treatments-xml/data/03/90/87/039087D1CA1D533BFFB2CCE428A60D2A.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6329162" ID-GBIF-Dataset="263ee2d7-d5c8-44d7-8285-e181f518f4df" ID-GBIF-Taxon="193858284" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6329162" approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1646328299662" checkinUser="tatiana" docAuthor="Vorontsova, MS, Christenhusz, MJM, Kirika, P &amp; Muthoka, P" docDate="2010" docId="039087D1CA1D533BFFB2CCE428A60D2A" docLanguage="en" docName="SystBot.35.4.894-906.pdf" docOrigin="Systematic Botany 35 (4)" docTitle="Solanum polhillii Vorontsova &amp; Christenhusz &amp; Kirika &amp; Muthoka 2010, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="903" masterDocId="FFA9FFA9CA155332FF87CE372C370F23" masterDocTitle="Three new species of Solanum from Kenya: using herbarium specimens to document environmental change." masterLastPageNumber="906" masterPageNumber="894" pageId="8" pageNumber="902" updateTime="1646868092134" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Three new species of Solanum from Kenya: using herbarium specimens to document environmental change.</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Vorontsova, MS</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW 7 5 BD, U. K.; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW 9 3 AE, U. K.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">m.vorontsova@kew.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Christenhusz, MJM</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>EaDepartment of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW 7 5 BD, U. K.; Botanical Garden and Herbarium, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Kirika, P</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>East African Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, Museum Hill Road, P. O. Box 45166, Nairobi 00100, Kenya</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Muthoka, P</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>East African Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, Museum Hill Road, P. O. Box 45166, Nairobi 00100, Kenya</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Systematic Botany</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2010-10-01</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>35</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>4</mods:number>
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<mods:start>894</mods:start>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1600/036364410X539943</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">263ee2d7-d5c8-44d7-8285-e181f518f4df</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6326031</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6329162" ID-GBIF-Taxon="193858284" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6329162" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039087D1CA1D533BFFB2CCE428A60D2A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039087D1CA1D533BFFB2CCE428A60D2A" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="903" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">
<subSubSection box="[53,439,723,745]" pageId="8" pageNumber="902" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="8.[53,702,723,1663]" box="[53,439,723,745]" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">
<taxonomicName authority="Voronts." authorityName="Vorontsova &amp; Christenhusz &amp; Kirika &amp; Muthoka" authorityYear="2010" box="[53,349,723,745]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="902" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polhillii" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[53,251,723,745]" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">Solanum polhillii</emphasis>
Voronts.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[360,439,724,745]" pageId="8" pageNumber="902" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="902" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="8.[53,702,723,1663]" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">
—TYPE: 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3697999301" collectingDate="1963-12-13" collectionCode="EA" collectorName="B. Verdcourt" country="Kenya" location="Ewaso Ngiro - Loliondo Road where it crosses the Masan River" pageId="8" pageNumber="902" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Masai Province" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry box="[539,627,724,745]" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">KENYA</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion pageId="8" pageNumber="902">Masai Province</collectingRegion>
: 
<collectingRegion box="[219,386,753,775]" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">Narok District</collectingRegion>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039087D1CA1D533BFFB2CCE428A60D2A:8EE6601CCA1D533AFE1FCCC62E170C07" country="Kenya" name="Ewaso Ngiro - Loliondo Road where it crosses the Masan River" pageId="8" pageNumber="902" stateProvince="Masai Province">Ewaso Ngiro - Loliondo Road where it crosses the Masan River</location>
, 
<collectingDate box="[560,697,782,804]" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">
<date box="[560,697,782,804]" pageId="8" pageNumber="902" value="1963-12-13">13 Dec 1963</date>
</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis box="[101,283,811,833]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">
<collectorName box="[101,227,811,833]" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">B. Verdcourt</collectorName>
3838
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus box="[299,397,811,833]" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">holotype</typeStatus>
: 
<collectionCode box="[408,447,812,833]" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">EA</collectionCode>
!;
</materialsCitation>
<typeStatus box="[462,552,811,833]" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">isotypes</typeStatus>
: 
<specimenCode box="[563,695,812,833]" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">K000441234</specimenCode>
!, 
<specimenCode box="[101,235,841,863]" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">K000441243</specimenCode>
!).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="903" pageId="8" pageNumber="902" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="8.[53,702,723,1663]" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">
Ab aliis speciebus africanis 
<emphasis box="[368,429,878,899]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">Solani</emphasis>
gemmis inflatis et sepalis carinatis differt. A 
<taxonomicName authority="Lam." authorityName="Lam." baseAuthorityName="Dunal" box="[255,474,907,929]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solano" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="902" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="richardii">
<emphasis box="[255,411,907,928]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">Solano richardii</emphasis>
Lam.
</taxonomicName>
foliis 2–6 cm tantum (nec 7–22 cm) longis, antheris 4.5–8 mm tantum (nec 8.5– 11.5 mm) longis differt.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="8.[53,702,723,1663]" lastBlockId="9.[53,707,117,1958]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="903" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">
Erect woody shrub, 1–2 m, armed, moderately branched; young stems stout, straight, erect, sparsely to densely stellatepubescent; trichomes porrect, translucent, stalked, the stalks up to 0.2 mm, the rays 7–9, 0.1–0.2 mm, the midpoints same length as the rays or shorter, often reduced to globular unicellular glands; prickles 2–3(–6) mm long, 0.5–1.5 mm wide at widest point, straight to slightly curved, perpendicular to the stem or somewhat reflexed, orange-brown to yellow; main branches 1–2 cm in diam at base, glabrescent; bark smooth, grey or brown. Sympodial units difoliate, not geminate. Leaves simple, the blades 2–6 × 1–4 cm, 1.5– 2 times longer than wide, ovate, chartaceous, drying discolorous, yellow-green, densely stellate-pubescent on both sides; trichomes porrect, translucent, stalked, the stalks up to 0.2 mm, the rays ca. 8, 0.1–0.3 mm, the midpoints same length as the rays or shorter, adaxially with reduced rays pointed upwards; the blades unarmed; midvein raised abaxially, flat or sunk adaxially, the primary veins 3–4 pairs, spreading at 30–60° to the midvein, the tertiary venation usually not visible to the naked eye; base cordate, rarely rounded or cuneate, often oblique; margin entire to weakly lobed, the lobes, if present, 1–2 on each side, up to 3 mm long, extending up to 1/4 of the distance to the midvein, broadly rounded; apex rounded or obtuse; petiole 0.3–2.5 cm, 1/3 of the leaf length to as long as the leaf, unusually variable, rarely with 1–2 prickles. Inflorescences usually terminal, sometimes apparently lateral, 2–4.5 cm long, not branched, 1–4-flowered, with 1(–2) flowers open at a time, stellate-pubescent like the young stem, unarmed or with 1–3 small prickles; peduncle 0–5 mm long; rachis 0–2 cm long; pedicels 10–15 mm long, slender at base, inflated towards the sepals, articulated less than 0.5 mm from base, unarmed or with a few prickles; pedicel scars inconspicuous stumps. Buds broad-ovoid or almost globose, conspicuously inflated in living material. Plants andromonoecious, with 1(–2) long-styled flowers at the base of the inflorescence, the flowers 5-merous. Calyx 8–16 mm long, obconical, divided for 3/4–5/6 of its length, the lobes 4.5–12 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide at base, equal, long-deltoid to thin-oblong, apically long-acuminate, with pronounced keels visible on fresh material, with no venation visible or a raised midvein, densely stellate-pubescent like the young stem, unarmed or more rarely with up to 10 filiform prickles to 1.5 mm long. Corolla 2–4.2 cm in diam, deep purple, drying orange-brown or somewhat pink, stellate, tearing unevenly at anthesis, opening fully or slightly reflexed, lobed for 2/3–3/4 of its length, the lobes 7–15 × 4.5–10 mm, broad-deltoid to ovate, apically cuspidate, with a clearly visible network of brown veins, densely stellate-pubescent abaxially, the trichomes porrect, orange-translucent, subsessile, the stalks up to 0.1 mm, the rays ca. 8, 0.1–0.25 mm, the midpoints same length as the rays or shorter, slightly longer than rays towards corolla lobe apices, mostly glabrous adaxially, the trichomes variously reduced and irregular. Stamens with the filament tube 2– 2.5 mm; free portion of the filaments 1.7–2 mm; anthers 4.5– 8 mm long, 1–2 mm wide, free, equal, tapering, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening into longitudinal slits with age, the anther surface drying papillose, yellow-orange to dark red-brown, often sparsely stellate-pubescent on the dorsal surface. Ovary ca. 2.5 mm diam ovoid-globose, upper part of the ovary usually visible in fully open long-styled flowers, densely stellate-pubescent over its entire surface; style 0.8– 1.2 cm long on long-styled flowers, slender, curved, exserted 3–5 mm beyond the anthers, stellate-pubescent in the lower 1/4; stigma clavate, papillose. Fruit a globose berry, 1(–2) per infructescence, 13–20 mm in diam, ovoid or spherical during development, becoming spherical at maturity, the pericarp thin, smooth, shiny, the whole surface visibly stellate-pubescent during development, becoming glabrous at maturity, marbled green and white when young, yellow to orange at maturity, dryingyellowtoorange-brown; fruitingpedicels0.8– 4 cm long, 0.6–1 mm wide at base, becoming woody, pendulous, unarmed or with up to 15 small prickles, the apical 5–10 mm inflated; calyx slightly accrescent, covering 1/3 to all of the mature fruit, usually unarmed, rarely with up to 10 prickles.Seedsca.30–100 perberry, 2.8–3×2–2.5×ca.0.3 mm, flattened-reniform, often somewhat irregular in outline, pale yellow to orange-brown, the surface smooth or with raised outlines of cells or small pits. 
<figureCitation box="[367,466,176,198]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[77,113,1869,1888]" captionTargetBox="[70,1380,115,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-28@4.[70,1381,115,1844]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG.2. Solanum polhillii Voronts. sp. nov. A. Habit in sheltered habitat. B. Underside of leaf showing stellate trichomes. C. Stellate trichome. D. Habit in exposed habitat. E. Bud. F. Flower. G. Immature fruit. H. Mature fruit. I. Seed. Drawn from herbarium specimens. A, B, C, E, F from Verdcourt 3838. D drawn from Greenway 9086. G and H from Verdcourt et al.2672. I from Greenway 10671. Scale bar: A, D = 2.5 cm; B, I = 2.5 mm; C = 0.5 mm; E, G, H = 1 cm; F = 2 cm. Drawn by Lucy T. Smith." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6326035" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6326035/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Figures 2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[476,487,176,198]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[76,112,1497,1516]" captionTargetBox="[53,1398,115,1472]" captionTargetId="figure-267@7.[53,1398,115,1473]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 5. Three new species and their habitats in Kenya. A – D. Solanum polhillii Voronts. sp. nov. on Mount Suswa. E – H. Solanum phoxocarpum Voronts. sp. nov. in the Aberdare National Park. I – L. Solanum malindiense sp. nov. at the Mayungu beach. Photographs A – H by Maarten Christenhusz. Photographs I – L by Maria Vorontsova." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6326041" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6326041/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">5</figureCitation>
A-D. 
<tableCitation box="[545,621,176,198]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="8.[74,132,116,135]" captionTargetBox="[53,701,168,330]" captionTargetId="graphics-910@8.[53,701,249,250]" captionText="TABLE 3. Diagnostic characters of Solanum polhillii Voronts., sp. nov." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF46664FCA1D533AFFCDCE432E850FAB" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" tableUuid="DF46664FCA1D533AFFCDCE432E850FAB">Table 3</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="DF46664FCA1D533AFFCAC8812E0E09C2" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF46664FCA1D533AFFCAC8812E0E09C2" pageId="8" pageNumber="902" startId="8.[77,135,1718,1737]" targetBox="[53,701,1794,1940]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph blockId="8.[53,702,1718,1761]" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">
TABLE4. Diagnostic characters of 
<taxonomicName authority="Voronts." authorityName="Vorontsova &amp; Christenhusz &amp; Kirika &amp; Muthoka" authorityYear="2010" box="[396,667,1718,1737]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="902" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="phoxocarpum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis box="[396,584,1718,1737]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">Solanum phoxocarpum</emphasis>
Voronts.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="8" pageNumber="902" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Leaf characters refer to the leaves on fertile branches.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="902">
<table box="[53,701,1794,1940]" gridcols="2" gridrows="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">
<tr box="[53,701,1794,1813]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">
<th box="[53,353,1794,1813]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">
<taxonomicName authority="Vorontsova &amp; Christenhusz &amp; Kirika &amp; Muthoka, 2010" authorityName="Vorontsova &amp; Christenhusz &amp; Kirika &amp; Muthoka" authorityYear="2010" box="[53,240,1794,1813]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="902" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="phoxocarpum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis box="[53,240,1794,1813]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">Solanum phoxocarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[245,313,1794,1813]" pageId="8" pageNumber="902" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</th>
<th box="[381,701,1794,1813]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">
<emphasis box="[381,557,1794,1813]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">Solanum aculeastrum</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr box="[53,701,1819,1839]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">
<td box="[53,353,1819,1839]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">Leaves subentire</td>
<td box="[381,701,1819,1839]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">Leaves lobed</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[53,701,1845,1864]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">
<td box="[53,353,1845,1864]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">Leaves 6–8 cm long</td>
<td box="[381,701,1845,1864]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">Leaves 8–15 cm long</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[53,701,1870,1889]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">
<td box="[53,353,1870,1889]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">Leaves 2.5 times longer than wide</td>
<td box="[381,701,1870,1889]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">Leaves 1.5–2 times longer than wide</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[53,701,1895,1914]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">
<td box="[53,353,1895,1914]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">Flowers lilac</td>
<td box="[381,701,1895,1914]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">Flowers usually white</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[53,701,1921,1940]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">
<td box="[53,353,1921,1940]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">Fruit cone shaped</td>
<td box="[381,701,1921,1940]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="902">Fruit usually globose or ellipsoid</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="903" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="9.[53,707,117,1958]" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[77,375,205,227]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Distribution and Habitat—</emphasis>
Kenya and Tanzania. Savanna, rocky hillsides, bushland and scrub, on granite, volcanic rocks or red sandy soil, sometimes locally common, 1,800–2,200 m elevation. 
<figureCitation box="[163,280,293,315]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="3.[77,113,1475,1494]" captionTargetBox="[53,1397,115,1450]" captionTargetId="figure-254@3.[53,1397,115,1450]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIG.1. Distribution of the three new species in Kenya and Tanzania. A. Solanum polhillii Voronts. sp. nov. B. Solanum phoxocarpum Voronts. sp. nov. C. Solanum malindiense Voronts. sp. nov. Collecting localities not visited are marked as black triangles. Collecting localities visited where the plants were not found are marked as red circles. Collecting localities visited where the plants were found are marked as green squares. Drawn by Paweł Ficinski." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6326033" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6326033/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Figures 1A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[290,329,293,315]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[76,112,1497,1516]" captionTargetBox="[53,1398,115,1472]" captionTargetId="figure-267@7.[53,1398,115,1473]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 5. Three new species and their habitats in Kenya. A – D. Solanum polhillii Voronts. sp. nov. on Mount Suswa. E – H. Solanum phoxocarpum Voronts. sp. nov. in the Aberdare National Park. I – L. Solanum malindiense sp. nov. at the Mayungu beach. Photographs A – H by Maarten Christenhusz. Photographs I – L by Maria Vorontsova." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6326041" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6326041/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">5A</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="903" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="9.[53,707,117,1958]" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[77,280,323,344]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Common Names—</emphasis>
The Masai names include “Endulelei,” “Oliasuria,” and “Entenelua-Narok.”
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="903" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="9.[53,707,117,1958]" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[77,152,382,403]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Uses—</emphasis>
Decoction of the roots used as cure for anthrax by rubbing into the abscesses; the Masai attribute strong medicinal powers to the “Endulelei”.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="903" type="etymology">
<paragraph blockId="9.[53,707,117,1958]" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[77,218,469,491]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Etymology—</emphasis>
The epithet honours Roger Polhill’s contribution to East African botanical taxonomy as a whole and 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="L." box="[53,140,528,549]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[53,140,528,549]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in particular.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="903" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="9.[53,707,117,1958]" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[85,293,554,574]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Specimens Examined—</emphasis>
KENYA. Central Province: Lukenya rocks by Nairobi-Mombasa Road., 2 Jun 1980, 
<emphasis box="[399,504,578,597]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">
<taxonomicName box="[399,456,578,597]" class="Actinopteri" family="Cottidae" genus="Gilbert" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Metazoa" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gilbert</taxonomicName>
5961
</emphasis>
(EA, K); Ilpartimaro, 26 Nov 1977, 
<emphasis box="[179,375,602,621]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Kuchar &amp; Msafiri 8013</emphasis>
(EA). Masai Province: Ngong Hills, Oct 1937, 
<emphasis box="[140,274,626,645]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Anonymous 158</emphasis>
(EA); Ngong Hills, 12 May 1960, 
<emphasis box="[569,650,626,645]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Archer 76</emphasis>
(EA); Suswa lava flow, near Narok Road, Jun 1960, 
<emphasis box="[457,547,650,669]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Archer 117</emphasis>
(EA, K); 22 miles on Kajiado - Namanga Road., 29 Nov 1960, 
<emphasis box="[441,532,674,693]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Archer 208</emphasis>
(EA, K); Namanga Hill river valley, 8 Mar 1964, 
<emphasis box="[313,405,698,717]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Archer 434</emphasis>
(EA, K); Ngong Escarpment, Jun 1940, 
<emphasis box="[107,198,722,741]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Bally 2333</emphasis>
(EA, K); Suswa, 31 Oct 1943, 
<emphasis box="[485,576,722,741]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Bally 2922</emphasis>
(EA); Ngong Escarpment, 21 Dec 1947, 
<emphasis box="[301,393,746,765]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Bally 4745</emphasis>
(EA, K); Suswa crater near rim, 23 Mar 1963, 
<emphasis box="[171,268,770,789]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Bally 12657</emphasis>
(K); Western slopes of Ngong Hills, 12 Dec 1947, 
<emphasis box="[53,162,794,813]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Bogdan 1474</emphasis>
(K); near Kenya Marble co, quarry SW of Kajiado, 27 Nov 1977, 
<emphasis box="[106,210,818,837]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">
<taxonomicName box="[106,163,818,837]" class="Actinopteri" family="Cottidae" genus="Gilbert" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Metazoa" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gilbert</taxonomicName>
4933
</emphasis>
(EA, K); Makueni: Tsavo West National Park, 13 Aug 1965, 
<emphasis box="[103,210,842,861]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Gillett 16842</emphasis>
(EA); Suswa volcanic cave area, 6 Apr 1963, 
<emphasis box="[602,701,842,861]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Glover 3605</emphasis>
(EA, K); Mount Suswa, 4 Aug 1963, 
<emphasis box="[364,463,866,885]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Glover 3854</emphasis>
(EA); Mount Suswa, 5 Aug 1964, 
<emphasis box="[103,203,890,909]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Glover 4570</emphasis>
(EA); Mount Suswa, 14 Feb 1964, 
<emphasis box="[503,701,890,909]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Glover &amp; Oledonet 4133</emphasis>
(EA); Mount Suswa, 13 Mar 1964, 
<emphasis box="[372,579,914,933]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Glover &amp; Oledonet 4446</emphasis>
(EA); Mount Suswa, 15 Mar 1964, 
<emphasis box="[247,452,938,957]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Glover &amp; Oledonet 4500</emphasis>
(EA); Lower NW slopes of Suswa near the Narok-Kijabe road, 20 Apr 1962, 
<emphasis box="[507,701,962,981]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Glover &amp; Samuel 2736</emphasis>
(EA, K); Olenyamu, about 38 miles from Magadi on the road to Nairobi, 30 Jun 1962, 
<emphasis box="[159,339,1010,1029]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Glover &amp; Samuel 2908</emphasis>
(EA, K); Loita, 25 Dec 1984, 
<emphasis box="[579,652,1010,1029]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Hohl 348</emphasis>
(EA); Mount Suswa, 1 Jun 1969, 
<emphasis box="[299,390,1034,1053]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Ivens 2463</emphasis>
(EA); Masai Mara Game Reserve, 24 Sep 1978, 
<emphasis box="[176,283,1058,1077]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Kuchar 9911</emphasis>
(EA); Ilgeri, 26 Feb 1979, 
<emphasis box="[529,647,1058,1077]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Kuchar 10669</emphasis>
(EA); Ewaso Nyiro, 1875, 11 Jan 1981, 
<emphasis box="[345,460,1082,1101]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Kuchar 13858</emphasis>
(EA); Ewaso Nyiro, 11 Jan 1981, 
<emphasis box="[104,218,1106,1125]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Kuchar 13917</emphasis>
(EA); Narok, 1850, 10 Aug 1977, 
<emphasis box="[511,701,1106,1125]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Kuchar &amp; Msafiri 6901</emphasis>
(EA); Ollaro Camp, 11 Feb 2001, 
<emphasis box="[341,490,1130,1149]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Luke &amp; Luke 7317</emphasis>
(EA, K); Ngong escarpment, 9 Jun 1931, 
<emphasis box="[210,355,1154,1173]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Napier, E.R. 1339</emphasis>
(EA, K); Ngong Hills, Dec 1934, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Napier 3594</emphasis>
(EA); Rift Valley W of Ngong Hills., 13 Dec 1934, 
<emphasis box="[558,661,1178,1197]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Napier 6723</emphasis>
(K); Ngong Escarpment, Dec 1934, 
<emphasis box="[324,425,1202,1221]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Napier 6724</emphasis>
(K); Mount Suswa, 15 Jul 1985, 
<emphasis box="[53,228,1226,1245]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Parsons &amp; Lambert 3</emphasis>
(EA); 37 miles from Nairobi on Magadi road, 12 Apr 1960, 
<emphasis box="[103,245,1250,1269]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Polhill et al. 2672</emphasis>
(EA, K). Rift Valley Province: Kedong Valley, 1 May 1960, 
<emphasis box="[103,198,1274,1293]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Archer s. n.</emphasis>
(EA); Ol Longonot, 10 May 1960, 
<emphasis box="[496,599,1274,1293]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Kerfoot 1860</emphasis>
(EA, K); Ol Longonot Estate, 29 Dec 1961, 
<emphasis box="[330,436,1298,1317]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Kerfoot 3393</emphasis>
(EA, K); Ol Longonot Estate, 28 Jan 1962, 
<emphasis box="[161,262,1322,1341]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Kerfoot 3597</emphasis>
(EA); Ol Longonot Estate, 31 Jul 1962, 
<emphasis box="[600,701,1322,1341]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Kerfoot 4001</emphasis>
(EA, K); Uaso Narok River on Kisima Farm, 40 km Nof Rumuruti, 13 Nov 1977, 
<emphasis box="[103,292,1370,1389]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Stannard &amp; Carter 333</emphasis>
(EA, K).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[53,707,117,1958]" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">
TANZANIA. Lake Province: Moru Kopjes, Serengeti Plains, 31 Dec 1971, 
<emphasis box="[105,335,1418,1437]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Greenway &amp; Turner 14,952</emphasis>
(K); Serengeti Central Plains, 2 miles W of the Eastern Boundary, 30 May 1962, 
<emphasis box="[399,625,1442,1461]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Greenway &amp; Watson 10677</emphasis>
(EA, K); Seronera, Seronera Rest Camp, 25 Apr 1958, 
<emphasis box="[452,535,1466,1485]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Paulo 377</emphasis>
(EA, K). Northern Province: Longido Mt., 1676, 24 May 1967, 
<emphasis box="[433,569,1490,1509]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Carmichael 1404</emphasis>
(EA); Soitayai, 29 Nov 1956, 
<emphasis box="[169,295,1514,1533]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Greenway 9086</emphasis>
(EA, K); Serengeti National Park, 29 Nov 1969, 
<emphasis box="[53,167,1538,1557]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Herlocker 610</emphasis>
(EA); Oldiang’aranger, E. Serengeti, 19 Nov 1962, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Newbould 6267</emphasis>
(EA, K); Oldiang’arangar, E. Serengeti, Nov 1962, 
<emphasis box="[542,624,1562,1581]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Oteke 228</emphasis>
(EA, K); Serengeti National Park, Dec 1963, 
<emphasis box="[363,473,1586,1605]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Turner 12900</emphasis>
(EA).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="903" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="9.[53,707,117,1958]" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">
<emphasis box="[77,338,1613,1635]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[77,164,1614,1635]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Notes—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vorontsova &amp; Christenhusz &amp; Kirika &amp; Muthoka" authorityYear="2010" box="[164,338,1613,1634]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polhillii">Solanum polhillii</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is an attractive erect pubescent shrub with noticeable mauve flowers, broad pubescent leaves and apically inflated pedicels. The wide stamens and broad corollas are similar to those of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dunal" box="[370,478,1701,1723]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solano" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="richardii">
<emphasis box="[370,478,1701,1723]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">S. richardii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while the vegetative morphology is reminiscent of 
<taxonomicName authority="Vatke" authorityName="Vatke" box="[370,536,1731,1753]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="taitense">
<emphasis box="[370,470,1731,1752]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">S. taitense</emphasis>
Vatke
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authority="Dammer." authorityName="Dammer." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="setaceum">
<emphasis box="[588,701,1731,1753]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">S. setaceum</emphasis>
Dammer.
</taxonomicName>
Morphology varies with environmental conditions such as aridity, nutrient availability, and herbivory, including leaf size, petiole length and prickliness. Particularly remarkable is the variation in flower size, with the corolla 2–4.2 cm wide and the anthers 4.5–8 mm long, smaller than the more southern 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dunal" box="[155,264,1907,1928]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solano" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="richardii">
<emphasis box="[155,264,1907,1928]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">S. richardii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but larger than most other species in the region.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[749,1403,117,521]" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vorontsova &amp; Christenhusz &amp; Kirika &amp; Muthoka" authorityYear="2010" box="[773,945,117,138]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polhillii">
<emphasis box="[773,945,117,138]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Solanum polhillii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the species designated as 
<taxonomicName authority="Vorontsova &amp; Christenhusz &amp; Kirika &amp; Muthoka, 2010" authorityName="Vorontsova &amp; Christenhusz &amp; Kirika &amp; Muthoka" authorityYear="2010" box="[1270,1357,117,138]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis box="[1270,1357,117,138]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="9" pageNumber="903" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis box="[802,814,147,168]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">2</emphasis>
by Polhill (in mss.) and 
<taxonomicName box="[1089,1311,147,168]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undefined-G">
<emphasis box="[1089,1176,147,168]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Solanum</emphasis>
sp. Gsensu
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Agnew, A. D. Q. &amp; S. Agnew" firstAuthor="Agnew" journalOrPublisher="Nairobi: East Africa Natural History Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" refId="ref11361" refString="Agnew, A. D. Q. and S. Agnew. 1994. Upland Kenya wildflowers: a flora of the ferns and herbaceous flowering plants of upland Kenya. Second edition. Nairobi: East Africa Natural History Society." title="Upland Kenya wildflowers: a flora of the ferns and herbaceous flowering plants of upland Kenya. Second edition" type="book" year="1994">Agnew and Agnew (1994)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation author="Beentje, H. J." box="[997,1147,176,198]" firstAuthor="Beentje" journalOrPublisher="Kenya: National Museums of Kenya" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" refId="ref11423" refString="Beentje, H. J. 1994. Kenya trees, shrubs and lianas. Kenya: National Museums of Kenya." title="Kenya trees, shrubs and lianas" type="book" year="1994">Beentje (1994)</bibRefCitation>
. It does not fit comfortably into any sections accepted by 
<bibRefCitation author="Bitter, G." box="[1139,1266,205,227]" firstAuthor="Bitter" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" pagination="560 - 569" part="49" refId="ref11445" refString="Bitter, G. 1913. Solana Africana I. Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 49: 560 - 569." title="Solana Africana I" type="journal article" year="1913">Bitter (1913</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Bitter, G." box="[1279,1329,206,227]" firstAuthor="Bitter" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" pagination="416 - 506" part="54" refId="ref11469" refString="Bitter, G. 1917. Solana Africana II. Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 54: 416 - 506." title="Solana Africana II" type="journal article" year="1917">1917</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Bitter, G." box="[1343,1393,206,227]" firstAuthor="Bitter" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" pagination="248 - 286" part="57" refId="ref11493" refString="Bitter, G. 1921. Solana Africana III. Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 57: 248 - 286." title="Solana Africana III" type="journal article" year="1921">1921</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Bitter, G." box="[749,798,235,257]" firstAuthor="Bitter" journalOrPublisher="Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis. Centralblatt fur Sammlung und Veroffentlichung von Einzeldiagnosen neuer Pflanzen. Beihefte" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" pagination="1 - 320" part="16" refId="ref11517" refString="Bitter, G. 1923. Solana Africana. IV. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis. Centralblatt fur Sammlung und Veroffentlichung von Einzeldiagnosen neuer Pflanzen. Beihefte 16: 1 - 320." title="Solana Africana. IV" type="journal article" year="1923">1923</bibRefCitation>
) or 
<bibRefCitation author="Jaeger, P. - M. L." box="[844,984,235,257]" firstAuthor="Jaeger" journalOrPublisher="Birmingham, U. K.: University of Birmingham" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" refId="ref12109" refString="Jaeger, P. - M. L. 1985. Systematic studies in the genus Solanum in Africa. Ph. D. thesis. Birmingham, U. K.: University of Birmingham." title="Systematic studies in the genus Solanum in Africa" type="book" year="1985">Jaeger (1985)</bibRefCitation>
, many of which are not monophyletic (
<bibRefCitation author="Levin, R. A. &amp; N. R. Myers &amp; L. Bohs" box="[756,943,264,286]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Levin" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" pagination="157 - 169" part="93" refId="ref12252" refString="Levin, R. A., N. R. Myers, and L. Bohs. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships among the &quot; spiny solanums &quot; (Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae). American Journal of Botany 93: 157 - 169." title="Phylogenetic relationships among the &quot; spiny solanums &quot; (Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae)" type="journal article" year="2006">Levin et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
; S. Stern, unpubl. data). Polhill (in mss.) placed it in Bitter’s section 
<taxonomicName box="[1038,1195,293,314]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Ischyracanthum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1038,1195,293,314]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Ischyracanthum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, an unlikely placement as 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vorontsova &amp; Christenhusz &amp; Kirika &amp; Muthoka" authorityYear="2010" box="[839,939,323,344]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polhillii">
<emphasis box="[839,939,323,344]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">S. polhillii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks overall similarity to its members and also lacks the curved stem prickles that define that section. In spite of vegetative similarity to members of Bitter’s section 
<taxonomicName box="[798,905,411,432]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Oliganthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[798,905,411,432]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">Oliganthes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, its fruits are yellow rather than orange to red and its flowers are too large to fit comfortably into that group. Perhaps the position of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vorontsova &amp; Christenhusz &amp; Kirika &amp; Muthoka" authorityYear="2010" box="[1014,1118,469,491]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="903" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polhillii">
<emphasis box="[1014,1118,469,491]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="903">S. polhillii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
will become clearer with further molecular phylogenetic studies.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>