257 lines
24 KiB
XML
257 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044" ID-GBIF-Dataset="df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714044" checkinTime="1633643323770" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="038F87D4CA72FF9DCAE83A7CF967F701" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Mustelidae_0564.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Mustela nivalis Linnaeus 1766" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="653" masterDocId="FFB6FFACCA50FFBFCA653C08FF86FF9C" masterDocTitle="Mustelidae" masterLastPageNumber="656" masterPageNumber="564" pageNumber="653" updateTime="1658240032535" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Mustelidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>564</mods:start>
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<mods:end>656</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5714044</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714197" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190302359" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714197" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038F87D4CA72FF9DCAE83A7CF967F701" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F87D4CA72FF9DCAE83A7CF967F701" lastPageNumber="653" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<heading pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<subSubSection box="[141,198,1652,1690]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[139,931,1652,1768]" box="[141,198,1652,1690]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<figureCitation box="[141,198,1652,1690]" captionStart="Plate 36: Mustelidae" captionStartId="30.[169,199,3334,3355]" captionTargetBox="[11,2806,13,3640]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="39. Amazon Weasel (Mustela africana), 40. Altai Mountain Weasel (Mustela altaica), 41. Ermine (Mustela erminea), 42. Steppe Polecat (Mustela eversmanai), 43. Colombian Weasel (Mustela feliper), 44. Long-tailed Weasel (Mustela frenata), 45. Japanese Weasel (Mustela itatsi), 46. Yellow-bellied Weasel (Mustela kathiah), 47. European Mink (Mustela lutreola), 48. Indonesian Mountain Weasel (Mustela lutreolina), 49. Black-footed Ferret (Mustela nigripes), 50. Least Weasel (Mustela nivalis), 51. Malay Weasel (Mustela nudipes), 52. European Polecat (Mustela putorius), 53. Siberian Weasel (Mustela sibirica), 54. Back-striped Weasel (Mustela strigidorsa), 55. Egyptian Weasel (Mustela subpalmata), 56. American Mink (Neovison vison), 57. Patagonian Weasel (Lyncodon patagonicus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6363028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6363028/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">50.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[216,477,1652,1690]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[139,931,1652,1768]" box="[216,477,1652,1690]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<vernacularName box="[216,477,1652,1690]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Least Weasel</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[492,785,1652,1690]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[139,931,1652,1768]" box="[492,785,1652,1690]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[492,785,1652,1690]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">
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<emphasis box="[492,785,1652,1690]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Mustela nivalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[139,931,1652,1768]" box="[141,930,1708,1729]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<emphasis box="[141,218,1708,1729]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[228,386,1708,1729]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Belette pygmée</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[407,498,1708,1729]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[508,627,1708,1729]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Mauswiesel</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[648,739,1708,1729]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[749,930,1708,1729]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Comadreja comun</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="34.[139,931,1652,1768]" box="[140,469,1746,1767]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<emphasis box="[140,386,1746,1767]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[395,469,1746,1767]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Weasel</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[753,1340,1819,2242]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<emphasis box="[754,909,1819,1848]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1766" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3707806313" box="[839,952,1858,1887]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<collectingCountry box="[839,948,1858,1887]" name="Sweden" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="34.[753,1340,1819,2242]" box="[755,1201,1894,1927]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Nine subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714267" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714267" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5714267/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" targetBox="[139,723,1826,2235]" targetPageId="34">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[753,1340,1819,2242]" box="[754,1153,1933,1966]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<emphasis box="[754,1153,1933,1966]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="34.[753,1340,1819,2242]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1766" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[755,1190,1977,2006]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nivalis" subSpecies="nivalis">M. n. nivalis Linnaeus, 1766</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[1247,1332,1977,2006]" name="China" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">China</collectingCountry>
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, North and
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<collectingCountry box="[921,1103,2016,2045]" name="South Korea" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">South Korea</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1125,1260,2016,2045]" name="Mongolia" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry name="Russia" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Russia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[806,906,2059,2084]" name="Taiwan" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
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, and Scandinavia.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="34.[753,1340,1819,2242]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<taxonomicName authority="Rhoads, 1900" authorityName="Rhoads" authorityYear="1900" box="[755,1244,2095,2124]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nivalis" subSpecies="allegheniensis">M. n. allegheniensis Rhoads, 1900</taxonomicName>
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— NE
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<collectingCountry box="[754,817,2134,2163]" name="United States of America" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">USA</collectingCountry>
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(Allegheny Mts W to
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<collectingRegion box="[1130,1283,2134,2163]" country="United States of America" name="Wisconsin" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Wisconsin</collectingRegion>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="34.[753,1340,1819,2242]" lastBlockId="34.[135,1337,2249,3459]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<taxonomicName authority="Bechstein, 1800" authorityName="Bechstein" authorityYear="1800" box="[754,1230,2168,2201]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nivalis" subSpecies="boccamela">M. n. boccamela Bechstein, 1800</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry name="France" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Corsica</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[827,887,2209,2242]" name="Italy" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Italy</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[906,1031,2209,2242]" name="Portugal" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Portugal</collectingCountry>
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, Sardinia, Sicily, and
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<collectingCountry box="[138,221,2249,2278]" name="Spain" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Spain</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="34.[135,1337,2249,3459]" box="[139,867,2294,2319]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<taxonomicName authority="Jackson, 1913" authorityName="Jackson" authorityYear="1913" box="[139,546,2294,2319]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nivalis" subSpecies="campestris">M. n. campestris Jackson, 1913</taxonomicName>
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— C Great Plains,
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<collectingCountry box="[799,864,2294,2319]" name="United States of America" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">USA</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="34.[135,1337,2249,3459]" box="[139,969,2329,2358]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<taxonomicName authority="Stone, 1900" authorityName="Stone" authorityYear="1900" box="[139,473,2329,2358]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nivalis" subSpecies="eskimo">M. n. eskimo Stone, 1900</taxonomicName>
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— Alaska and NW
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<collectingCountry box="[731,836,2329,2358]" name="Canada" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Canada</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion box="[859,956,2329,2358]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Yukon</collectingRegion>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="34.[135,1337,2249,3459]" box="[138,878,2369,2398]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<taxonomicName authority="Kuroda, 1921" authorityName="Kuroda" authorityYear="1921" box="[138,512,2369,2398]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nivalis" subSpecies="namiyer">M. n. namiyer Kuroda, 1921</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[543,627,2369,2398]" name="Japan" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Japan</collectingCountry>
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and the Kurile Is.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="34.[135,1337,2249,3459]" box="[138,724,2407,2436]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<taxonomicName authority="Pucheran, 1855" authorityName="Pucheran" authorityYear="1855" box="[138,567,2407,2436]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nivalis" subSpecies="numidica">M. n. numidica Pucheran, 1855</taxonomicName>
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— N Africa.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="34.[135,1337,2249,3459]" box="[138,999,2451,2476]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<taxonomicName authority="Bangs, 1896" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1896" box="[138,469,2451,2476]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nivalis" subSpecies="rnixosa">M. n. rnixosa Bangs, 1896</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[504,610,2451,2476]" name="Canada" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Canada</collectingCountry>
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and N Great Plains of
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<collectingCountry box="[931,996,2451,2476]" name="United States of America" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">USA</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="34.[135,1337,2249,3459]" box="[138,1105,2482,2515]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<taxonomicName authority="Erxleben, 1777" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" box="[138,542,2482,2515]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nivalis" subSpecies="vulgaris">M. n. vulgaris Erxleben, 1777</taxonomicName>
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= W & C Europe and most of C Eurasia.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="34.[135,1337,2249,3459]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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Introduced to
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<collectingCountry box="[356,547,2530,2555]" name="New Zealand" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[569,650,2530,2555]" name="Malta" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Malta</collectingCountry>
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, Crete, the Azores Is, and apparently also
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<collectingCountry name="Sao Tome and Principe" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Sao Tome</collectingCountry>
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I.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[135,1337,2249,3459]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<emphasis box="[136,385,2601,2634]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity box="[564,717,2601,2634]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8699999999999999" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="1.14" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" unit="cm" value="18.7" valueMax="26.0" valueMin="11.4">11.4-26 cm</quantity>
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,tail
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<quantity box="[795,895,2601,2634]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" unit="cm" value="8.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="7.0">7-9 cm</quantity>
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; weight
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<quantity box="[1015,1141,2601,2634]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.375" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="0.25" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" unit="g" value="137.5" valueMax="250.0" valueMin="25.0">25-250 g</quantity>
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, males are on average larger than females. There is much geographic variation in size. The tail is only slightly longer than the length of the hindfoot, and is less than 35% of head and body length. The Least Weasel is the smallest species within the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bowditch" authorityYear="1821" box="[1072,1212,2719,2752]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Carnivora</taxonomicName>
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||
. It has a long and slender body, with short limbs and tail. Except in certain southern parts ofits range, the Least Weasel changes color during the spring and autumn. In summer, the upperparts are brown and the underparts are white. In winter, the entire coat is white, but unlike other weasels that turn white during the winter, the Least Weasel does not posses a black-tipped tail. There are three to four pairs of mammae. The skull has a short rostrum, and a large and long cerebral cranium. Dental formula: I 3/3, C 1/1, P3/3,M1/2=34.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="biology_ecology">
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||
<paragraph blockId="34.[135,1337,2249,3459]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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||
<emphasis box="[135,248,3033,3066]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Habitat.</emphasis>
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The Least Weasel is found in a wide range of habitats that provide good cover and prey abundance, including agricultural fields, grasslands, forests, prairies, riparian woodlands, hedgerows, mountains (up to
|
||
<quantity box="[952,1064,3111,3144]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" unit="m" value="4000.0">4000 m</quantity>
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), alpine meadows, steppes, semi-deserts, and coastal dunes. They are also found near human habitations.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[135,1337,2249,3459]" lastBlockId="34.[1410,2619,293,2207]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<emphasis box="[135,399,3229,3262]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The diet is mainly small rodents, but other small mammals (such as lagomorphs, moles, and squirrels), birds, eggs, lizards, frogs, salamanders, insects (mostly beetles), fish, worms, and carrion are also occasionally eaten. The proportions of different small rodent species in the diet roughly reflects their relative abundances throughout the year. In Europe and
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<collectingCountry box="[782,871,3394,3419]" name="Russia" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Russia</collectingCountry>
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, Microtus agrestris, M. arvalis, M. oeconomus, M. brandti, Arvicola terrestris, Clethrionomys glareolus, C. rutilus, Apodemus sylvaticus, Lemmus lemmus, and
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<taxonomicName box="[1871,2017,294,319]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lyncodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibiricus">L. sibiricus</taxonomicName>
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are preyed upon. In North America, M. pennsylvanicus, M. ochrogastere, C. rutilus, C. gapperi, Peromyscus leucopus, P. maniculatus, Reithrodontomys megalotis, Sigmodon hispidus, Dicrostonyx rubricatus, D. hudsonicus, and
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lyncodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibiricus">L. sibiricus</taxonomicName>
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are eaten. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1730,1919,412,437]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Great Britain</collectingCountry>
|
||
, one study showed that the diet consists of 68% rodents (mainly Microtus agrestis), 25% lagomorphs, and 5% birds and birds’ eggs. The small size of Least Weasels enables them to pursue prey into their burrows, so much of their hunting is underground or under snow. Males readily shift to larger prey such as birds, lagomorphs, and Water Voles, while females continue to search for Field Voles. Thus, males generally take larger prey than females and spend less time hunting in tunnels. Least Weasels take five to ten meals per day. Excess food may be stored, especially in the winter; the cache site may be within the home burrow or near a kill. Killing behavior is innate. Least Weasels respond to movements of prey as a stimulus for attack. The killing bite is delivered at the nape of the neck and penetrates the base of the skull or throat area.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="34.[1410,2619,293,2207]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1414,1647,840,869]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Active day and night. The high-energy requirements of Least Weasels mean that they have to be constantly active, so active and rest periods occur in rapid succession. However, the timing and extent of their daily activity is related to the activity patterns of their prey. Least Weasels may spend the whole winter under snow. Den/ rest sites are in prey burrows, in rock piles, or in other well-concealed sites. Vocalizations in captive animals consist of a repertoire of five different sounds, including a chirp, a hiss, a trill, a squeal, and a squeak.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="34.[1410,2619,293,2207]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1414,2128,1115,1144]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Least Weasels constantly move in search of prey. They are mainly terrestrial, but are also agile tree climbers and fairly good swimmers. Movements may reach
|
||
<quantity box="[1972,2073,1199,1224]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" unit="km" value="3.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="1.0">1-5 km</quantity>
|
||
/h. Least Weasels are solitary outside of the breeding season. Home ranges are 0-6-26/ha for males and 0-2-7/ha for females. Male home ranges overlap with one or more females, but do not overlap with other males. Population densities range from 0-2-1 /ha.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="34.[1410,2619,293,2207]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1414,1548,1356,1381]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding may continue throughout the year, even during the winter, but is concentrated in spring and late summer. Delayed implantation does not occur and the gestation period is 34-37 days.Litter size may reach ten, but usually is four to five. Females can have more than one litter annually; second and third litters within a single year may occur during peaks of rodent abundance. Births occur in a burrow or rock crevice; the nest is lined with grass and other material. Females raise the young alone. Newborns are blind, naked, and weigh
|
||
<quantity box="[1981,2057,1592,1617]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" unit="g" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1-2 g</quantity>
|
||
. The eyes open at 26-30 days, and the young are weaned after 42-56 days. They leave their mother at 9-12 weeks. Adult size is reached after 12-15 weeks. Females reach sexual maturity at three months and may produce a litter in their first summer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="34.[1410,2619,293,2207]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1412,1781,1745,1774]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern in The
|
||
<collectionCode box="[2329,2409,1745,1774]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">IUCN</collectionCode>
|
||
Red List. The Least Weasel is considered relatively common in Eurasia, but appears to be rare in North America. They are not known to prey on domestic animals and are beneficial to people through its destruction of mice and rats. However, Least Weasels have been introduced to some areas, such as
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2004,2195,1906,1931]" name="New Zealand" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with sometimes devastating effects on the local fauna. Threats include incidental poisoning with rodenticides and persecution. The Least Weasel prefers open agricultural habitats, which are declining in some parts of Europe owing to changes in agricultural practices (rural abandonment).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="34.[1410,2619,293,2207]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1412,1562,2103,2128]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Brandt & Lambin (2007), Francis (2008),
|
||
<collectionCode box="[2028,2082,2103,2128]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">IUCN</collectionCode>
|
||
(2008), Jedrzejewski, Jedrzejewska & Szymura (1995), Jedrzejewski, Jedrzejewska, Zub & Nowakowski (2000), King (1990),
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2243,2336,2142,2167]" country="United Kingdom" name="Sheffield" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Sheffield</collectingRegion>
|
||
& King (1994), Svendsen (2003), Wozencraft (2005, 2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |