154 lines
17 KiB
XML
154 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document id="5F072015242BD2822B8157FCE7F4335F" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3869.4.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4947280" ID-ZooBank="8F80DD5E-F5FC-40DF-BCE5-C404FA7A6577" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623693540977" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Rasmussen, Arne Redsted, Sanders, Kate Laura, Guinea, Michael L. & Amey, Andrew P." docDate="2014" docId="038F87C0FFA2FFCCFF48FD97FA53F89F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03869p371.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3869 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Hydrophiinae" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="357" masterDocId="FFB6FFB8FFA4FFCAFFDFFFB5FFCFFFAB" masterDocTitle="Sea snakes in Australian waters (Serpentes: subfamilies Hydrophiinae and Laticaudinae) - a review with an updated identification key" masterLastPageNumber="371" masterPageNumber="351" pageNumber="357" updateTime="1698965161622" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:mods id="99256F03388F90A6D41D97B6705C74F9" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="439E9EDCF93964C5C39627C7263C511E">
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<mods:title id="295AE3402479FA67B1F9DDE9C41DC608">Sea snakes in Australian waters (Serpentes: subfamilies Hydrophiinae and Laticaudinae) - a review with an updated identification key</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="D0BAB2A4D0E301E120A386458CCD5A65" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="1461993BAAE6D684AF787C7A3EE83226">
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<mods:roleTerm id="D9C07EEE6B7A25D62DDE4A69F0478C3E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="E440586DECCE64B248F282FD69D73144">Rasmussen, Arne Redsted</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="130C7997430AE757BB99F134717BA721">The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation. Esplanaden 34 DK- 1264, Copenhagen K, Denmark. E-mail: arr @ kadk. dk</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="4EBF85BF288341BD10541E2EAD129253" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="0B8F488DDDF22DC0581023016EC08957">
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<mods:roleTerm id="8BB49879589694F8B446B58EC809C34C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="FD15C231394E8446362A61B1B66176E8">Sanders, Kate Laura</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="248DE251910EBF745FC7EA64194B7342">School of Earth and Environmental Science. University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="88480156E83D63728730E0C567187812" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="F20BBB9E57F085FE773D991FC2EC1773">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B167BDE9C4F109DDEC71C84C2B9E7738">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="3D2E64B27621EED8F7F83E24F8831C64">Guinea, Michael L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B2A95B3C509A3D30E5E763C7BE550760">School of Environmental. Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territories 0909, Australia.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="385A2D53FD984C3FFF285EF803B7CBF6" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="795D5CF11F228C6B62C0FDDFE201FC2D">
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<mods:roleTerm id="45A8B36081E42CB23D4BD8D2CC64318B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="E2BA338DEBC0EC69D8EC6A113C913C63">Amey, Andrew P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BF794991C00629FA5B09358FF1568528">Queensland Museum. PO Box 3300, South Brisbane BC. Queensland 4101, Australia. E-mail: andrew. amey @ qm. qld. gov. au</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="0D6191B13358C7B2888E7D2FC10677EE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="6613C3134F821445103D90E78E2571AB">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="CA397D4E5EAB7437B85E958EA1D39326">
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<mods:date id="309DB6F36B6A176BB610AC9460C6F43F">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="93AB5299814529208C254BF0BAABCF9C">2014-10-02</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="534D0529E430AD95F4AD967F6F2B6671" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="4E21196959A24810DDF0B8231241CD95">3869</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="B667C9503F2454E21A89EE8D550A3C0E" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="90A82F2CCF8B9687B2D322ED5D54F2CA">4</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="21A4B3D32FA67CD85924C45A89D396E6">351</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="81C3B462352201A6FD0965DCB58F0712" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3869.4.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2966BED0345DA72BEFB1229E05295D57" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<subSection id="E2A92F3DFFA2FFCCFF48FD97FA53F89F" pageId="6" pageNumber="357" type="multiple">
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<treatment id="038F87C0FFA2FFCCFF48FD97FA53F89F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119907" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5119907" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038F87C0FFA2FFCCFF48FD97FA53F89F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F87C0FFA2FFCCFF48FD97FA53F89F" lastPageNumber="357" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">
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<subSubSection id="C33C655DFFA2FFCCFF48FD97FC4AFD90" box="[151,901,546,571]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9936D6FFA2FFCCFF48FD97FC4AFD90" blockId="6.[151,901,546,571]" box="[151,901,546,571]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">
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<heading id="D0D181BAFFA2FFCCFF48FD97FC4AFD90" bold="true" box="[151,901,546,571]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="357" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B952EAC4FFA2FFCCFF48FD97FC4AFD90" bold="true" box="[151,901,546,571]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">
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Identification key to Australian
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<taxonomicName id="4C264D55FFA2FFCCFDCAFD97FD5EFD90" authority="Smith, 1926" box="[533,657,546,571]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="357" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hydrophiinae">sea snakes</taxonomicName>
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including 4 possibly
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33C655DFFA2FFCCFF48FDDFFC0AFB68" pageId="6" pageNumber="357" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B9936D6FFA2FFCCFF48FDDFFEDFFCB8" blockId="6.[151,1437,618,1219]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">
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Identifying sea snakes to species level is not an easy task. The genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C264D55FFA2FFCCFC2DFDDFFBA8FD28" box="[1010,1127,618,643]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="357" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B952EAC4FFA2FFCCFC2DFDDFFBA8FD28" box="[1010,1127,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">Hydrophis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in particular shows great interspecific and intraspecific variation and interspecific convergence making identification problematic when using only external characters. The key is based primarily on counting ventral scales and scale rows around the neck and body, but shape and size of the head and the position of the maxillary bone are other distinguishing characters.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9936D6FFA2FFCCFF18FCABFC0AFB68" blockId="6.[151,1437,618,1219]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">
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A combination of characters are required to identify a specimen. In using the key it is important that all the identifying characters fit with the specimen at each step in the key. If this is not the case, the alternative “not as above” should be followed. When counting scale rows around the neck and body it is important to note that the count around the neck is a minimum count and the count around the body is a maximum count (as in
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B27FFA2FFCCFADCFC3FFA5FFC08" author="Smith, M. A." box="[1283,1424,906,931]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357" refId="ref15089" refString="Smith, M. A. (1926) Monograph of the sea-snakes (Hydrophiidae). Printed by order of the Trustees of the British museum (Natural History) London, 130 pp." type="book" year="1926">Smith, 1926</bibRefCitation>
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). Record the minimum count of three or four scale rows around the neck at one and a half head lengths, two, two and a half, and three head lengths behind the head. The maximum number of body scales occurs just behind midbody, but three to four counts between midbody and vent are required. The most precise scale row count follows a transverse line across the dorsal surface of the body starting from a ventral scale to a ventral scale on the other side of the body (Thomas, 1976). Ventral scales are excluded from the count of scale rows. “Ground colour” refers to the colour between the darker dorsal markings or bands (if present), and is generally the same as the colour on the ventral side. “Bands” here refers to darkish transverse markings anywhere on the body. Drawings are by Mogens Andersen ZMUC. The nomenclature follows Sanders, Lee,
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<emphasis id="B952EAC4FFA2FFCCFCEBFB1EFCA3FB68" box="[820,876,1194,1219]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">et al.</emphasis>
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(2013).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33C655DFFA2FFCCFF48FB47FA53F89F" pageId="6" pageNumber="357" type="key">
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<paragraph id="8B9936D6FFA2FFCCFF48FB47FF66FAAC" blockId="6.[151,1436,1266,1844]" box="[151,169,1266,1287]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">1.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9936D6FFA2FFCCFF48FABAFA55FA8F" blockId="6.[151,1436,1266,1844]" box="[151,1434,1295,1316]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">
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A Nasals separated by internasals (fig.1 left)...........................................................
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<taxonomicName id="4C264D55FFA2FFCCFAE6FABAFA55FA8F" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[1337,1434,1295,1316]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Laticauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="357" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B952EAC4FFA2FFCCFAE6FABAFA55FA8F" box="[1337,1434,1295,1316]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">Laticauda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9936D6FFA2FFCCFF48FA98FA53FAE9" blockId="6.[151,1436,1266,1844]" box="[151,1436,1325,1346]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">B Nasals not separated by internasals (fig.1 right)............................................................. 2.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9936D6FFA2FFCCFF48FAFFFF66FAF4" blockId="6.[151,1436,1266,1844]" box="[151,169,1354,1375]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">2.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9936D6FFA2FFCCFF48FAD2FA55FAD7" blockId="6.[151,1436,1266,1844]" box="[151,1434,1383,1404]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">
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A Three supralabials, the second very elongated (fig.2 left)..................................
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<taxonomicName id="4C264D55FFA2FFCCFB40FAD2FA55FAD7" authorityName="Krefft" authorityYear="1869" box="[1183,1434,1383,1404]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Emydocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="357" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annulatus">
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<emphasis id="B952EAC4FFA2FFCCFB40FAD2FA55FAD7" box="[1183,1434,1383,1404]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">Emydocephalus annulatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9936D6FFA2FFCCFF48FA30FA54FA31" blockId="6.[151,1436,1266,1844]" box="[151,1435,1413,1434]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">B More than four supralabials (fig.2 right)................................................................... 3.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9936D6FFA2FFCCFF48FA17FF66FA1C" blockId="6.[151,1436,1266,1844]" box="[151,169,1442,1463]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">3.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9936D6FFA2FFCCFF48FA0AFA55FA7F" blockId="6.[151,1436,1266,1844]" box="[151,1434,1471,1492]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">
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A No preocular scale, the prefrontal borders the eye (fig.3 left).................................
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<taxonomicName id="4C264D55FFA2FFCCFB68FA0AFA55FA7F" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1896" box="[1207,1434,1471,1492]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrelaps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="357" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="darwiniensis">
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<emphasis id="B952EAC4FFA2FFCCFB68FA0AFA55FA7F" box="[1207,1434,1471,1492]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">Hydrelaps darwiniensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9936D6FFA2FFCCFF48FA68FA53FA59" blockId="6.[151,1436,1266,1844]" box="[151,1436,1501,1522]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">B Preocular scales present (fig.3 right)...................................................................... 4.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9936D6FFA2FFCCFF48FA4FFF66F9A4" blockId="6.[151,1436,1266,1844]" box="[151,169,1530,1551]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">4.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9936D6FFA2FFCCFF48F9A2FA53F9E1" blockId="6.[151,1436,1266,1844]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">
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A Ventrals small, each not more than 2 times as broad as adjacent body scales..............................................................................................
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<taxonomicName id="4C264D55FFA2FFCCFCB9F980FC05F9E1" box="[870,970,1589,1610]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="357" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B952EAC4FFA2FFCCFCB9F980FC05F9E1" box="[870,970,1589,1610]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">Hydrophis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C264D55FFA2FFCCFC25F980FB68F9E1" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1832" box="[1018,1191,1589,1610]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Microcephalophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="357" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B952EAC4FFA2FFCCFC25F980FB68F9E1" box="[1018,1191,1589,1610]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">Microcephalophis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(21 species—key below)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9936D6FFA2FFCCFF48F9E7FA53F9CC" blockId="6.[151,1436,1266,1844]" box="[151,1436,1618,1639]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">B Ventrals large, each at least 3 times as broad as adjacent body scales............................................ 5.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9936D6FFA2FFCCFF48F9DAFF66F92F" blockId="6.[151,1436,1266,1844]" box="[151,169,1647,1668]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">5.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9936D6FFA2FFCCFF48F938FA53F909" blockId="6.[151,1436,1266,1844]" box="[151,1436,1677,1698]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">
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A At least 28 scale rows around body......................................................
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<taxonomicName id="4C264D55FFA2FFCCFB64F938FA53F909" baseAuthorityName="Roux" baseAuthorityYear="1910" box="[1211,1436,1677,1698]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Parahydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="357" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mertoni">
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<emphasis id="B952EAC4FFA2FFCCFB64F938FA53F909" box="[1211,1436,1677,1698]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">Parahydrophis mertoni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9936D6FFA2FFCCFF48F91FFA54F914" blockId="6.[151,1436,1266,1844]" box="[151,1435,1706,1727]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">B Less than 28 scale rows around body:..................................................................... 6.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9936D6FFA2FFCCFF48F972FF66F977" blockId="6.[151,1436,1266,1844]" box="[151,169,1735,1756]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">6.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9936D6FFA2FFCCFF48F950FA54F951" blockId="6.[151,1436,1266,1844]" box="[151,1435,1765,1786]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">
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A Maxillary bone not extending forwards as far as palatine (fig.4 left)................................
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<taxonomicName id="4C264D55FFA2FFCCFB38F950FA54F951" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1931" box="[1255,1435,1765,1786]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ephalophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="357" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="greyae">
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<emphasis id="B952EAC4FFA2FFCCFB38F950FA54F951" box="[1255,1435,1765,1786]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">Ephalophis greyae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9936D6FFA2FFCCFF48F8B7FA53F89F" blockId="6.[151,1436,1266,1844]" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">
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B Maxillary bone and palatine straight, or maxillary bone reaching beyond palatine (fig.4 right)...................................................................................................
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<taxonomicName id="4C264D55FFA2FFCCFB8CF8AAFB7CF89F" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1804" box="[1107,1203,1823,1844]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Aipysurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="357" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B952EAC4FFA2FFCCFB8CF8AAFB7CF89F" box="[1107,1203,1823,1844]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="357">Aipysurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(8 species—key below)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</subSection>
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</document> |