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<mods:title id="C86A1C0DEB958CD27DB639A2E0D73FF2">Marine benthic diatoms in the newly discovered coral reefs, off Basra coast, Southern Iraq</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="65E68FAD7CE5AEDFD4504A918AE6D430">Al-Handal, Adil Y.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B0F7C853DD83E1C162B4FC107021E7A6">Pennesi, Chiara</mods:namePart>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9AF12CFF9C2F66FF61F224FD78FDAB" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[136,662,520,545]" page=")" pageId="6" pageNumber="117" year="1837">
<taxonomicName id="4C3BACBEFF9C2F66FF61F224FD78FDAB" authority="Ehrenberg (1837: 61)" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityPageNumber="61" authorityYear="1837" box="[136,662,520,545]" class="Gastropoda" family="Actinocyclidae" genus="Actinocyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="6" pageNumber="117" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="octonarius">
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF9C2F66FF61F224FE70FDAB" bold="true" box="[136,414,520,545]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="117">Actinocyclus octonarius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAAACCFF9C2F66FE4CF224FD78FDAB" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[421,662,520,545]" pageId="6" pageNumber="117" pagination="59 - 61" refId="ref23212" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1837) Nachricht des Hrn Agassiz in Neuchatel uber den ebenfalls aus mikroskopichen Kiesel-Organismen gebildeten Polirschiefer von Oran in Afrika vor. Bericht uber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Koniglich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1837: 59 - 61." type="book chapter" year="1837">Ehrenberg (1837: 61)</bibRefCitation>
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(
<figureCitation id="1300CBB8FF9C2F66FD4CF224FD18FDAB" box="[677,758,520,545]" captionStart="FIGURES 1120" captionStartId="7.[136,243,1957,1978]" captionTargetBox="[216,1364,210,1915]" captionTargetId="figure-14@7.[201,1386,190,1932]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1120. Marine benthic diatoms in the coral reefs off Basra. Fig. 11. Actinocyclus curvatulus, Fig. 12. Actinocyclus octonarius, Fig. 13. Lyrella abrupta, Fig. 14. Lyrella clavata, Fig. 15. Lyrella hennedyi, Fig. 16. Lyrella hennedyi var. subcarinata, Fig. 17, Lyrella spectabilis, Fig. 18. Petroneis granulata, Fig. 19. Petroneis marina, Fig. 20. Petroneis sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13728828" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13728828/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="117">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
)
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<paragraph id="8B84D73DFF9C2F66FF61F202FB13FDC9" blockId="6.[136,1277,558,579]" box="[136,1277,558,579]" pageId="6" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF9C2F66FF61F202FF1EFDC9" box="[136,240,558,579]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="117">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAAACCFF9C2F66FF14F202FE9BFDC9" author="Ricard, M." box="[253,373,558,579]" pageId="6" pageNumber="117" refId="ref26635" refString="Ricard, M. (1987) Atlas du Phytoplankton Marin. 2. Diatomophycees. Editions du Center National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 297 pp." type="book" year="1987">Ricard 1987</bibRefCitation>
, figs 3539;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAAACCFF9C2F66FE1BF202FCFCFDC9" author="Podzorski, A. C. &amp; Hakansson, H." box="[498,786,558,579]" pageId="6" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 245" refId="ref26353" refString="Podzorski, A. C. &amp; Hakansson, H. (1987) Freshwater and marine diatoms from Palawan (Philippine Island). Bibliotheca Diatomologica 13: 1 - 245." type="journal article" year="1987">Podzorski &amp; Håkansson 1987</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 3, fig. 1;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAAACCFF9C2F66FC78F202FB80FDC9" author="Witkowski, A. &amp; Lange-Bertalot, H. &amp; Metzeltin, D." box="[913,1134,558,579]" pageId="6" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 925" refId="ref27775" refString="Witkowski, A., Lange-Bertalot, H. &amp; Metzeltin, D. (2000) Diatom Flora of Marine Coasts Iconographia Diatomologica 7: 1 - 925." type="book chapter" year="2000">
Witkowski
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF9C2F66FBE9F202FBDFFDC9" box="[1024,1073,558,579]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="117">et al.</emphasis>
, 2000
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 4, figs 2,3.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84D73DFF9C2F66FF61F258FE1FFD07" blockId="6.[136,1452,628,869]" box="[136,497,628,653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF9C2F66FF61F258FF04FD07" box="[136,234,628,653]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="117">Features</emphasis>
: Diameter 70150 μm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32184B6FF9C2F66FF54F2B4FB95FCEF" pageId="6" pageNumber="117" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B84D73DFF9C2F66FF54F2B4FC40FD5F" blockId="6.[136,1452,628,869]" pageId="6" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF9C2F66FF54F2B4FEAFFD3B" box="[189,321,664,689]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="117">Description</emphasis>
: Valves circular and convex with rounded areolae arranged irregularly in fascicles and decrease in size towards the margin. Large pseudonodulus occur near valve margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84D73DFF9C2F66FF61F2CCFA7AFC97" blockId="6.[136,1452,628,869]" pageId="6" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF9C2F66FF61F2CCFF04FD73" box="[136,234,736,761]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="117">Remarks</emphasis>
: This species can be easily distinguished by the distinct marginal psudonodulus and the fasciculate areolae which are separated by longer striae. Areolae 810 near valve center but become much smaller towards the margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84D73DFF9C2F66FF54F304FB95FCEF" blockId="6.[136,1452,628,869]" pageId="6" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF9C2F66FF54F304FE32FCCB" box="[189,476,808,833]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="117">Ecology and Distribution</emphasis>
: Widely distributed marine species. Previously recorded from the Gulf (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAAACCFF9C2F66FAE5F304FA49FCCB" author="Hendey, N. I." box="[1292,1447,808,833]" pageId="6" pageNumber="117" pagination="101 - 168" refId="ref24607" refString="Hendey, N. I. (1970) Some littoral diatoms of Kuwait. Nova Hedwigia 31: 101 - 168" type="journal article" year="1970">Hendey 1970</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAAACCFF9C2F66FF61F360FED7FCEF" author="Simonsen, R." box="[136,313,844,869]" pageId="6" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 107" refId="ref27146" refString="Simonsen, R. (1974) The diatom plankton of the Indian Ocean expedition of RV. &quot; Meteor &quot; 1964 - 1965. Forschungsergebnisse, Reihe D: Biologie 19: 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1974">Simonsen 1974</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAAACCFF9C2F66FEABF360FE14FCEF" author="Al-Handal, A. Y." box="[322,506,844,869]" pageId="6" pageNumber="117" pagination="153 - 183" refId="ref22301" refString="Al-Handal, A. Y. (2009) Littoral diatoms from the Shatt Al-Arab estuary, North-West Arabian Gulf. Cryptogamie Algologie 30: 153 - 183." type="journal article" year="2009">Al-Handal 2009</bibRefCitation>
; Al-Yamani &amp; Saburova 2011). Frequent in
<collectingRegion id="49FF19DFFF9C2F66FC03F360FBC4FCEF" box="[1002,1066,844,869]" country="Iraq" name="Al Basrah" pageId="6" pageNumber="117">Basra</collectingRegion>
corals.
</paragraph>
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