,1799,1823]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">LSUMZ 125305</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1174,1366,1799,1823]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">LSUMZ 183845</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode pageId="7" pageNumber="7">LSUMZ 183846</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408722303" collectionCode="LSUMZ" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" specimenCode="LSUMZ 83563, LSUMZ 173154, LSUMZ 110917" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[928,1295,1831,1855]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Eucometis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="penicillata" subSpecies="penicillata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[928,1295,1831,1855]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Eucometis penicillata penicillata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1309,1476,1831,1855]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">LSUMZ 83563</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[833,1013,1863,1887]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">LSUMZ 173154</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1026,1207,1863,1887]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">LSUMZ 110917</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408722302" collectionCode="LSUMZ" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" specimenCode="LSUMZ 133848, LSUMZ 133844, LSUMZ 133849" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Loriotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus" subGenus="Tachyphonus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Loriotus (Tachyphonus) cristatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode box="[955,1148,1895,1919]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">LSUMZ 133848</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1173,1365,1895,1919]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">LSUMZ 133844</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">LSUMZ 133849</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408722309" collectionCode="LSUMZ" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" specimenCode="LSUMZ 117481, LSUMZ 116170, LSUMZ 191773" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[266,679,1086,1110]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Loriotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiventer" subGenus="Tachyphonus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[266,679,1086,1110]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Loriotus (Tachyphonus) rufiventer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode pageId="9" pageNumber="9">LSUMZ 117481</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[247,426,1118,1142]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">LSUMZ 116170</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[437,616,1118,1142]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">LSUMZ 191773</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5710690" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5710690" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5710690/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" startId="8.[152,233,1803,1825]" targetBox="[181,1448,199,1771]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[152,1479,1803,1932]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[152,261,1803,1825]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Phylogenetic analyses of the new species and relatives using separate gene trees (ND2, cyt
|
||
<emphasis box="[1231,1244,1803,1825]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">b</emphasis>
|
||
, ACO1, and Rag1) and combined analyses (Concatenated, *Beast). Support values (posterior probabilities) are shown at each node. All trees strongly support the placement of the new species in a clade with
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="von Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[636,839,1856,1878]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Eucometis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="penicillata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[636,839,1856,1878]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Eucometis penicillata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[887,1125,1856,1878]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Trichothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanops">
|
||
<emphasis box="[887,1125,1856,1878]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Trichothraupis melanops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the trees disagree on the relationships of these taxa relative to each other, and none of the trees show strong support for relationships among these three taxa, emphasizing the distinctness of these three species relative to each other.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5710692" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5710692" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5710692/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" startId="9.[155,236,813,835]" targetBox="[158,796,204,778]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[155,802,813,1048]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[155,263,813,835]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Phylogenetic analyses of the new species and close relatives based on UCE loci. Support values for each node shown for RAxML, SVDQuartets, and ASTRAL.There is strong support for a clade containing the new species,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[514,752,893,915]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Trichothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanops">
|
||
<emphasis box="[514,752,893,915]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Trichothraupis melanops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="von Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[155,358,920,942]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Eucometis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="penicillata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[155,358,920,942]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Eucometis penicillata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Within this clade,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[541,655,920,942]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Trichothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanops">
|
||
<emphasis box="[541,655,920,942]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">T. melanops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is identified as the closest living relative to the new species. Although strongly supported, the branch connecting the clade comprising the new species and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[283,401,1000,1022]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Trichothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanops">
|
||
<emphasis box="[283,401,1000,1022]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">T. melanops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is short. Thumbnail illustrations of the birds by DFL.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5710694" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5710694" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5710694/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" startId="9.[834,915,1010,1032]" targetBox="[843,1468,200,976]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[833,1480,1010,1112]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[834,942,1010,1032]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Line drawings of external morphological characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[862,991,1036,1058]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Heliothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[862,991,1036,1058]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Heliothraupis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on LSUMZ 195912. (A) Bill structure, (B) outside view of left leg, (C) underside of tail, and (D) dorsal view of open right wing. Drawing by DFL.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="9" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[155,802,1086,1910]" lastBlockId="9.[833,1481,1149,1909]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[181,315,1150,1174]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The species name
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Lane, Aponte, Rheindt, Rosenberg, Schmitt, and Terrill" authorityYear="2021" box="[543,612,1150,1174]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Heliothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oneilli">
|
||
<emphasis box="[543,612,1150,1174]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">oneilli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is to honor our mentor, friend, and colleague, John P. O’Neill, whose efforts started the LSUMNS’s South American program, and who played an important role in directing much of the fieldwork over a period of over 40 years. John has shared his knowledge, kindness, generosity, and good humor with several generations of students at LSU, as well as with the greater birding and ornithological communities, particularly in Peru, and this has made him a beloved and treasured member of each. He is renowned for his ability to choose likely sites worthy of ornithological exploration, a skill that has been rewarded with his authorship of the descriptions of 15 new species (including 3 new genera) of birds. John has been an active element in the development of domestic ornithological study in Peru, a country that has become a second home to him, not least of which for being one of the progenitors of the field guide
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Birds of Peru</emphasis>
|
||
, and assuring a Spanish edition was published in addition to English. He also provided financial and logistical support to the ornithological departments of MUSM and CORBIDI at key periods of the respective development of both Peruvian institutions and has participated tirelessly in efforts to engage young Peruvians in ornithological fieldwork. He embodies the spirit of inclusiveness and views each person who has worked alongside him in the process of conducting fieldwork as an equal, from the local camp assistants to fellow biologists to politicians and donors. The Peruvian government formally recognized his contributions to the development of ornithology and ecotourism in Peru through the 2008 Distinguished Service Merit Award. We cannot express how much John has meant to us as an inspiration in our own careers. Our proposed common name “
|
||
<emphasis box="[1197,1237,1406,1429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Inti</emphasis>
|
||
” is derived from the Quechua and Aymara word for “Sun” and thus parallels the genus name.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[833,1481,1149,1909]" lastBlockId="10.[831,1478,199,1919]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[860,1194,1501,1525]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
As of this writing, documented reports of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Lane, Aponte, Rheindt, Rosenberg, Schmitt, and Terrill" authorityYear="2021" box="[1112,1219,1533,1557]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Heliothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oneilli">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1112,1219,1533,1557]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">H. oneilli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have only been made along the Kosñipata road, Cusco department, Peru, and the Machariapo Valley to the northwest of Apolo, La Paz department, Bolivia (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1131,1226,1629,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="12.[152,233,874,896]" captionTargetBox="[175,1455,200,841]" captionTargetId="figure-508@12.[172,1458,197,844]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 4. Confirmed localities of Heliothraupis oneilli plotted as black dots and predicted distribution based on our modeling,using parameters set at 50% suitability,with the predicted breeding range (in gold) and predicted nonbreeding range (in purple) plotted on a false color map of elevation of the eastern slope of the Andes in western Bolivia and Southern Perú.From the confirmed observations reported, we believe that this species breeds in high densities in a small region (~2,500 km2), and then disperses to a much larger zone (~26,000 km2) in the nonbreeding season,resulting in considerably lower population density at that time." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5710696" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5710696/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). In La Paz, the species appears to favor short (
|
||
<quantity box="[1168,1216,1661,1685]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
|
||
canopy) to moderatestature (~
|
||
<quantity box="[945,1009,1693,1717]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
|
||
canopy) deciduous and semi-deciduous woodland between approximately
|
||
<quantity box="[1247,1396,1725,1749]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.125" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.75" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="1125.0" valueMax="1500.0" valueMin="750.0">750–1500 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation. Most individuals were present on ridges where the vegetation was shorter and drier. The canopy of these woodlands was dominated by
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1184,1474,1821,1845]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Anadenanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="colubrina">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1184,1474,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Anadenanthera colubrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[833,1089,1853,1877]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Schinopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[833,1089,1853,1877]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Schinopsis brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Parker, T. A., III & B. Bailey" box="[1116,1406,1853,1877]" firstAuthor="Parker" journalOrPublisher="Conservation International, Washington, D. C., USA" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" refId="ref14899" refString="Parker, T. A., III, and B. Bailey (Editors) (1991). A Biological Assessment of the Alto Madidi Region and Adjacent Areas of Northwest Bolivia, May l 8 - June 15, 1990. RAP Working Papers 1, Conservation International, Washington, D. C., USA." title="A Biological Assessment of the Alto Madidi Region and Adjacent Areas of Northwest Bolivia, May l 8 - June 15, 1990" type="book" year="1991">Parker and Bailey 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and a tall columnar cactus, probably
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1265,1480,1886,1909]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Cereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stenogonus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1265,1480,1886,1909]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Cereus stenogonus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/38163969; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/38163964), as well as the shorter and more slender
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1263,1478,263,287]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Cereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yungasensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1263,1478,263,287]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Cereus yungasensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/20039659; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/38164825); ground cover was not particularly thick, but it included a spiny terrestrial bromeliad and in places a carpet of smallstature bamboo-like grass species,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1250,1478,423,447]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Calyptrosphaeraceae" genus="Pharus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="lappulaceus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1250,1478,423,447]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Pharus lappulaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/31035377). Densities of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[970,1121,487,511]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Heliothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[970,1121,487,511]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Heliothraupis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in this habitat were remarkably high, and in
|
||
<date box="[977,1157,519,543]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" value="2012-12">December 2012</date>
|
||
, we detected a minimum of 12 singing males along ~
|
||
<quantity box="[1115,1175,551,575]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
|
||
(linear distance) of deciduous ridgeline habitat at about
|
||
<quantity box="[1172,1296,583,607]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="800.0" valueMax="900.0" valueMin="700.0">700–900 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation. Some individuals were encountered on the floor of the adjacent valley (
|
||
<quantity box="[964,1077,647,671]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="75.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="50.0">50–100 m</quantity>
|
||
below the tops of the ridges) where the canopy was taller and the diversity of vegetation was greater and with a denser understory, but, at least in some cases, it is likely that the birds that descended to the valley floor from more typical ridge habitat did so in response to voice playback. In mid-December 2013, RST revisited territories where we had collected males in 2012. In each instance, the territory was occupied by a new male, which further indicates the high breeding density of this species in the Machariapo valley. At higher elevations (>
|
||
<quantity box="[1372,1464,935,959]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="1000.0">1,000 m</quantity>
|
||
), where the edaphic conditions appeared drier, the species was present in shorter-stature (
|
||
<quantity box="[1183,1256,999,1023]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="5.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="4.0">4–7 m</quantity>
|
||
canopy) woodland, including disturbed roadside growth, with a much denser understory with some isolated taller trees (reaching
|
||
<quantity box="[1407,1465,1063,1087]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
|
||
). An unidentified bamboo species (https://www.inaturalist. org/observations/20039775) formed dense patches in this woodland, and we noticed singing male
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1272,1423,1159,1183]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Heliothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1272,1423,1159,1183]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Heliothraupis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
over these patches. In 2012, there was a seeding event with the low-stature bamboo-like
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1171,1395,1223,1247]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Calyptrosphaeraceae" genus="Pharus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="lappulaceus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1171,1395,1223,1247]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Pharus lappulaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the valley, illustrated by the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lawrence" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[1238,1477,1255,1279]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Sporophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schistacea">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1238,1477,1255,1279]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Sporophila schistacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Slate-colored Seedeater), a nomadic bamboo specialist that breeds during such seeding events (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Parker, T. A., III" box="[1330,1472,1319,1343]" firstAuthor="Parker" journalOrPublisher="The Wilson Bulletin" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" pagination="477 - 493" part="94" refId="ref14866" refString="Parker, T. A., III (1982). Observations of some unusual rainforest and marsh birds of southeastern Peru. The Wilson Bulletin 94: 477 - 493." title="Observations of some unusual rainforest and marsh birds of southeastern Peru" type="journal article" year="1982">Parker 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Neudorf, D. L. & P. J. Blanchfield" box="[831,1162,1351,1375]" firstAuthor="Neudorf" journalOrPublisher="Ornitologia Neotropical" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" pagination="129 - 132" part="5" refId="ref14769" refString="Neudorf, D. L., and P. J. Blanchfield (1994). The Slate-colored Seedeater (Sporophila schistacea): Abamboo specialist? Ornitologia Neotropical 5: 129 - 132." title="The Slate-colored Seedeater (Sporophila schistacea): A bamboo specialist?" type="journal article" year="1994">Neudorf and Blanchfield 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In 2019, most territories of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[831,982,1383,1407]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Heliothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[831,982,1383,1407]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Heliothraupis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were concentrated where there was significant growth of either this or another low-stature bamboolike grass, tentatively identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1264,1477,1447,1471]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Lasiacis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maculata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1264,1477,1447,1471]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Lasiacis maculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/20029720). Aspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1822" box="[993,1085,1511,1535]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Guadua" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[993,1085,1511,1535]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Guadua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bamboo (https://www.inaturalist. org/observations/38163982) was present in the highestelevation territory of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1070,1221,1575,1599]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Heliothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1070,1221,1575,1599]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Heliothraupis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, at ~
|
||
<quantity box="[1276,1370,1575,1599]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="1500.0">1,500 m</quantity>
|
||
. We infer that the species may require these bamboos or bamboolike grasses as an important feature in its breeding habitat in these semi-deciduous forests. More thorough characterizations of the edaphic conditions and flora of the region can be found in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Parker, T. A., III & B. Bailey" box="[1081,1349,1735,1759]" firstAuthor="Parker" journalOrPublisher="Conservation International, Washington, D. C., USA" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" refId="ref14899" refString="Parker, T. A., III, and B. Bailey (Editors) (1991). A Biological Assessment of the Alto Madidi Region and Adjacent Areas of Northwest Bolivia, May l 8 - June 15, 1990. RAP Working Papers 1, Conservation International, Washington, D. C., USA." title="A Biological Assessment of the Alto Madidi Region and Adjacent Areas of Northwest Bolivia, May l 8 - June 15, 1990" type="book" year="1991">Parker and Bailey (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Perry, A. & M. Kessler & N. Helme" editor="J. V. Remsen, Jr." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Perry" journalOrPublisher="American Ornithologist's Union, Washington (DC)" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" refId="ref15116" refString="Perry, A., M. Kessler, and N. Helme (1997). Birds of the central Rio Tuichi Valley, with emphasis on dry forest, Parque Nacional Madidi, depto. La Paz, Bolivia. In Studies in Neotropical Ornithology Honoring Ted Parker (J. V. Remsen, Jr., Editor). American Ornithologist's Union, Washington (DC)." title="Birds of the central Rio Tuichi Valley, with emphasis on dry forest, Parque Nacional Madidi, depto. La Paz, Bolivia" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Studies in Neotropical Ornithology Honoring Ted Parker" year="1997">Perry et al. (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kessler, M. & M. Helme" box="[914,1199,1767,1791]" firstAuthor="Kessler" journalOrPublisher="Candollea" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" pagination="341 - 366" part="54" refId="ref14264" refString="Kessler, M., and M. Helme (1999). Floristic diversity and phytogeography of the central Tuichi Valley, and isolated dry forest locality in the Bolivian Andes. Candollea 54: 341 - 366." title="Floristic diversity and phytogeography of the central Tuichi Valley, and isolated dry forest locality in the Bolivian Andes" type="journal article" year="1999">Kessler and Helme (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cayola, L. & A. Fuentes & P. M. JOrgensen" box="[1259,1471,1767,1791]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Cayola" journalOrPublisher="Ecologia en Bolivia" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" pagination="396 - 417" part="40" refId="ref13158" refString="Cayola, L., A. Fuentes, and P. M. JOrgensen (2005). Estructura y composicionfloristicadeunbosquesecosubandinoyungueno en elvalle del Tuichi, Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Madidi, La Paz (Bolivia). Ecologia en Bolivia 40: 396 - 417." title="Estructura y composicion floristica de un bosque seco subandino yungueno en el valle del Tuichi, Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Madidi, La Paz (Bolivia)" type="journal article" year="2005">Cayola et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[831,1478,199,1919]" lastBlockId="11.[155,802,199,1343]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Observations along the Kosñipata road, Peru, have been between about 1,000 and
|
||
<quantity box="[1193,1284,1831,1855]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="1400.0">1,400 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation, at the change from “lower montane rainforest” to “cloud forest” elevation bands and the vegetation contains elements of both (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Terborgh, J." box="[261,430,199,223]" firstAuthor="Terborgh" journalOrPublisher="Ecology" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="1237 - 1246" part="66" refId="ref15765" refString="Terborgh, J. (1985). The role of ecotones in the distribution of Andean birds. Ecology 66: 1237 - 1246." title="The role of ecotones in the distribution of Andean birds" type="journal article" year="1985">Terborgh 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The immediate area in which
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[155,306,231,255]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Heliothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[155,306,231,255]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Heliothraupis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been seen is largely what appears to be second-growth (post-landslide?) humid forest with a broken canopy and high
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1822" box="[436,528,295,319]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Guadua" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[436,528,295,319]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Guadua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bamboo component. In 2000, the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1822" box="[266,358,327,351]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Guadua" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[266,358,327,351]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Guadua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bamboo was seeding over much of the area in which we made our first
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[507,658,359,383]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Heliothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[507,658,359,383]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Heliothraupis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
observation, and again,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lawrence" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[271,508,391,415]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Sporophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schistacea">
|
||
<emphasis box="[271,508,391,415]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Sporophila schistacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was present. This
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1822" box="[709,801,391,415]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Guadua" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[709,801,391,415]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Guadua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bamboo was dying back and being replaced by vines and other second growth by 2003, only returning to become a major component of the habitat locally by about 2011 or so (DFL, personal observation).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="DF497AB7421FA009FED84D529DE99D0F" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF497AB7421FA009FED84D529DE99D0F" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" startId="10.[202,225,199,218]" targetBox="[268,693,200,1914]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[201,251,199,1914]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[202,225,1820,1912]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Specimen measurements. These measurements are means (mm) with standard deviation in parentheses unless otherwise stated. Specimens examined are listed in main text.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<table box="[268,693,200,1914]" gridcols="10" gridrows="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<tr box="[268,318,200,1914]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<th box="[268,318,1675,1914]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">Taxon</th>
|
||
<th box="[268,318,1537,1610]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
Sex (
|
||
<emphasis box="[282,305,1544,1557]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">n</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[268,318,1374,1493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">Weight (g)</th>
|
||
<th box="[268,318,1198,1307]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">Culmen</th>
|
||
<th box="[268,318,1051,1161]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">Bill width</th>
|
||
<th box="[268,318,878,980]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">Bill depth</th>
|
||
<th box="[268,318,700,829]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">Wing length</th>
|
||
<th box="[268,318,540,657]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">Primaryextension</th>
|
||
<th box="[268,318,381,501]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">Tail length</th>
|
||
<th box="[268,318,200,334]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">Tarsus length</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[334,357,200,1914]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<td box="[334,357,1537,1610]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<th box="[334,357,1675,1914]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Lane, Aponte, Rheindt, Rosenberg, Schmitt, and Terrill" authorityYear="2021" box="[334,357,1591,1603]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Heliothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oneilli">HeliothraupisoneilliF</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
(1)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[334,357,200,334]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<td box="[334,357,381,501]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<td box="[334,357,540,657]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<td box="[334,357,700,829]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<td box="[334,357,878,980]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<td box="[334,357,1051,1161]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<td box="[334,357,1198,1307]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<td box="[334,357,1374,1493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">29.1115.97.677.51471.518.4</td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[363,386,200,1914]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<td box="[363,386,1537,1610]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<th box="[363,386,1675,1914]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Lane, Aponte, Rheindt, Rosenberg, Schmitt, and Terrill" authorityYear="2021" box="[363,386,1591,1610]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Heliothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oneilli">HeliothraupisoneilliM</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
(17)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[363,386,1374,1493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
23.3(
|
||
<td box="[363,386,1198,1307]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">1.15)11.2(0.40)</td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[363,386,1051,1161]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">6.3(0.31)</td>
|
||
<td box="[363,386,878,980]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">7.3(0.24)</td>
|
||
<td box="[363,386,700,829]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">82.9(2.66)</td>
|
||
<td box="[363,386,540,657]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">15.1(1.53)</td>
|
||
<td box="[363,386,381,501]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
74.7(2.68
|
||
<td box="[363,386,200,334]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">)19.4(1.00)</td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[392,415,200,1914]" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<td box="[392,415,1537,1610]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<th box="[392,415,1675,1914]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[392,415,1579,1610]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Trichothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanops">TrichothraupismelanopsM(</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
3)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[392,415,1374,1493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">23.2(0.67)</td>
|
||
<td box="[392,415,1198,1307]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">9.2(1.63)</td>
|
||
<td box="[392,415,1051,1161]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">6.6(0.37)</td>
|
||
<td box="[392,415,878,980]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">6.5(0.33)</td>
|
||
<td box="[392,415,700,829]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">83.2(1.02)</td>
|
||
<td box="[392,415,540,657]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">18 (1.39)</td>
|
||
<td box="[392,415,381,501]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">68.4(0.92)</td>
|
||
<td box="[392,415,200,334]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">20 (0.58)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[420,443,200,1914]" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<td box="[420,443,1537,1610]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<th box="[420,443,1675,1914]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="von Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[420,443,1591,1610]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Eucometis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="penicillata">EucometispenicillataM</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
(2)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[420,443,1374,1493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">26.9, 24.7</td>
|
||
<td box="[420,443,1198,1307]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">9.9, 9.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[420,443,1051,1161]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">6.3, 6</td>
|
||
<td box="[420,443,878,980]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">6.7, 6.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[420,443,700,829]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">80.2, 84.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[420,443,540,657]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">14.8, 16</td>
|
||
<td box="[420,443,381,501]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">64.2, 67.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[420,443,200,334]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">22.2, 20.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[476,499,200,1914]" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<td box="[476,499,1537,1610]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<tr box="[447,470,200,1914]" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<th box="[447,470,1675,1914]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<th box="[476,499,1675,1914]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="von Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[476,499,1591,1610]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Eucometis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="penicillata">pallidaEucometispenicillataM</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
(1)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[476,499,1051,1161]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<td box="[476,499,1198,1307]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<td box="[476,499,1374,1493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">3010.36.7</td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<tr box="[531,554,200,1914]" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<td box="[531,554,1537,1610]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<tr box="[502,525,200,1914]" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<th box="[502,525,1675,1914]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<th box="[531,554,1675,1914]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<td box="[476,499,200,334]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<td box="[476,499,381,501]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<td box="[476,499,540,657]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<td box="[476,499,700,829]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<td box="[476,499,878,980]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="von Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[531,554,1591,1610]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Eucometis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="penicillata">7.283.213.672.720.9stictothoraxEucometispenicillataM</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
(3)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[531,554,1374,1493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">26.4(1.25)</td>
|
||
<td box="[531,554,1198,1307]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">11.8(0.79)</td>
|
||
<td box="[531,554,1051,1161]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">7.4 (0.36)</td>
|
||
<td box="[531,554,878,980]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">6.87 (0.39)</td>
|
||
<td box="[531,554,700,829]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">85.7(1.47)</td>
|
||
<td box="[531,554,540,657]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">13.3(0.74)</td>
|
||
<td box="[531,554,381,501]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">76.2 (0.66)</td>
|
||
<td box="[531,554,200,334]" gridcol="9" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
20 (
|
||
<tr box="[586,609,200,1914]" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<td box="[586,609,1537,1610]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<tr box="[558,581,200,1914]" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<th box="[558,581,1675,1914]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<th box="[586,609,1675,1914]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="von Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[586,609,1591,1610]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Eucometis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="penicillata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[586,609,1591,1610]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">0.26)albicollisEucometispenicillataM</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
(3)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[586,609,1374,1493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">33.5 (1.5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[586,609,1198,1307]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">10.8(0.50)</td>
|
||
<td box="[586,609,1051,1161]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">7.6 (0.16)</td>
|
||
<td box="[586,609,878,980]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">7.3 (0.29)</td>
|
||
<td box="[586,609,700,829]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">84.6 (1.38)</td>
|
||
<td box="[586,609,540,657]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">14.4 (1.73)</td>
|
||
<td box="[586,609,381,501]" gridcol="8" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">75 (2.70)</td>
|
||
<td box="[586,609,200,334]" gridcol="9" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">19.9 (0.58)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[642,665,200,1914]" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<td box="[642,665,1537,1610]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<tr box="[613,636,200,1914]" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<th box="[613,636,1675,1914]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<th box="[642,665,1675,1914]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[642,665,1579,1610]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Loriotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">penicillataLoriotuscristatusM(</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
3)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,665,1374,1493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
22.9(
|
||
<td box="[642,665,1198,1307]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">0.85)11.6(0.53)</td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,665,1051,1161]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">6.5(0.22)</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,665,878,980]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">6.8(0.24)</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,665,700,829]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">82.8(2.83)</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,665,540,657]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">15 (2.07)</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,665,381,501]" gridcol="8" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
70.8(2.98
|
||
<td box="[642,665,200,334]" gridcol="9" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">)18.3 (0.12)</td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[670,693,200,1914]" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<th box="[670,693,1675,1914]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<emphasis box="[670,693,1836,1913]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Loriotus</emphasis>
|
||
<td box="[670,693,1537,1610]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[670,693,1591,1610]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Loriotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiventer">
|
||
<emphasis box="[670,693,1591,1610]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">rufiventerM</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(3)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,693,1374,1493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">20.7 (2.33)</td>
|
||
<td box="[670,693,1198,1307]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">10.3 (0)</td>
|
||
<td box="[670,693,1051,1161]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">6.0 (0.26)</td>
|
||
<td box="[670,693,878,980]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">6.4 (0.16)</td>
|
||
<td box="[670,693,700,829]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">73.3 (2.47)</td>
|
||
<td box="[670,693,540,657]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">12.9 (0.97)</td>
|
||
<td box="[670,693,381,501]" gridcol="8" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">61.8 (1.77)</td>
|
||
<td box="[670,693,200,334]" gridcol="9" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" textDirection="bu">18.4 (0.62)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[155,802,199,1343]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
We know of sightings of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Lane, Aponte, Rheindt, Rosenberg, Schmitt, and Terrill" authorityYear="2021" box="[487,594,551,575]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Heliothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oneilli">
|
||
<emphasis box="[487,594,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">H. oneilli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Kosñipata valley from
|
||
<date box="[284,354,583,607]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">9 June</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date box="[364,440,583,607]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" value="1930-07">30 July</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date box="[449,550,583,607]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">9 August</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date box="[559,699,583,607]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">3 September</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date pageId="11" pageNumber="11">7 and 10 October</date>
|
||
, dates that span the heart of the dry season locally (Pepe Rojas, Julian Heavyside, personal communication). Several visits by DFL to this locality in early November to searchfor
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Lane, Aponte, Rheindt, Rosenberg, Schmitt, and Terrill" authorityYear="2021" box="[267,367,711,735]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Heliothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oneilli">
|
||
<emphasis box="[267,367,711,735]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">H. oneilli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(including in 2003, only twoweeks after an encounter) were fruitless. Thus, the scanty evidence so far suggests that the species is only present along the Kosñipata road as a low-density non-breeder during the dry season and migrates elsewhere to breed. Observations from the Machariapo valley, Bolivia, span from
|
||
<date pageId="11" pageNumber="11" value="2018-10-09">9 October 2018</date>
|
||
(Rich Hoyer, personal communication),
|
||
<date pageId="11" pageNumber="11" value="2017-11-19" valueMax="2017-11-22" valueMin="2017-11-19">19–22 November 2017</date>
|
||
(Herman van Oosten, personal communication,
|
||
<date box="[258,438,967,991]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" value="2018-01-24">24 January 2018</date>
|
||
),
|
||
<date box="[455,606,967,991]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" value="2020-11">20 November</date>
|
||
(Diego Calderon, personal communication), to the latest sighting in the area (and coincidentally, the first verified observation of the species, although unidentified at the time!) on
|
||
<date pageId="11" pageNumber="11" value="1993-03-13">13 March 1993</date>
|
||
(Mark Pearman, personal communication,
|
||
<date pageId="11" pageNumber="11" value="2019-05-02">2 May 2019</date>
|
||
). In both 2012 and 2013, we observed males taking up residence on territories where either no singing male had been detected for several days, or where the previous male had been collected in mid to late December, indicating either recent arrival from nonbreeding grounds or an indicator of a high instance of “floater” males looking for vacancies to fill.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |