270 lines
32 KiB
XML
270 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="21BDF7F8E988B590755BEAFAE34B8B17" ID-CLB-Dataset="46665" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.206662" ID-GBIF-Dataset="df440c7d-9f2f-4b16-a0e0-57f4c652c66d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="206662" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460369223956" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Yoshida, Takuma, Nagasaki, Osamu & Hirayama, Tomoko" docDate="2011" docId="039287B8420BA36ED7F6117B87CAD5F5" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02916p050.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2916" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Apsilops Forster" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="42" masterDocId="FFABFFC0420AA36CD76113018706D521" masterDocTitle="A new species of the genus Apsilops Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae) from Japan; parasitoid of an aquatic crambid moth" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="41" pageNumber="42" updateTime="1698295544027" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="1D3A11B5906A5F7DB10EC2EE14CDB9CF">A new species of the genus Apsilops Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae) from Japan; parasitoid of an aquatic crambid moth</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="30988B9C7EBBD2C612B32660A09893CD" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="0C4576BE1D5738971F7AB8DE194CAFF5">Yoshida, Takuma</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="13BCF572F7456C50C89D587C60AB2568">Nagasaki, Osamu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="8A5E1D2F253DCD8BD1509C72C2B84E8C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="91813A88EDDABC89416C01097BBB14AF">Hirayama, Tomoko</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="2752AAF361BA3F79CF47D139A3933E76">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="1116483938935D8E6F50D38F0114508A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="3753A9307A6B01B1D4B4E1A09591792B">
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<mods:date id="FB09C5E0B96FDB9EB8B41E7D85513BB9">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="F0E0D4BE91BAEA05D2A6326787FAC95F" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="8274AD097A29A63F12A044D41D27D42D">2916</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="86CC2483984CA54D5063BFBAB9CFDB4D" type="CLB-Dataset">46665</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="6934F48BC4433065C3EABE5DB7F07636" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.206662</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039287B8420BA36ED7F6117B87CAD5F5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6183431" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125138894" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6183431" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039287B8420BA36ED7F6117B87CAD5F5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039287B8420BA36ED7F6117B87CAD5F5" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
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<subSubSection id="C3216525420BA36DD7F6117B849AD16F" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8436AE420BA36DD7F6117B86BFD7B5" blockId="1.[151,441,634,660]" box="[151,441,634,660]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
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<heading id="D0CC81C2420BA36DD7F6117B86BFD7B5" bold="true" box="[151,441,634,660]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD7F6117B86BFD7B5" bold="true" box="[151,441,634,660]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD78F117B86BFD7B5" ID-CoL="62CQ2" ID-ENA="540325" authority="Forster" authorityName="Forster" box="[238,441,634,660]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Apsilops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD78F117B8653D7B5" bold="true" box="[238,341,634,660]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Apsilops</emphasis>
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Förster
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8436AE420BA36DD7F611BB867DD7F1" blockId="1.[151,506,698,751]" box="[151,379,698,720]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD7F611BB867DD7F1" authority="Forster, 1869" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1869" box="[151,379,698,720]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Apsilops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD7F611BB87E8D7F1" box="[151,238,698,720]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Apsilops</emphasis>
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Förster, 1869
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8436AE420BA36DD7F611DB86FCD7CE" blockId="1.[151,506,698,751]" box="[151,506,729,751]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
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See
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B5F420BA36DD7A311DB8666D7CE" box="[194,352,729,751]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" refString="Yu, D. S., van Achterberg, K. & Horstmann, K. (2005) World Ichneumonidae 2004. Taxonomy, Biology, Morphology and Distribution. [CD / DVD]. Taxapad, Vancouver, Canada." type="book chapter">
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Yu
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<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD78511DB8616D7CE" box="[228,272,729,751]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
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. (2005)
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</bibRefCitation>
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for synonymy.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8436AE420BA36DD7F61017849AD16F" blockId="1.[151,1437,789,2038]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B5F420BA36DD7F610178646D60C" author="Townes" box="[151,320,789,813]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" refString="Townes, H. (1970) The genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 2. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 5, 1 - 661." type="journal article" year="1970">Townes (1970)</bibRefCitation>
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placed this genus in the tribe Mesostenini (
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD44E10148488D60C" box="[815,910,789,813]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cryptini">Cryptini</taxonomicName>
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of authors) based on the absence of sublateral triangular projections on the posterior rim of metanotum. His treatment is accepted by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B5F420BA36DD30D1038821ED670" author="Carlson" box="[1132,1304,825,849]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" refString="Carlson, R. W. (1979) Family Ichneumonidae, Stephanidae. In: Krombein, K. V., Hurd, Jr. P. D., Smith, D. R. & Burks, B. D. (Eds.) Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, pp. 315 - 741." type="book chapter" year="1979">Carlson (1979)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B5F420BA36DD244103887E5D654" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" refString="Chiu, S. C., Chou, L. Y. & Chou, K. C. (1984) A check list of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) of Taiwan. Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Special publication, 15, 1 - 67." type="journal article">
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Chiu
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<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD202103B8293D670" box="[1379,1429,825,849]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
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. (1984)
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B5F420BA36DD78E105C8511D654" author="Schwarz" box="[239,535,861,885]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" refString="Schwarz, M. & Shaw, M. R. (1998) West palaearctic Cryptinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in the National Museums of Scotland, with nomenculatural changes, taxonomic notes, rearing records and special reference to the British check list. Part 1. Tribe Cryptini. Entomologist's Gazette, 49, 101 - 127." type="journal article" year="1998">Schwarz and Shaw (1998)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B5F420BA36DD543105F85D7D654" box="[546,721,861,885]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" refString="Yu, D. S., van Achterberg, K. & Horstmann, K. (2005) World Ichneumonidae 2004. Taxonomy, Biology, Morphology and Distribution. [CD / DVD]. Taxapad, Vancouver, Canada." type="book chapter">
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Yu
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<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD529105F857FD654" box="[584,633,861,885]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
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. (2005)
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</bibRefCitation>
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and others.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B5F420BA36DD438105C8343D654" box="[857,1093,861,885]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" refString="Yoshida, T., Matsumoto, R. & Konishi, K. (2009) Review of East Asian species of Thrybius (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 44, 493 - 502." type="journal article">
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Yoshida
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<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD4DB105F84ECD654" box="[954,1002,861,885]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
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. (2009)
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</bibRefCitation>
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, following Townes’ classification, further stated that the genus has a close relationship with
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD42F108084F8D6B8" box="[846,1022,897,921]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Amauromorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD42F108084F8D6B8" box="[846,1022,897,921]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Amauromorpha</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD3551080839ED6B8" box="[1076,1176,897,921]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Thrybius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD3551080839ED6B8" box="[1076,1176,897,921]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Thrybius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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based on their association with water as well as their characteristic shape of clypeus. In contrast,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B5F420BA36DD48510A483CDD69C" author="Sawoniewicz" box="[996,1227,933,957]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" refString="Sawoniewicz, J. (2008) Hosts of the world Aptesini (Hymenoptera, Ichneumoniae, Cryptinae). Wyd. Mantis, Olsztyn, 150 pp." type="book" year="2008">Sawoniewicz (2008)</bibRefCitation>
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regarded
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD25D10A4829AD69C" box="[1340,1436,933,957]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Apsilops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD25D10A4829AD69C" box="[1340,1436,933,957]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Apsilops</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as a member of a different tribe,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD57A10C88578D6C0" box="[539,638,969,993]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Aptesini">Aptesini</taxonomicName>
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. Although he did not state the evidence for his treatment, it is likely because
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD79710EC8651D124" box="[246,343,1005,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Apsilops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD79710EC8651D124" box="[246,343,1005,1029]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Apsilops</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has some unusual character states for
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD46210EC8466D124" box="[771,864,1005,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cryptini">Cryptini</taxonomicName>
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but usual for
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD49A10EC835BD124" box="[1019,1117,1005,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Aptesini">Aptesini</taxonomicName>
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, namely, the well-developed propodeal carination and thick antenna. In this study, we continue to follow Townes’ classification, however further studies are needed to revise the taxonomic position of the genus.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3216525420BA36DD7A6175887C5D0DC" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B8436AE420BA36DD7A6175887C5D0DC" blockId="1.[151,1437,789,2038]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD7A617588647D153" bold="true" box="[199,321,1113,1138]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Body exceptionally densely covered with setae. Antenna fusiform, gradualy thickened toward around 2/3 of its length from base, then gradually attenuate to apex; not flat ventrally. Female first flagellomere obliquely truncate apically, as long as 2nd flagellomere (in
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD44A17A084A2D198" box="[811,932,1185,1209]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Apsilops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sericata">
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<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD44A17A0843AD198" box="[811,828,1185,1209]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">A</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD42B17A384A2D198" box="[842,932,1186,1209]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">sericata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) or shorter than 2nd flagellomere (other than
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD7F617C48609D1FC" box="[151,271,1221,1245]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Apsilops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sericata">
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<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD7F617C487AED1FC" box="[151,168,1221,1245]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">A</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD7D417C78609D1FC" box="[181,271,1222,1245]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">sericata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<figureCitation id="13002A2B420BA36DD64617C4866DD1FC" box="[295,363,1221,1245]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 7" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1966,1989]" captionTargetBox="[188,1389,643,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[175,1435,625,1947]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 7. Apsilops japonicus sp. nov., Ƥ, holotype. 3, head, frontal view; 4, head, lateral view; 5, head, dorsal view; 6, left mandible; 7, basal part of left antenna. Scale line, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206664/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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). Clypeus strongly convex, impressed along apex (
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<figureCitation id="13002A2B420BA36DD4C217C484EED1FC" box="[931,1000,1221,1245]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 7" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1966,1989]" captionTargetBox="[188,1389,643,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[175,1435,625,1947]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 7. Apsilops japonicus sp. nov., Ƥ, holotype. 3, head, frontal view; 4, head, lateral view; 5, head, dorsal view; 6, left mandible; 7, basal part of left antenna. Scale line, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206664/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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). Clypeal apex truncate or weakly concave, without median tooth (
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<figureCitation id="13002A2B420BA36DD6BD17E88524D020" box="[476,546,1257,1281]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 7" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1966,1989]" captionTargetBox="[188,1389,643,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[175,1435,625,1947]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 7. Apsilops japonicus sp. nov., Ƥ, holotype. 3, head, frontal view; 4, head, lateral view; 5, head, dorsal view; 6, left mandible; 7, basal part of left antenna. Scale line, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206664/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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||
). Occipital carina joining hypostomal carina far above mandibular base. Mandibular teeth subequal (
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<figureCitation id="13002A2B420BA36DD6FC160C86E4D004" box="[413,482,1293,1317]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 7" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1966,1989]" captionTargetBox="[188,1389,643,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[175,1435,625,1947]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 7. Apsilops japonicus sp. nov., Ƥ, holotype. 3, head, frontal view; 4, head, lateral view; 5, head, dorsal view; 6, left mandible; 7, basal part of left antenna. Scale line, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206664/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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). Posterior metanotal rim without sublateral triangular projections. Propodeal carinae almost complete: lateromedian longitudinal carina obliterated only on area petiolaris (species other than
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD226163087C1D04C" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Apsilops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sericata">
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<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD2261630825ED068" box="[1351,1368,1329,1353]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">A</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD208163387C1D04C" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">sericata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), or obliterated also on area basalis (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD514165485F6D04C" box="[629,752,1365,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Apsilops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sericata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD51416548580D04C" box="[629,646,1365,1389]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD5F7165785F6D04C" box="[662,752,1366,1389]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">sericata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); anterior transverse carina complete (species other than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD2E5165487F7D0B0" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Apsilops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sericata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD2E516548293D04C" box="[1412,1429,1365,1389]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD7F6167B87F7D0B0" box="[151,241,1402,1425]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">sericata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), or obsolescent; lateral longitudinal carina and posterior transverse carina complete; sublateral crest of apical transverse carina strong (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13002A2B420BA36DD698169C853BD094" box="[505,573,1437,1461]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 13" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1472,1495]" captionTargetBox="[255,1372,191,1471]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[203,1401,169,1476]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 13. Apsilops japonicus sp. nov., Ƥ paratypes. 8, mesosoma lateral view; 9 – 10, area superomedia; 11, 1 st metasomal segment, dorsal view; 12, 1 st metasomal segment, lateral view; 13, 1 st metasomal segment, ventral view. Scale line, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206665/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Areolet large, about 0.7–0.9 as high as length of vein 2m-cu, closed at apex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13002A2B420BA36DD7FE16C087F2D0F8" box="[159,244,1473,1497]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 18" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1321,1344]" captionTargetBox="[322,1251,193,1288]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[304,1282,157,1332]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 18. Apsilops japonicus sp. nov. 14 – 17, Ƥ paratype; 18, ♂ paratype. 14, Wings; 15 & 18, 1 st – 6 th metasomal sterna; 16, terminalia; 17 apex of ovipositor. Scale lines, 1 mm for 14; 1 mm for 15, 16, 18; 0.5 mm for 17." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206666/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mediella weakly and evenly arched. Upper valve of ovipositor with teeth between nodus and apex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13002A2B420BA36DD21416C087B0D0DC" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 18" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1321,1344]" captionTargetBox="[322,1251,193,1288]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[304,1282,157,1332]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 18. Apsilops japonicus sp. nov. 14 – 17, Ƥ paratype; 18, ♂ paratype. 14, Wings; 15 & 18, 1 st – 6 th metasomal sterna; 16, terminalia; 17 apex of ovipositor. Scale lines, 1 mm for 14; 1 mm for 15, 16, 18; 0.5 mm for 17." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206666/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Fig 17</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3216525420BA36DD7A6150883F3D390" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8436AE420BA36DD7A6150883F3D390" blockId="1.[151,1437,789,2038]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD7A61508862ED300" ID-CoL="62CQ2" box="[199,296,1545,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Apsilops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD7A61508862ED300" box="[199,296,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Apsilops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
closely resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD69A150885ADD300" ID-CoL="TBD" box="[507,683,1545,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Amauromorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD69A150885ADD300" box="[507,683,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Amauromorpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having dense velvety pubescence. This character state is considered to be an adaptation to trap air when individuals are under water (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B5F420BA36DD4CE152C8358D364" author="Cushman" box="[943,1118,1581,1605]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" refString="Cushman, R. A. (1933) Aquatic Ichneumon-flies. Canadian Entomologist, 65, 24." type="journal article" year="1933">Cushman 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B5F420BA36DD30B152F8200D364" author="Bennett" box="[1130,1286,1581,1605]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" refString="Bennett, A. M. R. (2008) Global diversity of hymenopterans (Hymenoptera; Insecta) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595, 529 - 534. doi: 10.1007 / s 10705 - 007 - 9036 - y." type="journal article" year="2008">Bennett 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In addition, these two genera are similar in clypeal shape and in having teeth on the upper valve of the ovipositor, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD25D1550829AD348" ID-CoL="62CQ2" box="[1340,1436,1617,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Apsilops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD25D1550829AD348" box="[1340,1436,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Apsilops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is clearly distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD6BE15748589D3AC" ID-CoL="TBD" box="[479,655,1653,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Amauromorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD6BE15748589D3AC" box="[479,655,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Amauromorpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the large, closed areolet on the fore wing, more developed propodeal carinae, and lack of a lobe from the lower valve of the ovipositor enclosing the upper valve tip.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3216525420BA36ED7A615BC87CAD5F5" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8436AE420BA36DD7A615BC83B9D23C" blockId="1.[151,1437,789,2038]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD7A615BC8621D3F7" bold="true" box="[199,295,1725,1750]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
Aquatic moths of the families
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD5E115BC85FDD3F4" box="[640,763,1725,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Crambidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD45115BC84A0D3F4" box="[816,934,1725,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which are stem-borers or case-carriers feeding on aquatic plants, have been recorded as hosts.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B5F420BA36DD59B15E3849ED3D8" author="Hagen" box="[762,920,1761,1786]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" refString="Hagen, K. S. (1956) Aquatic Hymenoptera. In: Usinger, R. L. (Eds.) Aquatic Insects of California with keys to North American genera and California species. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 289 - 292." type="book chapter" year="1956">Hagen (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reviewed biological information concerning North American species, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B5F420BA36DD682140485CCD23C" author="Sawoniewicz" box="[483,714,1797,1821]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" refString="Sawoniewicz, J. (2008) Hosts of the world Aptesini (Hymenoptera, Ichneumoniae, Cryptinae). Wyd. Mantis, Olsztyn, 150 pp." type="book" year="2008">Sawoniewicz (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided a list of hosts of the world species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8436AE420BA36DD7F614288269D28C" blockId="1.[151,1437,789,2038]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
|
||
There are also some host records for undetermined
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD5B514288433D260" box="[724,821,1833,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Apsilops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD5B514288433D260" box="[724,821,1833,1857]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Apsilops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in rice paddies in southeast Asia. Two crambid moths,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD78C144C8565D244" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" box="[237,611,1869,1893]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Scirpophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incertulas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD78C144C86F0D244" box="[237,502,1869,1893]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Scirpophaga incertulas</emphasis>
|
||
(Walker)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the yellow rice stemborer) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD486144F8237D244" authority="Zeller" authorityName="Zeller" box="[999,1329,1869,1893]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Parapoynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stagnalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD486144F83D7D244" box="[999,1233,1869,1893]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Parapoynx stagnalis</emphasis>
|
||
(Zeller)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the rice caseworm) were recorded as hosts in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32C763E420BA36DD55B14708572D2A8" box="[570,628,1905,1929]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B5F420BA36DD5FC14738455D2A8" author="Rao" box="[669,851,1905,1929]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" refString="Rao, V. P., Basu, A. N., Phalak, V. R., Chacko, M. J. & Dinesh Rao, H. (1968) Some new records of parasites of rice stem-borers in India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (B), 68, 91 - 110." type="proceedings paper" year="1968">
|
||
Rao
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD5B014738404D2A8" box="[721,770,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1968
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B5F420BA36DD43E1470849DD2A8" author="Rao" box="[863,923,1905,1929]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" refString="Rao, V. P., Chacko, M. J., Phalak, V. R. & Dinesh Rao, H. (1969) Leaf-feeding caterpillars of paddy and their natural enemies in India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Museum, 66, 455 - 477." type="journal article" year="1969">1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Both species are pests of rice in the Oriental Realm.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B5F420BA36DD78F14948694D28C" author="Momoi" box="[238,402,1941,1965]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" refString="Momoi, S. (1969) Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) collected in paddy fields of the Orient, with description of new species, Part 4. Supplement. Mushi, 42, 147 - 154." type="journal article" year="1969">Momoi (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported one female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD5FF149485F9D28C" box="[670,767,1941,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Apsilops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD5FF149485F9D28C" box="[670,767,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Apsilops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. collected in a sweep-net in a paddy field of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32C763E420BA36DD2741494826DD28C" box="[1301,1387,1941,1965]" name="Taiwan" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8436AE420BA36ED7A614B887CAD5F5" blockId="1.[151,1437,789,2038]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,151,212]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B5F420BA36DD7A614B88695D2F0" box="[199,403,1977,2001]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" refString="Sinu, P. A., Nasser, M. & Dharmarajan, P. (2007) Host searching behavior and potential of an aquatic ichneumonid pupal parasitoid of rice caseworm (Parapoynx stagnalis) in an upland rice paddy agro-ecosystem of the Western Ghats, India. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 17, 1037 - 1045." type="journal article">
|
||
Sinu
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD66514BB863ED2F0" box="[260,312,1977,2001]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied the host searching behavior of an undetermined species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD3C014B88209D2F0" box="[1185,1295,1977,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cryptinae">Cryptinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
parasitizing pupae of the rice caseworm, stating that their wasp belongs to a genus near
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D420BA36DD48C14DC8354D2D4" box="[1005,1106,2013,2037]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Litochila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEABC420BA36DD48C14DC8354D2D4" box="[1005,1106,2013,2037]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Litochila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They reported that the wasp oviposited underwater. On the grounds of the reported host and host searching behavior, this wasp is probably
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D2D4208A36ED200139987C0D5F5" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Apsilops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEABC4208A36ED200139987C0D5F5" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Apsilops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |