199 lines
24 KiB
XML
199 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="9E7C3EFE92668BA38C4AA4C64788DFD2" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d96c47c6-8140-47e7-8ab2-e1c84cfa441f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="271005" ID-ZooBank="6189C0A9-0BDA-4A8E-83B4-717C7A6EDA2B" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459403866480" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Imada, Yume & Kato, Makoto" docDate="2016" docId="039287C8F65CFFB7FF1AFCAEFC0AF976" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4097.1.2.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4097 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Litoleptis" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="54" masterDocId="FFABFFB0F651FFBAFF8DFF9BFFECFF83" masterDocTitle="Bryophyte-feeding of Litoleptis (Diptera: Rhagionidae) with descriptions of new species from Japan" masterLastPageNumber="58" masterPageNumber="41" pageNumber="54" updateTime="1698186771476" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="C2552963DABD63C2A3D6E93255A4E9F3" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="D8D4722647318022EA54B4C5A816EC5E">
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<mods:title id="535C53B19E37390CD2DBC314924012E6">Bryophyte-feeding of Litoleptis (Diptera: Rhagionidae) with descriptions of new species from Japan</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="8391288DF2547007E87D3753BF09E635" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="32A381F5BAE65B8AB82E2AFDC0789553">Imada, Yume</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="FE2BD72BFE4C47FAE959E986AB891271" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="9F033EA57549D132F64B576D600D025D">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4564C660A88129B45EF01407DEDDE110">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A338A1CC3A366207163DF07746CB3C6E">Kato, Makoto</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="FFF0091C67B0A56D949E508B6794C26E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="4D700212121D466A6ED8F4131CD3AC2D">
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<mods:title id="5E3545C9C561014C9CFD6D9716F17C8D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="E1DC42461EF7D97E2E2EA410AB7F9760">
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<mods:date id="9506A695FCC8B77FB59EF66BDB7B32CC">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="55C17C5E2DDD738A4EEAE2548CE817CB" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="038502AF615D5D9F863C1F6690090133">4097</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="4CDC31BDBEDB515BD048AAF9412A7EC6" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="8C67921EF421FF99F368465DEBA78242">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="C0C9FA540FAF7BBDD0271ABA2579A2BA">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="C21E287EFD8940AE7BF0B7DA1BA6AA95" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.2</mods:identifier>
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<subSection id="E2B42F35F65CFFB7FF1AFCAEFC0AF976" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" type="multiple">
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<treatment id="039287C8F65CFFB7FF1AFCAEFC0AF976" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6055019" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127640052" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6055019" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039287C8F65CFFB7FF1AFCAEFC0AF976" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039287C8F65CFFB7FF1AFCAEFC0AF976" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">
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<subSubSection id="C3216555F65CFFB7FF1AFCAEFDD8FCCC" box="[151,564,821,847]" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8436DEF65CFFB7FF1AFCAEFDD8FCCC" blockId="13.[151,564,821,847]" box="[151,564,821,847]" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">
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<heading id="D0CC81B2F65CFFB7FF1AFCAEFDD8FCCC" bold="true" box="[151,564,821,847]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B94FEACCF65CFFB7FF1AFCAEFDD8FCCC" bold="true" box="[151,564,821,847]" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">
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Biology of the Japanese
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FE49FCAEFDD8FCCC" ID-CoL="62XZ9" box="[452,564,821,847]" class="Insecta" family="Rhagionidae" genus="Litoleptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94FEACCF65CFFB7FE49FCAEFDD8FCCC" bold="true" box="[452,564,821,847]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Litoleptis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3216555F65CFFB7FF1AFCE7FC0AF976" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8B8436DEF65CFFB7FF1AFCE7FD39FAA3" blockId="13.[151,1437,892,1781]" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">
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All Japanese
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FEA6FCE7FE79FC16" box="[299,405,892,917]" class="Insecta" family="Rhagionidae" genus="Litoleptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94FEACCF65CFFB7FEA6FCE7FE79FC16" box="[299,405,892,917]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Litoleptis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species were found to be thallus-miners of thallose liverworts belonging to
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FB69FCE7FA81FC16" box="[1252,1389,892,917]" class="Marchantiopsida" family="Aytoniaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Marchantiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="family">Aytoniaceae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FF1AFC04FEB7FC3B" box="[151,347,927,952]" class="Marchantiopsida" family="Conocephalaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Marchantiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="family">Conocephalaceae</taxonomicName>
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(Marchantiopsida, Marchantiophyta) growing on moist riverine slopes or cliffs in evergreen or deciduous forests (
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<figureCitation id="13002A5BF65CFFB7FEE1FC5FFE52FC5F" box="[364,446,964,989]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[154,1406,385,1512]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[141,1412,376,1519]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 11. Habits of Japanese Litoleptis. (a) Typical habitat of Litoleptis japonica sp. n. at Nanataki in Wakayama Pref., (b) adult female of L. japonica sp. n. at Kakuma-onsen in Nagano Pref., (c) cross section of a thallus of Conocephalum conicum, in which a larva of L. japonica sp. n. mined. (d) larva of Litoleptis japonica sp. n., (e) pupa of Litoleptis japonica sp. n. (white arrow), (f) larva of Litoleptis kiiensis sp. n., (g) mines of L. himukaensis (black arrows) (h) pupa of L. asterellaphile (white arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271016/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
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a). All
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FD83FC5FFD94FC5E" box="[526,632,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Rhagionidae" genus="Litoleptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94FEACCF65CFFB7FD83FC5FFD94FC5E" box="[526,632,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Litoleptis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species in
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<collectingCountry id="F32C764EF65CFFB7FD75FC5EFCD4FC5F" box="[760,824,965,988]" name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Japan</collectingCountry>
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are univoltine, and their larval stages spanned almost eleven months, from spring till late winter. The mines were formed within photosynthetic tissue of the thalli particularly near the upper side but not in the upper epidermis, and sometimes easily were seen through the upper thallus (
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<figureCitation id="13002A5BF65CFFB7FF7EFBB4FEA9FBCB" box="[243,325,1071,1096]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[154,1406,385,1512]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[141,1412,376,1519]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 11. Habits of Japanese Litoleptis. (a) Typical habitat of Litoleptis japonica sp. n. at Nanataki in Wakayama Pref., (b) adult female of L. japonica sp. n. at Kakuma-onsen in Nagano Pref., (c) cross section of a thallus of Conocephalum conicum, in which a larva of L. japonica sp. n. mined. (d) larva of Litoleptis japonica sp. n., (e) pupa of Litoleptis japonica sp. n. (white arrow), (f) larva of Litoleptis kiiensis sp. n., (g) mines of L. himukaensis (black arrows) (h) pupa of L. asterellaphile (white arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271016/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
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b). The mines were linear at first, but occasionally became radiate or marked with blotches later. The number of larvae per thallus was usually one. The larvae underwent pupation inside the mine in early spring (
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<figureCitation id="13002A5BF65CFFB7FF12FBECFF1CFB13" box="[159,240,1143,1168]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[154,1406,385,1512]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[141,1412,376,1519]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 11. Habits of Japanese Litoleptis. (a) Typical habitat of Litoleptis japonica sp. n. at Nanataki in Wakayama Pref., (b) adult female of L. japonica sp. n. at Kakuma-onsen in Nagano Pref., (c) cross section of a thallus of Conocephalum conicum, in which a larva of L. japonica sp. n. mined. (d) larva of Litoleptis japonica sp. n., (e) pupa of Litoleptis japonica sp. n. (white arrow), (f) larva of Litoleptis kiiensis sp. n., (g) mines of L. himukaensis (black arrows) (h) pupa of L. asterellaphile (white arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271016/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
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c). The pupal stage spanned approximately a couple of weeks and then the adults emerged, which lived for only a few days. The adult flies were inactive and their feeding behavior has not been observed so far, nevertheless their labella were well-developed (
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<figureCitation id="13002A5BF65CFFB7FD90FB24FD8EFB5B" box="[541,610,1215,1240]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1197,1219]" captionTargetBox="[200,1385,544,1144]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[178,1410,531,1156]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Morphological features of Litoleptis applied in this study. (a) General appearance of adult of L. japonica sp. n. in lateral view, (b) head of adult male of L. japonica sp. n. in anterior view, (c) head of adult male of L. kiiensis sp. n. in anterior view, (d) female genitalia in dorsal view. (e) ventrolateral process of female of L. kiiensis sp. n. in lateral view. Abbreviations: anatg, anatergite; anepm, anepimeron; anepst, anepisternum; fc, face; gn, gena; hlt, halter; kepst, katepisternum; ktg, katatergite; lbl, labellum; mr, meron; oc, ocellar; pgn, postgena; plp, palpus; pprn lb, postpronotal lobe; prepm, proepimeron; prepst, proepisternum; sctl, scutellum; vl proc, ventrolateral process." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271007/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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a). The adults were seldom found in the field; therefore, it was difficult to observe their behavior. We did however observe in the field a
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FCD3FB7EFC33FB7F" box="[862,991,1253,1276]" class="Insecta" family="Rhagionidae" genus="Litoleptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">
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<emphasis id="B94FEACCF65CFFB7FCD3FB7EFC33FB7F" box="[862,991,1253,1276]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">L. japonica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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female ovipositing at the apical-dorsal part of the thallus of their host-plant later in spring.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8436DEF65CFFB7FF4AFAB7FA70FA33" blockId="13.[151,1437,892,1781]" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">
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Each Japanese species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FE68FAB7FDA3FAC6" box="[485,591,1324,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Rhagionidae" genus="Litoleptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94FEACCF65CFFB7FE68FAB7FDA3FAC6" box="[485,591,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Litoleptis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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fed on only a single liverwort genus as their host-plant:
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FB4EFAB6FAAEFAC7" box="[1219,1346,1325,1348]" class="Insecta" family="Rhagionidae" genus="Litoleptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">
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<emphasis id="B94FEACCF65CFFB7FB4EFAB6FAAEFAC7" box="[1219,1346,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">L. japonica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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feed on
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FF1AFAD4FEADFAEB" box="[151,321,1359,1384]" class="Marchantiopsida" family="Conocephalaceae" genus="Conocephalum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Marchantiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94FEACCF65CFFB7FF1AFAD4FEADFAEB" box="[151,321,1359,1384]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Conocephalum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FEC3FACAFDE8FAEB" box="[334,516,1359,1384]" class="Insecta" family="Rhagionidae" genus="Litoleptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asterellaphile">
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<emphasis id="B94FEACCF65CFFB7FEC3FACAFDE8FAEB" box="[334,516,1359,1384]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">L. asterellaphile</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FDA0FAD4FD7DFAEB" box="[557,657,1359,1384]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Aytoniaceae" genus="Asterella" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94FEACCF65CFFB7FDA0FAD4FD7DFAEB" box="[557,657,1359,1384]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Asterella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and the other four species on
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FC68FAD4FBA6FAEB" box="[997,1098,1359,1384]" class="Marchantiopsida" family="Aytoniaceae" genus="Reboulia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Marchantiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94FEACCF65CFFB7FC68FAD4FBA6FAEB" box="[997,1098,1359,1384]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Reboulia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Among the host-plants of the Japanese
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FE8EFAEFFE81FA0E" box="[259,365,1396,1421]" class="Insecta" family="Rhagionidae" genus="Litoleptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94FEACCF65CFFB7FE8EFAEFFE81FA0E" box="[259,365,1396,1421]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Litoleptis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FEF1FAEFFD61FA0F" box="[380,653,1396,1421]" class="Marchantiopsida" family="Conocephalaceae" genus="Conocephalum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Marchantiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="species" species="conicum">
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<emphasis id="B94FEACCF65CFFB7FEF1FAEFFD61FA0F" box="[380,653,1396,1421]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Conocephalum conicum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species complex and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FC0AFAEFFB76FA0E" box="[903,1178,1396,1421]" class="Marchantiopsida" family="Aytoniaceae" genus="Reboulia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Marchantiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="species" species="hemisphaerica">
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<emphasis id="B94FEACCF65CFFB7FC0AFAEFFB76FA0E" box="[903,1178,1396,1421]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Reboulia hemisphaerica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are common in
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<collectingCountry id="F32C764EF65CFFB7FAD8FAEEFA74FA0F" box="[1365,1432,1397,1420]" name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Japan</collectingCountry>
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, whereas
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FF74FA0CFE4BFA33" box="[249,423,1431,1456]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Aytoniaceae" genus="Asterella" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="odora">
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<emphasis id="B94FEACCF65CFFB7FF74FA0CFE4BFA33" box="[249,423,1431,1456]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Asterella odora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is extremely rare and whose distribution is restricted in the Kanto Region (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B2FF65CFFB7FB66FA0CFA63FA33" author="Iwatsuki" box="[1259,1423,1431,1456]" pageId="13" pageNumber="57" refString="Iwatsuki, Z. (2001) Mosses and liverworts of Japan. Heibonsha Ltd, Tokyo, 355 pp." type="book" year="2001">Iwatsuki 2001</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8436DEF65CFFB7FF4AFA26FC0AF976" blockId="13.[151,1437,892,1781]" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">
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In general, the Japanese
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FE66FA27FDB9FA56" box="[491,597,1468,1493]" class="Insecta" family="Rhagionidae" genus="Litoleptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94FEACCF65CFFB7FE66FA27FDB9FA56" box="[491,597,1468,1493]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Litoleptis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species appeared to be locally distributed in limited area except for
|
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<emphasis id="B94FEACCF65CFFB7FA08FA26FEECFA7B" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FA08FA26FF10FA7B" class="Insecta" family="Rhagionidae" genus="Litoleptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">L. japonica</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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nevertheless the mines of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FDBFFA44FD70FA7B" box="[562,668,1503,1528]" class="Insecta" family="Rhagionidae" genus="Litoleptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94FEACCF65CFFB7FDBFFA44FD70FA7B" box="[562,668,1503,1528]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Litoleptis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
spp. were found relatively frequently in each population. In
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F32C764EF65CFFB7FAD8FA7AFA74FA7B" box="[1365,1432,1505,1528]" name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
|
, the association between liverworts and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FDC0F99FFD5BF99E" box="[589,695,1540,1565]" class="Insecta" family="Rhagionidae" genus="Litoleptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94FEACCF65CFFB7FDC0F99FFD5BF99E" box="[589,695,1540,1565]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Litoleptis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
spp. seemed to be as common as it is in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FBF6F99FFADFF99E" box="[1147,1331,1540,1565]" class="Insecta" family="Micropterigidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Micropterigidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the most basal moth family (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B2FF65CFFB7FEFCF9BCFDC2F9C3" author="Kristensen" box="[369,558,1575,1600]" pageId="13" pageNumber="57" refString="Kristensen, N. P. (1984) Studies on the morphology and systematics of primitive Lepidoptera (Insecta). Steenstrupia, 10, 141 - 191." type="journal article" year="1984">Kristensen 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The micropterigid moths in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F32C764EF65CFFB7FCF3F9B2FC52F9C3" box="[894,958,1577,1600]" name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
|
feed on liverworts and collectively have a wide distribution in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F32C764EF65CFFB7FE08F9D6FE29F9E7" box="[389,453,1613,1636]" name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B2FF65CFFB7FE5AF9D7FD40F9E7" author="Imada" box="[471,684,1612,1637]" pageId="13" pageNumber="57" refString="Imada, Y., Kawakita, A & Kato, M. (2011) Allopatric distribution and diversification without niche shift in a bryophyte-feeding basal moth lineage (Lepidoptera: Micropterigidae). Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 278, 3026 - 3033. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2011.0134" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
|
Imada
|
|
<emphasis id="B94FEACCF65CFFB7FDA7F9D6FDB2F9E6" box="[554,606,1612,1637]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. 2011
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). In particular, all the
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F32C764EF65CFFB7FC38F9D6FC19F9E7" box="[949,1013,1613,1636]" name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
|
endemic species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FB6AF9D7FA70F9E6" box="[1255,1436,1612,1637]" class="Insecta" family="Micropterigidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Micropterigidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
belonging to four endemic genera, feed only on
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FD45F9F4FC9EF90B" box="[712,882,1647,1672]" class="Marchantiopsida" family="Conocephalaceae" genus="Conocephalum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Marchantiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94FEACCF65CFFB7FD45F9F4FC9EF90B" box="[712,882,1647,1672]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Conocephalum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
liverworts (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B2FF65CFFB7FC73F9F4FB23F90B" author="Imada" box="[1022,1231,1647,1672]" pageId="13" pageNumber="57" refString="Imada, Y., Kawakita, A & Kato, M. (2011) Allopatric distribution and diversification without niche shift in a bryophyte-feeding basal moth lineage (Lepidoptera: Micropterigidae). Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 278, 3026 - 3033. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2011.0134" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
|
Imada
|
|
<emphasis id="B94FEACCF65CFFB7FBDDF9EAFB68F90B" box="[1104,1156,1647,1672]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. 2011
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The distribution pattern of these micropterigid species in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F32C764EF65CFFB7FDE5F90EFD47F92F" box="[616,683,1685,1708]" name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
|
, which is local and allopatric (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B2FF65CFFB7FB87F90FFB3AF92F" author="Imada" box="[1034,1238,1684,1709]" pageId="13" pageNumber="57" refString="Imada, Y., Kawakita, A & Kato, M. (2011) Allopatric distribution and diversification without niche shift in a bryophyte-feeding basal moth lineage (Lepidoptera: Micropterigidae). Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 278, 3026 - 3033. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2011.0134" type="journal article" year="2011">Imada et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), is in contrast to that of
|
|
<emphasis id="B94FEACCF65CFFB7FF6BF92CFE5DF953" box="[230,433,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">
|
|
Litolepis
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D5DF65CFFB7FEC2F922FE5DF953" box="[335,433,1721,1744]" class="Insecta" family="Rhagionidae" genus="Litoleptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">japonica</taxonomicName>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
, which is widespread and covers the main islands of
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F32C764EF65CFFB7FB8BF922FBAAF953" box="[1030,1094,1721,1744]" name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="54">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
|
(Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), even though these two lineages share the same host-plant species.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</subSection>
|
|
</document> |