treatments-xml/data/03/9A/87/039A87C3FFC24D37AEB3FCA0FDC7F9EE.xml

<document id="FC08AB369A3C96F15FECD3C1D3EE37DB" ID-CLB-Dataset="128210" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2022.2080607" ID-GBIF-Dataset="48fcd4ff-2126-42dd-9387-3a702415b8ed" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012270" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1660990608306" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ibarra Polesel, Mario G., Valle, Nestor G., Cave, Ronald D. &amp; Damborsky, Miryam P." docDate="2022" docId="039A87C3FFC24D37AEB3FCA0FDC7F9EE" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.56.13-16.969-987.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 56 (13 - 16)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2080607" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Gymnetis pudibunda Burmeister 1866" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="979" masterDocId="FFA3FFBBFFC04D3DAF11FFE7FFC4FFC1" masterDocTitle="Descriptions of the larva and pupa of Gymnetis pudibunda Burmeister, 1866 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Gymnetini), with notes on natural history and a key to the known larvae of New World Gymnetini" masterLastPageNumber="987" masterPageNumber="969" pageNumber="971" updateTime="1699370746270" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="B5C90F600182EE4B51595CE33486C6F9">Descriptions of the larva and pupa of Gymnetis pudibunda Burmeister, 1866 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Gymnetini), with notes on natural history and a key to the known larvae of New World Gymnetini</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8FF8BAEC39103514A6EC7CDF063EB79C">Ibarra Polesel, Mario G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="F2C998F56C2B3D1F4EF508347F4BD65E">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="F2FC084D53893AE604709EE914F8670D">13 - 16</mods:number>
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<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFC24D3FAEB3FCA0FC45FCA0" authority="Burmeister, 1866" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1866" box="[418,897,839,865]" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Gymnetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="971" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pudibunda">
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<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC24D3FAEB3FCA0FD66FCA0" bold="true" box="[418,674,839,865]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="971">Gymnetis pudibunda</emphasis>
Burmeister, 1866
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<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFC24D3FAD5BFC9FFD1CFC53" blockId="2.[574,741,888,948]" box="[586,728,888,914]" pageId="2" pageNumber="971">
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<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC24D3FAD5BFC9FFD1CFC53" bold="true" box="[586,728,888,914]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="971">Third instar</emphasis>
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(
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC24D3FAD57FC7DFD1AFC75" box="[582,734,922,948]" captionStart-0="Figures 1–3" captionStart-1="Figures 4–7" captionStart-2="Figures 8–12" captionStart-3="Figures 13, 14" captionStartId-0="3.[160,235,766,789]" captionStartId-1="4.[160,235,1441,1464]" captionStartId-2="5.[160,235,1114,1137]" captionStartId-3="6.[160,235,1609,1632]" captionTargetBox-0="[165,1149,146,732]" captionTargetBox-1="[164,1151,146,1406]" captionTargetBox-2="[166,1151,150,1080]" captionTargetBox-3="[173,1144,1129,1572]" captionTargetId-0="figure-311@3.[163,1153,142,734]" captionTargetId-1="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1409]" captionTargetId-2="figure-186@5.[163,1153,142,1082]" captionTargetId-3="figure-361@6.[163,1153,1119,1578]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="6" captionText-0="Figures 1–3. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (1) Cranium, frontal view; (2) epipharynx, in (a) lateral (b) and apical views; (3) antenna: lateral view (a), terminal antennomere in (b) dorsal, (c) ventral, and (d) apical views." captionText-1="Figures 4–7. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar.(4) Left mandible, in (a) dorsal,(b) lateral,and (c) ventral views; (5) right mandible, in (a) ventral, (b) lateral, and (c) dorsal views; (6) left maxilla, (a) dorsal view, (b) apex of mala showing unci, and (c) stridulatory teeth on maxilla; (7) labium, (a) dorsal view, (b) hypopharyngeal sclerome, and (c) lateral view." captionText-2="Figures 8–12. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (8) Habitus, lateral view; (9) thoracic spiracle (Th) and abdominal spiracles from first (Ab I) to last (Ab VIII) segment; (10) pro-, meso- and metathoracic pretarsi, dorsal view; (11) pro-, meso- and metathoracic legs, lateral view; (12) last abdominal segments, ventral view." captionText-3="Figures 13, 14. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (13) Thoracic spiracle; (14) microscopic pores in the (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, and (c) basal areas of the plate." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012272" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012274" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012276" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012278" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7012272/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7012274/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/7012276/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/7012278/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="971">Figures 1–14</figureCitation>
)
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<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC24D3FAFB1FC28FED0FC29" box="[160,276,975,1000]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="971">Description</emphasis>
. Dorsal body length 
<quantity id="4CCB9B30FFC24D3FAEEDFC28FD5DFC29" box="[508,665,975,1000]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.075" metricValueMax="8.23" metricValueMin="7.92" pageId="2" pageNumber="971" unit="mm" value="80.75" valueMax="82.3" valueMin="79.2">79.2–82.3 mm</quantity>
, width 
<quantity id="4CCB9B30FFC24D3FADFBFC28FC41FC29" box="[746,901,975,1000]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.205" metricValueMax="1.24" metricValueMin="1.17" pageId="2" pageNumber="971" unit="mm" value="12.05" valueMax="12.4" valueMin="11.7">11.7–12.4 mm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC24D3FAC84FC28FC2BFC29" box="[917,1007,975,1000]" captionStart="Figures 8–12" captionStartId="5.[160,235,1114,1137]" captionTargetBox="[166,1151,150,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-186@5.[163,1153,142,1082]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 8–12. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (8) Habitus, lateral view; (9) thoracic spiracle (Th) and abdominal spiracles from first (Ab I) to last (Ab VIII) segment; (10) pro-, meso- and metathoracic pretarsi, dorsal view; (11) pro-, meso- and metathoracic legs, lateral view; (12) last abdominal segments, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012276/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="971">Figure 8</figureCitation>
), weight 
<quantity id="4CCB9B30FFC24D3FAB47FC28FF12FBCA" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.95" metricValueMax="4.3" metricValueMin="3.6" pageId="2" pageNumber="971" unit="g" value="3.95" valueMax="4.3" valueMin="3.6">3.6– 4.3 g</quantity>
(live specimens). 
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC24D3FAE87FC15FE3CFBCA" bold="true" box="[406,504,1010,1035]" pageId="2" pageNumber="971">Cranium</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC24D3FAD19FC15FDA5FBCA" box="[520,609,1010,1035]" captionStart="Figures 1–3" captionStartId="3.[160,235,766,789]" captionTargetBox="[165,1149,146,732]" captionTargetId="figure-311@3.[163,1153,142,734]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 1–3. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (1) Cranium, frontal view; (2) epipharynx, in (a) lateral (b) and apical views; (3) antenna: lateral view (a), terminal antennomere in (b) dorsal, (c) ventral, and (d) apical views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012272/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="971">Figure 1</figureCitation>
): Head capsule width 
<quantity id="4CCB9B30FFC24D3FAC42FC15FC11FBCA" box="[851,981,1010,1035]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="3.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="971" unit="mm" value="3.9" valueMax="4.1" valueMin="3.7">3.7–4.1 mm</quantity>
. Colour orangebrown. Surface mostly smooth, with few pits. Epicranial, frontal and clypeofrontal sutures distinct. 
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC24D3FAFE8FBD0FEFEFB91" bold="true" box="[249,314,1079,1104]" pageId="2" pageNumber="971">Frons</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC24D3FAE59FBD0FE5BFB91" box="[328,415,1079,1104]" captionStart="Figures 1–3" captionStartId="3.[160,235,766,789]" captionTargetBox="[165,1149,146,732]" captionTargetId="figure-311@3.[163,1153,142,734]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 1–3. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (1) Cranium, frontal view; (2) epipharynx, in (a) lateral (b) and apical views; (3) antenna: lateral view (a), terminal antennomere in (b) dorsal, (c) ventral, and (d) apical views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012272/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="971">Figure 1</figureCitation>
): Surface with 2 posterior setae, each anterior angle with 1 long seta; anterior setae and exterior setae absent. Remaining cranial surface with 2 anterior epicranial setae; 6–8 dorsoepicranial setae on each side, 4–6 exterior epicranial setae and 3–6 posterior epicranial setae on each side. Stemmata absent. 
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC24D3FADDEFB78FCEFFB79" bold="true" box="[719,811,1183,1208]" pageId="2" pageNumber="971">Clypeus</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC24D3FAC2FFB78FC5FFB79" box="[830,923,1183,1208]" captionStart="Figures 1–3" captionStartId="3.[160,235,766,789]" captionTargetBox="[165,1149,146,732]" captionTargetId="figure-311@3.[163,1153,142,734]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 1–3. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (1) Cranium, frontal view; (2) epipharynx, in (a) lateral (b) and apical views; (3) antenna: lateral view (a), terminal antennomere in (b) dorsal, (c) ventral, and (d) apical views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012272/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="971">Figure 1</figureCitation>
): Trapezoidal, lateral margins slightly convergent. Postclypeus well sclerotised, with 2 anterior setae and 2 exterior setae on each side. Preclypeus weakly sclerotised, with about 28 sensillae, setae absent. 
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC24D3FAF8EFAE0FF3DFAE1" bold="true" box="[159,249,1287,1312]" pageId="2" pageNumber="971">Labrum</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC24D3FAE1AFAE0FEA3FAE1" box="[267,359,1287,1312]" captionStart="Figures 1–3" captionStartId="3.[160,235,766,789]" captionTargetBox="[165,1149,146,732]" captionTargetId="figure-311@3.[163,1153,142,734]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 1–3. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (1) Cranium, frontal view; (2) epipharynx, in (a) lateral (b) and apical views; (3) antenna: lateral view (a), terminal antennomere in (b) dorsal, (c) ventral, and (d) apical views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012272/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="971">Figure 1</figureCitation>
): Symmetrical, lateral margins rounded, anterior border trilobed, clithra present; anterior margin with about 18–24 sensillae. With 2–4 posterior setae, 2 paramedian setae, 3–4 exterior setae on each side and 12–14 anterior labral setae; margins without setae. 
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC24D3FAF8EFA88FEE7FA49" bold="true" box="[159,291,1391,1416]" pageId="2" pageNumber="971">Epipharynx</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC24D3FAE21FA88FE4CFA49" box="[304,392,1391,1416]" captionStart="Figures 1–3" captionStartId="3.[160,235,766,789]" captionTargetBox="[165,1149,146,732]" captionTargetId="figure-311@3.[163,1153,142,734]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 1–3. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (1) Cranium, frontal view; (2) epipharynx, in (a) lateral (b) and apical views; (3) antenna: lateral view (a), terminal antennomere in (b) dorsal, (c) ventral, and (d) apical views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012272/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="971">Figure 2</figureCitation>
(a,b)): Haptomeral region without haptomeral process nor heli. Corypha with 6–10 long, stout setae; acroparia with 8–10 long, stout setae on each side. Zygum transverse, slightly convex, with an arcuate row of 10–14 spinelike setae and 6–10 stout setae irregularly placed behind. Acanthoparia with 7–9 short setae; right chaetoparia with 42–60 setae and left chaetoparia with 36–48 setae. Pedium without sensilla. Dexiotorma well developed, narrow, elongate, transversely extended. Laeotorma shorter than dexiotorma, with poorly developed pternotorma. Dexiophoba and laeophoba absent. Sense cone well developed, with 2 lateral sensillae on each side and above a group of 18–22 short, slender setae. Sclerotised plate absent; crepis ill defined. 
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC24D3FADC4F962FCFDF95F" bold="true" box="[725,825,1669,1694]" pageId="2" pageNumber="971">Antenna</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC24D3FAC5DF962FBC7F95F" box="[844,1027,1669,1694]" captionStart="Figures 1–3" captionStartId="3.[160,235,766,789]" captionTargetBox="[165,1149,146,732]" captionTargetId="figure-311@3.[163,1153,142,734]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 1–3. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (1) Cranium, frontal view; (2) epipharynx, in (a) lateral (b) and apical views; (3) antenna: lateral view (a), terminal antennomere in (b) dorsal, (c) ventral, and (d) apical views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012272/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="971">Figures 1 and 3</figureCitation>
(a–d)): Four antennomeres, 2–4 subequal in length. Antennomeres 1, 2 and 3 about 1.6, 0.9 and 0.7 times longer, respectively, than terminal antennomere (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC34D3EAC19FC6DFCA7FC62" box="[776,867,906,931]" captionStart="Figures 1–3" captionStartId="3.[160,235,766,789]" captionTargetBox="[165,1149,146,732]" captionTargetId="figure-311@3.[163,1153,142,734]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 1–3. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (1) Cranium, frontal view; (2) epipharynx, in (a) lateral (b) and apical views; (3) antenna: lateral view (a), terminal antennomere in (b) dorsal, (c) ventral, and (d) apical views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012272/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="972">Figure 3</figureCitation>
(a)). Antennomere 3 with distal process. Terminal antennomere with 6 sensory spots: dorsal surface with 2 sensory spots (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC34D3EAFF6FC28FEFBFC29" box="[231,319,975,1000]" captionStart="Figures 1–3" captionStartId="3.[160,235,766,789]" captionTargetBox="[165,1149,146,732]" captionTargetId="figure-311@3.[163,1153,142,734]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 1–3. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (1) Cranium, frontal view; (2) epipharynx, in (a) lateral (b) and apical views; (3) antenna: lateral view (a), terminal antennomere in (b) dorsal, (c) ventral, and (d) apical views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012272/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="972">Figure 3</figureCitation>
(a,b)); ventral surface with 1 sensory spot (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC34D3EAC1AFC28FCA7FC29" box="[779,867,975,1000]" captionStart="Figures 1–3" captionStartId="3.[160,235,766,789]" captionTargetBox="[165,1149,146,732]" captionTargetId="figure-311@3.[163,1153,142,734]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 1–3. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (1) Cranium, frontal view; (2) epipharynx, in (a) lateral (b) and apical views; (3) antenna: lateral view (a), terminal antennomere in (b) dorsal, (c) ventral, and (d) apical views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012272/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="972">Figure 3</figureCitation>
(c)) and 3 sensory spots at apex (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC34D3EAFF3FC15FEFFFBCA" box="[226,315,1010,1035]" captionStart="Figures 1–3" captionStartId="3.[160,235,766,789]" captionTargetBox="[165,1149,146,732]" captionTargetId="figure-311@3.[163,1153,142,734]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 1–3. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (1) Cranium, frontal view; (2) epipharynx, in (a) lateral (b) and apical views; (3) antenna: lateral view (a), terminal antennomere in (b) dorsal, (c) ventral, and (d) apical views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012272/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="972">Figure 3</figureCitation>
(d)).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4C665DFFC34D3EAFB1FD19FE84FC8E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012272" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012272/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="972" startId="3.[160,235,766,789]" targetBox="[165,1149,146,732]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFC34D3EAFB1FD19FE84FC8E" blockId="3.[160,1155,766,847]" pageId="3" pageNumber="972">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC34D3EAFB1FD19FED9FCD4" bold="true" box="[160,285,766,789]" pageId="3" pageNumber="972">Figures 1–3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFC34D3EAE34FD19FE28FCD4" box="[293,492,766,789]" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Gymnetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="972" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pudibunda">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC34D3EAE34FD19FE28FCD4" box="[293,492,766,789]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="972">Gymnetis pudibunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, third instar. (1) Cranium, frontal view; (2) epipharynx, in (a) lateral (b) and apical views; (3) antenna: lateral view (a), terminal antennomere in (b) dorsal, (c) ventral, and (d) apical views.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFC34D3BAFB1FBD2FBC8FF2C" blockId="3.[160,1157,1077,1725]" lastBlockId="6.[160,1156,142,1034]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="975" pageId="3" pageNumber="972">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC34D3EAFB1FBD2FEE4FB8F" box="[160,288,1077,1102]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="972">Mouthparts</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC34D3EAE25FBD2FE27FB8F" bold="true" box="[308,483,1077,1102]" pageId="3" pageNumber="972">Left mandible</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC34D3EAEE9FBD2FD99FB8F" box="[504,605,1077,1102]" captionStart="Figures 4–7" captionStartId="4.[160,235,1441,1464]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,146,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1409]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 4–7. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar.(4) Left mandible, in (a) dorsal,(b) lateral,and (c) ventral views; (5) right mandible, in (a) ventral, (b) lateral, and (c) dorsal views; (6) left maxilla, (a) dorsal view, (b) apex of mala showing unci, and (c) stridulatory teeth on maxilla; (7) labium, (a) dorsal view, (b) hypopharyngeal sclerome, and (c) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012274/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="972">Figure 4</figureCitation>
(a–c)): Scissorial region with 3 well-developed teeth, teeth S1 and S2 separated by an acute scissorial notch, teeth S2 and S3 separated by broad postincisor notch. Dorsal surface with 2 long, stout setae on dorsal carina at level of S2–S3 notch and tooth S3. Scrobis with 1–3 long, stout setae and 2–6 slender, short setae. Dorsomolar area with tuft of about 8 setae. Preartis distinct, concave. Ventral surface with small, elongate-oval stridulatory area, formed by approximately 16–20 subparallel ridges, ridges closely spaced at the base and widening strongly towards the middle. Ventromolar area with tuft of 8–11 setae. Three molar lobes present, 1st molar lobe (M1) large, not subdivided and below 2 acute lobes. Acia absent. Brustia with 10–16 stout, long setae. Postartis large, rounded. Ventral process distinct, blunt, asperate. 
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC34D3EAC14FA68FC02FA69" bold="true" box="[773,966,1423,1448]" pageId="3" pageNumber="972">Right mandible</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC34D3EACCAFA68FBFBFA69" box="[987,1087,1423,1448]" captionStart="Figures 4–7" captionStartId="4.[160,235,1441,1464]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,146,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1409]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 4–7. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar.(4) Left mandible, in (a) dorsal,(b) lateral,and (c) ventral views; (5) right mandible, in (a) ventral, (b) lateral, and (c) dorsal views; (6) left maxilla, (a) dorsal view, (b) apex of mala showing unci, and (c) stridulatory teeth on maxilla; (7) labium, (a) dorsal view, (b) hypopharyngeal sclerome, and (c) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012274/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="972">Figure 5</figureCitation>
(a–c)): Form falcate. Scissorial region with 3 well-developed teeth, teeth S1 and S2 separated by an acute scissorial notch, teeth S2 and S3 separated by broad postincisor notch. Dorsal surface with 2 long, stout setae on carina at level of S3 and S4. Scrobis with 2–4 long, stout setae and 3–6 slender, short setae. Dorsomolar area with tuft of 5–10 setae. Preartis distinct, concave. Ventral surface with small, elongate-oval stridulatory area, formed by approximately 18–22 subparallel ridges, ridges closely spaced at the base and widening strongly towards the middle. Ventromolar area with tuft of 8–11 setae. Calx large, molar crown with 3 large lobes. Brustia with 6–10 stout, long setae. Postartis large, rounded. Ventral process distinct, blunt, asperate. 
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC54D38AFB1FAC1FF3CFAFE" bold="true" box="[160,248,1318,1343]" pageId="5" pageNumber="974">Maxilla</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC54D38AE1DFAC1FEABFAFE" box="[268,367,1318,1343]" captionStart="Figures 4–7" captionStartId="4.[160,235,1441,1464]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,146,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1409]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 4–7. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar.(4) Left mandible, in (a) dorsal,(b) lateral,and (c) ventral views; (5) right mandible, in (a) ventral, (b) lateral, and (c) dorsal views; (6) left maxilla, (a) dorsal view, (b) apex of mala showing unci, and (c) stridulatory teeth on maxilla; (7) labium, (a) dorsal view, (b) hypopharyngeal sclerome, and (c) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012274/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="974">Figure 6</figureCitation>
(a–c)): Galea and lacinia fused, forming a mala. Uncus well developed, approximately 0.7 times length of apical maxillary palpomere (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC54D38ACE5FAAEFB9DFAA3" box="[1012,1113,1353,1378]" captionStart="Figures 4–7" captionStartId="4.[160,235,1441,1464]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,146,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1409]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 4–7. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar.(4) Left mandible, in (a) dorsal,(b) lateral,and (c) ventral views; (5) right mandible, in (a) ventral, (b) lateral, and (c) dorsal views; (6) left maxilla, (a) dorsal view, (b) apex of mala showing unci, and (c) stridulatory teeth on maxilla; (7) labium, (a) dorsal view, (b) hypopharyngeal sclerome, and (c) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012274/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="974">Figure 6</figureCitation>
(a)). Lacinia with large uncus at apex and subterminal uncus fused at its base; 1 spine-like seta on dorsal area of large uncus (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC54D38AD2FFA69FD5BFA66" box="[574,671,1422,1447]" captionStart="Figures 4–7" captionStartId="4.[160,235,1441,1464]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,146,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1409]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 4–7. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar.(4) Left mandible, in (a) dorsal,(b) lateral,and (c) ventral views; (5) right mandible, in (a) ventral, (b) lateral, and (c) dorsal views; (6) left maxilla, (a) dorsal view, (b) apex of mala showing unci, and (c) stridulatory teeth on maxilla; (7) labium, (a) dorsal view, (b) hypopharyngeal sclerome, and (c) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012274/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="974">Figure 6</figureCitation>
(b)). Dorsal surface of mala with about 28 setae. Maxillary palpus with 4 palpomeres; palpomeres 1, 2 and 3 about 0.4, 0.6 and 0.5 times, respectively, length of palpomere 4; palpomere 3 with lateral seta. Stridulatory area with row of 4–6 curved, acute teeth and a distal truncate process (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC54D38AFB9F9FEFECEF9F3" box="[168,266,1561,1586]" captionStart="Figures 4–7" captionStartId="4.[160,235,1441,1464]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,146,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1409]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 4–7. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar.(4) Left mandible, in (a) dorsal,(b) lateral,and (c) ventral views; (5) right mandible, in (a) ventral, (b) lateral, and (c) dorsal views; (6) left maxilla, (a) dorsal view, (b) apex of mala showing unci, and (c) stridulatory teeth on maxilla; (7) labium, (a) dorsal view, (b) hypopharyngeal sclerome, and (c) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012274/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="974">Figure 6</figureCitation>
(c)). 
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC54D38AE2FF9FEFE5DF9F3" bold="true" box="[318,409,1561,1586]" pageId="5" pageNumber="974">Labium</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC54D38AEBDF9FEFDCAF9F3" box="[428,526,1561,1586]" captionStart="Figures 4–7" captionStartId="4.[160,235,1441,1464]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,146,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1409]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 4–7. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar.(4) Left mandible, in (a) dorsal,(b) lateral,and (c) ventral views; (5) right mandible, in (a) ventral, (b) lateral, and (c) dorsal views; (6) left maxilla, (a) dorsal view, (b) apex of mala showing unci, and (c) stridulatory teeth on maxilla; (7) labium, (a) dorsal view, (b) hypopharyngeal sclerome, and (c) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012274/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="974">Figure 7</figureCitation>
(a–c)): Hypopharyngeal sclerome asymmetrical, medially concave. Right side with well-developed, truncate process, forming a right angle on inner side (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC54D38AE5FF9B9FE6BF9B6" box="[334,431,1630,1655]" captionStart="Figures 4–7" captionStartId="4.[160,235,1441,1464]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,146,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1409]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 4–7. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar.(4) Left mandible, in (a) dorsal,(b) lateral,and (c) ventral views; (5) right mandible, in (a) ventral, (b) lateral, and (c) dorsal views; (6) left maxilla, (a) dorsal view, (b) apex of mala showing unci, and (c) stridulatory teeth on maxilla; (7) labium, (a) dorsal view, (b) hypopharyngeal sclerome, and (c) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012274/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="974">Figure 7</figureCitation>
(a)); basal region an unsclerotised circular area with 2–4 long setae. Left side with well-developed basal process (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC54D38AC1FF966FCB6F95B" box="[782,882,1665,1690]" captionStart="Figures 4–7" captionStartId="4.[160,235,1441,1464]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,146,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1409]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 4–7. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar.(4) Left mandible, in (a) dorsal,(b) lateral,and (c) ventral views; (5) right mandible, in (a) ventral, (b) lateral, and (c) dorsal views; (6) left maxilla, (a) dorsal view, (b) apex of mala showing unci, and (c) stridulatory teeth on maxilla; (7) labium, (a) dorsal view, (b) hypopharyngeal sclerome, and (c) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012274/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="974">Figure 7</figureCitation>
(b)). Glossa with 24–32 long setae, 30–36 spine-like setae; basal area with row of 12–18 short, spine-like setae. Left lateral lobe with 14–20 slender, moderately long setae; right lateral lobe with 10–14 slender setae. Left margin with row of about 12 setae in a line, directed towards centre of sclerome (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC64D3BAEE5FF33FD93FF2C" box="[500,599,212,237]" captionStart="Figures 4–7" captionStartId="4.[160,235,1441,1464]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,146,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[163,1153,142,1409]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 4–7. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar.(4) Left mandible, in (a) dorsal,(b) lateral,and (c) ventral views; (5) right mandible, in (a) ventral, (b) lateral, and (c) dorsal views; (6) left maxilla, (a) dorsal view, (b) apex of mala showing unci, and (c) stridulatory teeth on maxilla; (7) labium, (a) dorsal view, (b) hypopharyngeal sclerome, and (c) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012274/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="975">Figure 7</figureCitation>
(a,c)). Labial palpus with 2 segments.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4C665DFFC44D39AFB1FA46FDB4F9D1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012274" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012274/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="973" startId="4.[160,235,1441,1464]" targetBox="[164,1151,146,1406]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFC44D39AFB1FA46FDB4F9D1" blockId="4.[160,1157,1441,1552]" pageId="4" pageNumber="973">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC44D39AFB1FA46FED8FA79" bold="true" box="[160,284,1441,1464]" pageId="4" pageNumber="973">Figures 4–7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFC44D39AE30FA46FE22FA79" box="[289,486,1441,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Gymnetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="973" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pudibunda">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC44D39AE30FA46FE22FA79" box="[289,486,1441,1464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="973">Gymnetis pudibunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, third instar. (4) Left mandible, in (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, and (c) ventral views; (5) right mandible, in (a) ventral, (b) lateral, and (c) dorsal views; (6) left maxilla, (a) dorsal view, (b) apex of mala showing unci, and (c) stridulatory teeth on maxilla; (7) labium, (a) dorsal view, (b) hypopharyngeal sclerome, and (c) lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4C665DFFC54D38AFB1FBBDFE4FFB08" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012276" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012276/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="974" startId="5.[160,235,1114,1137]" targetBox="[166,1151,150,1080]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFC54D38AFB1FBBDFE4FFB08" blockId="5.[160,1156,1114,1225]" pageId="5" pageNumber="974">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC54D38AFB1FBBDFEEEFBB0" bold="true" box="[160,298,1114,1137]" pageId="5" pageNumber="974">Figures 8–12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFC54D38AE21FBBDFE32FBB0" box="[304,502,1114,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Gymnetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="974" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pudibunda">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC54D38AE21FBBDFE32FBB0" box="[304,502,1114,1137]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="974">Gymnetis pudibunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, third instar. (8) Habitus, lateral view; (9) thoracic spiracle (Th) and abdominal spiracles from first (Ab I) to last (Ab VIII) segment; (10) pro-, meso- and metathoracic pretarsi, dorsal view; (11) pro-, meso- and metathoracic legs, lateral view; (12) last abdominal segments, ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFC64D3BAFD1FF11FF26FD13" blockId="6.[160,1156,142,1034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="975">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC64D3BAFD1FF11FED0FECE" bold="true" box="[192,276,246,271]" pageId="6" pageNumber="975">Thorax</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC64D3BAE32FF11FE44FECE" box="[291,384,246,271]" captionStart="Figures 8–12" captionStartId="5.[160,235,1114,1137]" captionTargetBox="[166,1151,150,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-186@5.[163,1153,142,1082]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 8–12. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (8) Habitus, lateral view; (9) thoracic spiracle (Th) and abdominal spiracles from first (Ab I) to last (Ab VIII) segment; (10) pro-, meso- and metathoracic pretarsi, dorsal view; (11) pro-, meso- and metathoracic legs, lateral view; (12) last abdominal segments, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012276/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="975">Figure 8</figureCitation>
): Pronotum with numerous sparse, long setae; sclerotised area with 2–3 long, stout setae on superior-posterior region, 4–7 long setae on inferior-posterior region, 7–10 long setae on anterior region, 2–4 short setae on central region. Prothoracic spiracle 
<quantity id="4CCB9B30FFC64D3BAE11FEB9FE66FEB6" box="[256,418,350,375]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.199999999999999" metricValueMax="7.9" metricValueMin="6.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="975" unit="mm" value="0.72" valueMax="0.79" valueMin="0.65">0.65–0.79 mm</quantity>
long, 0.55– 
<quantity id="4CCB9B30FFC64D3BAD3DFEB9FD57FEB6" box="[556,659,350,375]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" pageId="6" pageNumber="975" unit="mm" value="0.49">0.49 mm</quantity>
wide (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC64D3BADF9FEB9FC8CFEB6" box="[744,840,350,375]" captionStart="Figures 8–12" captionStartId="5.[160,235,1114,1137]" captionTargetBox="[166,1151,150,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-186@5.[163,1153,142,1082]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 8–12. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (8) Habitus, lateral view; (9) thoracic spiracle (Th) and abdominal spiracles from first (Ab I) to last (Ab VIII) segment; (10) pro-, meso- and metathoracic pretarsi, dorsal view; (11) pro-, meso- and metathoracic legs, lateral view; (12) last abdominal segments, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012276/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="975">Figure 9</figureCitation>
); spiracular plate yellowish brown, closed C-shaped, spiracular bulla rounded, slightly elevated (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC64D3BACB7FE66FBD4FE5B" box="[934,1040,385,410]" captionStart="Figures 13, 14" captionStartId="6.[160,235,1609,1632]" captionTargetBox="[173,1144,1129,1572]" captionTargetId="figure-361@6.[163,1153,1119,1578]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 13, 14. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (13) Thoracic spiracle; (14) microscopic pores in the (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, and (c) basal areas of the plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012278" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012278/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="975">Figure 13</figureCitation>
); distance between 2 lobes of spiracular plate much less than dorsoventral diameter of bulla. Plate with 32–40 microscopic pores in dorsal radius (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC64D3BADB7FE21FCCAFE1E" box="[678,782,454,479]" captionStart="Figures 13, 14" captionStartId="6.[160,235,1609,1632]" captionTargetBox="[173,1144,1129,1572]" captionTargetId="figure-361@6.[163,1153,1119,1578]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 13, 14. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (13) Thoracic spiracle; (14) microscopic pores in the (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, and (c) basal areas of the plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012278" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012278/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="975">Figure 14</figureCitation>
(a)), 
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lateral radius (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC64D3BAB2DFE21FF7AFDC3" captionStart="Figures 13, 14" captionStartId="6.[160,235,1609,1632]" captionTargetBox="[173,1144,1129,1572]" captionTargetId="figure-361@6.[163,1153,1119,1578]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 13, 14. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (13) Thoracic spiracle; (14) microscopic pores in the (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, and (c) basal areas of the plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012278" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012278/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="975">Figure 14</figureCitation>
(b)), 
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basal radius (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC64D3BAEE5FE0EFDA5FDC3" box="[500,609,489,514]" captionStart="Figures 13, 14" captionStartId="6.[160,235,1609,1632]" captionTargetBox="[173,1144,1129,1572]" captionTargetId="figure-361@6.[163,1153,1119,1578]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 13, 14. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (13) Thoracic spiracle; (14) microscopic pores in the (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, and (c) basal areas of the plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012278" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012278/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="975">Figure 14</figureCitation>
(c)); pores entirely margined, irregularly shaped. Prescutum, scutum and scutellum of meso- and metathoraxes with numerous long and short setae. 
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC64D3BAE3BFDC9FEA5FD86" bold="true" box="[298,353,558,583]" pageId="6" pageNumber="975">Legs</emphasis>
: Pretarsus cylindrical, rounded apically (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC64D3BAC36FDC9FC55FD86" box="[807,913,558,583]" captionStart="Figures 8–12" captionStartId="5.[160,235,1114,1137]" captionTargetBox="[166,1151,150,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-186@5.[163,1153,142,1082]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 8–12. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (8) Habitus, lateral view; (9) thoracic spiracle (Th) and abdominal spiracles from first (Ab I) to last (Ab VIII) segment; (10) pro-, meso- and metathoracic pretarsi, dorsal view; (11) pro-, meso- and metathoracic legs, lateral view; (12) last abdominal segments, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012276/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="975">Figure 10</figureCitation>
), bearing 11–14 long setae; prothoracic pretarsus short (≈ 
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) relative to mesothoracic (≈ 
<quantity id="4CCB9B30FFC64D3BACF6FDB6FB8EFDAB" box="[999,1098,593,618]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="975" unit="mm" value="0.48">0.48 mm</quantity>
) and metathoracic (≈ 
<quantity id="4CCB9B30FFC64D3BAE47FD93FE7CFD4C" box="[342,440,628,653]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.699999999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="975" unit="mm" value="0.57">0.57 mm</quantity>
) pretarsi. Legs gradually increasing in length from 1st to 3rd pair (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC64D3BAFB9FD71FED5FD6E" box="[168,273,662,687]" captionStart="Figures 8–12" captionStartId="5.[160,235,1114,1137]" captionTargetBox="[166,1151,150,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-186@5.[163,1153,142,1082]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 8–12. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (8) Habitus, lateral view; (9) thoracic spiracle (Th) and abdominal spiracles from first (Ab I) to last (Ab VIII) segment; (10) pro-, meso- and metathoracic pretarsi, dorsal view; (11) pro-, meso- and metathoracic legs, lateral view; (12) last abdominal segments, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012276/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="975">Figure 11</figureCitation>
). Coxa, trochanter, femur and tibiotarsus of all legs with numerous long, stout setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFC64D3AAFD1FD3BFBECFF2C" blockId="6.[160,1156,142,1034]" lastBlockId="7.[160,1155,142,237]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="976" pageId="6" pageNumber="975">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC64D3BAFD1FD3BFEF1FD34" bold="true" box="[192,309,732,757]" pageId="6" pageNumber="975">Abdomen</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC64D3BAE59FD3BFE6CFD34" box="[328,424,732,757]" captionStart="Figures 8–12" captionStartId="5.[160,235,1114,1137]" captionTargetBox="[166,1151,150,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-186@5.[163,1153,142,1082]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 8–12. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (8) Habitus, lateral view; (9) thoracic spiracle (Th) and abdominal spiracles from first (Ab I) to last (Ab VIII) segment; (10) pro-, meso- and metathoracic pretarsi, dorsal view; (11) pro-, meso- and metathoracic legs, lateral view; (12) last abdominal segments, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012276/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="975">Figure 8</figureCitation>
): Abdominal spiracles subequal in size (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC64D3BAC91FD3BFC24FD34" box="[896,992,732,757]" captionStart="Figures 8–12" captionStartId="5.[160,235,1114,1137]" captionTargetBox="[166,1151,150,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-186@5.[163,1153,142,1082]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 8–12. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (8) Habitus, lateral view; (9) thoracic spiracle (Th) and abdominal spiracles from first (Ab I) to last (Ab VIII) segment; (10) pro-, meso- and metathoracic pretarsi, dorsal view; (11) pro-, meso- and metathoracic legs, lateral view; (12) last abdominal segments, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012276/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="975">Figure 9</figureCitation>
). Spiracles on segments I–VIII of similar height (I: 
<quantity id="4CCB9B30FFC64D3BAD34FD19FD4DFCD6" box="[549,649,766,791]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.199999999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="975" unit="mm" value="0.72">0.72 mm</quantity>
; IV: 
<quantity id="4CCB9B30FFC64D3BADA2FD19FCD3FCD6" box="[691,791,766,791]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="975" unit="mm" value="0.75">0.75 mm</quantity>
; VIII: 
<quantity id="4CCB9B30FFC64D3BAC5EFD19FC75FCD6" box="[847,945,766,791]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="975" unit="mm" value="0.77">0.77 mm</quantity>
) and progressively wider (I: 
<quantity id="4CCB9B30FFC64D3BAFEFFCC6FEA6FCFB" box="[254,354,801,826]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="975" unit="mm" value="0.53">0.53 mm</quantity>
; IV: 
<quantity id="4CCB9B30FFC64D3BAE9AFCC6FE2AFCFB" box="[395,494,801,826]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.699999999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="975" unit="mm" value="0.57">0.57 mm</quantity>
; VIII: 
<quantity id="4CCB9B30FFC64D3BAD34FCC6FD4CFCFB" box="[549,648,801,826]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="975" unit="mm" value="0.67">0.67 mm</quantity>
). Distance between 2 lobes of spiracular plate considerably less than dorsoventral diameter of bulla. Bulla irregularly oval, slightly convex. Abdominal segments (I–IX) with numerous long, slender setae (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC64D3BAB00FC81FBB2FCBE" box="[1041,1142,870,895]" captionStart="Figures 8–12" captionStartId="5.[160,235,1114,1137]" captionTargetBox="[166,1151,150,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-186@5.[163,1153,142,1082]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 8–12. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (8) Habitus, lateral view; (9) thoracic spiracle (Th) and abdominal spiracles from first (Ab I) to last (Ab VIII) segment; (10) pro-, meso- and metathoracic pretarsi, dorsal view; (11) pro-, meso- and metathoracic legs, lateral view; (12) last abdominal segments, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012276/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="975">Figure 8</figureCitation>
). Dorsum of segments VII and VIII each with 2 annulets (prescutum and scutum); segments IX and X fused. 
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC64D3BAE43FC4BFE59FC04" bold="true" box="[338,413,940,965]" pageId="6" pageNumber="975">Raster</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC64D3BAEBCFC4BFDD3FC04" box="[429,535,940,965]" captionStart="Figures 8–12" captionStartId="5.[160,235,1114,1137]" captionTargetBox="[166,1151,150,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-186@5.[163,1153,142,1082]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 8–12. Gymnetis pudibunda, third instar. (8) Habitus, lateral view; (9) thoracic spiracle (Th) and abdominal spiracles from first (Ab I) to last (Ab VIII) segment; (10) pro-, meso- and metathoracic pretarsi, dorsal view; (11) pro-, meso- and metathoracic legs, lateral view; (12) last abdominal segments, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012276/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="975">Figure 12</figureCitation>
): Palidia monostichous, closed anteriorly, open posteriorly; each palidium a row of 16–21 mid-size, apically flattened pali. Septula oval, length 5.3 times width. Tegilla composed of numerous evenly distributed short, thick setae and fewer long, slender setae. Chaetotaxy of ventral anal lip similar to that of tegilla, but with more numerous long setae. Dorsal anal lip with dense, reddish, mid-size setae and some long setae. Anal slit transverse, bordered by dense rows of stout, mid-size setae.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4C665DFFC64D3BAFB1F9AEFD69F9BF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012278" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012278" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012278/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="975" startId="6.[160,235,1609,1632]" targetBox="[173,1144,1129,1572]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFC64D3BAFB1F9AEFD69F9BF" blockId="6.[160,1155,1609,1662]" pageId="6" pageNumber="975">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC64D3BAFB1F9AEFEF3F9A1" bold="true" box="[160,311,1609,1632]" pageId="6" pageNumber="975">Figures 13, 14.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFC64D3BAE2CF9AEFDC0F9A1" box="[317,516,1609,1632]" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Gymnetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="975" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pudibunda">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC64D3BAE2CF9AEFDC0F9A1" box="[317,516,1609,1632]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="975">Gymnetis pudibunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, third instar. (13) Thoracic spiracle; (14) microscopic pores in the (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, and (c) basal areas of the plate.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFC74D3AAD53FECAFD25FE86" blockId="7.[565,751,301,362]" box="[578,737,301,327]" pageId="7" pageNumber="976">
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<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC74D3AAD53FECAFD25FE86" bold="true" box="[578,737,301,327]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="976">Female pupa</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFC74D3AAD24FEB7FD2BFEAB" blockId="7.[565,751,301,362]" box="[565,751,336,362]" pageId="7" pageNumber="976">
(
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC74D3AAD2DFEB7FD69FEAB" box="[572,685,336,362]" captionStart="Figures 15, 16" captionStartId="7.[160,235,1675,1698]" captionTargetBox="[164,1143,820,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-197@7.[163,1153,818,1644]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 15, 16. Gymnetis pudibunda, pupa. (15) Female:(a) dorsal,(b) ventral, and (c) lateral views, and (d) ventral view of apex with genital ampulla; 16) male: ventral view of apex with genital ampulla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012280/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="976">Figure 15</figureCitation>
(a–d))
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFC74D35AFB1FE62FE17FD6E" blockId="7.[160,1156,389,760]" lastBlockId="8.[160,1156,142,687]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="977" pageId="7" pageNumber="976">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC74D3AAFB1FE62FEDEFE5F" box="[160,282,389,414]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="976">Description</emphasis>
. Length 27.1, 
<quantity id="4CCB9B30FFC74D3AAEA4FE62FDDCFE5F" box="[437,536,389,414]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" pageId="7" pageNumber="976" unit="mm" value="23.5">23.5 mm</quantity>
, greatest width 13.8, 
<quantity id="4CCB9B30FFC74D3AAC12FE62FCA0FE5F" box="[771,868,389,414]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.42" pageId="7" pageNumber="976" unit="mm" value="14.2">14.2 mm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC74D3AAC63FE62FC1FFE5F" box="[882,987,389,414]" captionStart="Figures 15, 16" captionStartId="7.[160,235,1675,1698]" captionTargetBox="[164,1143,820,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-197@7.[163,1153,818,1644]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 15, 16. Gymnetis pudibunda, pupa. (15) Female:(a) dorsal,(b) ventral, and (c) lateral views, and (d) ventral view of apex with genital ampulla; 16) male: ventral view of apex with genital ampulla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012280/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="976">Figure 15</figureCitation>
(a)), weight 1.6, 
<quantity id="4CCB9B30FFC74D3AAFB1FE40FF1DFE01" box="[160,217,423,448]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="976" unit="g" value="1.4">1.4 g</quantity>
(live specimens). Form adecticous, exarate, body suboval, slightly elongate, stout. Colour yellowish brown. Entire body with very fine velvety microtrichia. 
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC74D3AACA6FE2DFC31FE22" bold="true" box="[951,1013,458,483]" pageId="7" pageNumber="976">Head</emphasis>
: Mouthparts directed ventrally (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC74D3AAE62FE0AFE1AFDC7" box="[371,478,493,518]" captionStart="Figures 15, 16" captionStartId="7.[160,235,1675,1698]" captionTargetBox="[164,1143,820,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-197@7.[163,1153,818,1644]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 15, 16. Gymnetis pudibunda, pupa. (15) Female:(a) dorsal,(b) ventral, and (c) lateral views, and (d) ventral view of apex with genital ampulla; 16) male: ventral view of apex with genital ampulla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012280/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="976">Figure 15</figureCitation>
(c)); antenna, labrum, mandibles, maxillae and palps discernible; antennal tecae expanded, stout, with rounded apices. Compound eyes sunken, partially covered by anterior edges of pronotum. 
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC74D3AADD5FDD5FCDCFD8A" bold="true" box="[708,792,562,587]" pageId="7" pageNumber="976">Thorax</emphasis>
: Pronotal disc convex, with welldefined margins (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC74D3AAE77FDB2FE15FDAF" box="[358,465,597,622]" captionStart="Figures 15, 16" captionStartId="7.[160,235,1675,1698]" captionTargetBox="[164,1143,820,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-197@7.[163,1153,818,1644]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 15, 16. Gymnetis pudibunda, pupa. (15) Female:(a) dorsal,(b) ventral, and (c) lateral views, and (d) ventral view of apex with genital ampulla; 16) male: ventral view of apex with genital ampulla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012280/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="976">Figure 15</figureCitation>
(c)), subheptagonal, widest posteriorly, with 2 large protuberances near basal angles, basal margin slightly bisinuate, centre of base projecting posteriorly as in adult. A narrow, median, longitudinal sulcus extending from apex to near base. Meso- and metascutella acute, projecting posteriorly. Thoracic spiracle present in cavity formed by anterior and middle legs, hypomeron and pterothecae. Mesometasternal process large, with rounded apex, protruding between procoxae and mesocoxae (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC84D35AB2DFF69FF7AFF0B" captionStart="Figures 15, 16" captionStartId="7.[160,235,1675,1698]" captionTargetBox="[164,1143,820,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-197@7.[163,1153,818,1644]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 15, 16. Gymnetis pudibunda, pupa. (15) Female:(a) dorsal,(b) ventral, and (c) lateral views, and (d) ventral view of apex with genital ampulla; 16) male: ventral view of apex with genital ampulla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012280/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">Figure 15</figureCitation>
(b)). Metasternum wider than long. Pterothecae free, closely appressed, curved ventrally around body (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC84D35AE83FF33FDC0FF2C" box="[402,516,212,237]" captionStart="Figures 15, 16" captionStartId="7.[160,235,1675,1698]" captionTargetBox="[164,1143,820,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-197@7.[163,1153,818,1644]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 15, 16. Gymnetis pudibunda, pupa. (15) Female:(a) dorsal,(b) ventral, and (c) lateral views, and (d) ventral view of apex with genital ampulla; 16) male: ventral view of apex with genital ampulla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012280/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">Figure 15</figureCitation>
(c)); posterior pterotheca reaching abdominal sternite V. 
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC84D35AFAFFF11FF31FECE" bold="true" box="[190,245,246,271]" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">Legs</emphasis>
: Protibia with 3 short teeth on external apical border and tuberculiform apical spurs. Meso- and metatibiae each with 2 well-developed inner spurs. Metafemur covered by pterotheca. Tarsomeres and pretarsus distinct; protibial pretarsi at level of mesofemur, mesotibial pretarsi at level of metafemur, metatibial pretarsi at level of abdominal sternite VIII. 
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC84D35AFDCFE66FE86FE5B" bold="true" box="[205,322,385,410]" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">Abdomen</emphasis>
: Tergites I–VIII well defined, convex, segments III and IV widest. Dioneiform organs absent. Tergolateral tubercles II–VI distinct, with very fine, velvety microtrichia, inner side of each tubercle a longitudinal fold. Spiracles I–IV light brown, tuberculiform, with ring-like, sclerotised peritreme; spiracle I partially covered by pterotheca. Spiracles V– VIII closed, tuberculiform, surrounded by fine rugae. Sternites II–VI distinct; sutures between segments VII and X incomplete, segments partially fused. Terminal tergite without urogomphi; fleshy lobes with apical, velvety, white-gold vestiture extending ventroapically. Surface of sternite IX roughened apically, genital ampulla convex and wide, genital pore distinct (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC84D35AE2CFD71FE6DFD6E" box="[317,425,662,687]" captionStart="Figures 15, 16" captionStartId="7.[160,235,1675,1698]" captionTargetBox="[164,1143,820,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-197@7.[163,1153,818,1644]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 15, 16. Gymnetis pudibunda, pupa. (15) Female:(a) dorsal,(b) ventral, and (c) lateral views, and (d) ventral view of apex with genital ampulla; 16) male: ventral view of apex with genital ampulla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012280/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">Figure 15</figureCitation>
(d)).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFC74D3AAFB1F96CFBB7F97E" blockId="7.[160,1155,1675,1727]" pageId="7" pageNumber="976">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC74D3AAFB1F96CFEF7F963" bold="true" box="[160,307,1675,1698]" pageId="7" pageNumber="976">Figures 15, 16.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFC74D3AAE29F96CFE3AF963" box="[312,510,1675,1698]" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Gymnetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="976" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pudibunda">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC74D3AAE29F96CFE3AF963" box="[312,510,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="976">Gymnetis pudibunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, pupa. (15) Female: (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, and (c) lateral views, and (d) ventral view of apex with genital ampulla; 16) male: ventral view of apex with genital ampulla.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFC84D35AD41FD1BFD17FCD7" blockId="8.[592,723,764,825]" box="[592,723,764,790]" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">
<heading id="D0C481B9FFC84D35AD41FD1BFD17FCD7" bold="true" box="[592,723,764,790]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="977" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC84D35AD41FD1BFD17FCD7" bold="true" box="[592,723,764,790]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">Male pupa</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFC84D35AD43FCF8FD15FCF8" blockId="8.[592,723,764,825]" box="[594,721,799,825]" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">
(
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC84D35AD4BFCF8FD0DFCF8" box="[602,713,799,825]" captionStart="Figures 15, 16" captionStartId="7.[160,235,1675,1698]" captionTargetBox="[164,1143,820,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-197@7.[163,1153,818,1644]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 15, 16. Gymnetis pudibunda, pupa. (15) Female:(a) dorsal,(b) ventral, and (c) lateral views, and (d) ventral view of apex with genital ampulla; 16) male: ventral view of apex with genital ampulla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012280/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">Figure 16</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFC84D35AFB1FCB3FEBBFC36" blockId="8.[160,1156,852,1015]" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC84D35AFB1FCB3FEDEFCAC" box="[160,282,852,877]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">Description</emphasis>
. Length 
<quantity id="4CCB9B30FFC84D35AE90FCB3FDE0FCAC" box="[385,548,852,877]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.465" metricValueMax="2.52" metricValueMin="2.41" pageId="8" pageNumber="977" unit="mm" value="24.65" valueMax="25.2" valueMin="24.1">24.1–25.2 mm</quantity>
, greatest width 
<quantity id="4CCB9B30FFC84D35ADCFFCB3FC45FCAC" box="[734,897,852,877]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" metricValueMax="1.41" metricValueMin="1.33" pageId="8" pageNumber="977" unit="mm" value="13.7" valueMax="14.1" valueMin="13.3">13.3–14.1 mm</quantity>
, weight 1.6– 
<quantity id="4CCB9B30FFC84D35AB03FCB3FB88FCAC" box="[1042,1100,852,877]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="977" unit="g" value="1.3">1.3 g</quantity>
(live specimens). Same as female except sternite IX anteriorly convex. Terminalia with welldefined anterior genital ampulla, formed by 2 large, semicircular lobes (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC84D35ACA9FC7EFBE4FC73" box="[952,1056,921,946]" captionStart="Figures 15, 16" captionStartId="7.[160,235,1675,1698]" captionTargetBox="[164,1143,820,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-197@7.[163,1153,818,1644]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 15, 16. Gymnetis pudibunda, pupa. (15) Female:(a) dorsal,(b) ventral, and (c) lateral views, and (d) ventral view of apex with genital ampulla; 16) male: ventral view of apex with genital ampulla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012280/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">Figure 16</figureCitation>
); posterior genital ampullae rounded, with a distally impressed line. Sternite IX slightly exposed, roughened apically.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C329655EFFC84D37AECEFBA3FD69FA83" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="979" pageId="8" pageNumber="977" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFC84D35AECEFBA3FC81FB9F" blockId="8.[479,837,1092,1153]" box="[479,837,1092,1118]" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">
<heading id="D0C481B9FFC84D35AECEFBA3FC81FB9F" bold="true" box="[479,837,1092,1118]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="977" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC84D35AECEFBA3FC81FB9F" bold="true" box="[479,837,1092,1118]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">Life cycle and natural history</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFC84D35AD26FB80FD28FB40" blockId="8.[479,837,1092,1153]" box="[567,748,1127,1153]" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">
(
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC84D35AD2EFB80FD20FB40" box="[575,740,1127,1153]" captionStart-0="Figures 17–22" captionStart-1="Figure 23" captionStart-2="Figure 24" captionStartId-0="9.[160,235,1160,1183]" captionStartId-1="11.[160,225,1239,1262]" captionStartId-2="12.[160,226,1597,1620]" captionTargetBox-0="[164,1150,143,1126]" captionTargetBox-1="[166,1151,152,1206]" captionTargetBox-2="[178,1138,157,1547]" captionTargetId-0="figure-144@9.[163,1153,142,1128]" captionTargetId-1="figure-70@11.[163,1153,142,1208]" captionTargetId-2="figure-3@12.[163,1153,142,1565]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionText-0="Figures 17–22. Gymnetis pudibunda. (17) Adults feeding on banana; (18) eggs; (19) pupa within the pupal chamber, with the larval exuvia next to the ventral region of the abdomen; (20) adult within the pupal chamber, with pupal and larval exuviae; (21) riverside forest habitat; (22) quebracho forest habitat." captionText-1="Figure 23. Range of variation in pale elytral markings in Gymnetis pudibunda. The asterisk (*) indicates three field-collected specimens (first generation), and no asterisk indicates laboratory-reared specimens (second generation)." captionText-2="Figure 24. Distribution of Gymnetis pudibunda (image from Ratcliffe (2018) and used with the permission of the University of Nebraska State Museum)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012282" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012284" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012288" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7012282/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7012284/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/7012288/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">Figures 17–24</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFC84D35AFD1FB7BFDDBFAFE" blockId="8.[160,1156,1180,1725]" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">
Larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFC84D35AE3AFB7BFE79FB74" box="[299,445,1180,1205]" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Gymnetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="977" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pudibunda">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC84D35AE3AFB7BFE79FB74" box="[299,445,1180,1205]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">G. pudibunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were successfully reared in containers with a sawdust base with pieces of rotten wood on the surface. Some areas of the containers were spray-moistened, while others were kept drier. In all cases, the larvae preferred the moister areas of the substrate. The larvae were supplied with balanced food for cats in croquettes, which was consumed mainly by third instars.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFC84D34AFD1FAAEFD02FA6A" blockId="8.[160,1156,1180,1725]" lastBlockId="9.[160,1156,1357,1694]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="978" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">
Laboratory rearing showed that 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFC84D35AD49FAAEFD3DFAA3" box="[600,761,1353,1378]" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Gymnetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="977" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pudibunda">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC84D35AD49FAAEFD3DFAA3" box="[600,761,1353,1378]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">G. pudibunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in north-eastern 
<collectingCountry id="F3247645FFC84D35ACCAFAAEFB89FAA3" box="[987,1101,1353,1378]" name="Argentina" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">Argentina</collectingCountry>
has a univoltine life cycle. The 
<specimenCount id="9D35FD5CFFC84D35AECBFA8BFDA7FA44" box="[474,611,1388,1413]" pageId="8" pageNumber="977" type="adult">three adults</specimenCount>
captured in early December (
<specimenCount id="9D35FD5CFFC84D35ACD0FA8BFB8AFA44" box="[961,1102,1388,1413]" pageId="8" pageNumber="977" type="female">two females</specimenCount>
and 
<specimenCount id="9D35FD5CFFC84D35AFB1FA69FECEFA66" box="[160,266,1422,1447]" pageId="8" pageNumber="977" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
) were held in a glass container and fed small pieces of banana (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC84D35ACCDFA69FB81FA66" box="[988,1093,1422,1447]" captionStart="Figures 17–22" captionStartId="9.[160,235,1160,1183]" captionTargetBox="[164,1150,143,1126]" captionTargetId="figure-144@9.[163,1153,142,1128]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figures 17–22. Gymnetis pudibunda. (17) Adults feeding on banana; (18) eggs; (19) pupa within the pupal chamber, with the larval exuvia next to the ventral region of the abdomen; (20) adult within the pupal chamber, with pupal and larval exuviae; (21) riverside forest habitat; (22) quebracho forest habitat." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012282/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">Figure 17</figureCitation>
). The eggs (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC84D35AFF4FA56FE8BFA0B" box="[229,335,1457,1482]" captionStart="Figures 17–22" captionStartId="9.[160,235,1160,1183]" captionTargetBox="[164,1150,143,1126]" captionTargetId="figure-144@9.[163,1153,142,1128]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figures 17–22. Gymnetis pudibunda. (17) Adults feeding on banana; (18) eggs; (19) pupa within the pupal chamber, with the larval exuvia next to the ventral region of the abdomen; (20) adult within the pupal chamber, with pupal and larval exuviae; (21) riverside forest habitat; (22) quebracho forest habitat." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012282/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">Figure 18</figureCitation>
) were observed after a few days (mid-December). At the end of January and the beginning of February, most larvae were already in the second instar. By mid- March, all larvae became third instar. Larvae formed pupal chambers of sawdust and excrement in July and August when they reached a weight of 
<quantity id="4CCB9B30FFC84D35AC74F9FEFC09F9F3" box="[869,973,1561,1586]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.2" metricValueMin="3.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="977" unit="g" value="3.75" valueMax="4.2" valueMin="3.3">3.3–4.2 g</quantity>
. Pupal chamber size ranged 
<quantity id="4CCB9B30FFC84D35AE39F9DBFE02F994" box="[296,454,1596,1621]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.28" metricValueMin="2.02" pageId="8" pageNumber="977" unit="mm" value="21.5" valueMax="22.8" valueMin="20.2">20.2–22.8 mm</quantity>
wide and 
<quantity id="4CCB9B30FFC84D35AD2FF9DBFD18F994" box="[574,732,1596,1621]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.345" metricValueMax="1.45" metricValueMin="1.24" pageId="8" pageNumber="977" unit="mm" value="13.45" valueMax="14.5" valueMin="12.4">12.4–14.5 mm</quantity>
long. By the end of August, all larvae had formed their pupal chamber and pupated in late August and mid-September. In the pupal chamber, the larval exuvia were found collapsed (accordion-shaped) next to the ventral region of the abdomen of the pupa (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC84D35AD8BF943FCC0F97C" box="[666,772,1700,1725]" captionStart="Figures 17–22" captionStartId="9.[160,235,1160,1183]" captionTargetBox="[164,1150,143,1126]" captionTargetId="figure-144@9.[163,1153,142,1128]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figures 17–22. Gymnetis pudibunda. (17) Adults feeding on banana; (18) eggs; (19) pupa within the pupal chamber, with the larval exuvia next to the ventral region of the abdomen; (20) adult within the pupal chamber, with pupal and larval exuviae; (21) riverside forest habitat; (22) quebracho forest habitat." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012282/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">Figure 19</figureCitation>
). Emergence of adults (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFC84D35AB00F943FBBFF97C" box="[1041,1147,1700,1725]" captionStart="Figures 17–22" captionStartId="9.[160,235,1160,1183]" captionTargetBox="[164,1150,143,1126]" captionTargetId="figure-144@9.[163,1153,142,1128]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figures 17–22. Gymnetis pudibunda. (17) Adults feeding on banana; (18) eggs; (19) pupa within the pupal chamber, with the larval exuvia next to the ventral region of the abdomen; (20) adult within the pupal chamber, with pupal and larval exuviae; (21) riverside forest habitat; (22) quebracho forest habitat." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012282/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="977">Figure 20</figureCitation>
) occurred in October and November. Under laboratory conditions, the duration of the second instar was ≈ 45 days (
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC94D34AD34FA88FDF7FA49" box="[549,563,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="978">n</emphasis>
= 20), third instar 104–142 days (
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC94D34ACABFA88FC0CFA49" box="[954,968,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="978">n</emphasis>
= 14), pre-pupa 22–45 days (
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC94D34AE3FFA75FEF8FA6A" box="[302,316,1426,1451]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="978">n</emphasis>
= 8), and pupa 26–33 days (
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC94D34AD6FFA75FD48FA6A" box="[638,652,1426,1451]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="978">n</emphasis>
= 5).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4C665DFFC94D34AFB1FB6FFF28FB36" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012282" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012282/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="978" startId="9.[160,235,1160,1183]" targetBox="[164,1150,143,1126]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFC94D34AFB1FB6FFF28FB36" blockId="9.[160,1155,1160,1271]" pageId="9" pageNumber="978">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC94D34AFB1FB6FFEFCFB5E" bold="true" box="[160,312,1160,1183]" pageId="9" pageNumber="978">Figures 17–22.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFC94D34AE2EFB6FFDC2FB5E" box="[319,518,1160,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Gymnetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="978" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pudibunda">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC94D34AE2EFB6FFDC2FB5E" box="[319,518,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="978">Gymnetis pudibunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (17) Adults feeding on banana; (18) eggs; (19) pupa within the pupal chamber, with the larval exuvia next to the ventral region of the abdomen; (20) adult within the pupal chamber, with pupal and larval exuviae; (21) riverside forest habitat; (22) quebracho forest habitat.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFC94D37AFD1FA52FDBCFF2C" blockId="9.[160,1156,1357,1694]" lastBlockId="10.[160,1156,142,1346]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="979" pageId="9" pageNumber="978">
Esteban Abadie [personal communication, 
<date id="FF8D1015FFC94D34ADBAFA52FCF9FA0F" box="[683,829,1461,1486]" pageId="9" pageNumber="978" value="2017-08">August 2017</date>
, in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B24FFC94D34AC79FA52FBD5FA0F" author="Ratcliffe BC" box="[872,1041,1461,1486]" pageId="9" pageNumber="978" refId="ref8685" refString="Ratcliffe BC. 2018. A monographic revision of the genus Gymnetis MacLeay, 1819: (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae). Lincoln (Nebraska): University of Nebraska State Museum." type="book" year="2018">Ratcliffe (2018)</bibRefCitation>
] reported dead specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFC94D34AE66FA30FDCEFA31" box="[375,522,1495,1520]" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Gymnetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="978" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pudibunda">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC94D34AE66FA30FDCEFA31" box="[375,522,1495,1520]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="978">G. pudibunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
outside the nests of the leafcutter ant 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFC94D34ACA9FA30FEAAF9D2" authority="(Guerin-Meneville)" baseAuthorityName="Guerin-Meneville" baseAuthorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="978" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lundii">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC94D34ACA9FA30FB40FA31" box="[952,1156,1495,1520]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="978">Acromyrmex lundii</emphasis>
(Guérin-Méneville)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFC94D34AE6CFA1DFDDFF9D2" box="[381,539,1530,1555]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="978" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFC94D34AD36FA1DFD61F9D2" box="[551,677,1530,1555]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="978" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
) in 
<collectingRegion id="49F7F837FFC94D34ADC0FA1DFCA3F9D2" box="[721,871,1530,1555]" country="Argentina" name="Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires" pageId="9" pageNumber="978">Buenos Aires</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F3247645FFC94D34AC63FA1DFC27F9D2" box="[882,995,1530,1555]" name="Argentina" pageId="9" pageNumber="978">Argentina</collectingCountry>
. Similarly, live larvae of the cetoniine 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFC94D34AEBEF9FAFC9EF9F7" authority="(Kirby, 1819)" baseAuthorityName="Kirby" baseAuthorityYear="1819" box="[431,858,1565,1590]" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Neocorvicoana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="978" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulata">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC94D34AEBEF9FAFD06F9F7" box="[431,706,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="978">Neocorvicoana reticulata</emphasis>
(Kirby, 1819)
</taxonomicName>
were found inside debris dumps of 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFC94D34AE01F9D8FEACF999" baseAuthorityName="Guerin-Meneville" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[272,360,1599,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="978" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lundii">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC94D34AE01F9D8FEACF999" box="[272,360,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="978">A. lundii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B24FFC94D34AE9EF9D8FD6BF999" author="Ibarra-Polesel MG &amp; Neita-Moreno JC &amp; Larrea DD &amp; Damborsky MP" box="[399,687,1599,1624]" pageId="9" pageNumber="978" pagination="430 - 440" refId="ref7993" refString="Ibarra-Polesel MG, Neita-Moreno JC, Larrea DD, Damborsky MP. 2017. Description of the larva and pupa of Neocorvicoana reticulata (Kirby, 1819) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Gymnetini). Zootaxa. 4358: 430 - 440. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4358.3.2" type="journal article" year="2017">Ibarra-Polesel et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
, which suggests that the immature stages of 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFC94D34AFADF985FE8AF9BA" box="[188,334,1634,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Gymnetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="978" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pudibunda">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFC94D34AFADF985FE8AF9BA" box="[188,334,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="978">G. pudibunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may develop inside the debris dumps of these ants. The finding of various species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFC94D34AE04F962FE4AF95F" box="[277,398,1669,1694]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="9" pageNumber="970" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cetoniinae">Cetoniinae</taxonomicName>
in termite and ant nests is reported in several studies (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B24FFC94D34ACE1F962FBBAF95F" author="Ritcher PO" box="[1008,1150,1669,1694]" pageId="9" pageNumber="978" refId="ref8748" refString="Ritcher PO. 1966. White grubs and their allies: a study of North American Scarabaeoid larvae. Corvallis (Oregon): Oregon State University Press." type="book" year="1966">Ritcher 1966</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B24FFCA4D37AFB1FF69FE8AFF66" author="Mico E &amp; Hall WE &amp; Ratcliffe BC" box="[160,334,142,167]" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" pagination="205 - 217" refId="ref8130" refString="Mico E, Hall WE, Ratcliffe BC. 2001. Descriptions of the larvae of Hoplopyga singularis (Gory and Percheron) and Hologymnetis cinerea (Gory and Percheron) with a revised key to the larvae of New World Gymnetini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae). Coleopterists Bull. 55: 205 - 217. doi: 10.1649 / 0010 - 065 X (2001) 055 [0205: DOTLOH] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2001">Micó et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B24FFCA4D37AE48FF69FD8DFF66" author="Moron MA &amp; Arce R" box="[345,585,142,167]" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" pagination="1036 - 1054" refId="ref8454" refString="Moron MA, Arce R. 2002. Description of the immature stages of five Mexican species of Gymnetini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae). Proc Entomol Soc Wash. 104: 1036 - 1054." type="journal article" year="2002">Morón and Arce 2002</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B24FFCA4D37AD45FF69FC78FF66" author="Orozco J &amp; Pardo-Locarno LC" box="[596,956,142,167]" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref8492" refString="Orozco J, Pardo-Locarno LC. 2004. Description of immature stages of three species of American Cetoniinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae). Zootaxa. 14: 1 - 14. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 769.1.1" type="journal article" year="2004">Orozco and Pardo-Locarno 2004</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B24FFCA4D37ACD6FF69FBBAFF66" author="Puker A &amp; Lopes-Andrade C &amp; Rosa CS &amp; Grossi PC" box="[967,1150,142,167]" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" pagination="872 - 878" refId="ref8582" refString="Puker A, Lopes-Andrade C, Rosa CS, Grossi PC. 2012. New records of termite hosts for two species of Hoplopyga, with notes on the life cycle of Hoplopyga brasiliensis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae). Ann Entomol Soc Am. 105: 872 - 878. doi: 10.1603 / AN 12068" type="journal article" year="2012">Puker et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B24FFCA4D37AFB1FF56FEFDFF0B" author="Di Iorio O" box="[160,313,177,202]" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" pagination="281 - 318" refId="ref7856" refString="Di Iorio O. 2014. A review of the natural history of adult Cetoniinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from Argentina and adjacent countries. Zootaxa. 3790: 281 - 318. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3790.2.3" type="journal article" year="2014">Di Iorio 2014</bibRefCitation>
, among others). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B24FFCA4D37AD14FF56FD18FF0B" author="Puker A &amp; Rosa CS &amp; Orozco J &amp; Solar RRC &amp; Feitosa RM" box="[517,732,177,202]" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" pagination="21 - 30" refId="ref8641" refString="Puker A, Rosa CS, Orozco J, Solar RRC, Feitosa RM. 2014. Insights on the association of American Cetoniinae beetles with ants. Entomol Sci. 18: 21 - 30. doi: 10.1111 / ens. 12085" type="journal article" year="2014">Puker et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
provided a complete review of the association of cetoniine beetles with ants.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFCA4D37AFD1FF11FEF5FD86" blockId="10.[160,1156,142,1346]" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">
In north-eastern 
<collectingCountry id="F3247645FFCA4D37AE6CFF11FE2AFECE" box="[381,494,246,271]" name="Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFCA4D37AEE8FF11FD49FECE" box="[505,653,246,271]" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Gymnetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pudibunda">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFCA4D37AEE8FF11FD49FECE" box="[505,653,246,271]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">G. pudibunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adults are captured in fruit traps in wooded areas such as gallery forests (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFCA4D37AEF4FEFEFD8AFEF3" box="[485,590,281,306]" captionStart="Figures 17–22" captionStartId="9.[160,235,1160,1183]" captionTargetBox="[164,1150,143,1126]" captionTargetId="figure-144@9.[163,1153,142,1128]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figures 17–22. Gymnetis pudibunda. (17) Adults feeding on banana; (18) eggs; (19) pupa within the pupal chamber, with the larval exuvia next to the ventral region of the abdomen; (20) adult within the pupal chamber, with pupal and larval exuviae; (21) riverside forest habitat; (22) quebracho forest habitat." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012282/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Figure 21</figureCitation>
) and quebracho forests (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFCA4D37AC79FEFEFC14FEF3" box="[872,976,281,306]" captionStart="Figures 17–22" captionStartId="9.[160,235,1160,1183]" captionTargetBox="[164,1150,143,1126]" captionTargetId="figure-144@9.[163,1153,142,1128]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figures 17–22. Gymnetis pudibunda. (17) Adults feeding on banana; (18) eggs; (19) pupa within the pupal chamber, with the larval exuvia next to the ventral region of the abdomen; (20) adult within the pupal chamber, with pupal and larval exuviae; (21) riverside forest habitat; (22) quebracho forest habitat." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012282/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Figure 22</figureCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B24FFCA4D37ACF4FEFEFB40FEF3" author="Di Iorio O" box="[997,1156,281,306]" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" pagination="281 - 318" refId="ref7856" refString="Di Iorio O. 2014. A review of the natural history of adult Cetoniinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from Argentina and adjacent countries. Zootaxa. 3790: 281 - 318. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3790.2.3" type="journal article" year="2014">Di Iorio (2014)</bibRefCitation>
reported adults of 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFCA4D37AE61FEDBFDC7FE94" box="[368,515,316,341]" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Gymnetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pudibunda">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFCA4D37AE61FEDBFDC7FE94" box="[368,515,316,341]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">G. pudibunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeding in baited banana traps, on the sap from galleries made by larval and adult 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFCA4D37AEC3FEB9FC80FEB6" authority="(Chapuis)" baseAuthorityName="Chapuis" box="[466,836,350,375]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megaplatypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutatus">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFCA4D37AEC3FEB9FD14FEB6" box="[466,720,350,375]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Megaplatypus mutatus</emphasis>
(Chapuis)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFCA4D37AC44FEB9FC11FEB6" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[853,981,350,375]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFCA4D37ACF2FEB9FB45FEB6" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[995,1153,350,375]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Curculionidae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFCA4D37AFB1FE66FEF1FE5B" box="[160,309,385,410]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platypodinae">Platypodinae</taxonomicName>
) in boles of 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFCA4D37AEAAFE66FC53FE5B" authority="Willdenow" authorityName="Willdenow" box="[443,919,385,410]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="humboldtiana">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFCA4D37AEAAFE66FD4AFE5B" box="[443,654,385,410]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Salix humboldtiana</emphasis>
Willdenow (Salicaceae)
</taxonomicName>
, and on the pollen of a male cone of 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFCA4D37AE5AFE43FD3DFE7C" authority="Thunberg" authorityName="Thunberg" box="[331,761,420,445]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Cycadaceae" genus="Cycas" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="revoluta">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFCA4D37AE5AFE43FE2CFE7C" box="[331,488,420,445]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Cycas revoluta</emphasis>
Thunberg (Cycadaceae)
</taxonomicName>
. Esteban Abadie [personal communication, 
<date id="FF8D1015FFCA4D37AE1AFE21FE5BFE1E" box="[267,415,454,479]" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" value="2017-08">August 2017</date>
, in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B24FFCA4D37AEDCFE21FDBCFE1E" author="Ratcliffe BC" box="[461,632,454,479]" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" refId="ref8685" refString="Ratcliffe BC. 2018. A monographic revision of the genus Gymnetis MacLeay, 1819: (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae). Lincoln (Nebraska): University of Nebraska State Museum." type="book" year="2018">Ratcliffe (2018)</bibRefCitation>
] collected specimens in banana traps in the biogeographic region of Espinal Pampeano (
<collectingRegion id="49F7F837FFCA4D37AD8CFE0EFC5AFDC3" box="[669,926,489,514]" country="Argentina" name="Buenos Aires" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Buenos Aires province</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F3247645FFCA4D37ACBBFE0EFBD9FDC3" box="[938,1053,489,514]" name="Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Argentina</collectingCountry>
). He also reported adults visiting flowers of 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFCA4D37AD51FDEBFEE9FD86" authority="Chamisso and Schlechteendal" authorityName="Chamisso and Schlechteendal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Sambucus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFCA4D37AD51FDEBFCDEFDE4" box="[576,794,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Sambucus australis</emphasis>
Chamisso and Schlechteendal (Adoxaceae)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFCA4D37AFD1FDB6FDB2FC04" blockId="10.[160,1156,142,1346]" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">
Cetoniine adults are known to damage fleshy soft-shelled fruits, such as the ripened fruits of 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFCA4D37AE17FD93FD46FD4C" authority="Linnaeus (Moreacae)" box="[262,642,628,653]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carica">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFCA4D37AE17FD93FE4CFD4C" box="[262,392,628,653]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Ficus carica</emphasis>
Linnaeus (Moreacae)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFCA4D37AD80FD93FB8FFD4C" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[657,1099,628,653]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="domestica">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFCA4D37AD80FD93FC91FD4C" box="[657,853,628,653]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Prunus domestica</emphasis>
Linnaeus (Rosaceae)
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFCA4D37AFB1FD71FD8EFD6E" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[160,586,662,687]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Pyrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="communis">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFCA4D37AFB1FD71FE93FD6E" box="[160,343,662,687]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Pyrus communis</emphasis>
Linnaeus (Rosaceae)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B24FFCA4D37AD4AFD71FCEEFD6E" author="Cordo HA &amp; Logarzo G &amp; Braun K &amp; Di Iorio OR" box="[603,810,662,687]" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" refId="ref7788" refString="Cordo HA, Logarzo G, Braun K, Di Iorio OR. 2004. Catalogo de insectos fitofagos de la Argentina y sus plantas asociadas. Buenos Aires (Argentina): SEA Ediciones." type="book" year="2004">Cordo et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B24FFCA4D37AC2AFD71FC10FD6E" author="Di Iorio O" box="[827,980,662,687]" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" pagination="281 - 318" refId="ref7856" refString="Di Iorio O. 2014. A review of the natural history of adult Cetoniinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from Argentina and adjacent countries. Zootaxa. 3790: 281 - 318. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3790.2.3" type="journal article" year="2014">Di Iorio 2014</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B24FFCA4D37ACFDFD71FEE4FD13" author="Montero G &amp; Seta S" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" refId="ref8263" refString="Montero G, Seta S. 2015. Danos producidos por dos especies de Gymnetis (Cetoniinae: Scarabaeidae) en frutos de tomate, damasco y durazno en el sudeste de Santa Fe. Argentina: Universidad Nacional de Rosario." type="book" year="2015">Montero and Seta (2015)</bibRefCitation>
reported several adults of 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFCA4D37AD4AFD5EFD35FD13" box="[603,753,697,722]" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Gymnetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pudibunda">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFCA4D37AD4AFD5EFD35FD13" box="[603,753,697,722]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">G. pudibunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeding on fruits of 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFCA4D37ACF2FD5EFEC0FD34" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="persica">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFCA4D37ACF2FD5EFB47FD13" box="[995,1155,697,722]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Prunus persica</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFCA4D37AE55FD3BFD38FD34" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[324,764,732,757]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="armeniaca">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFCA4D37AE55FD3BFDCFFD34" box="[324,523,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Prunus armeniaca</emphasis>
Linnaeus (Rosaceae)
</taxonomicName>
close to organoleptic maturity in urban gardens in the city of Rosario in 
<collectingRegion id="49F7F837FFCA4D37AD76FD19FCF3FCD6" box="[615,823,766,791]" country="Argentina" name="Santa Fe" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Santa Fe province</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F3247645FFCA4D37AC52FD19FC70FCD6" box="[835,948,766,791]" name="Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Argentina</collectingCountry>
. According to the three aforementioned studies, the beetle produces mechanical damage to the pericarp and mesocarp of the fruits; subsequently, a necrotic area with internal rot develops around the bite mark. The fruits usually fall before maturity, but even if they do not, they are no longer of commercial value. Adult 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFCA4D37ADACFC6EFC96FC63" box="[701,850,905,930]" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Gymnetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pudibunda">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFCA4D37ADACFC6EFC96FC63" box="[701,850,905,930]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">G. pudibunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were never found on ripe fruits fallen on the ground (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B24FFCA4D37AEC9FC4BFDADFC04" author="Di Iorio O" box="[472,617,940,965]" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" pagination="281 - 318" refId="ref7856" refString="Di Iorio O. 2014. A review of the natural history of adult Cetoniinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from Argentina and adjacent countries. Zootaxa. 3790: 281 - 318. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3790.2.3" type="journal article" year="2014">Di Iorio 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFCA4D37AFD1FC29FD69FA83" blockId="10.[160,1156,142,1346]" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">
Intraspecific variation in elytral colour pattern of laboratory-reared adult 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFCA4D37ACFEFC29FB47FC26" box="[1007,1155,974,999]" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Gymnetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pudibunda">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFCA4D37ACFEFC29FB47FC26" box="[1007,1155,974,999]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">G. pudibunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was observed (
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFCA4D37AE58FC16FE76FBCB" box="[329,434,1009,1034]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="11.[160,225,1239,1262]" captionTargetBox="[166,1151,152,1206]" captionTargetId="figure-70@11.[163,1153,142,1208]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 23. Range of variation in pale elytral markings in Gymnetis pudibunda. The asterisk (*) indicates three field-collected specimens (first generation), and no asterisk indicates laboratory-reared specimens (second generation)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012284/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Figure 23</figureCitation>
). Three of the specimens in 
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFCA4D37ADE3FC16FC9FFBCB" box="[754,859,1009,1034]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="11.[160,225,1239,1262]" captionTargetBox="[166,1151,152,1206]" captionTargetId="figure-70@11.[163,1153,142,1208]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 23. Range of variation in pale elytral markings in Gymnetis pudibunda. The asterisk (*) indicates three field-collected specimens (first generation), and no asterisk indicates laboratory-reared specimens (second generation)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012284/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Figure 23</figureCitation>
are the first generation of breeding females and male; the other nine are progeny from a second generation of breeding. We do not rule out the idea that the colour pattern may vary even more markedly among individuals from other populations. According to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B24FFCA4D37ACB2FBBEFB89FBB3" author="Ratcliffe BC" box="[931,1101,1113,1138]" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" refId="ref8685" refString="Ratcliffe BC. 2018. A monographic revision of the genus Gymnetis MacLeay, 1819: (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae). Lincoln (Nebraska): University of Nebraska State Museum." type="book" year="2018">Ratcliffe (2018)</bibRefCitation>
, this intraspecific variation in the colour and pattern of the pronotum and elytra of 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFCA4D37AB0FFB9BFF35FB76" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFCA4D37AB0FFB9BFB47FB54" box="[1054,1155,1148,1173]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Gymnetis</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
is the result of genetic or environmental influences, which makes it difficult to circumscribe the species. Melanistic specimens in which virtually all colours and patterns are attenuated or absent, as well as specimens with greatly reduced vittae or blemishes, contribute to additional challenges in characterising and identifying species. 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFCA4D37AB0FFAE1FED2FA83" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Gymnetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pudibunda">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFCA4D37AB0FFAE1FED2FA83" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Gymnetis pudibunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of these challenging species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C329655EFFCA4D37AFB1FA8BFDC7F9EE" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFCA4D37AFB1FA8BFF20FA0B" blockId="10.[160,1156,1388,1482]" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFCA4D37AFB1FA8BFE49FA44" box="[160,397,1388,1413]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Temporal distribution</emphasis>
. The adult activity period of 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFCA4D37ADF0FA8BFCB3FA44" box="[737,887,1388,1413]" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Gymnetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pudibunda">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFCA4D37ADF0FA8BFCB3FA44" box="[737,887,1388,1413]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">G. pudibunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="F3247645FFCA4D37ACB1FA8BFBCBFA44" box="[928,1039,1388,1413]" name="Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Argentina</collectingCountry>
begins in November and lasts until March; peak activity occurs in December and January (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B24FFCA4D37AB21FA69FF13FA0B" author="Di Iorio O" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" pagination="281 - 318" refId="ref7856" refString="Di Iorio O. 2014. A review of the natural history of adult Cetoniinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from Argentina and adjacent countries. Zootaxa. 3790: 281 - 318. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3790.2.3" type="journal article" year="2014">Di Iorio 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C36D5FFCA4D37AFB1FA13FDC7F9EE" blockId="10.[160,1156,1524,1583]" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFCA4D37AFB1FA13FEDBF9CC" box="[160,287,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Distribution</emphasis>
. According to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA24B24FFCA4D37AED5FA13FDAFF9CC" author="Ratcliffe BC" box="[452,619,1524,1549]" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" refId="ref8685" refString="Ratcliffe BC. 2018. A monographic revision of the genus Gymnetis MacLeay, 1819: (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae). Lincoln (Nebraska): University of Nebraska State Museum." type="book" year="2018">Ratcliffe (2018)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C334D56FFCA4D37AD67FA13FCCEF9CC" box="[630,778,1524,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Gymnetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="979" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pudibunda">
<emphasis id="B947EAC7FFCA4D37AD67FA13FCCEF9CC" box="[630,778,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">G. pudibunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from 
<collectingCountry id="F3247645FFCA4D37ACA8FA13FBEEF9CC" box="[953,1066,1524,1549]" name="Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F3247645FFCA4D37AB25FA13FB44F9CC" box="[1076,1152,1524,1549]" name="Bolivia" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F3247645FFCA4D37AFB1F9F1FF18F9EE" box="[160,220,1558,1583]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Brazil</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F3247645FFCA4D37AE07F9F1FEBAF9EE" box="[278,382,1558,1583]" name="Paraguay" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="13082A50FFCA4D37AE9DF9F1FE32F9EE" box="[396,502,1558,1583]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="12.[160,226,1597,1620]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,157,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-3@12.[163,1153,142,1565]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 24. Distribution of Gymnetis pudibunda (image from Ratcliffe (2018) and used with the permission of the University of Nebraska State Museum)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012288" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012288/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="979">Figure 24</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>