327 lines
32 KiB
XML
327 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044" ID-GBIF-Dataset="df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714044" checkinTime="1633643323770" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="038F87D4CA5CFFB2CFF33E59FC15F5E9" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Mustelidae_0564.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Martes pennanti Pinel 1792" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="632" masterDocId="FFB6FFACCA50FFBFCA653C08FF86FF9C" masterDocTitle="Mustelidae" masterLastPageNumber="656" masterPageNumber="564" pageNumber="631" updateTime="1658240032535" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Mustelidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>564</mods:start>
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<mods:end>656</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5714044</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714077" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190302339" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714077" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038F87D4CA5CFFB2CFF33E59FC15F5E9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F87D4CA5CFFB2CFF33E59FC15F5E9" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="632" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">
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<heading pageId="12" pageNumber="631">
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<subSubSection box="[1430,1484,593,631]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[1426,2082,593,675]" box="[1430,1484,593,631]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">
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<figureCitation box="[1430,1484,593,631]" captionStart="Plate 33: Mustelidae" captionStartId="8.[151,181,3407,3428]" captionTargetBox="[12,2803,13,3640]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="7. Tayra (Eira barbara), 8. Wolverine (Gulo gulo), 9. American Marten (Martes americana), 10. Yellow-throated Marten (Mantes flavigula), 11. Stone Marten (Martes foina), 12. Nilgiri Marten (Martes gwatkinsu), 13. European Pine Marten (Martes martes), 14. Japanese Marten (Martes melampus), 15. Fisher (Martes pennant), 16. Sable (Martes zibellina)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6363022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6363022/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">15.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1501,1629,593,631]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[1426,2082,593,675]" box="[1501,1629,593,631]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">
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<vernacularName box="[1501,1629,593,631]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Fisher</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1643,1957,593,631]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[1426,2082,593,675]" box="[1643,1957,593,631]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Pinel" authorityYear="1792" box="[1643,1957,593,631]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Martes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="631" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pennanti">
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<emphasis box="[1643,1957,593,631]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Martes pennanti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1427,2081,649,670]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[1426,2082,593,675]" box="[1427,2081,649,670]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">
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<emphasis box="[1427,1504,649,670]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1514,1572,649,670]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Pekan</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[1593,1685,649,670]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1694,1837,649,670]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Fischermarder</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[1857,1948,649,670]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1958,2081,649,670]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Marta pekan</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="631" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[2041,2627,725,1143]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">
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<emphasis box="[2041,2196,725,750]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Erxleben, 1777" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="631" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pennant">Mustela pennant: Erxleben, 1777</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2126,2353,755,788]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[2041,2627,725,1143]" box="[2126,2353,755,788]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3707806349" box="[2126,2353,755,788]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">
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Eastern
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<collectingCountry box="[2241,2349,755,788]" name="Canada" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Canada</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="631" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[2041,2627,725,1143]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">
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Recent molecular studies have suggested that the Fisher should be placed in its own genus,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1865" box="[2144,2248,877,906]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Pekania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="631" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pekania</taxonomicName>
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. Three subspecies are recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="631" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714169" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714169" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5714169/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="631" targetBox="[1425,2010,728,1138]" targetPageId="12">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[2041,2627,725,1143]" box="[2042,2441,952,985]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">
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<emphasis box="[2042,2441,952,985]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="12.[2041,2627,725,1143]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">
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<taxonomicName authority=": Exxleben, 1777" authorityName=": Exxleben" authorityYear="1777" box="[2043,2456,995,1024]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Martes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="631" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennanti" subSpecies="pennanti">M. p. pennanti Exxleben, 1777</taxonomicName>
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— E
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<collectingCountry box="[2520,2626,995,1024]" name="Canada" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Canada</collectingCountry>
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and NE USA.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="12.[2041,2627,725,1143]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">
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<taxonomicName authority="Goldman, 1935" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1935" box="[2042,2490,1070,1103]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Martes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="631" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennanti" subSpecies="columbiana">M. p. columbiana Goldman, 1935</taxonomicName>
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— W
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<collectingCountry name="Canada" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Canada</collectingCountry>
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and and
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<collectingCountry box="[2225,2288,1114,1143]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">USA</collectingCountry>
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(Rocky Mts).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="12.[1417,2629,1148,3462]" box="[1427,2535,1148,1181]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">
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<taxonomicName authority="Rhoads, 1898" authorityName="Rhoads" authorityYear="1898" box="[1427,1798,1148,1181]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Martes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="631" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennanti" subSpecies="pacifica">M. p. pacifica Rhoads, 1898</taxonomicName>
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— W
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<collectingCountry box="[1870,1975,1148,1181]" name="Canada" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Canada</collectingCountry>
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(coastal
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<collectingRegion box="[2103,2342,1148,1181]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
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) and W
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<collectingCountry box="[2466,2530,1148,1181]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">USA</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="631" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[1417,2629,1148,3462]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">
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<emphasis box="[1425,1676,1192,1221]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity box="[1855,1990,1192,1221]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="631" unit="cm" value="60.0" valueMax="65.0" valueMin="55.0">55-65 cm</quantity>
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(males),
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<quantity box="[2132,2266,1192,1221]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.005" metricValueMax="5.56" metricValueMin="0.45" pageId="12" pageNumber="631" unit="cm" value="300.5" valueMax="556.0" valueMin="45.0">45-556 cm</quantity>
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(females); tail
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<quantity box="[2490,2624,1192,1221]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="631" unit="cm" value="40.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="30.0">30-50 cm</quantity>
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(males),
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<quantity box="[1556,1693,1231,1260]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="631" unit="cm" value="35.0" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="30.0">30-40 cm</quantity>
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(females); weight
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<quantity box="[1969,2118,1231,1260]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="631" unit="kg" value="4.5" valueMax="5.5" valueMin="3.5">3.5-5.5 kg</quantity>
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(males),
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<quantity box="[2263,2384,1231,1260]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.6" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="631" unit="kg" value="3.6" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.2">2.2-5 kg</quantity>
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(females), adult males are roughly twice the weight of females. The Fisher has a long body, short limbs, a bushy tail, and large feet with strong claws. It is the largest member of the genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Pinel" authorityYear="1792" box="[1427,1514,1345,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Martes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="631" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Martes</taxonomicName>
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. The pelage is silvery-brown to black; the back of the neck and head are often grayish or silver. White markings on the throat and upper chest are common. The skull has a strong sagittal crest, which is particularly well- developed in older males. Dental formula: 13/3,C1/1,P4/4.M1/2=238,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="631" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[1417,2629,1148,3462]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">
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<emphasis box="[1425,1536,1506,1535]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Fishers are found in dense forests with a closed canopy; they avoid open areas. In north-eastern
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<collectingCountry box="[1722,1827,1550,1575]" name="Canada" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Canada</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[1899,2087,1550,1575]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">United States</collectingCountry>
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, they also occur in fragmented, mixed woodlots interspersed with agricultural land. In
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<collectingRegion box="[2093,2234,1580,1613]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">California</collectingRegion>
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, mid-seral Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and white fir (Abies concolor) forest
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<typeStatus box="[2141,2209,1624,1653]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">types</typeStatus>
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compose the greatest proportion of Fisher home ranges in the Coastal Mountains; the greatest proportion of home ranges in the Sierra Nevadas are in the intermediate tree size class with dense canopy closure, and in mixed conifer forests. In south-central
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<collectingRegion box="[2200,2289,1746,1771]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Maine</collectingRegion>
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, Fishers use a variety of forest
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<typeStatus box="[1515,1585,1777,1810]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">types</typeStatus>
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, especially during summer. During winter, they hunt intensively in dense patches of coniferous undergrowth (where Snowshoe Hare tracks are common) and use deciduous stands less than expected by availability.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="631" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[1417,2629,1148,3462]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">
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<emphasis box="[1424,1694,1895,1928]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The diet includes lagomorphs (especially the Snowshoe Hare), North American Porcupines, ungulate carrion, small mammals, birds, reptiles, invertebrates, and fruit. During the winter in
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<collectingRegion box="[1985,2225,1982,2007]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
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,
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<specimenCount box="[2244,2350,1982,2007]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631" type="generic" typeStatus="types">18 types</specimenCount>
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of mammalian and avian prey were found in 256 stomachs. The most commonly occurring prey species were Snowshoe Hares, Red Squirrels, and Southern Red-backed Voles. The diet varied between sexes: female fishers consumed small prey more frequently than did males. In the mountains of California’s Sierra
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<collectingRegion box="[1977,2082,2136,2165]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Nevada</collectingRegion>
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, where the Snowshoe Hare and North American Porcupine are absent, other mammals are the most frequent food item; however, reptiles (20-4%) and insects (55-7%) are major components of the diet, and at least six fungal species are also eaten. In the mixed-conifer forests of the southern Sierra
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<collectingRegion box="[1516,1621,2289,2322]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Nevada</collectingRegion>
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, where Fishers and American Martens occur together, the diets of both species are more diverse than reported elsewhere in North America. Although the diet of Fishers includes more birds,lizards, hypogeous fungi, and insects than that of American Martens, the dietary overlap is high. The great diversity of the diet in these two species may be due to the absence or rarity of large prey (such as Snowshoe Hares and North American Porcupines) or to a greater diversity of available prey
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<typeStatus box="[2466,2534,2489,2518]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">types</typeStatus>
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in the southern Sierra
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<collectingRegion box="[1654,1757,2525,2558]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Nevada</collectingRegion>
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compared to other areas. In south-eastern
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<collectingRegion box="[2374,2509,2525,2558]" country="Canada" name="Manitoba" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Manitoba</collectingRegion>
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, Fishers prey heavily on Snowshoe Hares (84:3% frequency occurrence). In
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<collectingRegion box="[2377,2503,2564,2597]" country="United States of America" name="Vermont" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Vermont</collectingRegion>
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, most of the diet is mammalian (72%), with avian prey (15%) and fruit (10%) of secondary importance. In south-central
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<collectingRegion box="[1843,1932,2643,2676]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Maine</collectingRegion>
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, winter foods include apples, porcupines, hares, Eastern Gray Squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), Red Squirrels, Northern Flying Squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus), mice (Peromyscus), voles (Clethrionomys gapperi and Microtus), and shrews (Sorex and Blarina). The fall and winter diet in
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<collectingRegion box="[2220,2410,2760,2793]" country="United States of America" name="West Virginia" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">West Virginia</collectingRegion>
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and
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<collectingRegion box="[2490,2622,2760,2793]" country="United States of America" name="Maryland" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Maryland</collectingRegion>
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includes ten mammal species, four bird species, one gastropod species, and
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<specimenCount box="[2496,2622,2800,2833]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
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of vegetation. White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is the most frequent dietary component. Medium-sized mammals such as Northern Raccoon and small mammals such as Peromyscus sp. are also major dietary components, although small mammals occur less frequently than reported elsewhere. Diet overlap between the sexes was found to be considerable and differences between the sexes in the occurrence of major food groups (small mammals, medium-sized mammals, large mammals, birds, and fruit) were not significant. Hunting strategies vary with prey
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<typeStatus box="[2265,2325,3079,3108]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">type</typeStatus>
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. Snowshoe Hares are caught after rapid zig-zagging chases. Fishers hunt porcupines by searching for their dens. The arboreal skills of Fishers enable them to chase porcupines down trees to the ground, where they kill them after lengthy attacks, during which the Fisher repeatedly bites the porcupine’s face (which is unprotected by quills).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="632" pageId="12" pageNumber="631" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[1417,2629,1148,3462]" lastBlockId="13.[193,1399,287,2677]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="632" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">
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<emphasis box="[1421,1657,3271,3304]" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Active during the day and night; most activity occurs shortly before sunrise and after sunset. Males and females show similar amounts of activity, and both sexes are active more frequently in summer than winter. Den/rest sites are in hollow logs or trees, brush piles, or in rock crevices. Fishers in
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<collectingRegion box="[2224,2363,3389,3422]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="12" pageNumber="631">California</collectingRegion>
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select restsites in forested areas that have dense canopies, large trees, and steep slopes. In the Coastal Mountains and Sierra
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<collectingRegion box="[521,624,287,316]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Nevada</collectingRegion>
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in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[680,821,287,316]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, standing trees (live and dead) are the most common resting structures, with
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[768,906,327,356]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
black oak (Quercus kelloggit) and Douglas-fir the most frequent species in the Sierra and Coastal areas, respectively. Resting structures are within the largest diameter trees available, averaging 117-
|
||
<quantity box="[1274,1341,406,435]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
|
||
for live conifers, 119-
|
||
<quantity box="[440,505,444,473]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="cm" value="8.0">8 cm</quantity>
|
||
for conifer snags, and
|
||
<quantity box="[829,910,444,473]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="cm" value="69.0">69 cm</quantity>
|
||
for hardwoods. Females use cavity structures more often than males, while males use platform structures significantly more than females. The diversity of
|
||
<typeStatus box="[694,762,524,553]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">types</typeStatus>
|
||
and sizes of rest structures used by males suggests that males are less selective than females. In the Sierra
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1040,1143,567,592]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
study area, where surface water is less common, Fishers prefer rest sites within
|
||
<quantity box="[1053,1135,602,631]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
of water. In a central hardwood forest, Fishers were found to rest in hardwood, softwood, and mixedwood forest
|
||
<typeStatus box="[365,432,681,710]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">types</typeStatus>
|
||
in proportion to their availability in the summer, but tended to avoid hardwood areas in winter. They used nests, cavities, and burrows in proportionto their availability in winter, but in the summer, Fishers preferred nests to cavities, and burrows were not used. Males tended to use larger cavity trees and mixed forest stands more often than females. During spring, summer, and fall in south-central
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1300,1389,842,867]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Maine</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Fishers prefer using rest sites in the branches of conifers, within coniferous stands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="632" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[193,1399,287,2677]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">
|
||
<emphasis box="[195,890,912,945]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Fishers are primarily terrestrial, but are also good tree climbers. They are capable of long movements in short time spans; individuals have been reported to move
|
||
<quantity box="[770,856,991,1024]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="90.0">90 km</quantity>
|
||
in three days,
|
||
<quantity box="[1070,1155,991,1024]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="45.0">45 km</quantity>
|
||
in two days, and
|
||
<quantity box="[198,332,1035,1064]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="10.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="10.0">10-11 km</quantity>
|
||
in only a few hours. Usual daily movements are 1-5-
|
||
<quantity box="[1099,1177,1035,1064]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</quantity>
|
||
. Movements of males are greatest during the spring breeding season; non-reproductive females move similar distances during all seasons. Adult Fishers are solitary outside of the breeding season. Mean home range sizes are up to
|
||
<quantity box="[847,932,1148,1181]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="40.0">40 km</quantity>
|
||
* for males and up to
|
||
<quantity box="[1248,1332,1148,1181]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="20.0">20 km</quantity>
|
||
* for females. There is little overlap between the ranges of individuals of the same sex, but there is extensive overlap between the ranges of opposite sexes. In the Coastal Mountains and Sierra
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[425,528,1275,1300]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[577,718,1275,1300]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the mean home range size of males (39-
|
||
<quantity box="[1300,1371,1275,1300]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
|
||
?) was significantly greater than that of females (9-
|
||
<quantity box="[883,958,1310,1339]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="8.0">8 km</quantity>
|
||
”); the home ranges of females were significantly greater in the Coastal area than in the Sierras. In eastern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1278,1390,1354,1379]" country="Canada" name="Ontario" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Ontario</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the mean adult home range size was 4-
|
||
<quantity box="[733,802,1393,1418]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
|
||
?, with up to 71% overlap of adjacent intrasexual home ranges. In
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[539,649,1432,1457]" country="Canada" name="Quebec" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Quebec</collectingRegion>
|
||
, in an area where trapping had been prohibited for more than 20 years, mean home range size was 9-
|
||
<quantity box="[878,946,1467,1496]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
|
||
” for adult males and 5-
|
||
<quantity box="[1268,1321,1467,1496]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
|
||
?*for adult females. In south-central
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[627,716,1507,1536]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Maine</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the home ranges of females were stable between seasons and years, but males moved extensively from February through April, and their ranges shifted between years. Home ranges averaged 30-
|
||
<quantity box="[1055,1122,1586,1615]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="9.0">9 km</quantity>
|
||
” for males (range = 10-6-78-
|
||
<quantity box="[314,385,1625,1654]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
|
||
?) and 16-
|
||
<quantity box="[523,588,1625,1654]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</quantity>
|
||
? for females (range = 8-1-39-
|
||
<quantity box="[1003,1076,1625,1654]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
|
||
?). The ranges of adults usually did not overlap with others of the same sex, except for males during spring. Fishers of both sexes shifted or enlarged their ranges to include areas left vacant when others of the same sex were removed. Population density in preferred habitat is one per 2:6-7-
|
||
<quantity box="[339,418,1786,1811]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||
? but in other areas it may be as low as one per
|
||
<quantity box="[1121,1226,1786,1811]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="200.0">200 km</quantity>
|
||
*. The adult population density was calculated as 327/
|
||
<quantity box="[788,896,1826,1851]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
|
||
* in eastern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1070,1182,1826,1851]" country="Canada" name="Ontario" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Ontario</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 2.7/
|
||
<quantity box="[1259,1347,1826,1851]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
|
||
? in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[197,307,1861,1890]" country="Canada" name="Quebec" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Quebec</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and 1/2:8-10-
|
||
<quantity box="[525,599,1861,1890]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||
? (summer) and 1/8-
|
||
<quantity box="[899,1023,1861,1890]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.3" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="11.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="3.0">3-20 km</quantity>
|
||
* (winter) in south-central
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[197,286,1901,1930]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Maine</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="632" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[193,1399,287,2677]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">
|
||
<emphasis box="[196,330,1939,1968]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Mating occurs from March to May. Implantation of the fertilized eggs into the uterus is delayed and births occur from January to early April. Litter size is up to six, but averages two to three. Natal and maternal dens are located high up in hollow trees. The young weigh less than
|
||
<quantity box="[678,738,2057,2086]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="g" value="50.0">50 g</quantity>
|
||
and are born with their eyes and ears closed. The eyes open around seven weeks, weaning begins after two to three months, and separation occurs in the fifth month. Females reach adult weight after six months and males after one year.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="632" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[193,1399,287,2677]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">
|
||
<emphasis box="[197,544,2215,2244]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern in The
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1042,1120,2215,2244]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">IUCN</collectionCode>
|
||
Red List. Fishers are considered common throughout most of their range, particularly in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1160,1266,2254,2283]" name="Canada" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but they may be threatened in the western
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[678,742,2294,2323]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
. They are trapped for their fur. In the 19" and early 20™ centuries, excessive fur trapping and habitat destruction through logging led to a decline in Fisher populations over most ofits range. Closed hunting seasons, protective regulations, and reintroductions were then initiated in many areas. The Fisher has made a comeback in parts of the eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[836,1025,2451,2480]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but it is still vulnerable in the western states, where it seems to be dependent on old-growth forests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="632" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[193,1399,287,2677]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">
|
||
<emphasis box="[198,348,2538,2559]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Arthur & Krohn (1991), Arthur et al. (1989a, 1989b), Dzialak et al. (2005), Garant &
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1258,1315,2538,2559]" country="Greece" name="Kriti" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Crete</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1997), Kilpatrick & Rego (1994), Koen et al. (2007), Koepfli et al. (2008), Paragi et al. (1994), Powell (1979, 1981, 1993), Powell et al. (2003), Raine (1983, 1987),
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[630,666,2613,2638]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Van</collectingRegion>
|
||
Why & Giuliano (2001), Weir & Corbould (2007), Wozencraft (2005), Zielinski, Duncan et al. (1999), Zielinski, Truex et al. (2004a, 2004Db).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |