239 lines
26 KiB
XML
239 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="50B11B87A6947454EC44651607541719" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.274039" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2d13c1a2-0d8f-4031-986a-3900e879582c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="274039" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460040748274" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Oberprieler, Rolf G., Marvaldi, Adriana E. & Anderson, Robert S." docDate="2007" docId="0397878FFFBA9932FF0ECAFF62EEC70A" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01668p520.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1668" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Nemonychidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="499" masterDocId="FFAEFFF7FFBC993AFF99CE6B6013C670" masterDocTitle="Weevils, weevils, weevils everywhere *" masterLastPageNumber="520" masterPageNumber="491" pageNumber="497" updateTime="1698234316959" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="34FC3EB63311B1AD6895A0513743F1D6" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="96F0E984EE977538B2752058EDF24C19">
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<mods:title id="41380F745FC22ECFD6A86C7086DEB80D">Weevils, weevils, weevils everywhere *</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="7F5FF47A8D85F48B0E620C58CA625B0A" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="ADBDB94AEFF6B1E671894E584999D6BB">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C50585C69022BB8102DCCCEA459311AF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="1D43A96E674100AEF57176D58EDF4899">Oberprieler, Rolf G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="856871D4F10B562BC04788EFA1BBF7C8" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="D4E0996995FBEFDF3B302D8D04A07491">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="E003610B9E0E11C116277229F7A45789">Marvaldi, Adriana E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="48BF8E2F69004E7AC1EA4502291C9D6B" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="9444B38672AC6D917E4649E2ACC93EAA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="5C5372BF6A1BB6AD28F811CFC6F5117B">Anderson, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="956C74981A377A7A105C9FEA6EEBEF7F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="6E9068B3F0923245AF679B53B5894216">
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<mods:title id="986E0995654FA03681AB8959642F7F78">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="89DF7EE4AB6FE28D7DBC3FA10DBA60C4">
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<mods:date id="FD545204A8E06C07E5AF86F5CD5DCE88">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="A39F89D735438E38FCCA9F051C2CA96A" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="4601BE46A430ADA37759AAB55F8BDD7E">1668</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="4F4E0748998D981D692D0568A66E59F6">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="FD19BD3BFAD2861CD9FA163971CC5D7E" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.274039</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="3FE2010DF11799793DAED71C10BA68FE" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F94119DF1729F712A81986B6A4ADBE41" type="Zenodo-Dep">274039</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0397878FFFBA9932FF0ECAFF62EEC70A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5626082" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125135221" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5626082" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397878FFFBA9932FF0ECAFF62EEC70A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397878FFFBA9932FF0ECAFF62EEC70A" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="499" pageId="6" pageNumber="497">
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<subSubSection id="C3246512FFBA993CFF0ECAFF632DC181" pageId="6" pageNumber="497" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B813699FFBA993CFF0ECAFF6142C2DE" blockId="6.[151,337,1172,1198]" box="[151,337,1172,1198]" pageId="6" pageNumber="497">
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<heading id="D0C981F5FFBA993CFF0ECAFF6142C2DE" bold="true" box="[151,337,1172,1198]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="497" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBA993CFF0ECAFF6142C2DE" ID-CoL="8HBR3" box="[151,337,1172,1198]" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="497" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBA993CFF0ECAFF6142C2DE" bold="true" box="[151,337,1172,1198]" pageId="6" pageNumber="497">Nemonychidae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B813699FFBA993CFF0ECAB4632DC181" blockId="6.[151,1437,1247,2033]" pageId="6" pageNumber="497">
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This family of weevils (fig. 1) retains numerous primitive traits, both in structure and in habits. It is a relict group of the ancient past, today comprising only about 76 known species (71 described) in 21 genera but with a rich fossil record of about 60 species from Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous deposits largely in the northern hemisphere. The extant fauna shows a highly disjunct distribution mainly in temperate northern and southern regions but with some species also in the tropics. It is most diverse in the Australian and Neotropical regions, which harbour about 70% of the fauna, fewer species occurring in the Nearctic and Palaearctic regions.
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBA993CFE98CBA461A1C399" box="[257,434,1487,1513]" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="497" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemonychidae</taxonomicName>
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are predominantly associated with conifers, especially the family
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBA993CFB74CBA46584C399" box="[1261,1431,1487,1513]" class="Pinopsida" family="Araucariaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="497" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araucariaceae</taxonomicName>
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, which hosts half of all the species, while
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBA993CFD0ACB9C62E8C061" box="[659,763,1527,1553]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="497" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
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provide the common hosts in the northern hemisphere. Only two genera live on angiosperm hosts,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBA993CFD02C84B6348C049" box="[667,859,1568,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" genus="Rhynchitomacer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="497" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBA993CFD02C84B6348C049" box="[667,859,1568,1593]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="497">Rhynchitomacer</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBA993CFC10C84B64CFC049" box="[905,1244,1567,1593]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="497" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBA993CFC10C84B6403C049" box="[905,1040,1568,1593]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="497">Nothofagus</emphasis>
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(Nothofagaceae)
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</taxonomicName>
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in South
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<collectingCountry id="F3297609FFBA993CFAD6C87460AAC011" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="497">America</collectingCountry>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBA993CFF6DC8236172C011" box="[244,353,1608,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" genus="Nemonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="497" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBA993CFF6DC8236172C011" box="[244,353,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="497">Nemonyx</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBA993CFE09C823621AC011" box="[400,521,1608,1633]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" genus="Consolida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="6" pageNumber="497" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBA993CFE09C823621AC011" box="[400,521,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="497">Consolida</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBA993CFDDDC8236388C011" box="[580,923,1607,1633]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" genus="Delphinium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="6" pageNumber="497" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBA993CFDDDC82362DDC011" box="[580,718,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="497">Delphinium</emphasis>
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(Ranunculaceae)
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</taxonomicName>
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in the western Palaearctic. The association with conifers (especially
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBA993CFE58C8046278C0F9" box="[449,619,1647,1673]" class="Pinopsida" family="Araucariaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="497" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araucariaceae</taxonomicName>
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) is likely the ancestral one and the angiosperm associations to represent secondary host shifts. The
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBA993CFD93C8FC62AFC0C1" box="[522,700,1687,1713]" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="497" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemonychidae</taxonomicName>
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are presumed to retain the ancestral life style of weevils, their mobile larvae living freely (ectophytically) among the sporophylls inside dehiscing male conifer strobili (cones), feeding on pollen in the open sporangia (pollen sacs) and moving between cones. Eggs are laid openly between the sporangia by means of the ovipositor (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFBA993CFCC1C9646416C159" author="Howden" box="[856,1029,1807,1833]" pageId="6" pageNumber="516" refString="Howden, A. T. (1995) Structures related to oviposition in Curculionoidea. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington, 14, 52 - 102." type="journal article" year="1995">Howden 1995</bibRefCitation>
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), but the females of some species may use their elongated rostrum to separate sporophylls before the cope ripens, allowing them to lay their eggs inside the cone against the sporangia. A few forms, however, such as
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBA993CFB9FC90B646BC109" box="[1030,1144,1888,1913]" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" genus="Bunyaeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="497" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBA993CFB9FC90B646BC109" box="[1030,1144,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="497">Bunyaeus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBA993CFB28C90B652EC109" box="[1201,1341,1888,1913]" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" genus="Eutactobius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="497" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBA993CFB28C90B652EC109" box="[1201,1341,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="497">Eutactobius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="F3297609FFBA993CFAFAC93460C0C1D1" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="497">Australia</collectingCountry>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBA993CFE97C9E36173C1D1" box="[270,352,1928,1953]" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" genus="Brarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="497" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBA993CFE97C9E36173C1D1" box="[270,352,1928,1953]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="497">Brarus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in South
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<collectingCountry id="F3297609FFBA993CFE4AC9EC6228C1D1" box="[467,571,1927,1953]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="497">America</collectingCountry>
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, have a short to very short rostrum, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBA993CFB82C9E3649BC1D1" box="[1051,1160,1928,1953]" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" genus="Nemonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="497" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBA993CFB82C9E3649BC1D1" box="[1051,1160,1928,1953]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="497">Nemonyx</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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females use their hard, piercing ovipositor to drill holes into the follicles of the host fruits, in which their larvae feed on the developing seeds. Adult nemonychids also feed mainly on pollen.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF416611FFBB993DFF0EC8B26108C196" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274040/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" targetBox="[201,1386,151,1742]" targetPageId="7">
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<paragraph id="8B813699FFBB993DFF0EC8B26108C196" blockId="7.[151,1437,1753,2022]" pageId="7" pageNumber="498">
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBB993DFF0EC8B26122C09E" bold="true" box="[151,305,1753,1774]" pageId="7" pageNumber="498">FIGURES 1–8.</emphasis>
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1—
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFEC2C8B26237C09E" box="[347,548,1753,1774]" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" genus="Mecomacer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scambus">
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBB993DFEC2C8B26237C09E" box="[347,548,1753,1774]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="498">Mecomacer scambus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFDA9C8B262D5C09E" box="[560,710,1753,1774]" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemonychidae</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFD56C8B2636BC09E" box="[719,888,1753,1774]" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhinorhynchinae">Rhinorhynchinae</taxonomicName>
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), developing in male cones of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFB02C8B26588C09E" box="[1179,1435,1753,1774]" class="Pinopsida" family="Araucariaceae" genus="Araucaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBB993DFB02C8B264EDC09E" box="[1179,1278,1753,1774]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="498">Araucaria</emphasis>
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(Araucariaceae)
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</taxonomicName>
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in southern South America (Chile and Argentina). 2—
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFD2CC8926350C17E" box="[693,835,1785,1806]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" genus="Mecocerinopis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBB993DFD2CC8926350C17E" box="[693,835,1785,1806]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="498">Mecocerinopis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. (
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFCE1C89263E3C17E" box="[888,1008,1785,1806]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anthribidae</taxonomicName>
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||
:
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFC65C8926463C17E" box="[1020,1136,1785,1806]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anthribinae">Anthribinae</taxonomicName>
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) from northern Australia. 3—
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFF0EC9726141C15E" box="[151,338,1817,1838]" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" genus="Cyrotyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vestitus">
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBB993DFF0EC9726141C15E" box="[151,338,1817,1838]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="498">Cyrotyphus vestitus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFEC7C97261BFC15E" box="[350,428,1817,1838]" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Belidae</taxonomicName>
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:
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFE2CC9726211C15E" box="[437,514,1817,1838]" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Belinae">Belinae</taxonomicName>
|
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), a rare Australian agnesiotidine from
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFCE9C972644FC15E" box="[880,1116,1817,1838]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Callitris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBB993DFCE9C97263D3C15E" box="[880,960,1817,1838]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="498">Callitris</emphasis>
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||
(Cupressaceae)
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</taxonomicName>
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. 4—
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFB11C9726576C15E" box="[1160,1381,1817,1838]" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" genus="Hydnorobius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hydnorae">
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBB993DFB11C9726576C15E" box="[1160,1381,1817,1838]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="498">Hydnorobius hydnorae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFAE8C97260D0C13E" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Belidae</taxonomicName>
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:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFF57C9526149C13E" box="[206,346,1849,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Oxycoryninae">Oxycoryninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), an Argentine oxycorynine associated with the root-parasitic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFC26C95264C4C13E" box="[959,1239,1849,1870]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hydnoraceae" genus="Prosopanche" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBB993DFC26C952642EC13E" box="[959,1085,1849,1870]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="498">Prosopanche</emphasis>
|
||
(Hydnoraceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 5—a female of the Australian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFE98C932619CC11E" box="[257,399,1881,1902]" class="Insecta" family="Attelabidae" genus="Euops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="falcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBB993DFE98C932619CC11E" box="[257,399,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="498">Euops falcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFE02C932621CC11E" box="[411,527,1881,1902]" class="Insecta" family="Attelabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Attelabidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFD81C932629BC11E" box="[536,648,1881,1902]" class="Insecta" family="Attelabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Attelabinae">Attelabinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) showing abdominal brushes used for inoculating her leaf rolls with fungal spores 6—the Australian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFECDC9126201C1FE" box="[340,530,1913,1934]" class="Insecta" family="Eccoptarthridae" genus="Car" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBB993DFECDC91261B9C1FE" box="[340,426,1913,1934]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="498">Car pini</emphasis>
|
||
(Caridae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on its hostplant,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFD54C912643FC1FE" box="[717,1068,1913,1934]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Callitris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="endlicheri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBB993DFD54C9126399C1FE" box="[717,906,1913,1934]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="498">Callitris endlicheri</emphasis>
|
||
(Cupressaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 7—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFBC6C9126537C1FE" box="[1119,1316,1913,1934]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" genus="Orapaeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cretaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBB993DFBC6C9126537C1FE" box="[1119,1316,1913,1934]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="498">Orapaeus cretaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFAAEC912658AC1FE" box="[1335,1433,1913,1934]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Brentidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFF0EC9FC6133C1DC" box="[151,288,1943,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eurhynchinae">Eurhynchinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), an early Upper Cretaceous brentid fossil from Botswana. 8—the Australian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFB9CC9FC64AAC1DC" box="[1029,1209,1943,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Eurhynchidae" genus="Aporhina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBB993DFB9CC9FC64AAC1DC" box="[1029,1209,1943,1964]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="498">Aporhina australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFB5CC9FC6534C1DC" box="[1221,1319,1943,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Brentidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFAA9C9FC60AFC1B9" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eurhynchinae">Eurhynchinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), whose larva develops in stem galls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFBB993DFDA5C9DF6354C1B9" box="[572,839,1972,1993]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Litsea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="7" pageNumber="498" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leefiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFBB993DFDA5C9DF62D9C1B9" box="[572,714,1972,1993]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="498">Litsea leefiana</emphasis>
|
||
(Lauraceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (all photos R. Oberprieler except 1, 4 (A. Marvaldi) and 8 (J. Hasenpusch))
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3246512FFB49932FF5FCEF362EEC70A" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B813699FFB49932FF5FCEF362EEC70A" blockId="8.[151,1436,152,378]" pageId="8" pageNumber="499">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FE98CEF361A1C6C2" ID-CoL="8HBR3" box="[257,434,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemonychidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are classified into three subfamilies,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FC11CEF36429C6C2" box="[904,1082,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nemonychinae">Nemonychinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FBE6CEF364FFC6C1" ID-CoL="8HL25" box="[1151,1260,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" genus="Nemonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB49932FBE6CEF364FFC6C1" box="[1151,1260,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="499">Nemonyx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FAD3CEF3610AC6AA" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhinorhynchinae">Rhinorhynchinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FEC8CEAB61E7C6AA" box="[337,500,192,218]" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cimberidinae">Cimberidinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FE66CEAB627FC6A9" ID-CoL="8HL25" box="[511,620,192,217]" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" genus="Nemonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB49932FE66CEAB627FC6A9" box="[511,620,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="499">Nemonyx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from all other genera in a number of characters, many of them plesiomorphic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB49932FED7CE8361E7C772" author="Kuschel" box="[334,500,232,258]" pageId="8" pageNumber="516" refString="Kuschel, G. (1995) A phylogenetic classification of Curculionoidea to families and subfamilies. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington, 14, 5 - 33." type="journal article" year="1995">Kuschel 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which prompted
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB49932FD49CE83639CC772" author="Crowson" box="[720,911,232,258]" pageId="8" pageNumber="515" refString="Crowson, R. A. (1985) The systematic position of Nemonyx Redtenbacher (Col.). Entomologist's monthly Magazine, 121, 144." type="journal article" year="1985">Crowson (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to argue for placing it in a family of its own. However, Kuschel (1994, 1995) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB49932FDCACF7B62F2C75A" author="May" box="[595,737,272,298]" pageId="8" pageNumber="517" refString="May, B. M. (1994) An introduction to the immature stages of Australian Curculionoidea. Pp. 365 - 728. In: Zimmerman, E. C., Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Volume II - Brentidae, Eurhynchidae, Apionidae and a chapter on Immature Stages by Brenda May. CSIRO, Australia, 755 pp." type="book chapter" year="1994">May (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
identified pertinent imaginal and preimaginal synapomorphic characters that hold all nemonychids together as a single family.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FC5ACF536423C721" ID-CoL="8HL25" box="[963,1072,312,337]" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" genus="Nemonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB49932FC5ACF536423C721" box="[963,1072,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="499">Nemonyx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nonetheless shows the greatest number of plesiomorphic traits of all extant weevils.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |