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<mods:title id="F2191E1FD6E97C24D6124D7D9F55A000">An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyans of South Africa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="911A2CAF31A6803A68FFB0FCD554C5CF">Ebert, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B3B92D96AD56AF7550D1BA109D78B7AD">Wintner, Sabine P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="323E2C8E2F1C723951A8A745AB4061BB">Kyne, Peter M.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="C321653C954FFFA8CFF75D03FE812722" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8436B7954FFFA8CFF75D03FDB22747" blockId="38.[151,1436,1806,2013]" box="[151,587,1806,1833]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<heading id="D0CC81DB954FFFA8CFF75D03FDB22747" bold="true" box="[151,587,1806,1833]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D34954FFFA8CFF75D03FDB22747" ID-CoL="5WZK9" ID-ENA="30501" authority="Rafinesque, 1810 a" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1810" box="[151,587,1806,1833]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taurus">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5954FFFA8CFF75D03FDB22747" bold="true" box="[151,587,1806,1833]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5954FFFA8CFF75D03FE932746" bold="true" box="[151,362,1806,1833]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Carcharias taurus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46954FFFA8CE115D03FDB22747" author="Rafinesque" box="[369,587,1806,1832]" firstAuthor="Rafinesque" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="3 - 69" refId="ref111747" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. (1810 a) s. n. In: Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia, con varie osservazioni sopra i medisimi. Part 1 (involves fishes). Sanfilippo, Palermo, pp. 3 - 69. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 104418" type="book chapter" year="1810" yearSuffix="a">Rafinesque, 1810a</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436B7954FFFA8CFF75D3EFE812722" blockId="38.[151,1436,1806,2013]" box="[151,376,1843,1869]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Ragged-tooth Shark</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C321653C954FFFA8CFF75D5AFF0F27FA" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B8436B7954FFFA8CFF75D5AFF0F27FA" blockId="38.[151,1436,1806,2013]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<treatmentCitation id="0A9A10A6954FFFA8CFF75D5AFD94271E" author="Rafinesque, C. S." box="[151,621,1879,1905]" page="10" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" year="1810">
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D34954FFFA8CFF75D5AFD94271E" ID-CoL="5WZK9" authority="Rafinesque, 1810 a: 10" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityPageNumber="10" authorityYear="1810" box="[151,621,1879,1905]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taurus">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5954FFFA8CFF75D5AFE9F271F" box="[151,358,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Carcharias taurus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46954FFFA8CE0D5D5AFD94271E" author="Rafinesque" box="[365,621,1879,1905]" firstAuthor="Rafinesque" page="10" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="3 - 69" refId="ref111747" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. (1810 a) s. n. In: Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia, con varie osservazioni sopra i medisimi. Part 1 (involves fishes). Sanfilippo, Palermo, pp. 3 - 69. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 104418" type="book chapter" year="1810" yearSuffix="a">Rafinesque, 1810a: 10</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 14 (fig. 1).
<typeStatus id="54808815954FFFA8CC405D5AFC71271E" box="[800,904,1879,1905]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
unknown. Type locality:
<collectingRegion id="49FFF855954FFFA8CBCA5D5AFB15271E" box="[1194,1260,1879,1905]" country="Italy" name="Sicilia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Sicily</collectingRegion>
, Mediterranean Sea.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph id="8B8436B7954FFFA9CFF75D92FB93210A" blockId="38.[151,1436,1806,2013]" lastBlockId="39.[151,1437,150,969]" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5954FFFA8CFF75D92FEA127D6" bold="true" box="[151,344,1951,1977]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Local synonymy</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D34954FFFA8CE065D92FDC427D7" authority="(Rafinesque, 1810)" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1810" box="[358,573,1951,1977]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Odontaspsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taurus">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5954FFFA8CE065D92FDC427D7" box="[358,573,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Odontaspsis taurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB2B1199954FFFA8CD2A5D92FB7D27D6" box="[586,1156,1950,1977]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<treatmentCitation id="0A9A10A6954FFFA8CD2A5D92FC4D27D6" box="[586,948,1951,1977]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
M̹ller &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46954FFFA8CDD65D92FC9127D6" author="Henle" box="[694,872,1951,1977]" firstAuthor="Henle" page="73" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="103 - 200" refId="ref110052" refString="M ʾ ller, J. &amp; Henle, F. G. J. (1841) s. n. In: Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Plagiostomen, Berlin, pp. 103 - 200." type="book chapter" year="1841">Henle, 1841: 73</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 30
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A9A10A6954FFFA8CCDE5D92FB7D27D6" box="[958,1156,1950,1977]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46954FFFA8CCDE5D92FB7D27D6" author="Bleeker, P." box="[958,1156,1950,1977]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neerlandicae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 14" part="8" refId="ref94042" refString="Bleeker, P. (1860 a) Elfde bijdrage tot de kennis der vischfauna van Amboina. Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neerlandicae, 8 (5), 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 144153" title="Elfde bijdrage tot de kennis der vischfauna van Amboina" type="journal article" year="1860">Bleeker, 1860: 58</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D34954FFFA8CBED5D92FE5127B2" ID-CoL="6ZDX6" authority=": Bleeker, 1860 b: 58" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityPageNumber="58" authorityYear="1860" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Squalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5954FFFA8CBED5D92FA6C27D7" box="[1165,1429,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Odontapsis americanus</emphasis>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0A9A10A6954FFFA8CFA65DCEFE5127B2" box="[198,424,1986,2013]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46954FFFA8CFA65DCEFE5127B2" author="Bleeker" box="[198,424,1986,2013]" firstAuthor="Bleeker" page="58" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 104" refId="ref94090" refString="Bleeker, P. (1860 b) Zesde bijdrage tot de kennis der vischfauna van Japan. Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neerlandicae, 8 (1), 1 - 104. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 144153" type="journal article" year="1860" yearSuffix="b">Bleeker, 1860b: 58</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; G̹nther, 1870: 392;
<treatmentCitation id="0A9A10A6954FFFA8CDD05DCEFC6727B2" box="[688,926,1987,2013]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46954FFFA8CDD05DCEFC6727B2" author="Gilchrist" box="[688,926,1987,2013]" firstAuthor="Gilchrist" page="164" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="97 - 179" refId="ref102454" refString="Gilchrist, J. D. F. (1902) Catalogue of fishes recorded from South Africa. Cape of Good Hope, Department of Agriculture, Marine Investigations in South Africa, 1, 97 - 179." type="journal article" year="1902">Gilchrist, 1902: 164</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46954FFFA8CCCE5DCEFB4B27B2" author="Thompson, W. W." box="[942,1202,1987,2013]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="132 - 167" refId="ref117072" refString="Thompson, W. W. (1914) Catalogue of the fishes of the Cape Province (Pt 1). Marine Biological Report, Cape Town, 2 (8), 132 - 167." type="journal article" year="1914">Thompson, 1914: 146</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D34954FFFA8CBA25DCEFA6C27B3" ID-CoL="5WZK9" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1810" box="[1218,1429,1987,2013]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taurus">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5954FFFA8CBA25DCEFA6C27B3" box="[1218,1429,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Carcharias taurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<subSubSection id="C321653C954EFFA9CFA65A9AFB93210A" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="description">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46954EFFA9CFA65A9AFE6820DE" author="Barnard" box="[198,401,150,177]" firstAuthor="Barnard" page="36" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 418" refId="ref92438" refString="Barnard, K. H. (1925) A monograph of the marine fishes of South Africa. Part I (Amphioxus, Cyclostomata, Elasmobranchii, and Teleostei-Isospondyli to Heterosomata). Annals of the South African Museum, 21, 1 - 418." type="journal article" year="1925">Barnard, 1925: 36</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 2, pl. 2;
<treatmentCitation id="0A9A10A6954EFFA9CD415A9AFCF220DE" box="[545,779,150,177]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46954EFFA9CD415A9AFCF220DE" author="von Bonde, C." box="[545,779,150,177]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref117977" refString="von Bonde, C. (1934) Shark fishing as an industry. Union of South Africa, Department of Commerce and Industry, Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Investigational Report, Series 2, 1 - 19." type="book chapter" year="1934">von Bonde, 1934: 15</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46954EFFA9CC765A9AFC2F20DE" author="Smith, J. L. B." box="[790,982,151,177]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref114538" refString="Smith, J. L. B. (1949 a) The Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. South Africa Central News Agency Ltd., 550 pp." type="book" year="1949">Smith, 1949a: 48</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 25, pl. 1 [in part];
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46954EFFA9CBB45A9AFF1D20BA" author="D'Aubrey" firstAuthor="D'Aubrey" page="12" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref96632" refString="D'Aubrey, J. D. (1964 a) Preliminary guide to the sharks found off the east coast of South Africa. South African Association for Marine Biological Research, Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigational Report, 8, 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="a">D’Aubrey, 1964a: 12</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 1;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46954EFFA9CE515AB6FD9920BA" author="Compagno" box="[305,608,187,213]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Compagno" page="40" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref96138" refString="Compagno, L. J. V., Ebert, D. A. &amp; Smale, M. J. (1989) Guide to the Sharks and Rays of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, 158 pp." type="book" year="1989">
Compagno
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5954EFFA9CED35AB6FE1C20BA" box="[435,485,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
., 1989: 40
</bibRefCitation>
, pl.;
<treatmentCitation id="0A9A10A6954EFFA9CDF75AB6FC6A20BA" box="[663,915,187,213]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46954EFFA9CDF75AB6FC6A20BA" author="Compagno" box="[663,915,187,213]" firstAuthor="Compagno" page="118" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="75 - 120" refId="ref95720" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (1999) An overview of chondrichthyan systematics and biodiversity in southern Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 54, 75 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00359199909520406" type="journal article" year="1999">Compagno, 1999: 118</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46954EFFA9CCFF5AB6FB7720BA" author="Compagno" box="[927,1166,186,213]" firstAuthor="Compagno" page="58" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref95767" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (2001) Sharks of the World, an Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. Volume 2. Bullhead, Mackerel and Carpet Sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). FAO, Rome, 269 pp." type="book" year="2001">Compagno, 2001: 58</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46954EFFA9CBFA5AB6FED62096" author="Heemstra &amp; Heemstra" firstAuthor="Heemstra" page="73" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref104374" refString="Heemstra, P. C. &amp; Heemstra, E. (2004) Coastal Fishes of Southern Africa. National Inquiry Service Centre and South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, 488 pp." type="book" year="2004">Heemstra &amp; Heemstra, 2004: 73</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46954EFFA9CE5D5AD2FD7D2096" author="Compagno" box="[317,644,222,249]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Compagno" page="175" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref95897" refString="Compagno, L., Dando, M. &amp; Fowler, S. (2005) Field Guide to the Sharks of the World. Harper Collins Publishers Ltd, London, 368 pp." type="book" year="2005">
<treatmentCitation id="0A9A10A6954EFFA9CE5D5AD2FDB32096" box="[317,586,222,249]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
Compagno
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5954EFFA9CEA25AD2FE0E2096" box="[450,503,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
., 2005
</treatmentCitation>
: 175
</bibRefCitation>
, fig., pl. 27;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46954EFFA9CC7F5AD2FC142096" author="Ebert, D. A. &amp; Fowler, S. &amp; Compagno, L. J. V." box="[799,1005,223,249]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref99433" refString="Ebert, D. A., Fowler, S. &amp; Compagno, L. J. V. (2013) Sharks of the World: A Fully Illustrated Guide to the Sharks of the World. Wild Nature Press, Plymouth, 528 pp." type="book" year="2013">
Ebert
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5954EFFA9CC055AD2FC632096" box="[869,922,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
., 2013
</bibRefCitation>
a: 217, fig., pl. 25;
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;
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;
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;
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.
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D34954EFFA9CA7E5B0EFDDC212E" authority=": Smith, 1949 a: 48" authorityName="Smith" authorityPageNumber="48" authorityYear="1949" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tricuspidatus">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5954EFFA9CA7E5B0EFEA1212E" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Carcharias tricuspidatus</emphasis>
:
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</taxonomicName>
, fig. 24 [in part].
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA5954EFFA9CD835B2AFC49212F" box="[739,944,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Odontaspis taurus</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46954EFFA9CCDD5B2AFB52212E" author="Bass" box="[957,1195,294,321]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bass" page="12" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 102" refId="ref93030" refString="Bass, A. J., D'Aubrey, J. D. &amp; Kistnasamy, N. (1975 c) Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. IV. The families Odontaspididae, Scapanorhynchidae, Isuridae, Cetorhinidae, Alopiidae, Orectolobidae and Rhiniodontidae. Investigational Report. Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, 39, 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1975" yearSuffix="c">
Bass
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5954EFFA9CC985B2AFBD1212E" box="[1016,1064,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
., 1975c: 12
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, fig. 7.
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA5954EFFA9CB9C5B2AFEF7210B" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Eugomphodus taurus</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46954EFFA9CE7C5B46FDDC210A" author="Compagno" box="[284,549,331,357]" firstAuthor="Compagno" page="216" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 250" refId="ref95434" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (1984 a) FAO Species Catalogue. Sharks of the World. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. Vol. 4. No. 125. Part 1. Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO, Rome, pp. 1 - 250." type="book chapter" year="1984" yearSuffix="a">Compagno, 1984a: 216</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, fig.;
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, fig. 19.1, pl. 2.
</subSubSection>
</paragraph>
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voucher material
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<paragraph id="8B8436B7954EFFA9CFF75867FEEB22C6" blockId="39.[151,1437,150,969]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5954EFFA9CFF75867FE2A22EB" bold="true" box="[151,467,618,644]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">South African distribution</emphasis>
: Occurs along the entire coast but appears to be more common along the EC and KZN coasts.
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<subSubSection id="C321653C954EFFA9CFF758BEFDED23A6" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8436B7954EFFA9CFF758BEFD0323CA" blockId="39.[151,1437,150,969]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5954EFFA9CFF758BEFEFD22A2" bold="true" box="[151,260,691,717]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Remarks</emphasis>
: Some literature accounts cite plate
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Rafinesque’s original description as an illustration of this species, however it is plate 14 that illustrates the species. Females migrate seasonally between mating (central KZN) and pupping grounds (northern KZN). Juvenile sharks display site fidelity to summer nursery areas and the species is possibly philopatric (Dicken
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5954EFFA9CD1D5912FD572356" box="[637,686,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
., 2007). Three adults tagged by KZN Sharks Board and recaptured after more than 20 years at liberty suggest long lifespan (S.P. Wintner, unpubl. data). A popular shark frequently displayed in public aquaria as well as in diving ecotourism. Current South African legislation prohibits both commercial and recreational catch (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B46954EFFA9CD355986FD1723CA" author="NPOA" box="[597,750,907,933]" firstAuthor="NPOA" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref110949" refString="NPOA. (2013) National Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks (NPOA-Sharks). Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), Rogge Bay, Cape Town, 63 pp." type="book" year="2013">NPOA, 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436B7954EFFA9CFF759A3FDED23A6" blockId="39.[151,1437,150,969]" box="[151,532,942,969]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA5954EFFA9CFF759A3FE7D23A6" bold="true" box="[151,388,942,969]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Conservation status</emphasis>
: VU (2009).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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