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<document id="B3B77550231B2AFF3A37DE443944C3EE" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5523.1.8" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13934033" ID-ZooBank="199BA89C-89C6-4320-BC1E-2A102F13C096" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1728985978243" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rayhan, Md Jahir &amp; Jahan, Sayema" docDate="2024" docId="039AEE7BFFB8FFF2FF25FB7FDB64F204" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5523.1.8.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5523 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.1.8" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Paraxenoacria spinosa Rayhan &amp; Jahan 2024, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="136" masterDocId="FFA39603FFBBFFFAFFB2FFADD934F552" masterDocTitle="A new genus and species of Peleopodidae Hodges, 1974 (Insecta: Lepidoptera) from South-East Asia" masterLastPageNumber="138" masterPageNumber="128" pageNumber="131" updateTime="1728986510925" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="AA2507007C02811F8A9FD55D21DF3CDC" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="B4A94D3EE2E886249E70DFB7AEDE6D9B">
<mods:title id="B550C99E7FE638DABCDB1DDD3B7377DC">A new genus and species of Peleopodidae Hodges, 1974 (Insecta: Lepidoptera) from South-East Asia</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="6651A85E06C614E3FF6B27A725AF0376" type="personal">
<mods:role id="F70EA6033B4F19C45640B8C3889DCDFA">
<mods:roleTerm id="B66BE70E28FB7B1EB3669FEB8309EF1E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="0ABECB0E30DB11DC3197D7C09F85B417">Rayhan, Md Jahir</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="02C9132C0031085B8E6C4187DDE0F8F6" type="ORCID">0000-0002-7393-8273</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="0E55D6A6976DC7AF875280570751F757">Department of Zoology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong- 4331, Bangladesh</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="D876E9BE0694008787B10175080459FA" type="email">jrayhan97@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="D07E8E186947C6509E3654D501D60519" type="personal">
<mods:role id="00A9A352C84FDAD92930D47667A078C8">
<mods:roleTerm id="53421F98BEF84B27DCE8FA53FBFF1141">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="C613880924530C69075A23A3D34BE85C">Jahan, Sayema</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="62BC8FBED073D7AA5B42AD5E993428B0" type="ORCID">0000-0003-1873-8735</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="B48CA485CD3CA2391B9B0D42AE5AF85D">Department of Zoology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong- 4331, Bangladesh</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="1B0CA69DDB1A6FFD34C1FCAD61355324" type="email">jahansayma2@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="22833AEC1486041D5F17CAB9B98670E9">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="DD9CEC58C9DC491E99BB76277A840818">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="8BCFBA54F5205EE8B3BCF66A8C37C56C">
<mods:date id="DAC7D598EB6A3A7FE4939AA20FF58C86">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D34172E83977B437B41486334A2F2F20">2024-10-14</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="5FD976605AE565028ED579872DEF6DA6" type="volume">
<mods:number id="08888B549AC88430E9E00D5E98D2CC16">5523</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="34FE7860E95B68712E698A8A69663785">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.1.8</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="AB892CCF6EDB005356F8FDD4A174F127" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5523.1.8</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="AE30CFF72EC1E5E872911E68B4BC54A1" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039AEE7BFFB8FFF2FF25FB7FDB64F204" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039AEE7BFFB8FFF2FF25FB7FDB64F204" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039AEE7BFFB8FFF2FF25FB7FDB64F204" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">
<subSubSection id="C3290CE6FFB8FFF9FF25FB7FDBDBF1BE" box="[151,751,1233,1260]" pageId="3" pageNumber="131" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFB8FFF9FF25FB7FDBDBF1BE" blockId="3.[151,751,1233,1296]" box="[151,751,1233,1260]" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">
<heading id="D0C4E801FFB8FFF9FF25FB7FDBDBF1BE" bold="true" box="[151,751,1233,1260]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="131" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFB8FFF9FF25FB7FDBDBF1BE" bold="true" box="[151,751,1233,1260]" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFB8FFF9FF25FB7FDBBEF1BE" authority="Rayhan &amp; Jahan" authorityName="Rayhan &amp; Jahan" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,650,1233,1260]" class="Insecta" family="Depressariidae" genus="Paraxenoacria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFB8FFF9FF25FB7FD899F1BE" bold="true" box="[151,429,1234,1260]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">Paraxenoacria spinosa</emphasis>
Rayhan &amp; Jahan
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2743E04FFB8FFF9FD23FB7FDBDBF1BE" box="[657,751,1234,1260]" pageId="3" pageNumber="131" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3290CE6FFB8FFF9FF25FB5BD839F042" box="[151,269,1270,1296]" pageId="3" pageNumber="131" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFB8FFF9FF25FB5BD839F042" blockId="3.[151,751,1233,1296]" box="[151,269,1270,1296]" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">
<figureCitation id="130843E8FFB8FFF9FF25FB5BD839F042" box="[151,269,1270,1296]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 2–4" captionStart-1="FIGURES 5–7" captionStart-2="FIGURE 8" captionStart-3="FIGURES 9–10" captionStart-4="FIGURES 11–18" captionStart-5="FIGURES 19–22" captionStart-6="FIGURES 23–31" captionStartId-0="4.[151,264,1147,1171]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,264,1324,1348]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,250,893,917]" captionStartId-3="6.[151,264,1796,1820]" captionStartId-4="7.[151,264,1869,1893]" captionStartId-5="8.[151,264,1061,1085]" captionStartId-6="9.[151,264,1078,1102]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,305,1121]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,270,1298]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1435,179,867]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1435,1048,1770]" captionTargetBox-4="[164,1424,179,1843]" captionTargetBox-5="[151,1436,179,1035]" captionTargetBox-6="[151,1436,179,1053]" captionTargetId-0="figure-81@4.[151,1436,305,1121]" captionTargetId-1="figure-70@5.[151,1436,270,1298]" captionTargetId-2="figure-17@6.[151,1435,179,867]" captionTargetId-3="figure-42@6.[151,1435,1048,1770]" captionTargetId-4="figure-23@7.[164,1424,179,1843]" captionTargetId-5="figure-17@8.[151,1436,179,1035]" captionTargetId-6="figure-23@9.[151,1436,179,1053]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionTargetPageId-3="6" captionTargetPageId-4="7" captionTargetPageId-5="8" captionTargetPageId-6="9" captionText-0="FIGURES 2–4. Adult of Paraxenoacria spinosa sp. nov. 2, Holotype male, 3, Paratype male, 4, Paratype male (underside of the right hand wings)." captionText-1="FIGURES 5–7. Paraxenoacria spinosa sp. nov., paratype male 5, Head, 6, Labial palps, 7, Mid- and hindlegs (red lines indicate the size of tibial spurs)." captionText-2="FIGURE 8. Male genitalia of Paraxenoacria spinosa sp. nov. holotype (a, details of uncus, gnathos, and tegumen; b, aedeagus; c, right valva)." captionText-3="FIGURES 9–10. Genitalia and wing venation 9, Male genitalia of Paratype, 10, Wing venation of the Holotype male" captionText-4="FIGURES 11–18. Immature stages of Paraxenoacria spinosa sp. nov., 11, Final instar larva of Holotype male on Clerodendrum infortunatum plant, 12, Late instar larva of Paratype male a on Leea indica plant, 13, Final instar larva of Paratype male b on Litsea monopetala plant, 14, Late instar larva on an unknown plant a, 15, Early instar larva on Ixora sp. plant, 16, Late instar larva on an unknown plant b, 17, Discarded pupal exuvium on Syzygium sp. plant, 18, Pupa of Paratype male b. (14–17 not reared)." captionText-5="FIGURES 19–22. Larva and pupa of Paraxenoacria spinosa sp. nov., 19–20, Pre-pupating larva of Holotype male, 21, Pupa within cocoon of the same (pink outline indicates the shape of cocoon), 22, Pupa (red lines indicate dorsal row of spines on the anterior edge of fifth abdominal segment)." captionText-6="FIGURES 23–31. Life habitus observations of genus Paraxenoacria gen. nov. from different countries 23, Holotype male of P. spinosa sp. nov. (Bangladesh), 24, Paratype male of P. spinosa sp. nov. (Bangladesh), 25, From Doi Pui, Thailand, 26, From Bentong, Pahang, Malaysia, 27, From Assam, India, 28, From Thomson Nature Park, Singapore, 29, From Tatai, Koh Kong, Cambodia, 30, From Thomson Nature Park, Singapore, 31, Acria sp. cf. A. emarginella (Donovan, 1804) from Pirojpur, Barisal, Bangladesh. (25–30 Paraxenoacria species, indetermined)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934037" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934039" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934041" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934043" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934045" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934047" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934049" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13934037/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13934039/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13934041/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/13934043/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/13934045/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/13934047/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/13934049/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">Figs. 2–24</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3290CE6FFB8FFF9FF25FA9ADA52F08D" pageId="3" pageNumber="131" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFB8FFF9FF25FA9ADB61F003" blockId="3.[151,1437,1334,2035]" box="[151,597,1334,1361]" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">
<materialsCitation id="3B5B5530FFB8FFF9FF25FA9ADB65F003" box="[151,593,1334,1361]" country="Bangladesh" location="Chittagong" pageId="3" pageNumber="131" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFB8FFF9FF25FA9AD80DF002" bold="true" box="[151,313,1334,1361]" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">
<typeStatus id="5488E1CFFFB8FFF9FF25FA9AD9E6F003" box="[151,210,1335,1361]" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F3241FFDFFB8FFF9FEF2FA9AD88BF003" box="[320,447,1335,1361]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">Chittagong</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3241FFDFFB8FFF9FE79FA9ADB65F003" box="[459,593,1335,1361]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFB8FFF9FF75FAF7DA52F08D" blockId="3.[151,1437,1334,2035]" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFB8FFF9FF75FAF7DB0EF026" bold="true" box="[199,570,1370,1396]" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">
Materials examined:
<typeStatus id="5488E1CFFFB8FFF9FE7FFAF7DB0EF026" box="[461,570,1370,1396]" pageId="3" pageNumber="131" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
,
<specimenCount id="9D3594E4FFB8FFF9FDFFFAF7DB47F026" box="[589,627,1370,1396]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="131" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
:
<collectingCountry id="F3241FFDFFB8FFF9FD31FAF7DA70F026" box="[643,836,1370,1396]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">BANGLADESH</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3241FFDFFB8FFF9FCE1FAF7DD3FF026" box="[851,1035,1370,1396]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">CHITTAGONG</collectingCountry>
, University of
<collectingRegion id="49F7918FFFB8FFF9FB0DFAF7DC0FF026" box="[1215,1339,1370,1396]" country="Bangladesh" name="Chittagong" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">Chittagong</collectingRegion>
campus (
<geoCoordinate id="EE0739AAFFB8FFF9FF2DFAD2D87CF0C8" box="[159,328,1407,1434]" degrees="22" direction="north" minutes="28" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="131" precision="1" seconds="17.66" value="22.471573">22°28′17.66″N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0739AAFFB8FFF9FEFCFAD2D8C2F0C8" box="[334,502,1407,1434]" degrees="91" direction="east" minutes="47" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="131" precision="1" seconds="15.65" value="91.78768">91°47′15.65″E</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FF8D79ADFFB8FFF9FDBAFAD0DB47F0C5" box="[520,627,1405,1431]" pageId="3" pageNumber="131" value="2024-04-04">4.iv.2024</date>
, Coll. Md. J. Rayhan (reared from the final instar larva on
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFB8FFF9FB59FAD3DCA8F0CA" box="[1259,1436,1406,1432]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Clerodendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="131" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="infortunatum">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFB8FFF9FB59FAD3DCA8F0CA" box="[1259,1436,1406,1432]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">C. infortunatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
plant);
<emphasis id="B947837FFFB8FFF9FF58FA0CD863F0E9" bold="true" box="[234,343,1441,1467]" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">
<typeStatus id="5488E1CFFFB8FFF9FF58FA0CD863F0E9" box="[234,343,1441,1467]" pageId="3" pageNumber="131" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
,
<specimenCount id="9D3594E4FFB8FFF9FEDAFA0CD890F0E9" box="[360,420,1441,1467]" count="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="131" type="male">2♂♂</specimenCount>
: from the same location,
<date id="FF8D79ADFFB8FFF9FD7EFA0CDA02F0E9" box="[716,822,1441,1467]" pageId="3" pageNumber="131" value="2024-06-02">2.vi.2024</date>
and
<date id="FF8D79ADFFB8FFF9FCC0FA0CDAEAF0E9" box="[882,990,1441,1467]" pageId="3" pageNumber="131" value="2024-06-03">3.vi.2024</date>
, Coll. Md. J. Rayhan (reared from the larvae on
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFB8FFF9FEB4FA68D85DF08C" box="[262,361,1476,1502]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Leea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Vitales" pageId="3" pageNumber="131" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFB8FFF9FEB4FA68D85DF08C" box="[262,361,1476,1502]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">L. indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&amp;
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFB8FFF9FE3FFA68DB1AF08C" box="[397,558,1476,1502]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Litsea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="3" pageNumber="131" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="monopetala">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFB8FFF9FE3FFA68DB1AF08C" box="[397,558,1476,1502]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">L. monopetala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Deposited in the
<collectionCode id="ED22C7A8FFB8FFF9FCB7FA68DA57F08D" box="[773,867,1477,1503]" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">IMZUC</collectionCode>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3290CE6FFB8FFFEFF75FA45D8ABF25C" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="132" pageId="3" pageNumber="131" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFB8FFF9FF75FA45DDD2F237" blockId="3.[151,1437,1334,2035]" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFB8FFF9FF75FA45D86FF350" bold="true" box="[199,347,1512,1538]" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">Description:</emphasis>
Adult male (
<figureCitation id="130843E8FFB8FFF9FE49FA45DB5FF350" box="[507,619,1512,1538]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–4" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1147,1171]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,305,1121]" captionTargetId="figure-81@4.[151,1436,305,1121]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2–4. Adult of Paraxenoacria spinosa sp. nov. 2, Holotype male, 3, Paratype male, 4, Paratype male (underside of the right hand wings)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13934037/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">Figs. 2–4</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130843E8FFB8FFF9FDC8FA45DB92F351" box="[634,678,1512,1539]" captionStart="FIGURES 5–7" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1324,1348]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,270,1298]" captionTargetId="figure-70@5.[151,1436,270,1298]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 5–7. Paraxenoacria spinosa sp. nov., paratype male 5, Head, 6, Labial palps, 7, Mid- and hindlegs (red lines indicate the size of tibial spurs)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13934039/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">5–7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130843E8FFB8FFF9FD04FA45DA36F350" box="[694,770,1512,1538]" captionStart="FIGURES 23–31" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1078,1102]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,179,1053]" captionTargetId="figure-23@9.[151,1436,179,1053]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 23–31. Life habitus observations of genus Paraxenoacria gen. nov. from different countries 23, Holotype male of P. spinosa sp. nov. (Bangladesh), 24, Paratype male of P. spinosa sp. nov. (Bangladesh), 25, From Doi Pui, Thailand, 26, From Bentong, Pahang, Malaysia, 27, From Assam, India, 28, From Thomson Nature Park, Singapore, 29, From Tatai, Koh Kong, Cambodia, 30, From Thomson Nature Park, Singapore, 31, Acria sp. cf. A. emarginella (Donovan, 1804) from Pirojpur, Barisal, Bangladesh. (25–30 Paraxenoacria species, indetermined)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934049" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13934049/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">23–24</figureCitation>
): wingspan
<quantity id="4CCBF288FFB8FFF9FC3DFA45DD3BF350" box="[911,1039,1512,1538]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="131" unit="mm" value="20.5" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="20.0">20–21 mm</quantity>
. Head with both frons and vertex ornamented with moderate sized pale brown scales with a whitish tinge and arranged somewhat roughly; antennae brownish with basal joint thickened, flagellomeres somewhat squarish, gradually tapering towards apex, largely filiform (though slightly serrated in distal half); labial palps slender and smoothly scaled, second and third joints similar in length, first joint pale brown, second joint brownish white above but smoky below up to two thirds, and third segment brownish but ringed with black basally; proboscis moderate in size, flattened, either galea distinct. Thorax brownish; forelegs short, smoky and pale; midlegs paler and rather orange yellow in color with tibiae having elongated hairs and a pair of tibial spurs, of which outer one shorter (almost half in length of the inner one); hindlegs pale yellowish orange, tibiae with elongated hairs, and two pairs of tibial spurs, in each of which outer spur shorter (almost half in length) compared to inner one. Abdomen darker brown above, paler below with creamy yellowish tinge, slightly flattened, and having a distinct tuft of medium sized pale scales on its posterior end.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFB8FFFEFF75F8C3DBF5F449" blockId="3.[151,1437,1334,2035]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,283]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="132" pageId="3" pageNumber="131">Forewings elongate with costal margin gently arched, apex rounded, outer margin oblique, somewhat rounded, brownish in ground-color irrorated with dark scales, costal margin pale yellowish, cilia pale with dark irrorations and basally having a series of dark antecilial spots, a small elongated dark subbasal spot adjacent to base of discal spot, two ill-defined discal dots of which one at base of the cell and other at end of it, a faint trace of a postmedial line formed with indistinct dark patches, a distinct dark patch on inner margin near base. Hindwings shorter, rather broad, and having costal margin with shallow inward notch almost in middle ornamented with rough projecting scales on either side of notch causing it to appear as an excavation; coloration very much like forewings. Underside of both wings dark smoky brown with paler cilia.</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4C0FE5FFBFFFFEFF25FBD6D842F1E5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934037" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13934037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13934037/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="132" startId="4.[151,264,1147,1171]" targetBox="[151,1436,305,1121]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFBFFFFEFF25FBD6D842F1E5" blockId="4.[151,1436,1147,1207]" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBFFFFEFF25FBD6D808F1C1" bold="true" box="[151,316,1147,1171]" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">FIGURES 2–4.</emphasis>
Adult of
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFBFFFFEFE2DFBD1DBB8F1C1" authorityName="Rayhan &amp; Jahan" authorityYear="2024" box="[415,652,1148,1171]" class="Insecta" family="Depressariidae" genus="Paraxenoacria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBFFFFEFE2DFBD1DBB8F1C1" box="[415,652,1148,1171]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">Paraxenoacria spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBFFFFEFD21FBD6DBD0F1C1" bold="true" box="[659,740,1147,1171]" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2743E04FFBFFFFEFD21FBD6DBD0F1C1" box="[659,740,1147,1171]" pageId="4" pageNumber="132" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
2, Holotype male, 3, Paratype male, 4, Paratype male (underside of the right hand wings).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFBFFFFEFF75FB51DD71F068" blockId="4.[151,1437,1276,2022]" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">
Wing venation (
<figureCitation id="130843E8FFBFFFFEFE32FB51D8E1F044" box="[384,469,1276,1302]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–10" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1796,1820]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1048,1770]" captionTargetId="figure-42@6.[151,1435,1048,1770]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 9–10. Genitalia and wing venation 9, Male genitalia of Paratype, 10, Wing venation of the Holotype male" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13934043/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). Forewings with R
<subScript id="17B75D28FFBFFFFEFD0BFAA3DBF5F04E" attach="left" box="[697,705,1294,1308]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">4</subScript>
and R
<subScript id="17B75D28FFBFFFFEFCB9FAA3DA27F04E" attach="left" box="[779,787,1294,1308]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">5</subScript>
stalked distally, CuP present. Hindwings with Sc curved parallel to notch on costa, M
<subScript id="17B75D28FFBFFFFEFE6AFA9FD8D4F012" attach="left" box="[472,480,1330,1344]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">3</subScript>
and CuA
<subScript id="17B75D28FFBFFFFEFDFAFA9FDB64F012" attach="left" box="[584,592,1330,1344]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">1</subScript>
stalked basally on lower angle of discal cell.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFBFFFFEFF75FAE9DCA8F0F4" blockId="4.[151,1437,1276,2022]" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">
Male genitalia (
<figureCitation id="130843E8FFBFFFFEFECAFAE9D8D6F00C" box="[376,482,1348,1374]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 8" captionStart-1="FIGURES 9–10" captionStartId-0="6.[151,250,893,917]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,264,1796,1820]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,179,867]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,1048,1770]" captionTargetId-0="figure-17@6.[151,1435,179,867]" captionTargetId-1="figure-42@6.[151,1435,1048,1770]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 8. Male genitalia of Paraxenoacria spinosa sp. nov. holotype (a, details of uncus, gnathos, and tegumen; b, aedeagus; c, right valva)." captionText-1="FIGURES 9–10. Genitalia and wing venation 9, Male genitalia of Paratype, 10, Wing venation of the Holotype male" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934041" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934043" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13934041/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13934043/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">Figs. 8–9</figureCitation>
) with uncus flattened, having tongue like setose socii laterally. Gnathos is developed with paired mesial bulbs having rows of spines. Tegumen narrow, elongated, well sclerotized and having downwardly directed digitiform paired outgrowths medially (of unknown homology). Transtilla membranous. Saccus broad,
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFBFFFFEFF25FA1DD9DAF3B8" blockId="4.[151,1437,1276,2022]" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">rather U-shaped. Juxta quadrate plate-like, and broad. Valva scapula shaped, divided into four lobes, and one sclerotized clavus with thick diamond-like numerous spines; costa of valva slightly arched, ending into a blunt and rounded lobe (appears twisted around the valva), followed by a distal lobe bending outward and appearing as shark teeth; saccular margin curved, deeply excavated in middle, having a rounded flap like lobe basally ornamented with long setae and distally ending into a sclerotized outwardly bent setose lobe (folding into a pocket) bearing a group of thick spines (more than six). Clavus finger like, originating from base of valve, thickly sclerotized, and ornamented with diamond-shaped thick spines. Aedeagus broad, trapezoid, flattened, and sclerotized, appears like skull of some reptiles; dorsally bearing a series of dentations; vesica with numerous small spines and a distinct patch of elongated cornuti.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFBFFFFEFF75F959D8ABF25C" blockId="4.[151,1437,1276,2022]" box="[199,415,1780,1806]" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">Female: Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3290CE6FFBFFFFEFF75F8B5DB4BF260" box="[199,639,1816,1842]" pageId="4" pageNumber="132" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFBFFFFEFF75F8B5DB4BF260" blockId="4.[151,1437,1276,2022]" box="[199,639,1816,1842]" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBFFFFEFF75F8B5D857F260" bold="true" box="[199,355,1816,1842]" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">Distribution:</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F3241FFDFFBFFFFEFED8F8B5D8DDF260" box="[362,489,1816,1842]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">Chittagong</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3241FFDFFBFFFFEFE46F8B5DB4EF260" box="[500,634,1816,1842]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3290CE6FFBFFFF2FF75F891D81BF00C" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="4" pageNumber="132" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFBFFFFEFF75F891DCA9F204" blockId="4.[151,1437,1276,2022]" box="[199,1437,1852,1878]" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBFFFFEFF75F891D81FF204" bold="true" box="[199,299,1852,1878]" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">Biology:</emphasis>
More than
<specimenCount id="9D3594E4FFBFFFFEFE0BF891DB10F204" box="[441,548,1852,1878]" count="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="132" type="larva">20 larvae</specimenCount>
and pupae (
<figureCitation id="130843E8FFBFFFFEFD0BF891DA76F204" box="[697,834,1852,1878]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–18" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1869,1893]" captionTargetBox="[164,1424,179,1843]" captionTargetId="figure-23@7.[164,1424,179,1843]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 11–18. Immature stages of Paraxenoacria spinosa sp. nov., 11, Final instar larva of Holotype male on Clerodendrum infortunatum plant, 12, Late instar larva of Paratype male a on Leea indica plant, 13, Final instar larva of Paratype male b on Litsea monopetala plant, 14, Late instar larva on an unknown plant a, 15, Early instar larva on Ixora sp. plant, 16, Late instar larva on an unknown plant b, 17, Discarded pupal exuvium on Syzygium sp. plant, 18, Pupa of Paratype male b. (14–17 not reared)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934045" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13934045/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">Figs. 11–18</figureCitation>
) were observed from 7 species of unrelated plants.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFBFFFFEFF25F8CDDCA8F290" blockId="4.[151,1437,1276,2022]" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">
Among them, only three final instar larvae (
<figureCitation id="130843E8FFBFFFFEFD36F8CDDA3DF228" box="[644,777,1888,1914]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–18" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1869,1893]" captionTargetBox="[164,1424,179,1843]" captionTargetId="figure-23@7.[164,1424,179,1843]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 11–18. Immature stages of Paraxenoacria spinosa sp. nov., 11, Final instar larva of Holotype male on Clerodendrum infortunatum plant, 12, Late instar larva of Paratype male a on Leea indica plant, 13, Final instar larva of Paratype male b on Litsea monopetala plant, 14, Late instar larva on an unknown plant a, 15, Early instar larva on Ixora sp. plant, 16, Late instar larva on an unknown plant b, 17, Discarded pupal exuvium on Syzygium sp. plant, 18, Pupa of Paratype male b. (14–17 not reared)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934045" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13934045/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">Figs. 11–13</figureCitation>
) were obtained for further rearing during the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons between April to June, 2024. They were of around
<quantity id="4CCBF288FFBFFFFEFC79F829DD2EF2CC" box="[971,1050,1924,1950]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="132" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
in length, with a greenish groundcolor. Head large, reddish brown in color; prothoracic shield reddish brown and made of two lateral tridentate petal-
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFBFFFFFFF25F861DA6EF5AB" blockId="4.[151,1437,1276,2022]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,249]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="133" pageId="4" pageNumber="132">shaped marks; mesothorax larger, both meso- and metathorax with single dark spot at the middle on dorsolateral side, followed by dark lateral stripes. Abdominal segments of similar pattern like the meso- and metathorax, but each segment with a pair of dark dorsolateral spots (instead of a single), fourth and fifth abdominal segments larger (the former largest and the latter darker with a brownish tinge).</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4C0FE5FFBEFFFFFF25FA81D8B1F03B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934039" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13934039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13934039/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="133" startId="5.[151,264,1324,1348]" targetBox="[151,1436,270,1298]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFBEFFFFFF25FA81D8B1F03B" blockId="5.[151,1436,1324,1385]" pageId="5" pageNumber="133">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBEFFFFFF25FA81D80EF017" bold="true" box="[151,314,1324,1349]" pageId="5" pageNumber="133">FIGURES 5–7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFBEFFFFFE8CFA80DB1DF016" authorityName="Rayhan &amp; Jahan" authorityYear="2024" box="[318,553,1325,1348]" class="Insecta" family="Depressariidae" genus="Paraxenoacria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBEFFFFFE8CFA80DB1DF016" box="[318,553,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="133">Paraxenoacria spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBEFFFFFD9CFA80DB4AF017" bold="true" box="[558,638,1325,1349]" pageId="5" pageNumber="133">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2743E04FFBEFFFFFD9CFA80DB4AF017" box="[558,638,1325,1349]" pageId="5" pageNumber="133" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, paratype male 5, Head, 6, Labial palps, 7, Mid- and hindlegs (red lines indicate the size of tibial spurs).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFBEFFFFFF75FA00DBA5F3B5" blockId="5.[151,1437,1453,2019]" pageId="5" pageNumber="133">
They construct elongated rectangular silken cells (
<figureCitation id="130843E8FFBEFFFFFCBEFA00DAA0F095" box="[780,916,1453,1479]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–18" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1869,1893]" captionTargetBox="[164,1424,179,1843]" captionTargetId="figure-23@7.[164,1424,179,1843]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 11–18. Immature stages of Paraxenoacria spinosa sp. nov., 11, Final instar larva of Holotype male on Clerodendrum infortunatum plant, 12, Late instar larva of Paratype male a on Leea indica plant, 13, Final instar larva of Paratype male b on Litsea monopetala plant, 14, Late instar larva on an unknown plant a, 15, Early instar larva on Ixora sp. plant, 16, Late instar larva on an unknown plant b, 17, Discarded pupal exuvium on Syzygium sp. plant, 18, Pupa of Paratype male b. (14–17 not reared)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934045" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13934045/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="133">Figs. 11–16</figureCitation>
) along the mid-rib (in case of elongated and narrow leaves like of
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFBEFFFFFE3BFA7FDB38F0B9" box="[393,524,1489,1515]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Leea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Vitales" pageId="5" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBEFFFFFE3BFA7FDB38F0B9" box="[393,524,1489,1515]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="133">Leea indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
plants) or the thick veins branched off the mid-rib (in case of broad leaves like of
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFBEFFFFFF25FA58D8E5F35D" box="[151,465,1525,1551]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Clerodendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="infortunatum">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBEFFFFFF25FA58D8E5F35D" box="[151,465,1525,1551]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="133">Clerodendrum infortunatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
plants) of their host-plant leaves made of transverse and oblique silk threads. Formation of such silken cells is similar to that in
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFBEFFFFFDFFF9B7DBD7F361" box="[589,739,1561,1588]" pageId="5" pageNumber="133">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBEFFFFFDFFF9B7DBBFF366" box="[589,651,1562,1588]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="133">Acria</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA2229CFFBEFFFFFD40F9B4DAD0F361" author="Saravanan, L. &amp; Kalidas, P. &amp; Phanikumar, T. &amp; Dwarakakumar, D. &amp; Gupta, A. &amp; Arunkumar, R." box="[754,996,1561,1587]" pageId="5" pageNumber="133" pagination="427 - 454" refId="ref4953" refString="Saravanan, L., Kalidas, P., Phanikumar, T., Dwarakakumar, D., Gupta, A. &amp; Arunkumar, R. (2020) Life history, phenology, host range and natural enemies of Acria meyricki Shashank and Ramamurthy (Lepidoptera: Depressariidae): an emerging defoliator of oil palm, Elaeis guineenis Jacq. In India. Phytoparasitica, 48 (3), 427 - 454. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12600 - 020 - 00806 - 7" type="journal article" year="2020">
Saravanan
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBEFFFFFCDDF9B7DA94F361" box="[879,928,1561,1587]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="133">et al</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
). Both anterior and the posterior end of the cells remain wide open, and the larva rest on either the mid-rib or the leaf vein (depending on the place of cell construction) within their silken cells, always keeping the head oriented towards the base of the leaves (based on field observations on more than
<specimenCount id="9D3594E4FFBEFFFFFDB0F928DB5AF3CD" box="[514,622,1669,1695]" count="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="133" type="larva">20 larvae</specimenCount>
). They come out during night time and feed by creating small holes near the cells (in case of mature instars), or making irregular broad scratches on the upper surface of leaves feeding on the upper epidermis (in case of early instars).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFBEFFFFFF75F95CD816F2B1" blockId="5.[151,1437,1453,2019]" pageId="5" pageNumber="133">
Pupation takes place within elongated spindle shaped loose silken cocoons (
<figureCitation id="130843E8FFBEFFFFFBA1F95CDDA7F259" box="[1043,1171,1777,1803]" captionStart="FIGURES 19–22" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1061,1085]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,179,1035]" captionTargetId="figure-17@8.[151,1436,179,1035]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 19–22. Larva and pupa of Paraxenoacria spinosa sp. nov., 19–20, Pre-pupating larva of Holotype male, 21, Pupa within cocoon of the same (pink outline indicates the shape of cocoon), 22, Pupa (red lines indicate dorsal row of spines on the anterior edge of fifth abdominal segment)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934047" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13934047/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="133">Figs 19–21</figureCitation>
) in captivity, but within the silken cells in natural habitat (
<figureCitation id="130843E8FFBEFFFFFDABF8B8DB53F27D" box="[537,615,1813,1839]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–18" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1869,1893]" captionTargetBox="[164,1424,179,1843]" captionTargetId="figure-23@7.[164,1424,179,1843]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 11–18. Immature stages of Paraxenoacria spinosa sp. nov., 11, Final instar larva of Holotype male on Clerodendrum infortunatum plant, 12, Late instar larva of Paratype male a on Leea indica plant, 13, Final instar larva of Paratype male b on Litsea monopetala plant, 14, Late instar larva on an unknown plant a, 15, Early instar larva on Ixora sp. plant, 16, Late instar larva on an unknown plant b, 17, Discarded pupal exuvium on Syzygium sp. plant, 18, Pupa of Paratype male b. (14–17 not reared)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934045" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13934045/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="133">Fig 17</figureCitation>
). The pupa (
<figureCitation id="130843E8FFBEFFFFFD45F8B8DA77F27D" box="[759,835,1813,1839]" captionStart="FIGURES 19–22" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1061,1085]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,179,1035]" captionTargetId="figure-17@8.[151,1436,179,1035]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 19–22. Larva and pupa of Paraxenoacria spinosa sp. nov., 19–20, Pre-pupating larva of Holotype male, 21, Pupa within cocoon of the same (pink outline indicates the shape of cocoon), 22, Pupa (red lines indicate dorsal row of spines on the anterior edge of fifth abdominal segment)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934047" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13934047/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="133">Fig 22</figureCitation>
) is dark brown in color, slightly flattened, and broad anteriorly. Eyes moderate in size; frontoclypeus broad, squarish; labrum narrower; proboscis broad. Abdomen without lateral condyles, ten-segmented, of which the fourth segment broad, 4–6 segments loosely connected, spiracles and proleg scars well visible. The fifth segment bear a dorsal row of spines on its anterior edge. The fourth segment ventrally having a shallow medial depression on its anterior edge at the meeting point of the wing and other appendages.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4C0FE5FFBDFFFCFF25FCD0D818F6E8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934041" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13934041" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13934041/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="134" startId="6.[151,250,893,917]" targetBox="[151,1435,179,867]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFBDFFFCFF25FCD0D818F6E8" blockId="6.[151,1436,893,954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBDFFFCFF25FCD0D826F6C7" bold="true" box="[151,274,893,917]" pageId="6" pageNumber="134">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Male genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFBDFFFCFE7BFCD3DB80F6C7" authorityName="Rayhan &amp; Jahan" authorityYear="2024" box="[457,692,894,917]" class="Insecta" family="Depressariidae" genus="Paraxenoacria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBDFFFCFE7BFCD3DB80F6C7" box="[457,692,894,917]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="134">Paraxenoacria spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBDFFFCFD08FCD3DA3EF6C4" bold="true" box="[698,778,894,918]" pageId="6" pageNumber="134">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2743E04FFBDFFFCFD08FCD3DA3EF6C4" box="[698,778,894,918]" pageId="6" pageNumber="134" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
holotype (a, details of uncus, gnathos, and tegumen; b, aedeagus; c, right valva).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4C0FE5FFBDFFFCFF25F8A9DC0FF24E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934043" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13934043" box="[151,1339,1796,1820]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13934043/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="134" startId="6.[151,264,1796,1820]" targetBox="[151,1435,1048,1770]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFBDFFFCFF25F8A9DC0FF24E" blockId="6.[151,1339,1796,1820]" box="[151,1339,1796,1820]" pageId="6" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBDFFFCFF25F8A9D873F24E" bold="true" box="[151,327,1796,1820]" pageId="6" pageNumber="134">FIGURES 9–10.</emphasis>
Genitalia and wing venation 9, Male genitalia of Paratype, 10, Wing venation of the Holotype male
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4C0FE5FFBCFFFDFF25F8E0D9D2F2A7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934045" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13934045" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13934045/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="135" startId="7.[151,264,1869,1893]" targetBox="[164,1424,179,1843]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFBCFFFDFF25F8E0D9D2F2A7" blockId="7.[151,1436,1869,2037]" pageId="7" pageNumber="135">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBCFFFDFF25F8E0D865F237" bold="true" box="[151,337,1869,1893]" pageId="7" pageNumber="135">FIGURES 11–18.</emphasis>
Immature stages of
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFBCFFFDFDA9F8E3DA31F237" authorityName="Rayhan &amp; Jahan" authorityYear="2024" box="[539,773,1870,1893]" class="Insecta" family="Depressariidae" genus="Paraxenoacria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBCFFFDFDA9F8E3DA31F237" box="[539,773,1870,1893]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="135">Paraxenoacria spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBCFFFDFCB8F8E0DA6EF237" bold="true" box="[778,858,1869,1893]" pageId="7" pageNumber="135">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2743E04FFBCFFFDFCB8F8E0DA6EF237" box="[778,858,1869,1893]" pageId="7" pageNumber="135" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 11, Final instar larva of Holotype male on
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFBCFFFDFABBF8E0D82FF2DB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Clerodendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="135" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="infortunatum">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBCFFFDFABBF8E0D82FF2DB" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="135">Clerodendrum infortunatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
plant, 12, Late instar larva of Paratype male a on
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFBCFFFDFCADF8DFDAA3F2DB" box="[799,919,1905,1929]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Leea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Vitales" pageId="7" pageNumber="135" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBCFFFDFCADF8DFDAA3F2DB" box="[799,919,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="135">Leea indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
plant, 13, Final instar larva of Paratype male b on
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFBCFFFDFF25F83BD860F2FF" box="[151,340,1941,1965]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Litsea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="7" pageNumber="135" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="monopetala">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBCFFFDFF25F83BD860F2FF" box="[151,340,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="135">Litsea monopetala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
plant, 14, Late instar larva on an unknown plant a, 15, Early instar larva on
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFBCFFFDFBD4F83BDDF6F2FE" box="[1126,1218,1941,1965]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ixora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="7" pageNumber="135" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBCFFFDFBD4F83BDDA9F2FF" box="[1126,1181,1942,1965]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="135">Ixora</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
plant, 16, Late instar larva on an unknown plant b, 17, Discarded pupal exuvium on
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFBCFFFDFC9BF814DA9AF282" box="[809,942,1977,2000]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Syzygium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="7" pageNumber="135" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFBCFFFDFC9BF814DABDF282" box="[809,905,1977,2000]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="135">Syzygium</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
plant, 18, Pupa of Paratype male b. (14–17 not reared).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4C0FE5FFB3FFF2FF25FB88DB71F1D4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934047" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13934047" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13934047/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="136" startId="8.[151,264,1061,1085]" targetBox="[151,1436,179,1035]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFB3FFF2FF25FB88DB71F1D4" blockId="8.[151,1437,1061,1158]" pageId="8" pageNumber="136">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFB3FFF2FF25FB88D861F16F" bold="true" box="[151,341,1061,1085]" pageId="8" pageNumber="136">FIGURES 19–22.</emphasis>
Larva and pupa of
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFB3FFF2FDADFB8BDA3FF16F" authorityName="Rayhan &amp; Jahan" authorityYear="2024" box="[543,779,1062,1085]" class="Insecta" family="Depressariidae" genus="Paraxenoacria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFB3FFF2FDADFB8BDA3FF16F" box="[543,779,1062,1085]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="136">Paraxenoacria spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B947837FFFB3FFF2FCA0FB8BDA50F16C" bold="true" box="[786,868,1062,1086]" pageId="8" pageNumber="136">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2743E04FFB3FFF2FCA0FB8BDA50F16C" box="[786,868,1062,1086]" pageId="8" pageNumber="136" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 19–20, Pre-pupating larva of Holotype male, 21, Pupa within cocoon of the same (pink outline indicates the shape of cocoon), 22, Pupa (red lines indicate dorsal row of spines on the anterior edge of fifth abdominal segment).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFB3FFF2FF75FB75D81BF00C" blockId="8.[151,1437,1240,1878]" pageId="8" pageNumber="136">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFB3FFF2FF75FB75D86FF1A0" bold="true" box="[199,347,1240,1266]" pageId="8" pageNumber="136">Host-plants:</emphasis>
The larvae appear to be polyphagous and were observed feeding on at least seven species of unrelated plants including
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFB3FFF2FE0BFB51DBC5F044" box="[441,753,1276,1302]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Clerodendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="136" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="infortunatum">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFB3FFF2FE0BFB51DBC5F044" box="[441,753,1276,1302]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="136">Clerodendrum infortunatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFB3FFF2FCABFB51DAACF044" box="[793,920,1276,1302]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="136" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFB3FFF2FC1BFB51DC38F044" authority="(Roxb.) Pers." authorityName="Pers." baseAuthorityName="Roxb." box="[937,1292,1276,1302]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Litsea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="8" pageNumber="136" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="monopetala">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFB3FFF2FC1BFB51DD41F044" box="[937,1141,1276,1302]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="136">Litsea monopetala</emphasis>
(Roxb.) Pers.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFB3FFF2FAA5FB51DCA4F044" box="[1303,1424,1276,1302]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="8" pageNumber="136" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFB3FFF2FF25FA8DD8F9F068" authority="(Burm. f.) Merr." authorityName="Merr." baseAuthorityName="Burm. f." box="[151,461,1312,1338]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Leea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Vitales" pageId="8" pageNumber="136" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFB3FFF2FF25FA8DD82DF068" box="[151,281,1312,1338]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="136">Leea indica</emphasis>
(Burm.f.) Merr.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFB3FFF2FE6BFA8DDB0BF068" box="[473,575,1312,1338]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Vitales" pageId="8" pageNumber="136" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Vitaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFB3FFF2FDE3FA8DDBD5F068" box="[593,737,1312,1338]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Syzygium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="8" pageNumber="136" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFB3FFF2FDE3FA8DDB8FF068" box="[593,699,1312,1338]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="136">Syzygium</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFB3FFF2FD5CFA8DDA5EF068" box="[750,874,1312,1338]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="8" pageNumber="136" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFB3FFF2FCCEFA8DDAEAF068" box="[892,990,1312,1338]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ixora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="8" pageNumber="136" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFB3FFF2FCCEFA8DDA8DF06B" box="[892,953,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="136">Ixora</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFB3FFF2FC59FA8DDD52F068" box="[1003,1126,1312,1338]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="8" pageNumber="136" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
), and two other unidentified plant species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3290CE6FFB3FFF2FF75FAC5D84AF0F4" pageId="8" pageNumber="136" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFB3FFF2FF75FAC5D84AF0F4" blockId="8.[151,1437,1240,1878]" pageId="8" pageNumber="136">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFB3FFF2FF75FAC5D866F0D0" bold="true" box="[199,338,1384,1410]" pageId="8" pageNumber="136">Etymology:</emphasis>
The species epithet
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFB3FFF2FD85FAC5DBB9F0D3" authorityName="Rayhan &amp; Jahan" authorityYear="2024" box="[567,653,1384,1409]" class="Insecta" family="Depressariidae" genus="Paraxenoacria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFB3FFF2FD85FAC5DBB9F0D3" box="[567,653,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="136">spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
refers to the presence of a group of thick spines on the distal saccular process of the valva.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3290CE6FFB3FFF2FF75FA1DDB64F204" pageId="8" pageNumber="136" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFB3FFF2FF75FA1DD8A4F32C" blockId="8.[151,1437,1240,1878]" pageId="8" pageNumber="136">
<emphasis id="B947837FFFB3FFF2FF75FA1DD809F098" bold="true" box="[199,317,1456,1482]" pageId="8" pageNumber="136">Remarks:</emphasis>
A comprehensive account on the biology combining the detailed morphological aspects (including chaetotaxy) will be published in a later communication. As the immature stages of the majority of the genera within not only
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFB3FFF2FF48FA55D8A0F340" authorityName="Hodges" authorityYear="1974" box="[250,404,1528,1554]" class="Insecta" family="Peleopodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Peleopodidae</taxonomicName>
, but also all of
<taxonomicName id="4C3324EEFFB3FFF2FD8FFA55DBE0F340" box="[573,724,1528,1554]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Gelechioidea">Gelechioidea</taxonomicName>
, are still unknown, we believe our elementary level information regarding the biological aspects of this new genus and species will not cause any bias or taxonomic complications in defining this new genus since almost all of the genera are defined by the characteristics of the adults rather than their immature stages.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C5F6DFFB3FFF2FF75F925DB64F204" blockId="8.[151,1437,1240,1878]" pageId="8" pageNumber="136">
Since no materials from other places were examined, the status of the morphotypes present in other places is unknown. The populations from
<collectingCountry id="F3241FFDFFB3FFF2FDA0F901DB7AF394" box="[530,590,1708,1734]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="136">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3241FFDFFB3FFF2FDEFF901DBE7F394" box="[605,723,1708,1734]" name="Cambodia" pageId="8" pageNumber="136">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="F3241FFDFFB3FFF2FCA1F901DA4EF394" box="[787,890,1708,1734]" name="Malaysia" pageId="8" pageNumber="136">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
have somewhat similar ground color and wing pattern like those from
<collectingCountry id="F3241FFDFFB3FFF2FE02F97DDB02F3B8" box="[432,566,1744,1770]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="8" pageNumber="136">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
. The Singaporean population has a darker wings with all markings being prominent. On the other hand, those from
<collectingCountry id="F3241FFDFFB3FFF2FDDEF959DBE6F25C" box="[620,722,1780,1806]" name="Thailand" pageId="8" pageNumber="136">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, are rather paler and lack the basal dark patch on forewing inner margin. Likely, all of these populations reflect different geographic variations of this same species, or perhaps there remains several species yet to describe.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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