280 lines
37 KiB
XML
280 lines
37 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="DD4C93A345BE7DB93151F9A3B0013279">New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="3D3A1A9504A8A452512835C8A6206C54">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="37F4020447804BDA89BFABC933299D97">2014</mods:date>
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<treatment id="039F453C954B873DFF0BF980FE6FF8AF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6133861" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119426368" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6133861" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039F453C954B873DFF0BF980FE6FF8AF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039F453C954B873DFF0BF980FE6FF8AF" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="357" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">
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<subSubSection id="C32CA7A1954B873EFF0BF980FE84F913" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B89F42A954B873EFF0BF980FE68F9F4" blockId="29.[151,459,1625,1685]" box="[151,459,1625,1651]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">
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<heading id="D0C14346954B873EFF0BF980FE68F9F4" bold="true" box="[151,459,1625,1651]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954B873EFF0BF980FE68F9F4" ID-CoL="7PTRR" authority="Perrier 1891" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1891" box="[151,459,1625,1651]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9422838954B873EFF0BF980FE68F9F4" bold="true" box="[151,459,1625,1651]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">
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<emphasis id="B9422838954B873EFF0BF980FE85F9F4" bold="true" box="[151,294,1625,1651]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">Poraniopsis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB954B873EFEB1F980FE68F9F4" author="Perrier" box="[301,459,1625,1651]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" refString="Perrier, E. (1891) Echinoderma I. Stellerides. Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, 1882 - 83. 6. Zoologie, (3), 1 - 198." type="journal article" year="1891">Perrier 1891</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B89F42A954B873EFF0BF9A5FE84F913" blockId="29.[151,459,1625,1685]" box="[151,295,1660,1685]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">
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<figureCitation id="130DE8AF954B873EFF0BF9A5FF57F913" box="[151,244,1660,1685]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1903,1925]" captionTargetBox="[188,1423,230,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[180,1432,193,1890]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 9. Poraniopsis A. USNM E 51288 P. inflata, Galapagos. Abactinal surface (R = 6.3). B. Actinal surface. C. Close up of abactinal surface. Papular pores, reticulate mesh. D. Close up of actinal surface. Furrow and actinal spines. E. P. mira Lectotype, MHNG-INVE- 71730. Abactinal. Scale bar = 5.0 mm. F. Close up of USNM E 5603, Holotype, P. japonica showing tiny spinelets (sp.) and papular pores (pap.). Scale Bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252143/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">Figure 9</figureCitation>
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A–F
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32CA7A1954B873EFF0BF91CFC05F8D3" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B89F42A954B873EFF0BF91CFBE4F97F" blockId="29.[151,1436,1732,1876]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D304954B873EFF0BF91CFBE4F97F" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954B873EFF0BF91CFE73F95D" ID-CoL="7PTRR" authority="Perrier 1888: 763" authorityName="Perrier" authorityPageNumber="763" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,464,1732,1754]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9422838954B873EFF0BF91CFEB1F95D" box="[151,274,1733,1754]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">Poraniopsis</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B954B873EFE86F91DFE73F95D" author="Perrier" box="[282,464,1732,1754]" page="763" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" year="1888">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB954B873EFE86F91DFE3DF95D" author="Perrier" box="[282,414,1732,1754]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" refString="Perrier, E. (1888) Sur la collection d'etoiles de mer recueille par la Commission scientifique du Cap Horn. Comptes - rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances Academie des Sciences (Paris), 106, 763 - 765. [new names nomina nuda]" type="journal article" year="1888">Perrier 1888</bibRefCitation>
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: 763
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(nom. nud.); 1891: K105;
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<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B954B873EFD71F91DFC02F95D" author="Fisher" box="[749,929,1732,1754]" page="568" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" year="1910">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB954B873EFD71F91DFCC8F95D" author="Fisher" box="[749,875,1732,1754]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1910) New starfishes from the North Pacific. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 35, 568 - 574." type="journal article" year="1910">Fisher 1910</bibRefCitation>
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: 568
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</treatmentCitation>
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; 1911: 260–261; 1940: 158;
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<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B954B873EFB4CF91DFA34F95D" author="Hayashi" box="[1232,1431,1732,1754]" page="166" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" year="1940">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB954B873EFB4CF91DFAC1F95D" author="Hayashi" box="[1232,1378,1732,1754]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" refString="Hayashi, R. (1940) Contributions to the classification of the sea - stars of Japan I. Spinulosa. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido Imperial University, series VI, Zoology, 6 (3), 107 - 204." type="journal article" year="1940">Hayashi 1940</bibRefCitation>
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: 166
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B954B873EFF5BF93BFE0BF97F" author="Bernasconi" box="[199,424,1762,1784]" page="264" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" year="1964">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB954B873EFF5BF93BFED6F97F" author="Bernasconi" box="[199,373,1762,1784]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" refString="Bernasconi, I. (1964) Asteroideos argentinos. Claves para los ordenes, familias, subfamilies y generos. Physis B. Aires, 24, 241 - 277. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0011 - 7471 (76) 91184 - 0" type="journal article" year="1964">Bernasconi 1964</bibRefCitation>
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: 264
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</treatmentCitation>
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; 1980: 253;
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<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B954B873EFDBAF93AFD58F97F" author="Clark" box="[550,763,1762,1784]" page="21" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" year="1984">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB954B873EFDBAF93AFD75F97F" author="Clark" box="[550,726,1762,1784]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" refString="Clark, A. M. (1984) Notes on Atlantic and other Asteroidea. 4. Families Poraniidae and Asteropseidae. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 47 (1), 19 - 51." type="journal article" year="1984">A.M. Clark 1984</bibRefCitation>
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: 21
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</treatmentCitation>
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, 24;
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B954B873EFCB0F93BFBE4F97F" author="Clark" box="[812,1095,1762,1784]" page="220" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" year="1992">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB954B873EFCB0F93BFBB4F97F" author="Clark" box="[812,1047,1762,1784]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
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: 220
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A954B873EFF0BF8D8FC96F890" blockId="29.[151,1436,1732,1876]" box="[151,821,1793,1815]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954B873EFF0BF8D8FF48F890" ID-CoL="6b0c3204-b5b2-4da8-ab9a-0dc567c47dbc" box="[151,235,1793,1815]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Lahillea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9422838954B873EFF0BF8D8FF48F890" box="[151,235,1793,1815]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">Lahillea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
deLoriol 1904: 32 (
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<typeStatus id="548D4A88954B873EFE29F8D8FE4AF890" box="[437,489,1793,1815]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">Type</typeStatus>
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||
species
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954B873EFDA3F8DBFD29F890" ID-CoL="f6239e75-8b1b-4433-a552-9f1b5ed51e67" box="[575,650,1794,1815]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Lahillea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mira">
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<emphasis id="B9422838954B873EFDA3F8DBFD29F890" box="[575,650,1794,1815]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">L. mira</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
de
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB954B873EFD32F8D8FC8DF890" author="Loriol" box="[686,814,1793,1815]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" refString="deLoriol, P. (1904) Notes pour servir a l'etude des Echinodermes, 2 me Ser., 2. Bale et Geneve, pp. 51 - 116." type="journal article" year="1904">Loriol, 1904</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A954B873EFF0BF8F9FCD3F8B1" blockId="29.[151,1436,1732,1876]" box="[151,880,1824,1846]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D304954B873EFF0BF8F9FCD3F8B1" box="[151,880,1824,1846]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954B873EFF0BF8F9FE4BF8B1" ID-CoL="b1f37a53-3574-43d6-b253-69a1a776bf5f" authority="Ludwig 1905: 210" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityPageNumber="210" authorityYear="1905" box="[151,488,1824,1846]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Alexandraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9422838954B873EFF0BF8F9FE84F8B1" box="[151,295,1824,1846]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">Alexandraster</emphasis>
|
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<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B954B873EFEB0F8F9FE4BF8B1" author="Ludwig" box="[300,488,1824,1846]" page="210" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" year="1905">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB954B873EFEB0F8F9FE1BF8B1" author="Ludwig" box="[300,440,1824,1846]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" refString="Ludwig, H. (1905) Asterien und Ophiuren der schwedischen Expedition nach den Magalhaenslaendern 1895 - 1897. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 82, 39 - 79." type="journal article" year="1905">Ludwig 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 210
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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(
|
||
<typeStatus id="548D4A88954B873EFE68F8F9FD8BF8B1" box="[500,552,1824,1846]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">Type</typeStatus>
|
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species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954B873EFDE2F8F8FCC9F8B1" authority="Ludwig, 1905" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1905" box="[638,874,1824,1846]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Alexandraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mirus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9422838954B873EFDE2F8F8FD77F8B1" box="[638,724,1825,1846]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">A. mirus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB954B873EFD46F8F9FCC9F8B1" author="Ludwig" box="[730,874,1824,1846]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" refString="Ludwig, H. (1905) Asterien und Ophiuren der schwedischen Expedition nach den Magalhaenslaendern 1895 - 1897. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 82, 39 - 79." type="journal article" year="1905">Ludwig, 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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||
)
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A954B873EFF0BF8E6FC05F8D3" blockId="29.[151,1436,1732,1876]" box="[151,934,1854,1876]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954B873EFF0BF8E6FEA5F8D3" box="[151,262,1855,1876]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Ortmannia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9422838954B873EFF0BF8E6FEA5F8D3" box="[151,262,1855,1876]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">Ortmannia</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
deLoriol 1906: 78 (replacement name for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954B873EFD29F8E7FCAAF8D3" ID-CoL="6b0c3204-b5b2-4da8-ab9a-0dc567c47dbc" box="[693,777,1854,1876]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Lahillea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9422838954B873EFD29F8E7FCAAF8D3" box="[693,777,1854,1876]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">Lahillea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, preoccupied.)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32CA7A1954B873EFF0BF858FD7BF81D" box="[151,728,1921,1946]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A954B873EFF0BF858FD7BF81D" blockId="29.[151,1436,1921,2018]" box="[151,728,1921,1946]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">
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||
<emphasis id="B9422838954B873EFF0BF858FE97F81D" bold="true" box="[151,308,1921,1946]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">
|
||
<typeStatus id="548D4A88954B873EFF0BF858FF71F81D" box="[151,210,1921,1946]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
species:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9954B873EFEA7F85BFD70F81D" authority="Perrier 1891" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1891" box="[315,723,1921,1946]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="echinaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9422838954B873EFEA7F85BFD9CF81D" box="[315,575,1921,1946]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">Poraniopsis echinaster</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB954B873EFDD9F858FD70F81D" author="Perrier" box="[581,723,1921,1946]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" refString="Perrier, E. (1891) Echinoderma I. Stellerides. Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, 1882 - 83. 6. Zoologie, (3), 1 - 198." type="journal article" year="1891">Perrier 1891</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32CA7A1954B873DFF5BF87CFE6FF8AF" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="357" pageId="29" pageNumber="356" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A954B873DFF5BF87CFE96FEC7" blockId="29.[151,1436,1921,2018]" lastBlockId="30.[151,1437,151,1832]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="357" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9422838954B873EFF5BF87CFE99F839" bold="true" box="[199,314,1957,1982]" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9422838954B873EFEDEF87CFD06F839" box="[322,677,1957,1982]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="356">(Expanded Description below):</emphasis>
|
||
Stellate body (R/r=1.6–3.5) with short to elongate arms. Interadial arcs angular. Abactinal and lateral skeleton reticulate with wide meshes covered by skin. Each skin filled region filled with papulae. Short, sharp spinelets present in some species, absent in others. Abactinal/lateral plates each with a large, prominent sharp conical spine with smaller secondary spines present. Marginal plates present from along lateral side from terminal to interradius, but are otherwise similar in morphology to abactinal plates. Skin covers abactinal, lateral and actinal surface, including abactinal, marginal, actinal and furrow spines, one to three (two in most).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A9548873DFF5BFE95FC71FEE2" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,1832]" box="[199,978,332,357]" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94228389548873DFF5BFE95FE32FEE2" bold="true" box="[199,401,332,357]" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">Included species.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA99548873DFE04FE94FD60FEE3" authority="Perrier, 1891" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1891" box="[408,707,332,357]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="357" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="echinaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94228389548873DFE04FE94FD8AFEE2" box="[408,553,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">P. echinaster</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB9548873DFDB3FE95FD60FEE3" author="Perrier" box="[559,707,332,357]" pageId="30" pageNumber="357" refString="Perrier, E. (1891) Echinoderma I. Stellerides. Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, 1882 - 83. 6. Zoologie, (3), 1 - 198." type="journal article" year="1891">Perrier, 1891</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA99548873DFD53FE94FC71FEE2" authority="Fisher 1906" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1906" box="[719,978,332,357]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="357" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inflata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94228389548873DFD53FE94FC97FEE2" box="[719,820,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">P. inflata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB9548873DFCDEFE95FC69FEE2" author="Fisher" box="[834,970,332,357]" pageId="30" pageNumber="357" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1906) Two new starfishes from Monterey Bay, California. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 30 (10), 299 - 302." type="journal article" year="1906">Fisher 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A9548873DFF5BFEB6FDE9FD9F" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,1832]" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94228389548873DFF5BFEB6FE7AFE0F" bold="true" box="[199,473,367,392]" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">Taxonomic comments.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA99548873DFE74FEA8FD50FE0F" box="[488,755,367,392]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="357" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="echinaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94228389548873DFE74FEA8FD50FE0F" box="[488,755,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">Poraniopsis echinaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA99548873DFCA5FEA8FC05FE0F" box="[825,934,367,392]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="357" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inflata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94228389548873DFCA5FEA8FC05FE0F" box="[825,934,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">P. inflata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
display, at best, very few morphological differences, but they appear to display a geographical distribution consistent with character differences.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA99548873DFF0BFE60FE3EFE57" box="[151,413,439,464]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="357" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="echinaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94228389548873DFF0BFE60FE3EFE57" box="[151,413,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">Poraniopsis echinaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses tiny, abundant spinelets within the papular membranes which are absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA99548873DFA1BFE60FF42FE72" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="357" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inflata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94228389548873DFA1BFE60FF42FE72" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">P. inflata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
save for tiny (
|
||
<quantity id="4CCE59CF9548873DFE1FFE05FE78FE73" box="[387,475,476,501]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="357" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
) almost sclerite-like spinelets present in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548D4A889548873DFC4CFE05FB91FE72" box="[976,1074,476,501]" pageId="30" pageNumber="357" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA99548873DFBCBFE04FB76FE73" box="[1111,1237,477,500]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="357" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94228389548873DFBCBFE04FB76FE73" box="[1111,1237,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">P. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is likely a character associated with its large size.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A9548873DFF5BFDFDFE11FD4A" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,1832]" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">
|
||
Work by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB9548873DFEAFFDFDFDA0FDBB" box="[307,515,548,573]" pageId="30" pageNumber="357" refString="Foltz, D., Fatland, S., Eleaume, M., Markello, K., Howell, K., Neil, K. & Mah, C. (2013) Global population divergence of the sea star Hippasteria phrygiana corresponds to onset of the last glacial period of the Pleistocene. Marine Biology, 160 (5), 1285 - 1296. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 013 - 2180 - 1" type="journal article">
|
||
Foltz
|
||
<emphasis id="B94228389548873DFEE9FDFCFE13FDBA" box="[373,432,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
on the goniasterid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA99548873DFD7EFDFCFC47FDBA" box="[738,996,548,573]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="357" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="phrygiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94228389548873DFD7EFDFCFC47FDBA" box="[738,996,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">Hippasteria phrygiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
demonstrated the presence of a single species widely occuring across three ocean basins in two hemispheres.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA99548873DFC7CFD90FBC4FDE7" box="[992,1127,585,608]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="357" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94228389548873DFC7CFD90FBC4FDE7" box="[992,1127,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">Poraniopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a parallel distribution pattern, including the North Pacific, the Patagonian South Atlantic/South Pacific,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA9548873DFBDFFDB5FB76FD02" box="[1091,1237,620,645]" name="South Africa" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the southern Indian Ocean. This suggests
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA99548873DFE77FD48FDD1FD2F" box="[491,626,657,680]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="357" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94228389548873DFE77FD48FDD1FD2F" box="[491,626,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">Poraniopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a second taxon for testing phylogeographic hypotheses of widely occuring benthic species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A9548873DFF5BFD0EFD42FCBF" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,1832]" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94228389548873DFF5BFD0EFEE2FD77" bold="true" box="[199,321,727,752]" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Body stellate with R/r=1.6–3.5. Arms round in cross section with no discrete actinolateral edge, disk small, interbrachial arcs angular. R/r=1.6–3.5. Arm shape variably short and wide to more elongate. Discrete layer of skin covers body surfaces, including spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A9548873DFF5BFC9DFD82FBFA" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,1832]" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">
|
||
Abactinal skeleton reticulate, open (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130DE8AF9548873DFDC2FC9DFD01FCDB" box="[606,674,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1903,1925]" captionTargetBox="[188,1423,230,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[180,1432,193,1890]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 9. Poraniopsis A. USNM E 51288 P. inflata, Galapagos. Abactinal surface (R = 6.3). B. Actinal surface. C. Close up of abactinal surface. Papular pores, reticulate mesh. D. Close up of actinal surface. Furrow and actinal spines. E. P. mira Lectotype, MHNG-INVE- 71730. Abactinal. Scale bar = 5.0 mm. F. Close up of USNM E 5603, Holotype, P. japonica showing tiny spinelets (sp.) and papular pores (pap.). Scale Bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252143/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Primary circlet, i.e., the ten primary radial and interradial plates on the disk and an irregular carinal series are present along each ray (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB9548873DFC52FCBEFB52FC07" author="Clark" box="[974,1265,871,896]" pageId="30" pageNumber="357" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark and Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Reticulations composed of overlapping closely articulated, smaller rod-shaped plates. Large (~
|
||
<quantity id="4CCE59CF9548873DFB87FC55FBCBFC23" box="[1051,1128,908,932]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="357" unit="cm" value="0.3">0.3 cm</quantity>
|
||
or greater) pointed, conical spines present on skeleton throughout abactinal, marginal and actinal surface. Reticulations forming transverse rows crossing carinal series on arms. Reticulations with widely spaced skin filled regions, filled with papulae, 10–30 widely spaced throughout each mesh (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130DE8AF9548873DFD3BFC2EFD4DFB97" box="[679,750,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1903,1925]" captionTargetBox="[188,1423,230,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[180,1432,193,1890]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 9. Poraniopsis A. USNM E 51288 P. inflata, Galapagos. Abactinal surface (R = 6.3). B. Actinal surface. C. Close up of abactinal surface. Papular pores, reticulate mesh. D. Close up of actinal surface. Furrow and actinal spines. E. P. mira Lectotype, MHNG-INVE- 71730. Abactinal. Scale bar = 5.0 mm. F. Close up of USNM E 5603, Holotype, P. japonica showing tiny spinelets (sp.) and papular pores (pap.). Scale Bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252143/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Other variable minor accessories present in each mesh, ranging from tiny papillate spinelets to small, irregularly shaped ossicles. Madreporite strongly convex with welldeveloped sulci, sits on paired abactinal plates series bissecting interradius. Anus surrounded by spines, 10–20 forming periphery around opening.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A9548873DFF5BFB5EFD76FAD2" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,1832]" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">
|
||
Marginal plates indistinguishable from abactinal plates, save for their continuous tracking from the terminal plate to the plates bisecting each interradius. The widely spaced, reticulate mesh comprises the abactinal/lateral region of the non-actinal body region.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA9548873DFDD4FB09FDC4FB6F" box="[584,615,1232,1256]" name="American Samoa" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
with the abactinal plates, the superomarginals each bear a large, pointed, skin-sheathed, spine on each plate. Inferomarginals with spines, one to three per plate, with notched tips, forming one to three points per spine. Intermarginal papulae present, similar in arrangement to abactinal mesh. Papulae more numerous proximally and decreasing distally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A9548873DFF5BFA86FF47F9D7" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,1832]" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">
|
||
Actinal plates in linear arrangement extending from adambulacrals to inferomarginals with tissue filled space between them (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130DE8AF9548873DFED9FA5DFE2AFA1B" box="[325,393,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1903,1925]" captionTargetBox="[188,1423,230,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[180,1432,193,1890]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 9. Poraniopsis A. USNM E 51288 P. inflata, Galapagos. Abactinal surface (R = 6.3). B. Actinal surface. C. Close up of abactinal surface. Papular pores, reticulate mesh. D. Close up of actinal surface. Furrow and actinal spines. E. P. mira Lectotype, MHNG-INVE- 71730. Abactinal. Scale bar = 5.0 mm. F. Close up of USNM E 5603, Holotype, P. japonica showing tiny spinelets (sp.) and papular pores (pap.). Scale Bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252143/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Prominent spines present on actinal plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130DE8AF9548873DFC03FA5DFC40FA1B" box="[927,995,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1903,1925]" captionTargetBox="[188,1423,230,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[180,1432,193,1890]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 9. Poraniopsis A. USNM E 51288 P. inflata, Galapagos. Abactinal surface (R = 6.3). B. Actinal surface. C. Close up of abactinal surface. Papular pores, reticulate mesh. D. Close up of actinal surface. Furrow and actinal spines. E. P. mira Lectotype, MHNG-INVE- 71730. Abactinal. Scale bar = 5.0 mm. F. Close up of USNM E 5603, Holotype, P. japonica showing tiny spinelets (sp.) and papular pores (pap.). Scale Bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252143/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Grooves present along actinal plate series aligned with inferomarginal plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130DE8AF9548873DFDF0FA7EFD0CFA47" box="[620,687,1447,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1903,1925]" captionTargetBox="[188,1423,230,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[180,1432,193,1890]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 9. Poraniopsis A. USNM E 51288 P. inflata, Galapagos. Abactinal surface (R = 6.3). B. Actinal surface. C. Close up of abactinal surface. Papular pores, reticulate mesh. D. Close up of actinal surface. Furrow and actinal spines. E. P. mira Lectotype, MHNG-INVE- 71730. Abactinal. Scale bar = 5.0 mm. F. Close up of USNM E 5603, Holotype, P. japonica showing tiny spinelets (sp.) and papular pores (pap.). Scale Bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252143/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
D). Skin covers actinal surface including actinal and furrow spines. Furrow spines one to three per plate (most with two proximally), arranged transversely with varying lengths relative to subambulacral spines depending on species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130DE8AF9548873DFCBCFA36FCC4F98F" box="[800,871,1519,1544]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1903,1925]" captionTargetBox="[188,1423,230,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[180,1432,193,1890]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 9. Poraniopsis A. USNM E 51288 P. inflata, Galapagos. Abactinal surface (R = 6.3). B. Actinal surface. C. Close up of abactinal surface. Papular pores, reticulate mesh. D. Close up of actinal surface. Furrow and actinal spines. E. P. mira Lectotype, MHNG-INVE- 71730. Abactinal. Scale bar = 5.0 mm. F. Close up of USNM E 5603, Holotype, P. japonica showing tiny spinelets (sp.) and papular pores (pap.). Scale Bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252143/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
D). Furrow spine tips with variable morphology, dependent on species-cylindrical, spatulate or with notches. Subambulacrals similar in morphology to furrow spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A9548873DFF5BF985FE6FF8AF" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,1832]" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">
|
||
Color in life is similar in both species.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA99548873DFDEBF984FCD9F9F2" box="[631,890,1628,1653]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="357" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="echinaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94228389548873DFDEBF984FCD9F9F2" box="[631,890,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">Poraniopsis echinaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been recorded as white, orange and bright to dark red (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB9548873DFE9BF9A6FDBAF91F" author="Mutschke" box="[263,537,1663,1688]" pageId="30" pageNumber="357" refString="Mutschke, E. & Mah, C. (2009) Asteroidea - Starfish. In: Haussermann, V. & Forsterra, G. (Eds.), Marine Benthic Fauna of Chilean Patagonia. Nature in Focus, Santiago, Chile, 1000 pp." type="book" year="2009">Mutschke & Mah 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB9548873DFDBBF9A6FC90F91F" author="Clark" box="[551,819,1663,1689]" pageId="30" pageNumber="357" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA99548873DFCD5F958FB80F91F" box="[841,1059,1663,1688]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="357" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inflata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94228389548873DFCD5F958FB80F91F" box="[841,1059,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">Poraniopsis inflata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is described as “cream to bright orange” with white spines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB9548873DFE4EF97DFDDAF93B" author="Lambert" box="[466,633,1700,1725]" pageId="30" pageNumber="357" refString="Lambert, P. (2000) Sea Stars of British Columbia, Southeast Alaska, and Puget Sound. Royal British Columbia Museum Handbook. University of British Columbia Press, 186 pp." type="book" year="2000">Lambert 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB9548873DFD12F97DFC0AF93A" author="Lamb" box="[654,937,1700,1725]" pageId="30" pageNumber="357" refString="Lamb, A. & Hanby, B. P. (2005) Marine life of the Pacific Northwest, A photographic encyclopedia of invertebrates, seaweeds and selected fishes. Harbour Publishing, British Columbia, 398 pp." type="book" year="2005">Lamb and Hanby (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
show this species as orange with a deeperreddish reticulate skeleton with white tips. Other specimens from British
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA9548873DFB92F91EFBDEF967" box="[1038,1149,1735,1760]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="357">Columbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
show yellow to orange coloration. Some California specimens from the Cordell Bank region possess a red to purple reticulation with a white to light colored body.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |