464 lines
54 KiB
XML
464 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.7717/peerj.3007" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8581abe0-7def-4f35-8485-6eb68888239e" ID-PMC="PMC5322763" ID-PubMed="28243532" ID-Zenodo-Dep="375724" checkinTime="1488836410627" checkinUser="admin" docAuthor="Sonali Garg, Robin Suyesh, Sandeep Sukesan & Sd Biju" docDate="2017" docId="039287A3206FFFCCFD88FE7E74A3E757" docLanguage="en" docName="peerj.articles.3007.pdf.imd" docOrigin="PeerJ 5 (3007)" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis Garg, Suyesh, Sukesan & Biju, 2017, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="14" masterDocId="FFABFFDB2067FFC1FF8BFFB77650E403" masterDocTitle="Seven new species of Night Frogs (Anura, Nyctibatrachidae) from the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot of India, with remarkably high diversity of diminutive forms" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="9" updateTime="1668138891850" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Seven new species of Night Frogs (Anura, Nyctibatrachidae) from the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot of India, with remarkably high diversity of diminutive forms</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sonali Garg</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Robin Suyesh</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sandeep Sukesan</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sd Biju</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PeerJ</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>5</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>3007</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>50</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.7717/peerj.3007</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">8581abe0-7def-4f35-8485-6eb68888239e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PMC">PMC5322763</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PubMed">28243532</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">375724</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6045130" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127719757" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6045130" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4756A24F-60E1-4B85-956F-5FC3CE6B876F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039287A3206FFFCCFD88FE7E74A3E757" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[515,1328,457,593]" box="[515,1003,457,485]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName box="[515,905,457,484]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="athirappillyensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[515,905,457,484]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[912,1003,458,485]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="8.[515,1328,457,593]" box="[515,1328,494,521]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4756A24F-60E1-4B85-956F-5FC3CE6B876F</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[515,791,530,557]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[515,1328,457,593]" box="[515,791,530,557]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Athirappilly Night Frog</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[515,806,566,593]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[515,1328,457,593]" box="[515,806,566,593]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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(
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<figureCitation box="[526,629,566,593]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStartId-0="7.[507,571,1715,1737]" captionStartId-1="9.[507,571,1511,1533]" captionStartId-2="10.[507,571,1047,1069]" captionTargetBox-0="[494,1220,231,1669]" captionTargetBox-1="[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetBox-2="[493,1541,230,998]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[491,1220,229,1671]" captionTargetId-1="figure@9.[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetId-2="figure@10.[491,1541,229,1001]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionText-0="Figure 1 Morphometric differentiation of species using the discriminant function analyses. (A) Projection on factor plane first and second explaining 79.1 % of the variations among seven miniature-sized species. (B) Projection on factor plane first and second explaining 83.9 % of the variations among five medium-sized species. (C) Projection on factor plane first and second explaining 86.3 % of the variations among six large-sized species." captionText-1="Figure 2 Holotype of Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis sp. nov. (ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 891). (A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Size (SVL 20.9 mm) in comparison to the Indian five-rupee coin (24 mm diameter). (C) Dorsal view, in life. (D) Dorsal surface of third finger disc, in preservation. (E) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (F) Ventral view, in life. (G) Femoral glands, in preservation. (H) Closeup of femoral glands after removal of skin showing multiple glands. (I) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (J) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (K) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (L) Schematic illustration of foot webbing." captionText-2="Figure 3 Male advertisement calls of Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis sp. nov. and Nyctibatrachus manalari sp. nov. (A – E) Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis sp. nov. (A) 10 s segment. (B) 1 s segment showing part 1 (non-pulsatile) and part 2 (pulsatile) of a single call. (C) 0.1 s segment showing the part 2 of a single call. (D) 0.1 s segment showing the part 1 of a single call. (E) Spectrogram of 1 s call segment. (F – I) Nyctibatrachus manalari sp. nov. (F) 10 s segment. (G) 1 s segment. (H) 0.1 s segment showing a single non-pulsatile call. (I) Spectrogram of 1 s call segment." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/375725/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/375726/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/375727/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
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; Tables S1–S8)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[491,1542,643,1906]" box="[491,1468,643,670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,611,644,670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Holotype.</emphasis>
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ZSI/WGRC/V/A/891, adult male, from Thavalakuzhipara (10°16 53 N
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="8.[491,1542,643,1906]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">76°41 25.6 E, 530 m), Vazhachal forest division, Thrissur district, Kerala state, India, collected by SDB and SG on 11 September 2015.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="8.[491,1542,643,1906]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,617,764,790]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Paratypes.</emphasis>
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ZSI/WGRC/V/A/892–895, four adult males, and ZSI/WGRC/V/A/896, adult female, collected from the same locality as holotype, by SDB and SG on 11 July 2016.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,629,843,869]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Etymology.</emphasis>
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The species epithet is an adjective that refers to Athirappilly falls, which is in close vicinity of the type locality.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[491,1542,643,1906]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,619,922,948]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName box="[627,989,923,949]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="athirappillyensis">
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<emphasis box="[627,989,923,949]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from known congeners by the following combination of morphological characters: (1) small male adult size (SVL 20.9–22.8 mm,
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<emphasis box="[675,696,1003,1028]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N</emphasis>
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= 5); (2) head width nearly equal to head length (male HW/HL ratio 96.3–100%,
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<emphasis box="[636,657,1043,1068]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N</emphasis>
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= 5); (3) a well developed ridge extending from the lip over the tip of the snout to between the nostrils, at which point it bifurcates, producing an inverted ‘Y’; (4) third finger disc slightly wider than finger width (male FDIII 0.5–0.7, FWIII 0.3–0.4,
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<emphasis box="[1452,1473,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N</emphasis>
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= 5), with dorso-terminal groove and cover rounded distally; (5) fourth toe disc moderately wider than toe width (male TDIV 0.7–0.8, TWIV 0.3–0.5,
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<emphasis box="[1173,1194,1203,1228]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N</emphasis>
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= 5), with dorso-terminal groove and cover notched distally; (6) presence of two palmar tubercles; (7) foot webbing moderately large, fourth toe webbing nearly extending up to the first subarticular tubercle on either side; (8) thigh nearly equal to shank (male TL/SHL ratio 98–100%,
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<emphasis box="[1396,1417,1322,1347]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N</emphasis>
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= 5); and (9) shank nearly equal to foot length (male SHL/FOL ratio 98.1–102%,
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<emphasis box="[1327,1348,1362,1387]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N</emphasis>
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= 5).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="8.[491,1542,643,1906]" box="[491,1460,1401,1427]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,828,1401,1427]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Morphological comparison.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName box="[839,1202,1401,1427]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="athirappillyensis">
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<emphasis box="[839,1202,1401,1427]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="8.[491,1542,643,1906]" lastBlockId="10.[491,1541,1269,1853]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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from its congeners
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<taxonomicName box="[723,923,1441,1467]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthodermis">
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<emphasis box="[723,923,1441,1467]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. acanthodermis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName box="[939,1054,1441,1467]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="danieli">N. danieli</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1065,1272,1441,1467]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dattatreyaensis">N. dattatreyaensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1283,1366,1442,1467]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gavi">N. gavi</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1377,1498,1441,1467]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">N. grandis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[491,646,1481,1507]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humayuni">N. humayuni</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[657,806,1481,1507]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indraneili">N. indraneili</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[816,887,1482,1507]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">N. jog</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[897,1103,1481,1507]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="karnatakaensis">N. karnatakaensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1114,1254,1481,1507]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara">N. kumbara</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1265,1370,1482,1507]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">N. major</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1381,1499,1482,1507]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="periyar">N. periyar</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[491,623,1521,1546]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petraeus">N. petraeus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[634,751,1520,1546]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poocha">N. poocha</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[762,895,1520,1546]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="radcliffei" status="sp. nov.">N. radcliffei</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[902,996,1521,1547]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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,
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<emphasis box="[1008,1359,1520,1546]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName box="[1008,1207,1520,1546]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanctipalustris">N. sanctipalustris</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1217,1359,1520,1546]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">N. sylvaticus</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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and
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<taxonomicName box="[1418,1540,1521,1546]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vrijeuni">
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<emphasis box="[1418,1540,1521,1546]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. vrijeuni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by its relatively smaller snout-vent size, male SVL 20.9–22.8 mm (vs. larger, male SVL 24.2–76.9 mm) and dorsal skin less prominently wrinkled and/or granular (vs. prominently wrinkled and/or granular).
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<taxonomicName box="[977,1339,1640,1666]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="athirappillyensis">
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<emphasis box="[977,1339,1640,1666]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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differs from
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<emphasis box="[491,960,1680,1706]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName box="[491,601,1680,1706]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aliciae">N. aliciae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[612,722,1680,1706]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="deveni">N. deveni</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[733,837,1680,1706]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pillaii">N. pillaii</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[847,960,1680,1706]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shiradi">N. shiradi</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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and
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<taxonomicName box="[1016,1146,1680,1706]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vasanthi">
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<emphasis box="[1016,1146,1680,1706]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. vasanthi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by its dorsal skin less prominently wrinkled and/or granular (vs. prominently wrinkled and/or granular in all five species), and third finger disc with dorso-terminal groove and cover rounded distally (vs. third finger disc with dorso-terminal groove and cover notched distally in
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<taxonomicName box="[1301,1408,1799,1825]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aliciae">
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<emphasis box="[1301,1408,1799,1825]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. aliciae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1423,1530,1799,1825]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="deveni">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1423,1530,1799,1825]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. deveni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[543,656,1839,1865]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shiradi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[543,656,1839,1865]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. shiradi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; third finger disc with dorso-terminal groove and cover bifurcate distally in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[491,592,1879,1905]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pillaii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,592,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. pillaii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[651,782,1879,1905]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vasanthi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[651,782,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. vasanthi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[807,1170,1879,1905]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="athirappillyensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[807,1170,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Garg et al. (2017)" authorityName="Garg et al." authorityYear="2017" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anamallaiensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1324,1534,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. anamallaiensis,</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[91,1541,2008,2031]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Garg et al. (2017),
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[299,364,2008,2031]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">PeerJ</emphasis>
|
||
, DOI 10.7717/peerj.3007 10/50
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,784,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[491,634,1269,1295]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomii">N. beddomii</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[645,784,1269,1295]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manalari" status="sp. nov.">N. manalari</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[792,885,1269,1295]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[897,1216,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[897,1035,1270,1295]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minimus">N. minimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1046,1216,1269,1295]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulivijayani" status="sp. nov.">N. pulivijayani</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1223,1317,1269,1295]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1328,1501,1269,1295]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinmoorei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1328,1501,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. robinmoorei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[604,773,1309,1335]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sabarimalai" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[604,773,1309,1335]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. sabarimalai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[781,874,1309,1335]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
by its relatively larger male snout-vent size, male SVL 20.9–22.8 mm (vs. smaller, male SVL 10.0–18.0 mm) and presence of webbing between toes (vs. absent).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375726/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[507,1511,1510,1708]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[507,1360,1510,1533]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Figure 2 Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[729,1048,1510,1532]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="athirappillyensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[729,1048,1510,1532]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1053,1129,1511,1532]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(ZSI/WGRC/V/A/891).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Size (SVL 20.9 mm) in comparison to the Indian five-rupee coin (24 mm diameter). (C) Dorsal view, in life. (D) Dorsal surface of third finger disc, in preservation. (E) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (F) Ventral view, in life. (G) Femoral glands, in preservation. (H) Closeup of femoral glands after removal of skin showing multiple glands. (I) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (J) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (K) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (L) Schematic illustration of foot webbing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375727/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[493,1541,230,998]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[507,1520,1046,1215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Figure 3 Male advertisement calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[881,1200,1046,1068]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="athirappillyensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[881,1200,1046,1068]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1205,1280,1047,1068]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manalari" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nyctibatrachus manalari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[604,680,1076,1097]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(A–E)
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[753,1051,1076,1098]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="athirappillyensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[753,1051,1076,1098]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1056,1132,1076,1098]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(A) 10 s segment. (B) 1 s segment showing part 1 (non-pulsatile) and part 2 (pulsatile) of a single call. (C) 0.1 s segment showing the part 2 of a single call. (D) 0.1 s segment showing the part 1 of a single call. (E) Spectrogram of 1 s call segment. (F– I)
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[529,761,1164,1186]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manalari" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[529,761,1164,1186]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nyctibatrachus manalari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[766,842,1164,1186]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(F) 10 s segment. (G) 1 s segment. (H) 0.1 s segment showing a single non-pulsatile call. (I) Spectrogram of 1 s call segment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[491,1541,1269,1853]" lastBlockId="11.[491,1542,223,1913]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Because of the comparable snout-vent size,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1050,1413,1428,1454]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="athirappillyensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1050,1413,1428,1454]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be confused with the previously known species
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1061,1224,1468,1494]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="deccanensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1061,1224,1468,1494]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. deccanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1240,1448,1468,1494]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1240,1448,1468,1494]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[491,595,1509,1534]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,595,1509,1534]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the new species
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[842,957,1508,1534]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="webilla" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[842,957,1508,1534]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. webilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[963,1053,1509,1535]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
However,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1178,1397,1508,1534]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="athirappillyensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1178,1397,1508,1534]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. athirappillyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[491,654,1548,1574]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="deccanensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,654,1548,1574]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. deccanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its relatively large snout-vent size, male SVL 20.9–22.8,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1349,1370,1549,1574]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. male SVL 16.1–20.8,
|
||
<emphasis box="[674,695,1589,1614]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 15), head width subequal or equal to head length, male HW/HL ratio 96.3–100%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[636,657,1629,1654]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. head wider than long, male HW/HL ratio 101.3–125.8%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1436,1457,1629,1654]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 15), snout length relatively larger than head length, male SL/HL ratio of 41.8–48.1%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1422,1443,1668,1693]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. male SL/HL ratio of 30.0–38.7%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[875,896,1708,1733]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 15), third finger disc with dorso-terminal groove and cover rounded distally (vs. without groove), fourth toe disc with dorso-terminal groove and cover notched distally (vs. with dorso-terminal groove and cover bifurcate distally), fourth toe webbing nearly extending up to the first subarticular tubercle on either side, I1–1 3/4II1–2+III1–2+IV2+–1V (vs. up to the second subarticular tubercle on either side), and flesh or off white ventral coloration in life (vs. red, reddish-orange or reddish-brown).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[491,1542,223,1913]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[523,886,307,333]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="athirappillyensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,886,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1042,1250,307,333]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1042,1250,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its snout vertical in lateral view (vs. rounded), presence of two palmar tubercles (vs. single), and fourth toe webbing nearly extending up to the first subarticular tubercle on either side, I1–1 3/4II1– 2+III1–2+IV2+–1V (vs. below, I1–2−II1–2 1/4III1–2 1/2IV2 1/2–1V).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[491,1542,223,1913]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[523,886,465,491]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="athirappillyensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,886,465,491]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1040,1143,466,491]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1040,1143,466,491]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its relatively larger snout-vent size, male SVL 20.9–22.8 mm,
|
||
<emphasis box="[854,875,505,530]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. male SVL 15.4–17.9 mm,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1290,1311,505,530]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 6), third finger disc with dorso-terminal groove and cover rounded distally (vs. with dorso-terminal
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[491,1542,223,1913]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
groove and cover bifurcate distally), fourth toe disc with dorso-terminal groove and cover notched distally (vs. with dorso-terminal groove and cover bifurcate distally), relatively shorter forearm length than hand length, male FAL/HAL ratio 65.5–69.8%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1392,1413,663,688]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. male FAL/HAL ratio 72.1–78.9%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[886,907,703,728]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 6), and foot webbing large (vs. absence of webbing).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[491,1542,223,1913]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[523,886,741,767]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="athirappillyensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,886,741,767]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1036,1155,741,768]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="webilla">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1036,1057,742,767]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1075,1155,741,767]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">webilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its relatively larger snout-vent size, male SVL 20.9–22.8,
|
||
<emphasis box="[794,815,782,807]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. male SVL 18.7–20.7,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1169,1190,782,807]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 4), head width subequal or equal to head length, male HW/HL ratio 96.3–100%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1105,1126,821,846]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. head wider than long, male HW/HL ratio 110.8–117.4%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[841,862,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 4), third finger disc with dorso-terminal groove and cover rounded distally (vs. without groove), fourth toe disc with dorso-terminal groove and cover notched distally (vs. with dorso-terminal groove and cover bifurcate distally), thigh nearly equal to shank, male TL/SHL ratio 98–100%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1105,1126,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. longer, male TL/SHL ratio 106.9–111.1%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[670,691,1019,1044]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 4), shank nearly equal to foot length, male SHL/FOL ratio 98.1–102%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,512,1058,1083]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. shorter, male SHL/FOL ratio 90.0–93.5%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1121,1142,1058,1083]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 4), fourth toe webbing nearly extending up to the first subarticular tubercle on either side, I1–1 3/4II1–2+III1–2+IV2+–1V (vs. just above the third subarticular tubercle, I2−–2−II2−–3III3−–4−IV4−–3−V), and flesh or off white ventral coloration in life (vs. red, reddish-orange or reddish-brown).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[491,1542,223,1913]" box="[491,1499,1215,1242]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,1063,1215,1242]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Description of holotype
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[787,1063,1215,1241]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">(measurements in mm)</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Adult male (SVL 20.9); head width
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[491,1542,223,1913]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">subequal to its length (HW 7.6, HL 7.7); snout nearly rounded in dorsal view, vertical in lateral view, its length (SL 3.7) longer than horizontal diameter of the eye (EL 2.4); loreal region obtuse with indistinct canthus rostralis; interorbital space flat, wider (IUE 2.5) than the upper eyelid (UEW 1.2) and internarial distance (IN 1.9); nostril closer to eye (EN 1.4) than the tip of snout (NS 1.7); tympanum indistinct; vomerine ridge present, bearing small teeth, with an angle of 45° to body axis, closer to each other than choanae, longer than the distance between them; tongue moderately large, emarginated, bearing no median lingual process; supratympanic fold weakly developed. Forearm (FAL 3.6)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[491,1542,223,1913]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">shorter than hand length (HAL 5.4), fingers with dermal fringes, finger length formula: I <II <IV <III, finger discs slightly wide compared to finger width (FDI 0.5, FWI 0.4; FDII 0.5, FWII 0.3; FDIII 0.5, FWIII 0.4; FDIV 0.5, FWIV 0.4), finger disc with dorso-terminal groove, cover rounded distally; subarticular tubercles prominent, oval, single, all present; prepollex distinct, oval; two palmar tubercles, distinct, oval; nuptial pads present. Thigh length (TL 10.0) subequal to shank (SHL 10.2), and equal to foot (FOL 10.0), relative toe lengths I <II <V <III <IV, toe discs moderately wide compared to toe width (TDI 0.7, TWI 0.4; TDII 0.8, TWII 0.4; TDIII 0.9, TWIII 0.5; TDIV 0.8, TWIV 0.5; TDV 0.6, TWV</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[491,1542,223,1913]" lastBlockId="12.[491,1542,223,1913]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
0.5), toe disc with dorso-terminal groove, cover notched distally; foot webbing moderately large: I1–1 3/4II1–2+III1–2+IV2+–1V, fourth toe webbing nearly extending up to the first subarticular tubercle on either side (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[908,980,268,294]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[507,571,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2 Holotype of Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis sp. nov. (ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 891). (A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Size (SVL 20.9 mm) in comparison to the Indian five-rupee coin (24 mm diameter). (C) Dorsal view, in life. (D) Dorsal surface of third finger disc, in preservation. (E) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (F) Ventral view, in life. (G) Femoral glands, in preservation. (H) Closeup of femoral glands after removal of skin showing multiple glands. (I) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (J) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (K) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (L) Schematic illustration of foot webbing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375726/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
K and 2L); subarticular tubercles well developed, oval, single, all present; inner metatarsal tubercle present, oval; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; dermal fringe along toes I and V present, weakly developed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[491,1542,223,1913]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Skin of snout shagreened to granular, upper eyelids tuberculate, sides of head, anterior and posterior parts of back and upper and lower parts of flank weakly wrinkled with spinular projections; subocular gland prominent, extending from the posterior ventral border of the orbit towards the posterior axis of the mandibles; dorsal surfaces of forelimb, thigh and shank with weakly developed folds or wrinkles and spinular projections; a well developed ridge extending from the lip over the tip of the snout to between the nostrils, at which point it bifurcates, producing an inverted ‘Y’; a well developed glandular fold between the eyes; ventral surface of throat with weakly developed longitudinal folds, chest shagreened, prominent glandular projections on the margin of lower jaw, belly and limbs shagreened; a pair of prominent femoral glands present on the ventral surface of thighs (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[502,576,781,807]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[507,571,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2 Holotype of Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis sp. nov. (ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 891). (A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Size (SVL 20.9 mm) in comparison to the Indian five-rupee coin (24 mm diameter). (C) Dorsal view, in life. (D) Dorsal surface of third finger disc, in preservation. (E) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (F) Ventral view, in life. (G) Femoral glands, in preservation. (H) Closeup of femoral glands after removal of skin showing multiple glands. (I) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (J) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (K) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (L) Schematic illustration of foot webbing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375726/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
F–2H).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[491,1542,223,1913]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,727,820,847]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Colour of holotype.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[735,808,820,846]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">In life.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal and lateral side of head greyish-brown with scattered black spots, upper eyelids dark brown (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[960,1035,860,886]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[507,571,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2 Holotype of Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis sp. nov. (ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 891). (A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Size (SVL 20.9 mm) in comparison to the Indian five-rupee coin (24 mm diameter). (C) Dorsal view, in life. (D) Dorsal surface of third finger disc, in preservation. (E) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (F) Ventral view, in life. (G) Femoral glands, in preservation. (H) Closeup of femoral glands after removal of skin showing multiple glands. (I) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (J) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (K) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (L) Schematic illustration of foot webbing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375726/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A and 2C); a dark brown stripe between the eyes demarcating a triangular light orangish-brown patch on the snout, a pair of light orangish-brown longitudinal dorsal bands starting from behind the eyelids and extending up to the middle of dorsum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[849,916,979,1005]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[507,571,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2 Holotype of Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis sp. nov. (ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 891). (A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Size (SVL 20.9 mm) in comparison to the Indian five-rupee coin (24 mm diameter). (C) Dorsal view, in life. (D) Dorsal surface of third finger disc, in preservation. (E) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (F) Ventral view, in life. (G) Femoral glands, in preservation. (H) Closeup of femoral glands after removal of skin showing multiple glands. (I) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (J) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (K) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (L) Schematic illustration of foot webbing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375726/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C); forelimbs (including fingers) and hind limbs (including toes) light orangish-brown with dark brown transverse bands; white glandular projections on the throat margins, lateral surfaces of the head and abdomen, margins of limbs, fingers and toes; webbing grey with dark grey spots; femoral glands orangish-brown with brown spots (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[713,777,1137,1163]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[507,571,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2 Holotype of Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis sp. nov. (ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 891). (A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Size (SVL 20.9 mm) in comparison to the Indian five-rupee coin (24 mm diameter). (C) Dorsal view, in life. (D) Dorsal surface of third finger disc, in preservation. (E) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (F) Ventral view, in life. (G) Femoral glands, in preservation. (H) Closeup of femoral glands after removal of skin showing multiple glands. (I) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (J) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (K) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (L) Schematic illustration of foot webbing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375726/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
F).
|
||
<emphasis box="[818,987,1137,1162]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">In preservation</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsum grey with scattered dark grey spots, a pair of light greyish-brown longitudinal dorsal bands starting from behind the eyelids and extending up to the middle of dorsum; limbs, fingers and toes light grey with dark grey cross-bands; ventral surfaces greyish-white with scattered dark grey spots on the throat, forelimbs and hindlimbs, margins of limbs darker in colour.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[491,1542,223,1913]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,626,1334,1360]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Variations.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphometric data from five adult males and an adult female, including the holotype, is given in Table S6. Overall, the colour and meristic characters of the paratypes are similar to the holotype.
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,1072,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Colour in preservation</emphasis>
|
||
. ZSI/WGRC/V/A/892: dorsum darker grey with more prominent dark grey spots; ZSI/WGRC/V/A/893–895: dorsum uniformly darker grey, ventral surfaces of throat, forelimbs and hindlimbs with more prominent dark grey spots.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[491,1542,223,1913]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,836,1571,1597]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Secondary sexual characters.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[842,900,1571,1597]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Male</emphasis>
|
||
, femoral glands present, nuptial pad on finger I present.
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,572,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Female</emphasis>
|
||
(ZSI/WGRC/V/A/896), small pigmented eggs present (diameter 1.1 ± 0.4mm,
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,512,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 10).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[491,1542,223,1913]" lastBlockId="13.[491,1542,228,852]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,652,1689,1715]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Vocalization.</emphasis>
|
||
Male (ZSI/WGRC/V/A/893) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1030,1392,1689,1715]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="athirappillyensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1030,1392,1689,1715]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
produced a single type of call with two distinct parts, hereafter termed part 1 and part 2. Calls were not delivered in groups and the call parts had a fixed order, i.e., part 1 followed by part 2. The duration of the entire call was 755.7 ms and had a dominant frequency of 3.4 kHz. Part 1 had a single pulse (non-pulsatile) and was 93.5 ms in duration. Part 1 had a rise time of 43.6 ms and was without any significant fall time (7.3 ms). The overall dominant frequency of part 1 was 1.6 kHz with three distinct frequency peaks. On the other hand, part 2 had a pulsatile temporal structure and was much longer in duration (595.8 ms) compared to part 1, with 25 unevenly spaced pulses delivered at a rate of 42.2 pulses/s. The amplitude envelope of part 2 was characterized by a short rise time of 1.7 ms, fall time of 593.5 ms, and the overall dominant frequency of 3.4 kHz with two distinct frequency peaks (Table S8;
|
||
<figureCitation box="[533,605,428,454]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[507,571,1047,1069]" captionTargetBox="[493,1541,230,998]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[491,1541,229,1001]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3 Male advertisement calls of Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis sp. nov. and Nyctibatrachus manalari sp. nov. (A – E) Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis sp. nov. (A) 10 s segment. (B) 1 s segment showing part 1 (non-pulsatile) and part 2 (pulsatile) of a single call. (C) 0.1 s segment showing the part 2 of a single call. (D) 0.1 s segment showing the part 1 of a single call. (E) Spectrogram of 1 s call segment. (F – I) Nyctibatrachus manalari sp. nov. (F) 10 s segment. (G) 1 s segment. (H) 0.1 s segment showing a single non-pulsatile call. (I) Spectrogram of 1 s call segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375727/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A–3E). Air temperature at the time of recording: dry bulb 25 °C, wet bulb 24 °C.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,889,467,493]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Distribution and natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[896,1258,467,493]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="athirappillyensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[896,1258,467,493]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently known only from its type locality in the southern Western Ghats state of Kerala. All the specimens were collected from shallow streams or marshy areas covered with thick vegetation or leaf litter. Collection site was located inside a secondary forest. Calling males were found hiding under vegetation either inside the shallow stream or on the edges. Calls were heard and recorded during the late evening between 18:00–22:00 h.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[491,1542,228,852]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,594,706,732]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Remark.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Biju SD & Van Bocxlaer I & Mahony S & Dinesh KP & Radhakrishnan C & Zachariah A & Giri V & Bossuyt F." box="[600,792,706,732]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 96" part="3029" refString="Biju SD, Van Bocxlaer I, Mahony S, Dinesh KP, Radhakrishnan C, Zachariah A, Giri V, Bossuyt F. 2011. A taxonomic review of the Night Frog genus Nyctibatrachus Boulenger, 1882 in the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Nyctibatrachidae) with description of twelve new species. Zootaxa 3029: 1 - 96." title="A taxonomic review of the Night Frog genus Nyctibatrachus Boulenger, 1882 in the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Nyctibatrachidae) with description of twelve new species" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
<emphasis box="[600,792,706,732]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Biju et al. (2011)</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
erroneously interpreted the ‘‘fourth toe disc with dorso-terminal groove, cover rounded distally’’ in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[900,1250,746,772]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[900,1250,746,772]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nyctibatrachus kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the present study we confirm that the fourth toe disc of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[908,1116,786,812]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[908,1116,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a dorso-terminal groove with cover notched distally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |