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<document id="7B19F130884C505751E580CD7B734F96" ID-CLB-Dataset="7046" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2013.802043" ID-GBIF-Dataset="18a7da01-2a91-4662-b5d5-34f9af05d2a6" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4632001" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1616524493557" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Geerinckx, Tom &amp; Vreven, Emmanuel" docDate="2013" docId="039387B1FFF0FFE0FE32784D9352FA5F" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.47.47-48.2979-3010.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 47 (47 - 48)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.802043" docStyle="DocumentStyle:210803DF447D5DCB84349979EDD3507F.6:JNatHist.2013-2015.journal_article.2cover" docStyleId="210803DF447D5DCB84349979EDD3507F" docStyleName="JNatHist.2013-2015.journal_article.2cover" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Auchenoglanis Gunther 1865" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="3000" masterDocId="FFAAFFC9FFE5FFF7FFFE790B9702FFC6" masterDocTitle="A re-evaluation of the species-level diversity within the catfish genus Auchenoglanis (Siluriformes: Claroteidae)" masterLastPageNumber="3010" masterPageNumber="2979" pageNumber="2998" updateTime="1698934695680" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="B80002558C694F890BF659E63CAC9C3C">A re-evaluation of the species-level diversity within the catfish genus Auchenoglanis (Siluriformes: Claroteidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="A8852F01EE33713A1EE3EC5E772C73CD">Biology Department, Ghent University - UGent, Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3D1A80CED90CB2745318D3455578F5F6">Vreven, Emmanuel</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="DCAE35FBF04F9371951D293B9DBE90C6">Royal Museum for Central Africa, Vertebrate Section, Ichthyology, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium; &amp; Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Charles de Beriotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="039387B1FFF0FFE0FE32784D9352FA5F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4742970" ID-GBIF-Taxon="181882167" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4742970" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039387B1FFF0FFE0FE32784D9352FA5F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039387B1FFF0FFE0FE32784D9352FA5F" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="3000" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998">
<subSubSection id="C320652CFFF0FFE2FE32784D9410FE99" box="[460,786,326,351]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8536A7FFF0FFE2FE32784D9410FE99" blockId="21.[460,786,326,351]" box="[460,786,326,351]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998">
<heading id="D0CD81CBFFF0FFE2FE32784D9410FE99" box="[460,786,326,351]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF0FFE2FE32784D9410FE99" ID-CoL="35K4" ID-ENA="390417" authority="Gunther, 1865" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1865" box="[460,786,326,351]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF0FFE2FE32784D9569FE99" bold="true" box="[460,619,326,351]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998">Auchenoglanis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B56FFF0FFE2FD8C784C9410FE99" author="Gunther A" box="[626,786,327,351]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998" pagination="133 - 188" refId="ref18989" refString="Gunther A. 1865. Pisces. Zoological Record, for 1864: 133 - 188." type="journal article" year="1865">Günther, 1865</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
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<subSubSection id="C320652CFFF0FFE2FF71788C9658FE38" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B8536A7FFF0FFE2FF71788C9525FE59" blockId="21.[143,1103,391,542]" box="[143,551,391,415]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998">
<heading id="D0CD81CBFFF0FFE2FF71788C9525FE59" box="[143,551,391,415]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998" reason="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF0FFE2FF71788C9603FE59" ID-CoL="6QKL" authority="La Cepède, 1803" box="[143,257,391,415]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pimelodidae" genus="Pimelodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF0FFE2FF71788C9603FE59" box="[143,257,391,415]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998">Pimelodus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(partim) La Cepède, 1803
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8536A7FFF0FFE2FF7178AC96CEFE78" blockId="21.[143,1103,391,542]" box="[143,460,422,447]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998">
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF0FFE2FF7178AC96CEFE78" authority="Vinciguerra, 1898 Replacement" authorityName="Vinciguerra" authorityYear="1898" box="[143,460,422,447]" family="Claroteidae" genus="Oxyglanis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF0FFE2FF7178AC97FCFE79" box="[143,254,423,447]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998">Oxyglanis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B56FFF0FFE2FEFB78AD96CEFE78" author="Vinciguerra D" box="[261,460,422,446]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998" pagination="240 - 261" refId="ref19897" refString="Vinciguerra D. 1898. I pesci dell'ultima spedizione del Capitano Bottego. Ann Mus Civ Stor Nat - Giacomo Doria. 19: 240 - 261." type="journal article" year="1898">Vinciguerra, 1898</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8536A7FFF0FFE2FF7178CD9658FE38" blockId="21.[143,1103,391,542]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998">
Replacement name for
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF0FFE2FE4C78CC95EEFE18" authority="Bleeker, 1858" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[434,748,454,479]" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenaspis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF0FFE2FE4C78CC953BFE19" box="[434,569,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998">Auchenaspis</emphasis>
Bleeker, 1858
</taxonomicName>
, preoccupied by
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF0FFE2FC3678CC9654FE38" authority="Egerton, 1857" authorityName="Egerton" authorityYear="1857" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenaspis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF0FFE2FC3678CC934DFE19" box="[968,1103,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998">Auchenaspis</emphasis>
Egerton, 1857
</taxonomicName>
;
</paragraph>
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<typeStatus id="54818805FFF0FFE2FE9878EC9694FE39" box="[358,406,487,511]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998">type</typeStatus>
species
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF0FFE2FE0278ED95EAFE38" authorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1809" box="[508,744,486,510]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pimelodidae" genus="Pimelodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biscutatus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF0FFE2FE0278ED95EAFE38" box="[508,744,486,510]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998">Pimelodus biscutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by subsequent designation by
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B56FFF0FFE2FF517B0D9651FDD8" author="Bleeker P" box="[175,339,518,542]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998" pagination="77 - 122" refId="ref18004" refString="Bleeker P. 1863. Systema Silurorum revisum. Ned Tijdschr Dierk. 1: 77 - 122." type="journal article" year="1863">Bleeker (1863)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C320652CFFF0FFE2FF717B629537FC21" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998" type="diagnosis">
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<heading id="D0CD81CBFFF0FFE2FF717B6297F9FD46" box="[143,251,617,640]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF0FFE2FF717B6297F9FD46" box="[143,251,617,640]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8536A7FFF0FFE2FF717B9A9537FC21" blockId="21.[143,1104,617,999]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998">
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF0FFE2FF717B9A962FFD6F" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1865" box="[143,301,657,681]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF0FFE2FF717B9A962FFD6F" box="[143,301,657,681]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998">Auchenoglanis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be easily recognized from the other genera in
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF0FFE2FC887B9B934DFD6E" authorityName="Jayaram" authorityYear="1966" box="[886,1103,656,680]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Auchenoglanidinae">Auchenoglanidinae</taxonomicName>
using the following straightforward characters: skull roof bones rough and well visible through the skin; supraoccipital process long and (except in small juveniles) almost as broad as the parieto-supraoccipital bone itself, contacting the first nuchal plate that often overlaps it slightly; very well-developed nuchal plates visible as one unit, lying broadly C-shaped around the base of the dorsal fin (except in small specimens, where they are triangular); eyes lateral, with free border and housed in well-defined bony orbits; premaxillary tooth plate composed of two tear-shaped to rectangular patches (premaxillae), each longer than broad, often not touching; minimal caudal peduncle depth 4158 (63) % of head depth (measured at the level of the supraoccipital process) (larger than 56% in the other genera).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C320652CFFF0FFE1FF717D39958DF9BC" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="2999" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8536A7FFF0FFE2FF717D39960CFB8F" blockId="21.[143,1104,1074,1329]" box="[143,270,1074,1097]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998">
<heading id="D0CD81CBFFF0FFE2FF717D39960CFB8F" box="[143,270,1074,1097]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF0FFE2FF717D39960CFB8F" box="[143,270,1074,1097]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8536A7FFF0FFE2FF717D51949CFAF7" blockId="21.[143,1104,1074,1329]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998">
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF0FFE2FF717D51962FFBB4" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1865" box="[143,301,1114,1138]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF0FFE2FF717D51962FFBB4" box="[143,301,1114,1138]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998">Auchenoglanis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is further characterized by: 911 branchiostegal rays; branchiostegal membranes not fused; dorsal fin with two spines (the first is short and inconspicuous) and 7 branched rays, pectoral fin with one spine and (8)910 branched rays (other genera 58), pelvic fin with 6 rays (5 of which are branched), anal fin with 913 rays (68 branched); edge of caudal fin (slightly) forked.
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF0FFE2FD087DD29496FB37" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1865" box="[758,916,1241,1265]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF0FFE2FD087DD29496FB37" box="[758,916,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998">Auchenoglanis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares with the other subfamily members the tube-like anterior nostrils, situated on the upper lip, and presenting the most straightforward diagnostic trait for the subfamily.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8536A7FFF0FFE2FF717C7097FCFA55" blockId="21.[143,1104,1403,1690]" box="[143,254,1403,1427]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998">
<heading id="D0CD81CBFFF0FFE2FF717C7097FCFA55" box="[143,254,1403,1427]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF0FFE2FF717C7097FCFA55" box="[143,254,1403,1427]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998">Osteology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8536A7FFF0FFE1FF717CA89609FEF9" blockId="21.[143,1104,1403,1690]" lastBlockId="22.[211,1172,167,1659]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="2999" pageId="21" pageNumber="2998">Anterior bifurcation of mesethmoid rudimentary; minute tips pointing rostrally. Anterior fontanelle spindle-shaped or slightly drop-shaped, with narrower anterior end; mesethmoid bordering only the far anterior end of the fontanelle. No posterior fontanelle. Superficial face of lateral ethmoid very elongated. Nasal bones long and very narrow tubes. Frontals not narrowing at the level of the eyes. Infraorbital canal entering the sphenotic well away from the suture with the frontal. Number of infraorbital bones varying from four to six. Next-to-last infraorbital often, and last infraorbital always medially curved. Orbita round and well demarcated by lateral ethmoid, frontal, sphenotic, and last two infraorbitals. Antorbital large and elongate, with a posterior plate-like portion. Parieto-supraoccipital broadly wedge-shaped anteriorly, deeply projecting between frontals. Supraoccipital process massive: as long as the body of the parieto-supraoccipital bone itself, and almost equally broad at its base.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8536A7FFF3FFE1FF00784394AFFE78" blockId="22.[211,1172,167,1659]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999">Dentary with anterior flange near symphysis; coronoid process short, robust, not reclining posteriorly. Posterolateral autopalatine flange long but not deep. Metapterygoid and hyomandibular almost without direct contact, due to long symplectic cartilage. Hyomandibular without dorsal ridge or process.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8536A7FFF3FFE1FF0078CD9384FD38" blockId="22.[211,1172,167,1659]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999">
Dorsoposterior and humeral processes of cleithrum distinct. Well-developed first nuchal plate usually somewhat overlapping the supraoccipital process. Second and (paired) third nuchal plates also well developed, well visible through the skin. Supraneural well developed. Space between anterior and posterior branches of parapophysis of fourth, complex vertebra almost completely filled by a bony sheet. Total number of 47 vertebrae (based on one cleared and stained specimen per species; see Material and methods). This number includes the anterior complex vertebral centrum (counted as 4;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B56FFF3FFE1FE487BAD9597FD78" author="Chardon M &amp; Parmentier E &amp; Vandewalle P" box="[438,661,678,702]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" pagination="71 - 119" refId="ref18371" refString="Chardon M, Parmentier E, Vandewalle P. 2003. Morphology, development and evolution of the Weberian apparatus in catfish. In: Arratia G, Kapoor AS, Chardon M, Diogo R, editors, Catfishes. Enfield (USA). Science Publishers. vol. 1: 71 - 119." type="journal article" year="2003">Chardon et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
). These characters allow discrimination from other claroteid genera. Refer to
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B56FFF3FFE1FDBD7BCE942BFD1B" author="Teugels GG &amp; Risch L &amp; De Vos &amp; Thys van den Audenaerde DFE" box="[579,809,709,733]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" pagination="499 - 517" refId="ref19813" refString="Teugels GG, Risch L, De Vos L, Thys van den Audenaerde DFE. 1991. Generic review of the African bagrid catfish genera Auchenoglanis and Parauchenoglanis with description of a new genus. J Nat Hist. 25: 499 - 517." type="journal article" year="1991">Teugels et al. (1991)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B56FFF3FFE1FC9A7BCE9368FD1B" author="Geerinckx T &amp; Vreven E &amp; Dierick M &amp; Van Hoorebeke L &amp; Adriaens D" box="[868,1130,709,733]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" pagination="165 - 191" refId="ref18812" refString="Geerinckx T, Vreven E, Dierick M, Van Hoorebeke L, Adriaens D. 2013. Revision of Notoglanidium and related genera (Siluriformes: Claroteidae) based on morphology and osteology. Zootaxa. 3691 (1): 165 - 191." type="journal article" year="2013">Geerinckx et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
for comparative morphological and osteological data of other auchenoglanidine genera.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8536A7FFF3FFE1FF007A0E9619FB7A" blockId="22.[211,1172,167,1659]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999">
The genus already existed at least 7 million years ago, as reports on the fossil
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF3FFE1FF2D7A2E96ABFCFB" box="[211,425,805,829]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="soye">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF3FFE1FF2D7A2E96ABFCFB" box="[211,425,805,829]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999">Auchenoglanis soye</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from West Central
<collectingCountry id="F32D7637FFF3FFE1FD717A2E95CFFCFB" box="[655,717,805,829]" name="Chad" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999">Chad</collectingCountry>
indicate (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B56FFF3FFE1FCC17A2E9303FCFB" author="Otero O &amp; Likius A &amp; Vignaud P &amp; Brunet M" box="[831,1025,805,829]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" pagination="285 - 294" refId="ref19344" refString="Otero O, Likius A, Vignaud P, Brunet M. 2007. A new claroteid catfish (Siluriformes) from the Upper Miocene of Toros-Menalla, Chad: Auchenoglanis soye, sp. nov. J Vert Pal. 27: 285 - 294." type="journal article" year="2007">Otero et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Fossil pectoral spines dated about 37 million years old (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B56FFF3FFE1FD007A4E94DDFC9B" author="Murray AM &amp; Cook TD &amp; Attia YS &amp; Chatrath P &amp; Simons EL" box="[766,991,837,861]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" pagination="665 - 680" refId="ref19302" refString="Murray AM, Cook TD, Attia YS, Chatrath P, Simons EL. 2010. A freshwater ichthyofauna from the late Eocene Birket Qarun Formation, Fayum, Egypt. J Vert Pal. 30: 665 - 680." type="journal article" year="2010">Murray et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
) were assigned to
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF3FFE1FF087A6E9696FCBB" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1865" box="[246,404,869,893]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF3FFE1FF087A6E9696FCBB" box="[246,404,869,893]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999">Auchenoglanis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B56FFF3FFE1FE017A6E941FFCBB" author="Gayet M &amp; Van Neer W" box="[511,797,869,893]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" pagination="241 - 252" refId="ref18670" refString="Gayet M, Van Neer W. 1990. Caracteres diagnostiques des epines de quelques silures africains. Rev Zool Afr. 104: 241 - 252." type="journal article" year="1990">Gayet &amp; Van Neer 1990</bibRefCitation>
). Its recent distribution is quite wide.
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF3FFE1FEE47A8E9530FC5B" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[282,562,901,925]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biscutatus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF3FFE1FEE47A8E9530FC5B" box="[282,562,901,925]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999">Auchenoglanis biscutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found from West African basins up to the Nile (
<typeStatus id="54818805FFF3FFE1FF257AAE9642FC7B" box="[219,320,933,957]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and recent, confirmed record from the Nile at Kosti,
<collectingCountry id="F32D7637FFF3FFE1FC3C7AAE930CFC7B" box="[962,1038,933,957]" name="Sudan" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999">Sudan</collectingCountry>
), with confirmed records as far east as Lake Turkana (personal communication Radim Blažek 2012).
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF3FFE1FEDF7AEE954AFC3B" baseAuthorityName="Retzer" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[289,584,997,1021]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF3FFE1FEDF7AEE954AFC3B" box="[289,584,997,1021]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999">Auchenoglanis occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, having a range that covers the
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF3FFE1FC497AEE934AFC3B" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[951,1096,997,1021]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biscutatus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF3FFE1FC497AEE934AFC3B" box="[951,1096,997,1021]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999">A. biscutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
distribution and stretches south to the
<collectingCountry id="F32D7637FFF3FFE1FDA67D0F95A6FBDA" box="[600,676,1028,1052]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999">Congo</collectingCountry>
basin, Lake Tanganyika and isolated Lake Rukwa, ranks among the most widespread African fish species, along with species such as
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF3FFE1FECB7D4F9503FB9A" baseAuthorityName="W.J.Burchell" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[309,513,1092,1116]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clariidae" genus="Clarias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gariepinus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF3FFE1FECB7D4F9503FB9A" box="[309,513,1092,1116]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999">Clarias gariepinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF3FFE1FDBD7D4F9437FB9A" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[579,821,1092,1116]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Alestidae" genus="Micralestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutidens">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF3FFE1FDBD7D4F9437FB9A" box="[579,821,1092,1116]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999">Micralestes acutidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B56FFF3FFE1FCB67D4F94DDFB9A" author="Skelton PH" box="[840,991,1092,1116]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" refId="ref19714" refString="Skelton PH. 1988. The distribution of African freshwater fishes. In: Leveque C, Bruton MN, Ssentongo GW, editors. Biologie et ecologie des poissons d'eau douce Africains. Biology and ecology of African freshwater fishes. Vol. 216. Paris: ORSTOM; 65 - 91." type="book" year="1988">Skelton 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B56FFF3FFE1FC0C7D4E960AFBBA" author="Rognon X &amp; Teugels GG &amp; Guyomard R &amp; Galbusera PHA &amp; Andriamanga M &amp; Volckaert FAM &amp; Agnese J-F" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" pagination="192 - 207" refId="ref19666" refString="Rognon X, Teugels GG, Guyomard R, Galbusera PHA, Andriamanga M, Volckaert FAM, Agnese J-F. 1998. Morphometric and allozyme variation in the African catfishes Clarias gariepinus and C. anguillaris. J Fish Biol. 53: 192 - 207." type="journal article" year="1998">Rognon et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
). Cryptic diversity cannot be excluded, and genetic studies like those done by
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B56FFF3FFE1FF2D7D8F9503FB5A" author="Ozouf-Costaz C &amp; Teugels GG &amp; Legendre M" box="[211,513,1156,1180]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" pagination="271 - 277" refId="ref19391" refString="Ozouf-Costaz C, Teugels GG, Legendre M. 1990. Karyological analysis of three strains of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Clariidae), used in aquaculture. Aquaculture. 87: 271 - 277." type="journal article" year="1990">Ozouf-Costaz et al. (1990)</bibRefCitation>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF3FFE1FDCD7D8F95C7FB5A" baseAuthorityName="W.J.Burchell" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[563,709,1156,1180]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clariidae" genus="Clarias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gariepinus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF3FFE1FDCD7D8F95C7FB5A" box="[563,709,1156,1180]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999">C. gariepinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could help verify the current taxonomic status.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8536A7FFF3FFE1FF007DCF958DF9BC" blockId="22.[211,1172,167,1659]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999">
Both
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF3FFE1FEC57DCF96DBFB1A" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1865" box="[315,473,1220,1244]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF3FFE1FEC57DCF96DBFB1A" box="[315,473,1220,1244]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999">Auchenoglanis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species appear to be rather resilient, as they are found in a variety of habitats and have been reported to be omnivorous, feeding on arthropods and other invertebrates, fish, detritus and plant material (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B56FFF3FFE1FCC87C089307FADD" author="Blache J &amp; Miton F &amp; Stauch A &amp; Iltis A &amp; Loubens G" box="[822,1029,1283,1307]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" refId="ref17958" refString="Blache J, Miton F, Stauch A, Iltis A, Loubens G. 1964. Les poissons du bassin du Tchad et du bassin adjacent du Mayo-Kebbi. Etude systematique et biologique. Memoires ORSTOM 4. 485 p., 147 figs." type="book" year="1964">Blache et al. 1964</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B56FFF3FFE1FBE87C08938EFADD" author="Latif AFA" box="[1046,1164,1283,1307]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" refId="ref19147" refString="Latif AFA. 1974. Fisheries of Lake Nasser. Aswan (Egypt): Regional Planning, Lake Nasser Development Centre; 235 p." type="book" year="1974">Latif 1974</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B56FFF3FFE1FF2D7C289656FAFD" author="Lewis DSC" box="[211,340,1315,1339]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" refId="ref19173" refString="Lewis DSC. 1974. An illustrated key to the fishes of Lake Kainji. London: Foreign and Commonwealth Office Overseas Development Administration; 105 p." type="book" year="1974">Lewis 1974</bibRefCitation>
). Both species are known as migratory, spawning in flooded areas during the rainy season, often being found more in floodplains and marshy zones than in main river channels (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B56FFF3FFE1FE1D7C689571FABD" author="Copley H" box="[483,627,1379,1403]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" refId="ref18428" refString="Copley H. 1958. Common freshwater fishes of East Africa. London: Witherby; 172 p., 89 figs, 4 pls." type="book" year="1958">Copley 1958</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B56FFF3FFE1FD7D7C68944DFABD" author="Blache J &amp; Miton F &amp; Stauch A &amp; Iltis A &amp; Loubens G" box="[643,847,1379,1403]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" refId="ref17958" refString="Blache J, Miton F, Stauch A, Iltis A, Loubens G. 1964. Les poissons du bassin du Tchad et du bassin adjacent du Mayo-Kebbi. Etude systematique et biologique. Memoires ORSTOM 4. 485 p., 147 figs." type="book" year="1964">Blache et al. 1964</bibRefCitation>
), and could therefore possibly quite easily reach new river basins when temporary contacts between basins arise. Migration along river basins in the arid Sub-Saharan region may have been substantially easier in the past. Past connections, like those between the Omo-Turkana and Nile systems, until approximately 7500 years ago (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B56FFF3FFE1FCDE7CE894E7FA3D" author="Greenwood PH" box="[800,997,1507,1531]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" refId="ref18948" refString="Greenwood PH. 1976. Fish fauna of the Nile. In J. Rzoska, editor. The Nile: biology of an ancient river. The Hague: Dr. W. Junk Publishers; 127 - 141." type="book" year="1976">Greenwood 1976</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B56FFF3FFE1FC097CE89381FA3D" author="Beadle LC" box="[1015,1155,1507,1531]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" refId="ref17929" refString="Beadle LC. 1981. The inland waters of tropical Africa. An introduction to tropical limnology. 2 nd ed. London: Longman; 365 p." type="book" year="1981">Beadle 1981</bibRefCitation>
), may explain, for example, the presence in the now isolated
<collectingRegion id="49FEF845FFF3FFE1FC767F0894C2F9DD" box="[904,960,1539,1563]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999">Lake</collectingRegion>
Turkana basin of both
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF3FFE1FEF17F2896B0F9FD" baseAuthorityName="Retzer" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[271,434,1571,1595]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF3FFE1FEF17F2896B0F9FD" box="[271,434,1571,1595]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF3FFE1FE3F7F289580F9FD" authorityName="Vinciguerra" authorityYear="1898" box="[449,642,1571,1595]" family="Claroteidae" genus="Oxyglanis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sacchii">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF3FFE1FE3F7F289580F9FD" box="[449,642,1571,1595]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999">Oxyglanis sacchii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="54818805FFF3FFE1FD747F2995EDF9FC" box="[650,751,1570,1594]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF3FFE1FCD17F2894BCF9FD" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[815,958,1571,1595]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biscutatus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF3FFE1FCD17F2894BCF9FD" box="[815,958,1571,1595]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999">A. biscutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(personal communication Radim Blažek 2012), pictures of which show no notable difference from the
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF3FFE1FF2D7F689660F9BD" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[211,354,1635,1659]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biscutatus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF3FFE1FF2D7F689660F9BD" box="[211,354,1635,1659]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2999">A. biscutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
records from other basins.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF45662FFFF2FFE0FF717AE29409FBDA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4632015" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4632015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4632015/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="3000" startId="23.[143,210,1001,1023]" targetBox="[144,1101,167,968]" targetPageId="23">
<paragraph id="8B8536A7FFF2FFE0FF717AE29409FBDA" blockId="23.[143,1103,1001,1053]" pageId="23" pageNumber="3000">
Figure 8. (A) Holotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF2FFE0FE357AE295CFFC39" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[459,717,1001,1023]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="3000" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biscutatus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF2FFE0FE357AE295CFFC39" box="[459,717,1001,1023]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="3000">Auchenoglanis biscutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNHN 8969). (B) Holotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF2FFE0FF717D0C9695FBDB" baseAuthorityName="Retzer" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[143,407,1031,1053]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="3000" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF2FFE0FF717D0C9695FBDB" box="[143,407,1031,1053]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="3000">Auchenoglanis occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNHN 8971). Scale bars are 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C320652CFFF2FFE0FF717D7A96E8FB4C" box="[143,490,1137,1162]" pageId="23" pageNumber="3000" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8536A7FFF2FFE0FF717D7A96E8FB4C" blockId="23.[143,490,1137,1162]" box="[143,490,1137,1162]" pageId="23" pageNumber="3000">
<heading id="D0CD81CBFFF2FFE0FF717D7A96E8FB4C" box="[143,490,1137,1162]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="23" pageNumber="3000" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF2FFE0FF717D7A96E8FB4C" bold="true" box="[143,490,1137,1162]" pageId="23" pageNumber="3000">
Key to species in
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF2FFE0FEB57D7A96E8FB4C" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1865" box="[331,490,1137,1162]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="3000" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF2FFE0FEB57D7A96E8FB4C" bold="true" box="[331,490,1137,1162]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="3000">Auchenoglanis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C320652CFFF2FFE0FF3D7DAA9352FA5F" pageId="23" pageNumber="3000" type="key">
<paragraph id="8B8536A7FFF2FFE0FF3D7DAA9352FA5F" blockId="23.[195,1104,1185,1433]" pageId="23" pageNumber="3000">
1. Horizontal distance between eye and end of supraoccipital process larger (104% or more) than horizontal distance between snout tip and eye (
<figureCitation id="13012A22FFF2FFE0FF087DEA9668FB3F" box="[246,362,1249,1273]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[211,278,913,935]" captionTargetBox="[212,1172,168,880]" captionTargetId="figure-5@6.[212,1172,168,880]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. (A) Plot of principal components two and three (with percentage of total variance) of 31 log-transformed biometric data for 168 Auchenoglanis specimens; (B) plot of principal components two and three of 27 log-transformed biometric data for 168 Auchenoglanis specimens (all three barbel lengths, and combined premaxillary tooth plate width omitted); (C) ratio of postorbital to preorbital head length plotted against head length (measured until end of supraoccipital process) for 169 Auchenoglanis specimens. Type specimens are indicated by large symbols. For the A. biscutatus group: black circle: A. biscutatus holotype; grey circles: A. senegali types. For the A. occidentalis group: black triangle: A. occidentalis holotype; white triangles: A. o. tanganicanus types; white inverted triangles: A. acuticeps types; grey triangles: A. o. tchadiensis types; grey inverted triangles: A. wittei types. The Oxyglanis sacchii holotype is not included because its bad, dried state compromised many measurements." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4632003" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4632003/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="3000">Figure 1C</figureCitation>
); adipose fin rising abruptly; tip of maxillary barbel not darker than head...................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF2FFE0FC3E7C0A966BFAFF" ID-CoL="JPCV" authority="Horizontal" authorityName="Horizontal" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="3000" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biscutatus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF2FFE0FC3E7C0A934DFADF" box="[960,1103,1281,1305]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="3000">A. biscutatus</emphasis>
Horizontal
</taxonomicName>
distance between eye and end of supraoccipital process equal, or smaller (100% or less) than horizontal distance between snout tip and eye; adipose fin rising very gradually; maxillary barbel tip darker than head.................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D24FFF2FFE0FC507C8A9352FA5F" ID-CoL="689S4" baseAuthorityName="Retzer" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[942,1104,1409,1433]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="3000" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B94EEAB5FFF2FFE0FC507C8A9352FA5F" box="[942,1104,1409,1433]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="3000">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>