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<document id="505636D7E77C23B1BDF8213E1B57D21B" ID-CLB-Dataset="5361" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3814.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2d8b2273-4e20-4eab-bdce-f3f281851929" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4919275" ID-ZooBank="13BE2340-E772-421A-8215-E78578815A4E" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623269255437" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Hall, Kathryn A., Ekins, Merrick G. &amp; Hooper, John N. A." docDate="2014" docId="039A1C11FFACFFA7FF0CFC0CFE0A3190" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03814p477.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3814 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Theonella deliqua Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper 2014, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="457" masterDocId="FFA36469FFA8FFA0FF9BFFA5FF883017" masterDocTitle="Two new desma-less species of Theonella Gray, 1868 (Demospongiae: Astrophorida: Theonellidae), from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and a re-evaluation of one species assigned previously to Dercitus Gray, 1867" masterLastPageNumber="477" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="455" updateTime="1699007828201" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="67D56C4E25D7B6D943E9165CC2A1B4A3">Two new desma-less species of Theonella Gray, 1868 (Demospongiae: Astrophorida: Theonellidae), from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and a re-evaluation of one species assigned previously to Dercitus Gray, 1867</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="C7DF0E79183C74B860856C2CF298DB04" type="personal">
<mods:role id="40AEB4D9B7A3F0CB95384A5EB2C8A62A">
<mods:roleTerm id="0C7E6545035756C9839EFF3A566732D8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="EE1BE767E5F04B8472D5B192E96788E7">Hall, Kathryn A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D32EC851F9198748C1CCC4F7F292CEAE">Marine Environments, Natural Environments Program, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="0CE152D4DA251A4DD7B579BC822149D4" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="6F8553EF1CB12D76A8D57CB6020ADFE9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="C76A9CDCA47A254EEC03B280ECB5B950">Ekins, Merrick G.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="3D39296840AB206DFA30294773D99B11">Marine Environments, Natural Environments Program, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="ECC8127CFA091905358CFB2A2319C748" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D6EFE3E5E2B39A9AC931A66E38B04E1A">
<mods:roleTerm id="8B4F11053732377F9B46970A3782DDC4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="77ABC3387837BBFB71989209DA7A1CAC">Hooper, John N. A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C769DAD713879AC511D465C08F69F00E">Marine Environments, Natural Environments Program, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. &amp; Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="C50691BDAC042E8961CFFBE06CD6F64A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="C4E2CEDB452D955CD3B47E1C49A00749">
<mods:title id="1F0531F18F1386199543C74502E4813D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="ED56B9A5D54552988EDD94143604A8DB">
<mods:date id="0DA8DA0E0F1F61F75B68FBD06548C063">2014</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="43CC8CA5AAF0DD1AF947908F3D309914" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="CB9E5EEF046473DCA78BFB5E31692E27">2014-06-11</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="C0537BC5C5C31EECFB80D459CD8D83F4" type="volume">
<mods:number id="14154E7A4F3DC4665041C8212C62C06E">3814</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="652EA78BF23AB3ABB3D506A9073599B1">4</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="F871C616C935C6BCA030AAD947596C40">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="EFEAEFC2AE97D872D9C5F2F43339F954" type="CLB-Dataset">5361</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="BE73CA2A0B36B9FCC5C9FDA584A233A4" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3814.4.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="9454FCF22F6F0A315CC964A1698DA016" type="GBIF-Dataset">2d8b2273-4e20-4eab-bdce-f3f281851929</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E8B088796BAFABADC1FAB3E0EF384AB2" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="0E4E282803C6779D086728B15A74047C" type="Zenodo-Dep">4919275</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E2A6DD416EFC3F95838F9E41A0AAB483" type="ZooBank">13BE2340-E772-421A-8215-E78578815A4E</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039A1C11FFACFFA7FF0CFC0CFE0A3190" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5116750" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709318" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5116750" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039A1C11FFACFFA7FF0CFC0CFE0A3190" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A1C11FFACFFA7FF0CFC0CFE0A3190" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="457" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<subSubSection id="C329FE8CFFACFFA4FF0CFC0CFE3433D4" box="[151,444,937,963]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8CAD07FFACFFA4FF0CFC0CFE3433D4" blockId="4.[151,444,937,997]" box="[151,444,937,963]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<heading id="D0C41A6BFFACFFA4FF0CFC0CFE3433D4" bold="true" box="[151,444,937,963]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFACFFA4FF0CFC0CFE3433D4" bold="true" box="[151,444,937,963]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFACFFA4FF0CFC0CFEFA33D4" authority="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper, 2014" authorityName="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,370,937,963]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deliqua" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFACFFA4FF0CFC0CFEFA33D4" bold="true" box="[151,370,937,963]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Theonella deliqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A274CC6EFFACFFA4FEE2FC0CFE3433D4" box="[377,444,937,963]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C329FE8CFFACFFA4FF0CFC69FF7133F2" box="[151,249,972,997]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8CAD07FFACFFA4FF0CFC69FF7133F2" blockId="4.[151,444,937,997]" box="[151,249,972,997]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<figureCitation id="1308B182FFACFFA4FF0CFC69FF7133F2" box="[151,249,972,997]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1188,1210]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1495,1517]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1417,1439]" captionStartId-3="8.[151,250,1697,1719]" captionTargetBox-0="[158,1432,199,1159]" captionTargetBox-1="[158,1432,524,1468]" captionTargetBox-2="[158,1432,441,1401]" captionTargetBox-3="[157,1431,809,1668]" captionTargetId-0="figure-395@5.[150,1437,195,1164]" captionTargetId-1="figure-464@6.[150,1437,517,1473]" captionTargetId-2="figure-337@7.[150,1437,437,1406]" captionTargetId-3="figure-365@8.[150,1436,805,1675]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Photographs of fixed whole specimens of desma-less species of Theonella Gray, 1868. A. Theonella deliqua n. sp., habitus, part of holotype (QM G329195), fixed in ethanol; scale bar = 2 cm. B. Theonella maricae n. sp., habitus, three parts of holotype (QM G331427), fixed in ethanol; scale bar = 2 cm. C. Theonella xantha (Sutcliffe, Hooper and Pitcher 2010) n. comb., habitus, part of holotype (QM G329976), fixed in ethanol; scale bar = 2 cm." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Theonella deliqua n. sp. Micrographs (SEM) of paratype, QM G325567. A. QM G325567, overview of sponge, showing empty shells of a species of Tenagodus; scale bar = 1 mm. B. QM G325567, detail of snail shell, showing slit, which is definitive for species of Tenagodus; scale bar = 1 mm. C. QM G325567, detail of snail shell, showing T. deliqua forming thin encrusting sheets over the shell; scale car = 1 mm. D. QM G325567, detail of region lying between aggregated snail shells; note the accumulation of debris and foreign spicules, including broken calthrops; scale bar = 100 µm." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Theonella deliqua n. sp. Micrographs (SEM) of holotype, QM G329195, and paratype, QM G325567. A. QM G329195, thin sheets of T. deliqua; showing oscules and density of microrhabds; scale bar = 300 µm. B. QM G325567, detail of sponge, showing random aggregation of microrhabds in a dense carpet; scale bar = 30 µm. C. QM G329195, detail of sponge showing rafts of microrhabds; scale bar = 30 µm. D. QM G325567, single microrhabd; scale bar = 10 µm." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Summaries of statistics for sets of measurements of microrhabds from Theonella deliqua n. sp., Theonella maricae n. sp. and Theonella xantha (Sutcliffe, Hooper and Pitcher, 2010) n. comb. The boxes for each species include the minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation and variance. A boxplot has been used to demonstrate the distributions of the means of the measurements for each species and to indicate significant differences among them. Outliers are indicated by asterisks (*). The ranges of the measurements for T. deliqua and T. xantha can be seen to be approximately equivalent, and are normally distributed. Stronger skew and Kurtosis are shown for the measurements for the specimens of T. maricae. Most measurements of the microrhabd length for T. maricae greatly exceed those of the other two species, as illustrated in the boxplot." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919279" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919281" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919287" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919289" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4919279/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4919281/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4919287/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4919289/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Figs 1–4</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C329FE8CFFACFFA4FF0CFBB1FE6934F7" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8CAD07FFACFFA4FF0CFBB1FE6934F7" blockId="4.[151,1437,1044,2005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFACFFA4FF0CFBB1FE0A343A" bold="true" box="[151,386,1044,1069]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" reason="1">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B5BA75AFFACFFA4FE10FBB1FBDC3462" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3325461313" collectingDate="2004-04-13" collectionCode="QM, CSIRO, RV" country="Australia" county="Gwendoline May" elevation="41" latitude="-23.775" location="Great Barrier Reef" longLatPrecision="74" longitude="15.005" municipality="Barrier Reef Seabed Biodiversity Project" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" specimenCode="G329195" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFACFFA4FE10FBB1FE79343A" box="[395,497,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<typeStatus id="548813A5FFACFFA4FE10FBB1FE79343A" box="[395,497,1044,1069]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
:
<collectionCode id="ED2235C2FFACFFA4FD99FBB1FDA7343A" box="[514,559,1044,1069]" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="Museum">QM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DB95057CFFACFFA4FDA3FBB1FD29343A" box="[568,673,1044,1069]" collectionCode="QM" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="Museum">G329195</specimenCode>
(=SBD520375),
<collectingCountry id="F324ED97FFACFFA4FCFCFBB1FC58343A" box="[871,976,1044,1069]" name="Australia" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Australia</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="8EECFBDCFFACFFA4FC46FBB1FB3D343A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039A1C11FFACFFA7FF0CFC0CFE0A3190:8EECFBDCFFACFFA4FC46FBB1FB3D343A" box="[989,1205,1044,1069]" country="Australia" county="Gwendoline May" latitude="-23.775" longLatPrecision="74" longitude="15.005" municipality="Barrier Reef Seabed Biodiversity Project" name="Great Barrier Reef" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Great Barrier Reef</location>
, inter-reef sea floor, south of
<location id="8EECFBDCFFACFFA4FE93FB92FE633447" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039A1C11FFACFFA7FF0CFC0CFE0A3190:8EECFBDCFFACFFA4FE93FB92FE633447" box="[264,491,1079,1104]" country="Australia" county="Gwendoline May" latitude="-23.775" longLatPrecision="74" longitude="15.005" municipality="Barrier Reef Seabed Biodiversity Project" name="Wreck Island Reef" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Wreck Island Reef</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE07CBC0FFACFFA4FE66FB92FDED3447" box="[509,613,1079,1104]" degrees="23.775" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" precision="55" value="-23.775">23.775°S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE07CBC0FFACFFA4FDEFFB92FD573447" box="[628,735,1079,1104]" degrees="15.005" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" precision="55" value="15.005">15.005°E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CCB00E2FFACFFA4FD69FB92FCC03458" box="[754,840,1079,1104]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.13" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" unit="m" value="41.3">
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</quantity>
(depth), coll.
<collectionCode id="ED2235C2FFACFFA4FC67FB92FBC63447" box="[1020,1102,1079,1104]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0k2v-y6wz" name="Australian National Fish Collection" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="Museum">CSIRO</collectionCode>
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Great
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE8377DFFACFFA4FB31FB92FEAA3462" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Barrier Reef Seabed Biodiversity</collectingMunicipality>
</location>
Project on
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<collectionCode id="ED2235C2FFACFFA4FE55FBF8FE783463" box="[462,496,1117,1140]" country="Italy" name="Collection of Leptospira Strains" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">RV</collectionCode>
<collectingCounty id="62EDD58BFFACFFA4FD9EFBF9FD5B3463" box="[517,723,1116,1141]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Gwendoline May</collectingCounty>
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,
<date id="FF8D8BC7FFACFFA4FD74FBF9FCF63462" box="[751,894,1116,1141]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" value="2004-04-13">
<collectingDate id="EFC9722FFFACFFA4FD74FBF9FCF63462" box="[751,894,1116,1141]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" value="2004-04-13">13.Apr.2004</collectingDate>
</date>
, epibenthic sled
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B5BA75AFFACFFA4FBF7FBF8FD8A34AA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3325461327" collectionCode="QM" country="Australia" elevation="44" latitude="-23.375" location="Great Barrier Reef" longLatPrecision="74" longitude="151.975" municipality="Wreck Island Reef" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" specimenCode="G325567" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFACFFA4FBF7FBF8FB5B3463" box="[1132,1235,1117,1140]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<typeStatus id="548813A5FFACFFA4FBF7FBF8FB5B3463" box="[1132,1235,1117,1140]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
:
<collectionCode id="ED2235C2FFACFFA4FB6AFBF9FA963462" box="[1265,1310,1116,1141]" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="Museum">QM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DB95057CFFACFFA4FAAFFBF9FA143462" box="[1332,1436,1116,1141]" collectionCode="QM" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="Museum">G325567</specimenCode>
(=SBD518107),
<collectingCountry id="F324ED97FFACFFA4FEC0FBDAFE4C348F" box="[347,452,1151,1176]" name="Australia" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Australia</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="8EECFBDCFFACFFA4FE43FBDAFD35348F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039A1C11FFACFFA7FF0CFC0CFE0A3190:8EECFBDCFFACFFA4FE43FBDAFD35348F" box="[472,701,1151,1176]" country="Australia" latitude="-23.375" longLatPrecision="74" longitude="151.975" municipality="Wreck Island Reef" name="Great Barrier Reef" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Great Barrier Reef</location>
, inter-reef sea floor, south of
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE8377DFFACFFA4FBA0FBDAFAA9348F" box="[1083,1313,1151,1176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Wreck Island Reef</collectingMunicipality>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE07CBC0FFACFFA4FAAFFBDAFA14348F" box="[1332,1436,1151,1176]" degrees="23.375" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" precision="55" value="-23.375">23.375°S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE07CBC0FFACFFA4FF0CFB01FE9934AA" box="[151,273,1188,1213]" degrees="151.975" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" precision="55" value="151.975">151.975°E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CCB00E2FFACFFA4FE86FB01FEE534AC" box="[285,365,1188,1213]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.35" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" unit="m" value="43.5">
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</quantity>
(depth), coll
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B5BA75AFFACFFA4FD95FB01FB2B34AC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3325461326" box="[526,1187,1188,1213]" collectionCode="CSIRO" country="Australia" location="Great Barrier Reef Seabed Biodiversity" municipality="Barrier Reef Seabed Biodiversity Project" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectionCode id="ED2235C2FFACFFA4FD95FB01FDE834AA" box="[526,608,1188,1213]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0k2v-y6wz" name="Australian National Fish Collection" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="Museum">CSIRO</collectionCode>
<location id="8EECFBDCFFACFFA4FDF2FB01FBA034AA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039A1C11FFACFFA7FF0CFC0CFE0A3190:8EECFBDCFFACFFA4FDF2FB01FBA034AA" box="[617,1064,1188,1213]" country="Australia" municipality="Barrier Reef Seabed Biodiversity Project" name="Great Barrier Reef Seabed Biodiversity" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
Great
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE8377DFFACFFA4FD34FB01FBA034AA" box="[687,1064,1188,1213]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Barrier Reef Seabed Biodiversity</collectingMunicipality>
</location>
Project on
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B5BA75AFFACFFA4FB37FB00FE5634F7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3325461308" collectingDate="2004-04-22" collectionCode="RV" country="Australia" location="Gwendoline May" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFACFFA4FB37FB00FA1D34AB" box="[1196,1429,1188,1213]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<collectionCode id="ED2235C2FFACFFA4FB37FB00FB4634AB" box="[1196,1230,1189,1212]" country="Italy" name="Collection of Leptospira Strains" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">RV</collectionCode>
<location id="8EECFBDCFFACFFA4FB4EFB01FA1D34AB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039A1C11FFACFFA7FF0CFC0CFE0A3190:8EECFBDCFFACFFA4FB4EFB01FA1D34AB" box="[1237,1429,1188,1213]" country="Australia" name="Gwendoline May" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Gwendoline May</location>
</emphasis>
,
<date id="FF8D8BC7FFACFFA4FF0CFB62FEAE34F7" box="[151,294,1223,1248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" value="2004-04-22">
<collectingDate id="EFC9722FFFACFFA4FF0CFB62FEAE34F7" box="[151,294,1223,1248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" value="2004-04-22">22.Apr.2004</collectingDate>
</date>
, epibenthic sled
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C329FE8CFFACFFA5FF5CFB49FAC335D5" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="456" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8CAD07FFACFFA4FF5CFB49FE0E353F" blockId="4.[151,1437,1044,2005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFACFFA4FF5CFB49FED13512" bold="true" box="[199,345,1260,1285]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" reason="1">Description.</emphasis>
based on examination of
<typeStatus id="548813A5FFACFFA4FDEDFB49FD503512" box="[630,728,1260,1285]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and
<typeStatus id="548813A5FFACFFA4FC96FB49FCF93513" box="[781,881,1260,1284]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
; both specimens post-fixed in ethanol (70%) after initial frozen storage.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8CAD07FFACFFA4FF5CFA91FB703617" blockId="4.[151,1437,1044,2005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFACFFA4FF5CFA91FDED355A" box="[199,613,1332,1357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Growth form and gross morphology</emphasis>
: sponge consists of very thin sheets, thickness ~
<quantity id="4CCB00E2FFACFFA4FB05FA91FB66355B" box="[1182,1262,1332,1357]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 µm</quantity>
; sheets encrust exclusively over single species of
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFACFFA4FDA6FAF2FCFD3567" authority="Guettard, 1770" authorityName="Guettard" authorityYear="1770" box="[573,885,1367,1392]" class="Gastropoda" family="Siliquariidae" genus="Tenagodus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFACFFA4FDA6FAF2FD3D3567" box="[573,693,1367,1392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Tenagodus</emphasis>
Guettard, 1770
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFACFFA4FC10FAF2FB613567" authority=", Caenogastropoda" authorityName="Caenogastropoda" box="[907,1257,1367,1392]" class="Gastropoda" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Mollusca" rank="class">Gastropoda, Caenogastropoda</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFACFFA4FB67FAF2FA183567" box="[1276,1424,1367,1392]" class="Gastropoda" family="Siliquariidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Siliquariidae</taxonomicName>
); sponge forms mass with snails, cements
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFACFFA4FDC0FAD9FD5B3582" authorityName="Guettard" authorityYear="1770" box="[603,723,1404,1429]" class="Gastropoda" family="Siliquariidae" genus="Tenagodus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFACFFA4FDC0FAD9FD5B3582" box="[603,723,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Tenagodus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shells, incorporates small amounts of algae, detritus and debris;
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFACFFA4FF0CFA3AFE8735AF" authorityName="Guettard" authorityYear="1770" box="[151,271,1439,1464]" class="Gastropoda" family="Siliquariidae" genus="Tenagodus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFACFFA4FF0CFA3AFE8735AF" box="[151,271,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Tenagodus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shells in interior of mass appear non-live, shells at perimeter of mass sometimes contain live (at time of fixation) snails; mass incorporates
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFACFFA4FD86FA61FD1D35CA" authorityName="Guettard" authorityYear="1770" box="[541,661,1476,1501]" class="Gastropoda" family="Siliquariidae" genus="Tenagodus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFACFFA4FD86FA61FD1D35CA" box="[541,661,1476,1501]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Tenagodus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of various ages, some tiny (&lt;
<quantity id="4CCB00E2FFACFFA4FC7EFA61FBAA35CC" box="[997,1058,1476,1501]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
diameter), others mature (&gt;
<quantity id="4CCB00E2FFACFFA4FAC0FA61FA1435CC" box="[1371,1436,1476,1501]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
diameter);
<typeStatus id="548813A5FFACFFA4FE8AFA42FEFB3617" box="[273,371,1511,1536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
mass measures ~ 5 × 7.5 ×
<quantity id="4CCB00E2FFACFFA4FD30FA42FD6A35E8" box="[683,738,1511,1536]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
(total mass, including shells) (
<figureCitation id="1308B182FFACFFA4FBA1FA42FB1E3617" box="[1082,1174,1511,1536]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1188,1210]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,199,1159]" captionTargetId="figure-395@5.[150,1437,195,1164]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photographs of fixed whole specimens of desma-less species of Theonella Gray, 1868. A. Theonella deliqua n. sp., habitus, part of holotype (QM G329195), fixed in ethanol; scale bar = 2 cm. B. Theonella maricae n. sp., habitus, three parts of holotype (QM G331427), fixed in ethanol; scale bar = 2 cm. C. Theonella xantha (Sutcliffe, Hooper and Pitcher 2010) n. comb., habitus, part of holotype (QM G329976), fixed in ethanol; scale bar = 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919279/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Figs 1A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1308B182FFACFFA4FB38FA42FB643617" box="[1187,1260,1511,1536]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1495,1517]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,524,1468]" captionTargetId="figure-464@6.[150,1437,517,1473]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Theonella deliqua n. sp. Micrographs (SEM) of paratype, QM G325567. A. QM G325567, overview of sponge, showing empty shells of a species of Tenagodus; scale bar = 1 mm. B. QM G325567, detail of snail shell, showing slit, which is definitive for species of Tenagodus; scale bar = 1 mm. C. QM G325567, detail of snail shell, showing T. deliqua forming thin encrusting sheets over the shell; scale car = 1 mm. D. QM G325567, detail of region lying between aggregated snail shells; note the accumulation of debris and foreign spicules, including broken calthrops; scale bar = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919281/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">2A–D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8CAD07FFACFFA4FF5CF9A9FB2C365F" blockId="4.[151,1437,1044,2005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFACFFA4FF5CF9A9FE9E3632" box="[199,278,1548,1573]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Colour</emphasis>
: unknown in life; bright orange portions of sponge mixed with green algae and cream snail shells when frozen; colour retained in ethanol; stains ethanol pale golden yellow; yellow pigment greasy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8CAD07FFACFFA4FF5CF9F1FB5B3687" blockId="4.[151,1437,1044,2005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFACFFA4FF5CF9F1FEA8367A" box="[199,288,1620,1645]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Oscules</emphasis>
: unobserved macroscopically in frozen and fixed material; visible microscopically, few, inconspicuous, shallow, discrete, elliptical, ~
<quantity id="4CCB00E2FFACFFA4FD10F9D2FC943687" box="[651,796,1655,1680]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" unit="mm" value="150.0" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="100.0">100–200 µm</quantity>
(length), distributed sparsely (
<figureCitation id="1308B182FFACFFA4FBE8F9D2FB4E3687" box="[1139,1222,1655,1680]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1417,1439]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,441,1401]" captionTargetId="figure-337@7.[150,1437,437,1406]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Theonella deliqua n. sp. Micrographs (SEM) of holotype, QM G329195, and paratype, QM G325567. A. QM G329195, thin sheets of T. deliqua; showing oscules and density of microrhabds; scale bar = 300 µm. B. QM G325567, detail of sponge, showing random aggregation of microrhabds in a dense carpet; scale bar = 30 µm. C. QM G329195, detail of sponge showing rafts of microrhabds; scale bar = 30 µm. D. QM G325567, single microrhabd; scale bar = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919287" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919287/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Fig 3A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8CAD07FFACFFA4FF5CF938FC1636CF" blockId="4.[151,1437,1044,2005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFACFFA4FF5CF938FE9136A3" box="[199,281,1693,1716]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Texture</emphasis>
: difficult to determine due to inclusion of large volume of snail shells; sponge very soft, fragile, friable, granular, flaccid, limp, highly compressible, slowly resilient, spongy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8CAD07FFACFFA4FF5CF941FDFC36EA" blockId="4.[151,1437,1044,2005]" box="[199,628,1764,1789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFACFFA4FF5CF941FE4036EB" box="[199,456,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Surface ornamentation</emphasis>
: even, smooth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8CAD07FFACFFA4FF5CF8A2FCCE3737" blockId="4.[151,1437,1044,2005]" box="[199,838,1799,1824]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFACFFA4FF5CF8A2FE283737" box="[199,416,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Ectosomal skeleton</emphasis>
: indistinguishable from choanosome.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8CAD07FFACFFA4FF5CF889FB9237A6" blockId="4.[151,1437,1044,2005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFACFFA4FF5CF889FE473752" box="[199,463,1836,1861]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Choanosomal skeleton</emphasis>
: lax, vague; rigid skeleton entirely absent; skeleton consists only of confused arrangement of interstitial microscleres scattered throughout mesohyl; microscleres sparse in patches, distributed singularly, concentrated in other regions, forming dense carpet; collagen homogenous; occasional foreign megascleres (oxeas, regular triacts) incorporated into mesohyl (
<figureCitation id="1308B182FFACFFA4FCC5F83DFC3337A6" box="[862,955,1944,1969]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1495,1517]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,524,1468]" captionTargetId="figure-464@6.[150,1437,517,1473]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Theonella deliqua n. sp. Micrographs (SEM) of paratype, QM G325567. A. QM G325567, overview of sponge, showing empty shells of a species of Tenagodus; scale bar = 1 mm. B. QM G325567, detail of snail shell, showing slit, which is definitive for species of Tenagodus; scale bar = 1 mm. C. QM G325567, detail of snail shell, showing T. deliqua forming thin encrusting sheets over the shell; scale car = 1 mm. D. QM G325567, detail of region lying between aggregated snail shells; note the accumulation of debris and foreign spicules, including broken calthrops; scale bar = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919281/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Figs 2D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1308B182FFACFFA4FC5CF83DFB8637A6" box="[967,1038,1944,1969]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1417,1439]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,441,1401]" captionTargetId="figure-337@7.[150,1437,437,1406]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Theonella deliqua n. sp. Micrographs (SEM) of holotype, QM G329195, and paratype, QM G325567. A. QM G329195, thin sheets of T. deliqua; showing oscules and density of microrhabds; scale bar = 300 µm. B. QM G325567, detail of sponge, showing random aggregation of microrhabds in a dense carpet; scale bar = 30 µm. C. QM G329195, detail of sponge showing rafts of microrhabds; scale bar = 30 µm. D. QM G325567, single microrhabd; scale bar = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919287" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919287/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">3A–C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8CAD07FFACFFA4FF5CF819FE0F37C2" blockId="4.[151,1437,1044,2005]" box="[199,391,1980,2005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFACFFA4FF5CF819FEDB37C2" box="[199,339,1980,2005]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Megascleres</emphasis>
: nil.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4CFD8FFFADFFA5FF0CFB01FC753501" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919279" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4919279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919279/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" startId="5.[151,250,1188,1210]" targetBox="[158,1432,199,1159]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8B8CAD07FFADFFA5FF0CFB01FC753501" blockId="5.[151,1436,1188,1302]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFADFFA5FF0CFB01FE9D34AE" bold="true" box="[151,277,1188,1210]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Photographs of fixed whole specimens of desma-less species of
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFADFFA5FC2CFB01FB1234AD" authority="Gray, 1868" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[951,1178,1188,1210]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFADFFA5FC2CFB01FB9434AD" box="[951,1052,1188,1210]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Theonella</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA2D0F6FFADFFA5FBBEFB01FB1234AD" author="Gray, J. E." box="[1061,1178,1188,1210]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" pagination="565 - 566" refId="ref13871" refString="Gray, J. E. (1868) Note on Theonella, a new genus of coralloid sponges from Formosa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1868, 37, 565 - 566." type="journal article" year="1868">Gray, 1868</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. A.
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFADFFA5FB5DFB01FA0834AD" authority="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper, 2014" authorityName="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2014" box="[1222,1408,1188,1210]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deliqua" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFADFFA5FB5DFB01FA0834AD" box="[1222,1408,1188,1210]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Theonella deliqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9477115FFADFFA5FA1CFB00FF3D34CF" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A274CC6EFFADFFA5FA1CFB00FF3D34CF" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, habitus, part of holotype (QM G329195), fixed in ethanol; scale bar = 2 cm. B.
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFADFFA5FB9AFB66FB4934CE" authority="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper, 2014" authorityName="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2014" box="[1025,1217,1219,1241]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="maricae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFADFFA5FB9AFB66FB4934CE" box="[1025,1217,1219,1241]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Theonella maricae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9477115FFADFFA5FB52FB66FA8C34CF" bold="true" box="[1225,1284,1219,1240]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A274CC6EFFADFFA5FB52FB66FA8C34CF" box="[1225,1284,1219,1240]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, habitus, three parts of holotype (QM G331427), fixed in ethanol; scale bar = 2 cm. C.
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFADFFA5FCE9FB47FA1434EF" authority="(Sutcliffe, Hooper and Pitcher 2010)" authorityName="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Sutcliffe, Hooper and Pitcher" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[882,1436,1250,1272]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="xantha" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFADFFA5FCE9FB47FBAB34EF" box="[882,1059,1250,1272]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Theonella xantha</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA2D0F6FFADFFA5FBABFB47FA1D34EF" author="Sutcliffe, P. R. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Pitcher, C. R." box="[1072,1429,1250,1272]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref15092" refString="Sutcliffe, P. R., Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Pitcher, C. R. (2010) The most common sponges on the Great Barrier Reef seabed, Australia, include species new to science (Phylum Porifera). Zootaxa, 2616, 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="2010">Sutcliffe, Hooper and Pitcher 2010</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A274CC6EFFADFFA5FF0CFAA4FF7A3501" box="[151,242,1280,1302]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, habitus, part of holotype (QM G329976), fixed in ethanol; scale bar = 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8CAD07FFADFFA5FF5CFA98FAC335D5" blockId="5.[151,1437,1341,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFADFFA5FF5CFA98FEDF3541" box="[199,343,1341,1366]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Microscleres</emphasis>
: single category of microrhabd; microrhabds as highly spined microxeas, small, isodiametric, slender, fine, slightly curved, curvature irregular, tips sharply hastate, rhabd covered with numerous, fine, narrow, conical spines; spines as long or longer than rhabd width, project prominently from spicule shaft, arise perpendicular to axis; shaft straight, lacks torsion; dimensions 7.2–21.6 (14.6) × 2.5–3.4 (3.0) µm (
<figureCitation id="1308B182FFADFFA5FB71FA0CFAB635D5" box="[1258,1342,1449,1474]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1417,1439]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,441,1401]" captionTargetId="figure-337@7.[150,1437,437,1406]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Theonella deliqua n. sp. Micrographs (SEM) of holotype, QM G329195, and paratype, QM G325567. A. QM G329195, thin sheets of T. deliqua; showing oscules and density of microrhabds; scale bar = 300 µm. B. QM G325567, detail of sponge, showing random aggregation of microrhabds in a dense carpet; scale bar = 30 µm. C. QM G329195, detail of sponge showing rafts of microrhabds; scale bar = 30 µm. D. QM G325567, single microrhabd; scale bar = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919287" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919287/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Fig 3D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C329FE8CFFADFFA5FF5CFA68FC123645" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B8CAD07FFADFFA5FF5CFA68FCBF361D" blockId="5.[151,1437,1341,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFADFFA5FF5CFA68FEC635F1" bold="true" box="[199,334,1485,1510]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" reason="1">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific epithet
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFADFFA5FDD6FA68FD2935F1" authorityName="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2014" box="[589,673,1485,1510]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deliqua">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFADFFA5FDD6FA68FD2935F1" box="[589,673,1485,1510]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">deliqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
derives from the Latin
<emphasis id="B9477115FFADFFA5FC58FA68FBAA35F1" box="[963,1058,1485,1510]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">deliquus</emphasis>
(adjective), meaning lacking or wanting, and refers to the absence of desmas in this species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8CAD07FFADFFA5FF5CF9B0FC123645" blockId="5.[151,1437,1341,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFADFFA5FF5CF9B0FE303639" bold="true" box="[199,440,1557,1582]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">DNA sequence data.</emphasis>
1
<emphasis id="B9477115FFADFFA5FE49F9B3FD8A363A" box="[466,514,1558,1581]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">COI</emphasis>
barcode sequence was obtained for the
<typeStatus id="548813A5FFADFFA5FC25F9B0FBA83639" box="[958,1056,1557,1582]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(GenBank Accession:
<accessionNumber id="946030E4FFADFFA5FABAF9B0FA103639" box="[1313,1432,1557,1582]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KJ494355" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">KJ494355</accessionNumber>
; see Table 1); this sequence was 709 bp in length (including primers).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C329FE8CFFADFFA5FF5CF9F8FC0C3711" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B8CAD07FFADFFA5FF5CF9F8FC0C3711" blockId="5.[151,1437,1341,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFADFFA5FF5CF9F8FE7F3661" bold="true" box="[199,503,1629,1654]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" reason="1">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
Specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFADFFA5FD05F9FAFC863661" authorityName="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2014" box="[670,782,1629,1654]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deliqua">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFADFFA5FD05F9FAFC863661" box="[670,782,1629,1654]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">T. deliqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have, to date, been recovered only from the seabed of the inter-reef region of the Great Barrier Reef. Both specimens that we have examined have formed close associations with specimens of a single species of
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFADFFA5FDDAF900FCEE36A9" authorityName="Guettard" authorityYear="1770" box="[577,870,1701,1726]" class="Gastropoda" family="Siliquariidae" genus="Tenagodus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFADFFA5FDDAF900FD3136A9" box="[577,697,1701,1726]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Tenagodus</emphasis>
(Siliquariidae)
</taxonomicName>
. Species of
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFADFFA5FC77F900FBEC36A9" authorityName="Guettard" authorityYear="1770" box="[1004,1124,1701,1726]" class="Gastropoda" family="Siliquariidae" genus="Tenagodus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFADFFA5FC77F900FBEC36A9" box="[1004,1124,1701,1726]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Tenagodus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known to occur only in obligate relationships with sponges (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA2D0F6FFADFFA5FDAEF96FFD4836F4" author="Bieler, R." box="[565,704,1738,1763]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" pagination="307 - 333" refId="ref13133" refString="Bieler, R. (2004) Sanitation with sponge and plunger: western Atlantic slit-wormsnails (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Siliquariidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 104, 307 - 333. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00104. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Bieler 2004</bibRefCitation>
), although species-specificity (between sponge and snail) of this obligate relationship has not been established (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA2D0F6FFADFFA5FD3AF948FCFF3711" author="Pansini, M. &amp; Schiaparelli, S." box="[673,887,1773,1798]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" pagination="427 - 438" refId="ref14399" refString="Pansini, M., Cattaneo-Vietti &amp; Schiaparelli, S. (1999) Relationship between sponges and a taxon of obligatory inquilines: the siliquariid molluscs. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 44, 427 - 438." type="journal article" year="1999">
Pansini
<emphasis id="B9477115FFADFFA5FD67F94AFCA53711" box="[764,813,1773,1798]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">et al</emphasis>
. 1999
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C329FE8CFFADFFA7FF5CF8B7FE0A3190" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="458" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8CAD07FFADFFA6FF5CF8B7FBF9310B" blockId="5.[151,1437,1341,2014]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="457" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFADFFA5FF5CF8B7FEB3373C" bold="true" box="[199,315,1810,1835]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" reason="1">Remarks.</emphasis>
During examination of the
<typeStatus id="548813A5FFADFFA5FDE3F8B7FD52373C" box="[632,730,1810,1835]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFADFFA5FC98F8B7FC47373C" authority="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper, 2014" authorityName="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2014" box="[771,975,1810,1835]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deliqua" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFADFFA5FC98F8B7FC47373C" box="[771,975,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Theonella deliqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A274CC6EFFADFFA5FC43F8B6FB9D373D" box="[984,1045,1811,1834]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, a dense mass of regular triactinal spicules (calthrops) was found; many of these calthrops were damaged and had broken rays (
<figureCitation id="1308B182FFADFFA5FB3DF890FB723759" box="[1190,1274,1845,1870]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1495,1517]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,524,1468]" captionTargetId="figure-464@6.[150,1437,517,1473]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Theonella deliqua n. sp. Micrographs (SEM) of paratype, QM G325567. A. QM G325567, overview of sponge, showing empty shells of a species of Tenagodus; scale bar = 1 mm. B. QM G325567, detail of snail shell, showing slit, which is definitive for species of Tenagodus; scale bar = 1 mm. C. QM G325567, detail of snail shell, showing T. deliqua forming thin encrusting sheets over the shell; scale car = 1 mm. D. QM G325567, detail of region lying between aggregated snail shells; note the accumulation of debris and foreign spicules, including broken calthrops; scale bar = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919281/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Fig 2D</figureCitation>
). This mass of spicules was found lying in a valley between two
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFADFFA5FD76F8FFFCED3764" authorityName="Guettard" authorityYear="1770" box="[749,869,1882,1907]" class="Gastropoda" family="Siliquariidae" genus="Tenagodus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFADFFA5FD76F8FFFCED3764" box="[749,869,1882,1907]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Tenagodus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shells and incorporated broken oxeas and other spicules (from the Family
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFADFFA5FE5EF8D8FD573781" authority="Giard, 1872" authorityName="Giard" authorityYear="1872" box="[453,735,1917,1942]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Didemnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didemnidae Giard, 1872</taxonomicName>
(Class
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFADFFA5FCACF8D8FC3C3781" box="[823,948,1917,1942]" class="Ascidiacea" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Ascidiacea</taxonomicName>
) and some possibly of holothurian origin). Another similar region, containing an accumulation of monactinal spicules, was found in the broken mouth of an empty
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFADFFA5FF73F860FEE837C9" authorityName="Guettard" authorityYear="1770" box="[232,352,1989,2014]" class="Gastropoda" family="Siliquariidae" genus="Tenagodus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFADFFA5FF73F860FEE837C9" box="[232,352,1989,2014]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Tenagodus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shell (
<figureCitation id="1308B182FFADFFA5FE2FF860FD8337C9" box="[436,523,1989,2014]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1495,1517]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,524,1468]" captionTargetId="figure-464@6.[150,1437,517,1473]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Theonella deliqua n. sp. Micrographs (SEM) of paratype, QM G325567. A. QM G325567, overview of sponge, showing empty shells of a species of Tenagodus; scale bar = 1 mm. B. QM G325567, detail of snail shell, showing slit, which is definitive for species of Tenagodus; scale bar = 1 mm. C. QM G325567, detail of snail shell, showing T. deliqua forming thin encrusting sheets over the shell; scale car = 1 mm. D. QM G325567, detail of region lying between aggregated snail shells; note the accumulation of debris and foreign spicules, including broken calthrops; scale bar = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919281/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Fig 2C</figureCitation>
). These regions overlie the thin sheets of
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFADFFA5FB9BF862FBF837C9" authorityName="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2014" box="[1024,1136,1989,2014]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deliqua">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFADFFA5FB9BF862FBF837C9" box="[1024,1136,1989,2014]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">T. deliqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but are not incorporated intimately into the mesohyl of the sponge. The localisation of the spicule masses, in conjunction with their varied composition, indicates clearly that they are of foreign origin, and are not innate components. Further,
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAEFFA6FAB7FF18FA1430C2" authorityName="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2014" box="[1324,1436,188,213]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deliqua">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FAB7FF18FA1430C2" box="[1324,1436,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">T. deliqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
itself encrusts closely over the surface of the
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAEFFA6FD3DFF7AFC9630EF" authorityName="Guettard" authorityYear="1770" box="[678,798,223,248]" class="Gastropoda" family="Siliquariidae" genus="Tenagodus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FD3DFF7AFC9630EF" box="[678,798,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Tenagodus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shells, cementing only the shells together; detritus and debris appears to amass in rafts at low points where two shells are joined by the sponge.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8CAD07FFAEFFA6FF5CFE82FB9031D8" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
The microrhabds of the
<typeStatus id="548813A5FFAEFFA6FE47FE82FDB63157" box="[476,574,295,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and
<typeStatus id="548813A5FFAEFFA6FDE2FE8DFD513157" box="[633,729,296,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAEFFA6FC98FE8CFCFB3157" authorityName="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2014" box="[771,883,295,320]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deliqua">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FC98FE8CFCFB3157" box="[771,883,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">T. deliqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are of similar proportion, averaging
<quantity id="4CCB00E2FFAEFFA6FA86FE82FAF53157" box="[1309,1405,295,320]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.46" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" unit="mm" value="14.6">14.6 µm</quantity>
in length, and spanning a range from
<quantity id="4CCB00E2FFAEFFA6FDB2FEE9FD5F3173" box="[553,727,332,357]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.435" metricValueMax="2.16" metricValueMin="0.71" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" unit="mm" value="14.35" valueMax="21.6" valueMin="7.1">7.1 to 21.6 µm</quantity>
. The range of spicule measurements was normally distributed (
<figureCitation id="1308B182FFAEFFA6FF04FECAFF61319F" box="[159,233,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1697,1719]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,809,1668]" captionTargetId="figure-365@8.[150,1436,805,1675]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Summaries of statistics for sets of measurements of microrhabds from Theonella deliqua n. sp., Theonella maricae n. sp. and Theonella xantha (Sutcliffe, Hooper and Pitcher, 2010) n. comb. The boxes for each species include the minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation and variance. A boxplot has been used to demonstrate the distributions of the means of the measurements for each species and to indicate significant differences among them. Outliers are indicated by asterisks (*). The ranges of the measurements for T. deliqua and T. xantha can be seen to be approximately equivalent, and are normally distributed. Stronger skew and Kurtosis are shown for the measurements for the specimens of T. maricae. Most measurements of the microrhabd length for T. maricae greatly exceed those of the other two species, as illustrated in the boxplot." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919289" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919289/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
), although one spicule was detected which lay outside of this normal range, measuring only
<quantity id="4CCB00E2FFAEFFA6FADBFECAFA10319F" box="[1344,1432,367,392]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" unit="mm" value="6.7">6.7 µm</quantity>
. Although the range of microrhabd length is quite large, the majority of spicules ranges between 12 and
<quantity id="4CCB00E2FFAEFFA6FAAFFE31FAF631BB" box="[1332,1406,404,429]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 µm</quantity>
in length, and this size may be interpreted as “typical” for specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAEFFA6FC3AFE1CFB9831C7" authorityName="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2014" box="[929,1040,439,464]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deliqua">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FC3AFE1CFB9831C7" box="[929,1040,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">T. deliqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4CFD8FFFAEFFA6FF0CFA72FBE03670" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919281" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4919281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919281/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" startId="6.[151,250,1495,1517]" targetBox="[158,1432,524,1468]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8B8CAD07FFAEFFA6FF0CFA72FBE03670" blockId="6.[151,1436,1495,1639]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FF0CFA72FE9B35FB" bold="true" box="[151,275,1495,1517]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAEFFA6FE80FA72FE5B35FA" authority="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper, 2014" authorityName="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2014" box="[283,467,1495,1517]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deliqua" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FE80FA72FE5B35FA" box="[283,467,1495,1517]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Theonella deliqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FE40FA72FD9E35FB" bold="true" box="[475,534,1495,1516]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A274CC6EFFAEFFA6FE40FA72FD9E35FB" box="[475,534,1495,1516]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Micrographs (SEM) of paratype, QM G325567. A. QM G325567, overview of sponge, showing empty shells of a species of
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAEFFA6FD96FA50FDF2361C" authorityName="Guettard" authorityYear="1770" box="[525,634,1525,1547]" class="Gastropoda" family="Siliquariidae" genus="Tenagodus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FD96FA50FDF2361C" box="[525,634,1525,1547]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Tenagodus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; scale bar = 1 mm. B. QM G325567, detail of snail shell, showing slit, which is definitive for species of
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAEFFA6FE0BF9B1FE75363D" authorityName="Guettard" authorityYear="1770" box="[400,509,1556,1578]" class="Gastropoda" family="Siliquariidae" genus="Tenagodus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FE0BF9B1FE75363D" box="[400,509,1556,1578]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Tenagodus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; scale bar = 1 mm. C. QM G325567, detail of snail shell, showing
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAEFFA6FB2BF9B0FA9D363D" authorityName="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2014" box="[1200,1301,1556,1578]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deliqua">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FB2BF9B0FA9D363D" box="[1200,1301,1556,1578]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">T. deliqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forming thin encrusting sheets over the shell; scale car = 1 mm. D. QM G325567, detail of region lying between aggregated snail shells; note the accumulation of debris and foreign spicules, including broken calthrops; scale bar = 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8CAD07FFAEFFA7FF5CF92BFE0A3190" blockId="6.[151,1438,1678,2028]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,392]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="458" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FF5CF92BFEC736B0" bold="true" box="[199,335,1678,1703]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" reason="1">Comments.</emphasis>
Specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAEFFA6FD96F935FDF536B0" authorityName="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2014" box="[525,637,1678,1703]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deliqua">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FD96F935FDF536B0" box="[525,637,1678,1703]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">T. deliqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are readily distinguished from the type-species for
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAEFFA6FA9AF92BFAF936B0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[1281,1393,1678,1703]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FA9AF92BFAF936B0" box="[1281,1393,1678,1703]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Theonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAEFFA6FA1CF935FF7336DB" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="swinhoei">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FA1CF935FF7336DB" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">T. swinhoei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (and all other currently known species), by the absence of tetractinal megascleres. No desmas and no triaenes (phyllotrianes nor dichotriaenes) were observed in either specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAEFFA6FB86F97DFB0436F8" authorityName="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2014" box="[1053,1164,1750,1775]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deliqua">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FB86F97DFB0436F8" box="[1053,1164,1750,1775]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">T. deliqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that we examined. The spicule complement of
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAEFFA6FE05F959FD853703" authorityName="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2014" box="[414,525,1787,1812]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deliqua">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FE05F959FD853703" box="[414,525,1787,1812]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">T. deliqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comprises only microrhabds; this condition has not been observed to date in any recorded species of
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAEFFA6FEE4F8BBFE673720" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[383,495,1822,1847]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FEE4F8BBFE673720" box="[383,495,1822,1847]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Theonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Despite the lack of obvious morphological homologies with
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAEFFA6FB25F885FAB63720" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[1214,1342,1822,1847]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="swinhoei">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FB25F885FAB63720" box="[1214,1342,1822,1847]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">T. swinhoei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the other members of
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAEFFA6FEEFF8E6FE6C374B" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[372,484,1859,1884]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FEEFF8E6FE6C374B" box="[372,484,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Theonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, membership of this new species to
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAEFFA6FC39F8E6FB9A374B" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[930,1042,1859,1884]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FC39F8E6FB9A374B" box="[930,1042,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Theonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be asserted confidently. The microrhabds of
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAEFFA6FECFF8CDFE4C3768" authorityName="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2014" box="[340,452,1894,1919]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deliqua">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FECFF8CDFE4C3768" box="[340,452,1894,1919]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">T. deliqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a similar morphology to those observed in
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAEFFA6FB85F8CDFB163768" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[1054,1182,1894,1919]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="swinhoei">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FB85F8CDFB163768" box="[1054,1182,1894,1919]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">T. swinhoei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other species of
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAEFFA6FF0CF82EFE8F37B3" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[151,263,1931,1956]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FF0CF82EFE8F37B3" box="[151,263,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Theonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although they are not noted directly in the original description by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA2D0F6FFAEFFA6FBBDF82EFB3D37B3" author="Gray, J. E." box="[1062,1205,1931,1956]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="565 - 566" refId="ref13871" refString="Gray, J. E. (1868) Note on Theonella, a new genus of coralloid sponges from Formosa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1868, 37, 565 - 566." type="journal article" year="1868">Gray (1868)</bibRefCitation>
, we have examined material in the QM Porifera collection which is attributed to
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAEFFA6FCC7F815FC5337D0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[860,987,1966,1991]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="swinhoei">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FCC7F815FC5337D0" box="[860,987,1966,1991]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">T. swinhoei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and observed that the microrhabds of
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAEFFA6FF0CF871FE9E37FB" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[151,278,2003,2028]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="swinhoei">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FF0CF871FE9E37FB" box="[151,278,2003,2028]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">T. swinhoei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, like those in
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAEFFA6FE2DF871FDAD37FB" authorityName="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2014" box="[438,549,2003,2028]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deliqua">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAEFFA6FE2DF871FDAD37FB" box="[438,549,2003,2028]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">T. deliqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are generally straight; although the rhabd may be bent, the central axis is free completely of any torsion, with fine, conical spines projecting perpendicularly from the spicule shaft. The lack of torsion is significant and shared between the microscleres of
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAFFFA7FCC2FF18FC5030C2" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[857,984,188,213]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="swinhoei">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAFFFA7FCC2FF18FC5030C2" box="[857,984,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">T. swinhoei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAFFFA7FB8FFF18FB0530C2" box="[1044,1165,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAFFFA7FB8FFF18FB0130C2" authorityName="Hall &amp; Ekins &amp; Hooper" authorityYear="2014" box="[1044,1161,188,213]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deliqua">T. deliqua</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The straightness of the rods is in contrast to the morphology seen in the streptasters of other astrophorids; this straight morphology justifies our use of the term “microrhabd”, rather than sanidaster or streptaster, to describe these microscleres. Further, and perhaps more significantly, the combination of the corroborating molecular analyses (see below) and the presence of shared chemotaxonomic characters (see below) offers strong support to the attribution of this new species to
<taxonomicName id="4C33D684FFAFFFA7FE97FECAFEF4319F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[268,380,367,392]" class="Demospongiae" family="Theonellidae" genus="Theonella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9477115FFAFFFA7FE97FECAFEF4319F" box="[268,380,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Theonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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