137 lines
18 KiB
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137 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document id="D4B5687D52837F8006F8EA1A11413C42" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.274039" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2d13c1a2-0d8f-4031-986a-3900e879582c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="274039" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460040748274" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Oberprieler, Rolf G., Marvaldi, Adriana E. & Anderson, Robert S." docDate="2007" docId="0397878FFFB49932FF0ECFBC62ABC0B4" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01668p520.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1668" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Anthribidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="499" masterDocId="FFAEFFF7FFBC993AFF99CE6B6013C670" masterDocTitle="Weevils, weevils, weevils everywhere *" masterLastPageNumber="520" masterPageNumber="491" pageNumber="499" updateTime="1698234316959" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="2AC6C197F7B84023A3283E3693433BA4">Weevils, weevils, weevils everywhere *</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0D733B3143E0CF16D893767B41F4C926">Oberprieler, Rolf G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="19028F439FF339991087C4BC3499A47A">Marvaldi, Adriana E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BACCCD8A4A61D71A56BA49B7A25CF4A2">Anderson, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="62E7FD047C7BF6904B058E5618E131F0">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="C3B19888F1207E0367039F69C2F46FC7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E00D1DCD82549D3461FD5F46BD6B4B27">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="E360FB41C84E15BAF52D8C60240A9F92" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="EB2A539C7B5E1D1D0813963B48EDE8C1">1668</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="AF916B95BC8CF72478F10B349C22A050" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.274039</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0397878FFFB49932FF0ECFBC62ABC0B4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5626084" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125135226" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5626084" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397878FFFB49932FF0ECFBC62ABC0B4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397878FFFB49932FF0ECFBC62ABC0B4" lastPageNumber="499" pageId="8" pageNumber="499">
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<subSubSection id="C3246512FFB49932FF0ECFBC6417C584" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B813699FFB49932FF0ECFBC6123C781" blockId="8.[151,304,471,497]" box="[151,304,471,497]" pageId="8" pageNumber="499">
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<heading id="D0C981F5FFB49932FF0ECFBC6123C781" bold="true" box="[151,304,471,497]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FF0ECFBC6123C781" ID-CoL="8HBPD" box="[151,304,471,497]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB49932FF0ECFBC6123C781" bold="true" box="[151,304,471,497]" pageId="8" pageNumber="499">Anthribidae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B813699FFB49932FF0ECC496417C584" blockId="8.[151,1437,546,1732]" pageId="8" pageNumber="499">
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This is a much larger family of weevils, with 371 genera and 3860 species described (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB49932FB1DCC496572C44C" author="Rheinheimer" box="[1156,1377,546,572]" pageId="8" pageNumber="518" refString="Rheinheimer, J. (2004) Illustrierter Katalog und Bibliographie der Anthribidae der Welt (Insecta: Coleoptera). Mitteilungen des Entomologischen Vereins Stuttgart, 39, 3 - 242." type="journal article" year="2004">Rheinheimer 2004</bibRefCitation>
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) and occurring throughout the world, mostly in tropical regions. Anthribid success in diversity is seemingly linked to mycetophagy, their adults and larvae developing predominantly on wood-decaying ascomycete fungi (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB49932FAFDCC196136C4C4" author="Holloway" pageId="8" pageNumber="516" refString="Holloway, B. A. (1982) Anthribidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Fauna of New Zealand, 3, 1 - 264." type="journal article" year="1982">Holloway 1982</bibRefCitation>
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). Some species, however, feed on pollen, lichens, wood, seeds and even scale insects. The anthribid rostrum is short and broad (fig. 2), seemingly adapted to grazing fungal mycelia and not used in preparing oviposition sites (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB49932FEF3CC816205C574" author="Howden" box="[362,534,746,772]" pageId="8" pageNumber="516" refString="Howden, A. T. (1995) Structures related to oviposition in Curculionoidea. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington, 14, 52 - 102." type="journal article" year="1995">Howden 1995</bibRefCitation>
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), but the larvae lead a truly endophytic life inside fungus-infested wood of mainly angiosperms, the eggs being inserted into the plant tissues by means of a specialised, dentate ovipositor. Mycetophagy appears to be the ancestral life style of anthribids and the development in angiosperm seeds and stems by the specialised
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FD9CCD09629FC50C" box="[517,652,866,892]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Choraginae">Choraginae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FD49CD096371C50C" box="[720,866,866,892]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Urodontinae">Urodontinae</taxonomicName>
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a derived trait, although the latter group was thought to have retained the phytophagous habits of ancestral weevils (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB49932FC40CDE1649FC5D4" author="Crowson" box="[985,1164,906,932]" pageId="8" pageNumber="515" refString="Crowson, R. A. (1984) On the systematic position of Bruchela Dejean (Urodon auctt.) (Coleoptera). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 38 (1), 91 - 93." type="journal article" year="1984">Crowson 1984</bibRefCitation>
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). The cycad-associated genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FF7ACDD9617FC5BB" box="[227,364,946,971]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" genus="Apinotropis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB49932FF7ACDD9617FC5BB" box="[227,364,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="499">Apinotropis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in southern Africa suggests that mycetophagy may have evolved from a phytophagous larval development in decaying gymnosperm sporophylls (Oberprieler 1999).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3246512FFB49932FF5FCA6962ABC0B4" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B813699FFB49932FF5FCA6962ABC0B4" blockId="8.[151,1437,546,1732]" pageId="8" pageNumber="499">
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Several questions remain about the classification of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FCF1CA6963EBC26C" box="[872,1016,1026,1052]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anthribidae</taxonomicName>
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. The weevil phylogeny of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB49932FAA5CA6960F6C234" author="Kuschel" pageId="8" pageNumber="516" refString="Kuschel, G. (1995) A phylogenetic classification of Curculionoidea to families and subfamilies. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington, 14, 5 - 33." type="journal article" year="1995">Kuschel (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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shows them as the sister-group of all other weevil families except
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FC75CA4164B2C234" box="[1004,1185,1066,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemonychidae</taxonomicName>
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, but subsequent analyses of expanded character sets (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB49932FDBFCA39637CC21C" author="Marvaldi" box="[550,879,1106,1132]" pageId="8" pageNumber="517" refString="Marvaldi, A. E. & Morrone, J. J. (2000) Phylogenetic systematics of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea): a reappraisal based on larval and adult morphology. Insect Systematics and Evolution, 31, 43 - 58." type="journal article" year="2000">Marvaldi & Morrone 2000</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB49932FCE7CA39646BC21C" author="Marvaldi" box="[894,1144,1106,1132]" pageId="8" pageNumber="517" refString="Marvaldi, A. E., Sequeira, A. S., O'Brien, C. W. & Farrell, B. D. (2002) Molecular and morphological phylogenetics of weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea): do niche shifts accompany diversification? Systematic Biology, 51, 761 - 785." type="journal article" year="2002">
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Marvaldi
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB49932FC6DCA386439C21C" box="[1012,1066,1107,1132]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="499">et al</emphasis>
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. 2002
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</bibRefCitation>
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) indicate them as being adelphic to
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FE86CA1161C7C2E4" box="[287,468,1146,1172]" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemonychidae</taxonomicName>
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. Although most character agreements between these two families are based on plesiomorphic conditions and few synapomorphies are in evidence in support of this relationship, it is also readily recovered in recent molecular analyses (Marvaldi
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB49932FCD6CAA06397C294" box="[847,900,1227,1252]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="499">et al</emphasis>
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. in prep.). Within
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FBF0CAA164EBC294" box="[1129,1272,1226,1252]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anthribidae</taxonomicName>
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, uncertainties exist about the status of the three subfamilies
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FD5DCA996340C37C" box="[708,851,1266,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anthribinae">Anthribinae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FCF8CA9963FBC37C" box="[865,1000,1266,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Choraginae">Choraginae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FBBECA9964AEC37C" box="[1063,1213,1266,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Urodontinae">Urodontinae</taxonomicName>
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, in that the monophyly of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FE9FCB716181C344" box="[262,402,1306,1332]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anthribinae">Anthribinae</taxonomicName>
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with respect to
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FDC1CB7162CCC344" box="[600,735,1306,1332]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Choraginae">Choraginae</taxonomicName>
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is not established and in that
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FBD7CB7164F2C344" box="[1102,1249,1306,1332]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Urodontinae">Urodontinae</taxonomicName>
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differ from the other two groups in numerous features, prompting several authors (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB49932FB97CB2964D2C32C" author="Crowson" box="[1038,1217,1346,1372]" pageId="8" pageNumber="515" refString="Crowson, R. A. (1984) On the systematic position of Bruchela Dejean (Urodon auctt.) (Coleoptera). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 38 (1), 91 - 93." type="journal article" year="1984">Crowson 1984</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB49932FB48CB296584C32C" author="Thompson" box="[1233,1431,1346,1372]" pageId="8" pageNumber="519" refString="Thompson, R. T. (1992) Observations on the morphology and classification of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) with a key to the major groups. Journal of natural History, 26, 835 - 891." type="journal article" year="1992">Thompson 1992</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB49932FF0ECB01610DC3F4" author="Louw" box="[151,286,1386,1412]" pageId="8" pageNumber="517" refString="Louw, S. (1993) Systematics of the Urodontidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) of southern Africa. Entomology Memoir, Department of Agriculture, Republic of South Africa, 87, 1 - 92." type="journal article" year="1993">Louw 1993</bibRefCitation>
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) to treat them as a distinct family. They share a few apomorphic features with
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FB2FCB016550C3F4" box="[1206,1347,1386,1412]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anthribinae">Anthribinae</taxonomicName>
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/
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FAD2CB0160CAC3DC" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Choraginae">Choraginae</taxonomicName>
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, notably the long but faint, transverse notosternal sutures, a grooved pygidium (tergites 6/7) and the absence of tibial spurs, but their male genitalia are quite different (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB49932FC27CBD164D2C3A4" author="Lyal" box="[958,1217,1466,1492]" pageId="8" pageNumber="517" refString="Lyal, C. H. C. & Barclay, M. V. L. (2001) The male terminalia of Bruchela rufipes (Olivier) (Col., Anthribidae, Urodontinae). Entomologist's monthly Magazine, 137 (1644 - 1647), 107 - 110." type="journal article" year="2001">Lyal & Barclay 2001</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB49932FB49CBD1654CC3A4" author="Wanat" box="[1232,1375,1466,1492]" pageId="8" pageNumber="519" refString="Wanat, M. (2007) Alignment and homology of male terminalia in Curculionoidea and other Coleoptera. Invertebrate Systematics, 21, 147 - 171." type="journal article" year="2007">Wanat 2007</bibRefCitation>
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) and their larvae have dorsal ambulatory papillae and purple Malpighian tubules (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB49932FBB5CB8964BAC38C" author="May" box="[1068,1193,1506,1532]" pageId="8" pageNumber="517" refString="May, B. M. (1993) Larvae of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera): a systematic overview. Fauna of New Zealand, 28, 1 - 1221." type="journal article" year="1993">
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<date id="FF801059FFB49932FBB5CB8964BAC38C" box="[1068,1193,1506,1532]" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" value="1993-05">May 1993</date>
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</bibRefCitation>
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) like those of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FAC0CB896100C054" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemonychidae</taxonomicName>
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. The tubules may be involved in silk production, as at least some urodontine larvae spin cocoons for pupation in the soil (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB49932FE2AC8596357C03C" author="Scott" box="[435,836,1586,1612]" pageId="8" pageNumber="519" refString="Scott, H. (1930) A new East African species of Urodon (Coleoptera), bred from Gladiolus, with notes on the biology of the genus. Entomologist's monthly Magazine, 66, 104 - 107." type="journal article" year="1930">Scott 1930, Oberprieler pers. obs.</bibRefCitation>
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). Further studies and especially analyses of molecular characters are needed to establish the true relationships and taxonomic status of the urodontines. Relationships within
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FEFCC8E961E2C0EC" box="[357,497,1666,1692]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anthribinae">Anthribinae</taxonomicName>
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are still unclear, no phylogeny being available yet and no proper concepts existing for the 28 tribes generally recognised.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |