292 lines
37 KiB
XML
292 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="810F6E447C18A1120D25D44CB0623C68" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4271.1.1" ID-CLB-Dataset="32974" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4271.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f3ad9b4c-35d8-4a01-a14b-3dd968623358" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="583192" ID-ZooBank="50496AC4-D639-49A7-9249-386B037DAE72" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1495697318696" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mah, Christopher L." docDate="2017" docId="0393E60DFF89FFDBD2B08F9CE9D17458" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4271.1.1SLASH11141.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4271 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Paraferdina plakos Mah, 2017, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="65" masterDocId="FFAA9E75FFB7FF9BD2278D50ED097120" masterDocTitle="Overview of the Ferdina - like Goniasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) including a new subfamily, three new genera and fourteen new species" masterLastPageNumber="72" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="63" updateTime="1698439914132" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="7C1F690D709600131D20EEF82E706E40">Overview of the Ferdina - like Goniasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) including a new subfamily, three new genera and fourteen new species</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="C5BFA55DD1CA0A801C799940B227E82E" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="E70B4F44A2F6C09EE1E5ED5E05DFC277">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E870347EDBF6A43F84DA85591B785BF7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0937F70CEFBF2ADE8D2B41DCC9385D68">
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<mods:date id="EF5C7FB54513419D38A84F33DCD1FFFD">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F0E03D06D305A1E7769C431D432DF11F">4271</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="CDEDF5567CDE0A3B78821AFF3365C5B1">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="CE046BB6B91FC942C2B6AB944113A6F5" type="CLB-Dataset">32974</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="697689EE98790EC11F54367681B7AED7" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4271.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="52A93D37D21B7CFF527B62DEC2BB395C" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0393E60DFF89FFDBD2B08F9CE9D17458" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6017039" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130844966" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6017039" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0393E60DFF89FFDBD2B08F9CE9D17458" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0393E60DFF89FFDBD2B08F9CE9D17458" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<subSubSection id="C3200490FF89FFA5D2B08F9CEC327227" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B85571BFF89FFA5D2B08F9CECC173C6" blockId="62.[151,456,716,775]" box="[151,456,716,742]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<heading id="D0CDE077FF89FFA5D2B08F9CECC173C6" bold="true" box="[151,456,716,742]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF89FFA5D2B08F9CECC173C6" bold="true" box="[151,456,716,742]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A2C98FF89FFA5D2B08F9CEC7673C6" box="[151,383,716,742]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Paraferdina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="plakos" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF89FFA5D2B08F9CEC7673C6" bold="true" box="[151,383,716,742]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Paraferdina plakos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27D3672FF89FFA5D3A18F9CECC173C6" box="[390,456,716,742]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B85571BFF89FFA5D2B08FBEEC327227" blockId="62.[151,456,716,775]" box="[151,315,750,775]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<figureCitation id="13014B9EFF89FFA5D2B08FBEEC0A7227" box="[151,259,750,775]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1707,1729]" captionTargetBox="[166,1417,219,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,195,1685]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 22. Paraferdina plakos n. sp. A – C: Paratype, MNHN-IE- 2007 - 1099. Scale Bar = 1.8 mm. A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal and superomarginal detail. C. Actinal surface. D – F: Holotype MNHN-IE- 2013 - 6604, Scale Bar = 6.0 mm. D. Abactinal surface. E. Superomarginal and abactinal detail. F. Actinal surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583214/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Figure 22</figureCitation>
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A–F
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3200490FF89FFA5D2B08E66EF49724B" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B85571BFF89FFA5D2B08E66EF49724B" blockId="62.[151,826,822,875]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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Koehler 1910: 143,147, pl. 16, figs. 4, 5 (as
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A2C98FF89FFA5D0718E66EFE3726C" box="[598,746,822,844]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Ferdina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="offreti">
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<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF89FFA5D0718E66EFE3726C" box="[598,746,822,844]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Ferdina offreti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in part) Marsh and Price 1991: 69 (as
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A2C98FF89FFA5D3E18E06EF31724B" box="[454,568,853,875]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Paraferdina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sohariae">
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<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF89FFA5D3E18E06EF31724B" box="[454,568,853,875]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P. sohariae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3200490FF89FFA5D2B08EC7E8107290" box="[151,1305,919,944]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8B85571BFF89FFA5D2B08EC7E8107290" blockId="62.[151,1436,919,1952]" box="[151,1305,919,944]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF89FFA5D2B08EC7EC177290" bold="true" box="[151,286,919,944]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Etymology.</emphasis>
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The species epithet is derived from the Greek
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A2C98FF89FFA5D10E8EC8EE7B7290" box="[809,882,920,944]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Paraferdina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="plakos">
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<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF89FFA5D10E8EC8EE7B7290" box="[809,882,920,944]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">plakos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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for “plate” (noun held in apposition).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3200490FF89FFA5D2E08EECE9E07630" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B85571BFF89FFA5D2E08EECEDEF7560" blockId="62.[151,1436,919,1952]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF89FFA5D2E08EECEC4872F5" bold="true" box="[199,321,956,981]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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This species has much larger and wider superomarginal plates which encroach onto the abactinal surface forming a very wide marginal edge (65–80% of the disk radius) to this species. Abactinal, marginal and actinal surfaces are all covered by continuous granular tegument with no bare region. Glassy embossed nodules are absent.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B85571BFF89FFA5D2E0891CEFBC74A5" blockId="62.[151,1436,919,1952]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF89FFA5D2E0891CEC907545" bold="true" box="[199,409,1100,1125]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Taxonomic notes.</emphasis>
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Examination of the
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<typeStatus id="5481E9B9FF89FFA5D0A0891DEFEE7545" box="[647,743,1101,1125]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A2C98FF89FFA5D136891CE90D7544" box="[785,1028,1100,1124]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Paraferdina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sohariae">
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<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF89FFA5D136891CE90D7544" box="[785,1028,1100,1124]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Paraferdina sohariae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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figured by Marsh and Price (1991:
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<figureCitation id="13014B9EFF89FFA5D2B0893FEDD375A8" box="[151,218,1135,1160]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1858,1880]" captionTargetBox="[175,1398,218,1816]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[154,1439,177,1840]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ferdina flavescens. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 6603. Scale Bar = 2.0 mm. A. Abactinal surface. C. Oral surface. E. Close up actinal surface, furrow spines and other adambulacral features. F. sadhensis. Paratype USNM E 41400. Scale Bar = 3.0 mm. B. Abactinal surface. D. Oral surface. F. O ral surface detail." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583196/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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) in contrast shows much less prominent superomarginals with smaller but more convex abactinal plates and with a more angular contact with the abactinal surface. Superomarginals in
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A2C98FF89FFA5D63689C4E9E4758C" box="[1041,1261,1172,1196]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Paraferdina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="plakos" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF89FFA5D63689C4E9E4758C" box="[1041,1261,1172,1196]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Paraferdina plakos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27D3672FF89FFA5D6DF89C5E824758C" box="[1272,1325,1173,1196]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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compose approximately 65–80% of the abactinal surface across the arm base, whereas superomarginals in
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A2C98FF89FFA5D73E89E9E89575F0" box="[1305,1436,1208,1232]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Paraferdina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sohariae">
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<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF89FFA5D73E89E9E89575F0" box="[1305,1436,1208,1232]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P. sohariae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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comprise only approximately 25–30% of the distance across the arm base. Although arm shape varies between the two figured individuals, plate patterns are consistent and when further images of this species was surveyed (see below) it was clear that arm shape was variable across different individuals. Specimens examined were slightly larger (R=
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<quantity id="4CC2FAFEFF89FFA5D32E8818EC817440" box="[265,392,1352,1376]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="3.7" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="cm" value="3.9" valueMax="4.1" valueMin="3.7">3.7–4.1 cm</quantity>
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) than those identified by Price and Marsh (1991) as
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A2C98FF89FFA5D1EA8819E9437440" box="[973,1098,1352,1376]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Paraferdina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sohariae">
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<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF89FFA5D1EA8819E9437440" box="[973,1098,1352,1376]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P. sohariae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(R=
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<quantity id="4CC2FAFEFF89FFA5D65C8818E9F37440" box="[1147,1274,1352,1376]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" metricValueMax="4.3" metricValueMin="3.3" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="cm" value="3.8" valueMax="4.3" valueMin="3.3">3.3–4.3 cm</quantity>
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) which argues against morphological differences as size-based.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B85571BFF89FFA5D2E088C0E89974D0" blockId="62.[151,1436,919,1952]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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As indicated below, this species is frequently misidentified as
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A2C98FF89FFA5D1B088C0E94F7488" box="[919,1094,1424,1448]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Fromia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="monilis">
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<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF89FFA5D1B088C0E94F7488" box="[919,1094,1424,1448]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fromia monilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, most likely due to its nearly similar color pattern (red and white). However,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A2C98FF89FFA5D08D88E4EE3B74EC" box="[682,818,1460,1484]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Paraferdina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF89FFA5D08D88E4EE3B74EC" box="[682,818,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Paraferdina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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differs in that the granular tegument completely covers the adambulacral plate surface and the marginal plates along the arms covers a significant part of the arm surface.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B85571BFF89FFA5D2E088ACE9E07630" blockId="62.[151,1436,919,1952]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF89FFA5D2E088ACECA17735" bold="true" box="[199,424,1532,1557]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Conservation note.</emphasis>
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In the course of study of this species, images from approximately twelve aquarium and pet shops were consulted on social media (Facebook, etc.) and the internet with a several images (n>20 files) displaying over 30 individuals identified as being for sale, but almost always misidentified as either
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A2C98FF89FFA5D7008B15E873777C" box="[1319,1402,1605,1628]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Fromia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF89FFA5D7008B15E873777C" box="[1319,1402,1605,1628]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fromia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or
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<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF89FFA5D2B08B38EC4077A0" box="[151,329,1640,1664]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A2C98FF89FFA5D2B08B38EC4C77A0" box="[151,325,1640,1664]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Fromia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="monilis">Fromia monilis</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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and was labelled: “pebbled star”, “red marble”, “marbled
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A2C98FF89FFA5D1F48B38E92F775F" box="[979,1062,1640,1663]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Fromia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF89FFA5D1F48B38E92F775F" box="[979,1062,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fromia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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”, “Indian sea star”, “tile starfish” among others. Three sets of images were identified as having been collected from
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<collectingCountry id="F32D178BFF89FFA5D6668BDCE9A67785" box="[1089,1199,1676,1701]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<collectingRegion id="49FE99F9FF89FFA5D6668BDCE96B7785" box="[1089,1122,1676,1701]" country="United Kingdom" name="Surrey" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Sri</collectingRegion>
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Lanka
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</collectingCountry>
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whereas most of the others were without collection data. This indicates that this species, has either directly or indirectly become a target for the aquarium fishery. Because very little about the biology of this species is known, this species’ sustainability and potential ecological importance are important future research and conservation considerations.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3200490FF89FFDBD2E08A4CECC7742D" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B85571BFF89FFA5D2E08A4CE8477678" blockId="62.[151,1436,919,1952]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF89FFA5D2E08A4CEC507615" bold="true" box="[199,345,1820,1845]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Occurrence.</emphasis>
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Racha Yai Island, Andaman Sea, Thailand,
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<materialsCitation id="3B525D46FF89FFA5D1798A4CE9507614" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739300" box="[862,1113,1820,1845]" country="Madagascar" elevation="42" location="Madagascar" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" specimenCount="1">
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<collectingCountry id="F32D178BFF89FFA5D1798A4CEEEC7615" box="[862,997,1820,1845]" name="Madagascar" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
<quantity id="4CC2FAFEFF89FFA5D1D78A4CE9507614" box="[1008,1113,1820,1845]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" metricValueMax="5.4" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="42.0" valueMax="54.0" valueMin="30.0">
|
||
<elevation id="0017B028FF89FFA5D1D78A4CE9507614" box="[1008,1113,1820,1845]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" metricValueMax="5.4" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="42.0" valueMax="54.0" valueMin="30.0">
|
||
30–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3C9C92FF89FFA5D63D8A4CE9507614" box="[1050,1113,1820,1845]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="generic">54 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
. Note also that some of the commercial images depicting this species indicated collection from Sri Lanka but this could not be verified.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B85571BFF89FFA5D2E08A34EEEB7680" blockId="62.[151,1436,919,1952]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF89FFA5D2E08A34EC50765D" bold="true" box="[199,345,1892,1917]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Body stellate (R:r=3.15–3.36), arms triangular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13014B9EFF89FFA5D1508A34EEC0765C" box="[887,969,1892,1917]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1707,1729]" captionTargetBox="[166,1417,219,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,195,1685]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 22. Paraferdina plakos n. sp. A – C: Paratype, MNHN-IE- 2007 - 1099. Scale Bar = 1.8 mm. A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal and superomarginal detail. C. Actinal surface. D – F: Holotype MNHN-IE- 2013 - 6604, Scale Bar = 6.0 mm. D. Abactinal surface. E. Superomarginal and abactinal detail. F. Actinal surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583214/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
A) to more blunt-tipped and finger-like in shape (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13014B9EFF89FFA5D2C18AD7EC3E7680" box="[230,311,1927,1952]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1707,1729]" captionTargetBox="[166,1417,219,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,195,1685]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 22. Paraferdina plakos n. sp. A – C: Paratype, MNHN-IE- 2007 - 1099. Scale Bar = 1.8 mm. A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal and superomarginal detail. C. Actinal surface. D – F: Holotype MNHN-IE- 2013 - 6604, Scale Bar = 6.0 mm. D. Abactinal surface. E. Superomarginal and abactinal detail. F. Actinal surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583214/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
D). Body stout. Granulated tissue layer covers body surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF450793FF88FFA4D2B08BFBEEAE77DE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583214/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" targetBox="[166,1417,219,1672]" targetPageId="63">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B85571BFF88FFA4D2B08BFBEEAE77DE" blockId="63.[151,1436,1707,1790]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF88FFA4D2B08BFBEF3977E1" bold="true" box="[151,560,1707,1729]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
FIGURE 22.
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF88FFA4D3008BFBEF3977E1" bold="true" box="[295,560,1707,1729]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A2C98FF88FFA4D3008BFBECF877E1" box="[295,497,1707,1729]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Paraferdina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="plakos" status="sp. nov.">Paraferdina plakos</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27D3672FF88FFA4D3DF8BFCEF3977E1" box="[504,560,1708,1729]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A–C:
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF88FFA4D0518BFBEFD677E0" bold="true" box="[630,735,1707,1728]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Paratype,</emphasis>
|
||
MNHN-IE-2007-1099. Scale Bar=1.8 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF88FFA4D6838BFBE9B477E0" bold="true" box="[1188,1213,1707,1728]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal and superomarginal detail.
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF88FFA4D00D8B9AEF4A77C0" bold="true" box="[554,579,1738,1760]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Actinal surface. D–F:
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF88FFA4D1658B9AEEAC77FF" bold="true" box="[834,933,1738,1759]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Holotype</emphasis>
|
||
MNHN-IE-2013-6604, Scale Bar=6.0 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF88FFA4D7A48B9AE89577FF" bold="true" box="[1411,1436,1738,1759]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">D.</emphasis>
|
||
Abactinal surface.
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF88FFA4D3728BB9EC6577DE" bold="true" box="[341,364,1769,1790]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">E.</emphasis>
|
||
Superomarginal and abactinal detail.
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E8B09FF88FFA4D0CB8BB9EFF677DE" bold="true" box="[748,767,1769,1790]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">F.</emphasis>
|
||
Actinal surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B85571BFF88FFDBD2E08A75ECCF70F0" blockId="63.[151,1436,1829,2035]" lastBlockId="64.[151,1437,151,1400]" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Abactinal surface composed of large, round to polygonal plates abutted against one another with smaller (<15% of diameter) plates present between them (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13014B9EFF88FFA4D0FC8A19EE3D7642" box="[731,820,1865,1890]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1707,1729]" captionTargetBox="[166,1417,219,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,195,1685]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 22. Paraferdina plakos n. sp. A – C: Paratype, MNHN-IE- 2007 - 1099. Scale Bar = 1.8 mm. A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal and superomarginal detail. C. Actinal surface. D – F: Holotype MNHN-IE- 2013 - 6604, Scale Bar = 6.0 mm. D. Abactinal surface. E. Superomarginal and abactinal detail. F. Actinal surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583214/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Figs 22</figureCitation>
|
||
A–E). Largest plates are present along arms, smallest most numerous plates present on disk and proximally on arm. Larger plates variable, but when present are weakly convex, circular to polygonal on disk. Arms dominated by large polygonal plates with few to no observed smaller plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13014B9EFF88FFA4D2CB8AE5EC4576EE" box="[236,332,1973,1998]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1707,1729]" captionTargetBox="[166,1417,219,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,195,1685]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 22. Paraferdina plakos n. sp. A – C: Paratype, MNHN-IE- 2007 - 1099. Scale Bar = 1.8 mm. A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal and superomarginal detail. C. Actinal surface. D – F: Holotype MNHN-IE- 2013 - 6604, Scale Bar = 6.0 mm. D. Abactinal surface. E. Superomarginal and abactinal detail. F. Actinal surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583214/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Figs. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B, D, E). Abactinal plates highly variable with different arms on the
|
||
<typeStatus id="5481E9B9FF88FFA4D6868AE5E80A76EE" box="[1185,1283,1973,1998]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
not showing identical plate shapes, sizes or patterns. These larger plates forming large, wide to equal sized, round to polygon shields along the radius of each arm (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13014B9EFFF7FFDBD0678DC7EF9E7190" box="[576,663,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1707,1729]" captionTargetBox="[166,1417,219,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,195,1685]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 22. Paraferdina plakos n. sp. A – C: Paratype, MNHN-IE- 2007 - 1099. Scale Bar = 1.8 mm. A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal and superomarginal detail. C. Actinal surface. D – F: Holotype MNHN-IE- 2013 - 6604, Scale Bar = 6.0 mm. D. Abactinal surface. E. Superomarginal and abactinal detail. F. Actinal surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583214/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Figs 22</figureCitation>
|
||
B, E), with many in direct contact with superomarginal plates where they encroach onto the abactinal surface. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="5481E9B9FFF7FFDBD0828DECEE0E71F5" box="[677,775,188,213]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D178BFFF7FFDBD13F8DECEE8371F5" box="[792,906,188,213]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FE99F9FFF7FFDBD13F8DECEE3371F5" box="[792,826,188,213]" country="United Kingdom" name="Surrey" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Sri</collectingRegion>
|
||
Lanka
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
) shows smaller plates on the abactinal surface whereas the
|
||
<typeStatus id="5481E9B9FFF7FFDBD3048DB0EC8A71D8" box="[291,387,224,248]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D178BFFF7FFDBD3B68D8FEF1571D8" box="[401,540,223,248]" name="Madagascar" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13014B9EFFF7FFDBD0148D8FEF8D71D8" box="[563,644,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1707,1729]" captionTargetBox="[166,1417,219,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,195,1685]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 22. Paraferdina plakos n. sp. A – C: Paratype, MNHN-IE- 2007 - 1099. Scale Bar = 1.8 mm. A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal and superomarginal detail. C. Actinal surface. D – F: Holotype MNHN-IE- 2013 - 6604, Scale Bar = 6.0 mm. D. Abactinal surface. E. Superomarginal and abactinal detail. F. Actinal surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583214/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
A) displays fewer arm plates and has a darker more granular tegument. Surface completely covered by fine, continuous cover of granules. Papulae, three to 20, forming variably sized patches between larger plates, conspicuously extending through the granular tegument. Granules and papulae extend along arm surface to arm tip along narrow strip between superomarginals to arm tip. Madreporite triangular in shape, abutted by approximately three abactinal plates. Pedicellariae not observed. Anus with five spatulate, blunt spines. Papular regions between large to mid-sized shield-like plates dark in color. Granules obscure boundaries between plates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B85571BFFF7FFDBD2E08C8CEFC37235" blockId="64.[151,1437,151,1400]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
Marginal plates, 18–24 per interradius, each plate broad and very wide, shield-shaped with all surfaces covered by a continuous layer of granules obscuring boundaries between plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13014B9EFFF7FFDBD1C98CAFE9477338" box="[1006,1102,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1707,1729]" captionTargetBox="[166,1417,219,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,195,1685]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 22. Paraferdina plakos n. sp. A – C: Paratype, MNHN-IE- 2007 - 1099. Scale Bar = 1.8 mm. A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal and superomarginal detail. C. Actinal surface. D – F: Holotype MNHN-IE- 2013 - 6604, Scale Bar = 6.0 mm. D. Abactinal surface. E. Superomarginal and abactinal detail. F. Actinal surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583214/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Figs. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B, D, E). Abactinal and marginal plate series are swollen and sit above the body surface. Superomarginals and inferomarginals slightly offset from one another. Superomarginal plates form prominent wide border around edge and encroaching onto abactinal surface. Distalmost two to four superomarginal plates abutting along midline with zig-zag shaped contact along midline. Most are in homogeneous, serial order but a smaller number of plates in irregular series on one arm was observed, as well as some irregular plates on arm tips. Papulae, which were present abactinally are absent on marginal surface. As with the abactinal surface, regions between marginals are darker in color.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FE99F9FFF7FFDBD6C58F88E80D73CF" box="[1250,1284,728,751]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">No</collectingRegion>
|
||
pedicellariae observed. Terminal plate triangular, arm upturned.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B85571BFFF7FFDBD2E08E4FEF657578" blockId="64.[151,1437,151,1400]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
Actinal surface composed of approximately two and a half series of actinal intermediate plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13014B9EFFF7FFDBD6D88E4FE8547218" box="[1279,1373,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1707,1729]" captionTargetBox="[166,1417,219,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,195,1685]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 22. Paraferdina plakos n. sp. A – C: Paratype, MNHN-IE- 2007 - 1099. Scale Bar = 1.8 mm. A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal and superomarginal detail. C. Actinal surface. D – F: Holotype MNHN-IE- 2013 - 6604, Scale Bar = 6.0 mm. D. Abactinal surface. E. Superomarginal and abactinal detail. F. Actinal surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583214/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Figs. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
C, F). Individual plates, weakly convex, quadrate to polygonal in shape. Actinal plates extend along ~90% of arm length pinching out about two to three plates prior to terminus. Adambulacrals quadrate in shape, covered by granules that are slightly larger than those which cover remainder of actinal surface. Actinal granules differ from abactinal and marginal surface in that color is consistently light across the surface but boundaries between plates are obscured by granules.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FE99F9FFF7FFDBD3228E85EC2E72CC" box="[261,295,981,1004]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">No</collectingRegion>
|
||
pedicellariae observed. Furrow spines, short and blunt, one or two per adambulacral. Below furrow spine tip, surface covered by granules. One large, blunt spine directed into mouth per plate. Furrow spines on oral margin slightly thicker than those more distally along arm. Granules on oral surface adjacent to oral plates slightly more coarse than those on actinal surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B85571BFFF7FFDBD2E08935ECC7742D" blockId="64.[151,1437,151,1400]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Numerous images of this species from crowd-sourced image banks and online aquarium shops show living colors for this species as white, yellow to red plates with striking darker red, orange to bright yellow coloring the interstitial granular regions between them. Some show dark red/orange disk granulation with white abactinal and marginal plates and yellow to orange arm tips. Papulae are represented by dark spots are present among the darker interstitial granular regions.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3200490FFF7FFDBD2E08847E9D17458" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B85571BFFF7FFDBD2E08847E9D17458" blockId="64.[151,1437,151,1400]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B525D46FFF7FFDBD2E08847EF6A7474" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739303" collectorName="Coll. S." country="Thailand" elevation="30" location="Racha Yai Island" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E8B09FFF7FFDBD2E08847EF407410" bold="true" box="[199,585,1303,1328]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
Material examined.
|
||
<typeStatus id="5481E9B9FFF7FFDBD3F48847EF4D7410" box="[467,580,1303,1328]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
MNHN-IE-2013-6604;
|
||
<location id="8EE501C0FFF7FFDBD1788847E9347410" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0393E60DFF89FFDBD2B08F9CE9D17458:8EE501C0FFF7FFDBD1788847E9347410" box="[863,1085,1303,1328]" country="Thailand" name="Racha Yai Island" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Racha Yai Island</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D178BFFF7FFDBD6708847E9B47410" box="[1111,1213,1303,1328]" name="Thailand" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC2FAFEFFF7FFDBD6F18848E8297410" box="[1238,1312,1304,1328]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="30.0">
|
||
<elevation id="0017B028FFF7FFDBD6F18848E8297410" box="[1238,1312,1304,1328]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="26CF32CDFFF7FFDBD71E8847E8957410" box="[1337,1436,1303,1328]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Coll. S.</collectorName>
|
||
Patamokaithin; 1 dry spec. R=4.1, r=1.3
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B525D46FFF7FFDBD048886CE9D17458" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739297" collectingDate="2009-07-14" collectorName="Coll. Bouchet & Kantor & St. CP & O Miriky" country="Madagascar" elevation="54" latitude="-14.531667" location="Madagascar" longLatPrecision="92" longitude="47.442333" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E8B09FFF7FFDBD048886CEFEC7475" bold="true" box="[623,741,1340,1365]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<typeStatus id="5481E9B9FFF7FFDBD048886CEFE97475" box="[623,736,1340,1365]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
MNHN-IE-2007-1099;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D178BFFF7FFDBD1DD886CE98A7475" box="[1018,1155,1340,1365]" name="Madagascar" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0E31DCFFF7FFDBD6B7886CE8087474" box="[1168,1281,1340,1364]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" precision="92" value="-14.531667">14°31.9’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0E31DCFFF7FFDBD729886CE89E7475" box="[1294,1431,1340,1365]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" precision="9" value="47.442333">47° 26.54’E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC2FAFEFFF7FFDBD2B0880FEDDA7458" box="[151,211,1375,1400]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="54.0">
|
||
<elevation id="0017B028FFF7FFDBD2B0880FEDDA7458" box="[151,211,1375,1400]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="54.0">54 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="26CF32CDFFF7FFDBD2F9880FEC737458" box="[222,378,1375,1400]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Coll. Bouchet</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName id="26CF32CDFFF7FFDBD3B98831ECE47458" box="[414,493,1377,1400]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Kantor</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF8471DBFFF7FFDBD3DF8830EF857458" box="[504,652,1375,1400]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" value="2009-07-14">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFC08833FFF7FFDBD3DF8830EF857458" box="[504,652,1375,1400]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" value="2009-07-14">14 July 2009</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26CF32CDFFF7FFDBD0B08830EFD77458" box="[663,734,1376,1400]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">St. CP</collectorName>
|
||
3288 N/
|
||
<collectorName id="26CF32CDFFF7FFDBD1668830EEA17458" box="[833,936,1376,1400]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
O
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E8B09FFF7FFDBD17C8830EEA17458" box="[859,936,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Miriky</emphasis>
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
; 1 wet spec. R=3.7, r= 1.1.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |