1295 lines
199 KiB
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1295 lines
199 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="AF626CDCF3EB87F430218DBC45524EBB">The diversity of Triassic South American sphenodontians: a new basal form, clevosaurs, and a revision of rhynchocephalian phylogeny</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B3020F2A422B31E51937FB350CD38479">Chambi-Trowell, Sofia A. V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3C895180071F9ABBD1538A9E64F89742">Martinell, Agust ́ ın G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F818C1833FB466AECB3CBF083412A199">Whitesid, David I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0382EE9F4A2B337384520E5B0104E57A">Romo de Viva, Paulo R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="64B2081A4F3C001C603C2B1893779061">Soare, Marina Bento</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="7D30AA61E3F4345641043506A8ED2839">2021</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBE2738FC6CFDA156A7F906" authority="Chambi-Trowell & Martinell & Whitesid & Romo de Viva & Soare & Schult & Gil & Bento & Rayfiel, 2021" authorityName="Chambi-Trowell & Martinell & Whitesid & Romo de Viva & Soare & Schult & Gil & Bento & Rayfiel" authorityYear="2021" box="[951,1266,1699,1723]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="803" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bonapartei" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBE2738FC6CFDA156A7F906" bold="true" box="[951,1266,1699,1723]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="803">Microsphenodon bonapartei</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBE2738FC6AFDC45703F960" blockId="17.[945,1366,1699,1757]" box="[945,1366,1733,1757]" pageId="17" pageNumber="803">
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(
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<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBE2738FC61FDC451ABF960" box="[954,1022,1734,1757]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[159,226,1259,1280]" captionTargetBox="[159,1465,188,1242]" captionTargetId="figure-175@9.[159,1466,188,1242]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Cross-sections of the tooth implantation in Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (A–C, N) and Clevosaurus brasiliensis (D–M, O). A–C, coronal cross-sections showing tooth implantation in Microsphenodon bonapartei (UFRGS-PV-0972-T) in: A, posterior-most dentary tooth; B, posterior-most maxillary tooth; and C, palate. D–H, coronal cross-sections showing tooth implantation in Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0748-T) in: D, posterior-most dentary tooth; E, penultimate additional maxillary tooth; H, hatchling teeth; and for UFRGS-PV-0974-T in F, ultimate maxillary and dentary teeth; and G, hatchling teeth. Sagittal cross-sections of the bone bearing elements of Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0974-T) for I, palatine; J, left pterygoid; K, right pterygoid; L, left maxilla; and M, left dentary. N, left maxilla and dentary of Microsphenodon bonapartei (UFRGS-PV-0972-T) demonstrating the depth of the acrodont implantation. O, left maxilla and dentary of Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0748-T) demonstrating the depth of the acrodont implantation. Abbreviations: add, additional; alc, alveolar canal; cap, pulp cavity; d, dentary; ht, hatchling; j, jugal; m, maxilla; mc, Meckelian canal; pal, palatine; pm, premaxilla; prf, prefrontal; pt, pterygoid; th, tooth. Scale bars for A–K equal 1 mm; L–O equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959843/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="803">Figs 4</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBE2738FBD5FDC4564EF960" box="[1038,1051,1734,1757]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[159,226,958,979]" captionTargetBox="[159,1466,188,941]" captionTargetId="figure-400@12.[159,1466,188,941]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Ventral view of palatines for Clevosaurus brasiliensis (A–D), and Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (E–G). A, UFSM-PV-0131; B, UFRGS-PV-0748-T; C, UFRGS-PV-0974-T; D, MCN-PV 2852. E, right palatine, UFRGS-PV-0827-T; F, right palatine, UFRGS-PV-0613-T; G, left palatine, UFRGS-PV-0972-T. Abbreviations: cl, cluster; d, dentary; iso, isolated; lat, lateral; rid, ridge; th, tooth. Not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959849" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959849/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="803">6</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBE2738FBF0FDC45634F960" box="[1067,1121,1733,1757]" captionStart-0="Figure 8" captionStart-1="Figure 9" captionStart-2="Figure 10" captionStart-3="Figure 11" captionStart-4="Figure 12" captionStart-5="Figure 13" captionStart-6="Figure 14" captionStartId-0="14.[159,226,1214,1235]" captionStartId-1="16.[159,226,1776,1797]" captionStartId-2="17.[159,226,905,926]" captionStartId-3="19.[159,226,1667,1688]" captionStartId-4="20.[159,226,910,931]" captionStartId-5="21.[159,226,898,919]" captionStartId-6="23.[159,226,1177,1198]" captionTargetBox-0="[168,1450,201,1187]" captionTargetBox-1="[159,1466,188,888]" captionTargetBox-2="[159,1466,188,888]" captionTargetBox-3="[159,1466,189,1650]" captionTargetBox-4="[160,1466,188,892]" captionTargetBox-5="[159,1466,188,880]" captionTargetBox-6="[160,1466,189,1156]" captionTargetId-0="figure-225@14.[159,1467,188,1197]" captionTargetId-1="figure-1@15.[159,1467,188,1861]" captionTargetId-2="figure-359@17.[159,1466,188,888]" captionTargetId-3="figure-0@19.[159,1466,188,1650]" captionTargetId-4="figure-374@20.[159,1466,188,893]" captionTargetId-5="figure-455@21.[159,1466,188,880]" captionTargetId-6="figure-246@23.[159,1466,188,1156]" captionTargetPageId-0="14" captionTargetPageId-1="15" captionTargetPageId-2="17" captionTargetPageId-3="19" captionTargetPageId-4="20" captionTargetPageId-5="21" captionTargetPageId-6="23" captionText-0="Figure 8. The lower left mandible of Brazilian sphenodontians. A–C, J, Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0748-T) in: A, lateral; B, dorsal; C, medial; and J, scaled lateral views. D, I, Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFSM-PV-0131) in: D, lateral; and I, scaled lateral views. E, K, Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0974-T) in: E, lateral; and K, scaled lateral views. F–H, L, Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T) in: F, lateral; G, dorsal; H, medial; and L, scaled lateral views. M, Lanceirosphenodon (CAPPA/UFSM 0226) in scaled view. Abbreviations: add, additional; alt, alternating; ang, angular; artcom, articular complex; cor, coronoid; cpr, coronoid process; ht, hatchling; mc, Meckelian canal; men, mentonian; mdf, mandibular foramen; pra, prearticular; proc, process; ret, retroarticular; sb, secondary bone; sur, surangular; sy, symphysis; th, tooth; wft, wear facet. Scale bars equal 10mm." captionText-1="Figure 9. Cranial material of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (A, UFRGS-PV-0972-T; B, C, UFRGS-PV-0613-T; D, E, UFRGS-PV-0827-T; F, UFRGS-PV-0848-T). A, left lateral view of the holotype near-complete skull UFRGS-PV-0972-T. B, C, partial skull of UFRGS-PV-0613-T in: B, left lateral; and C, ventral views. D, E, right palatine UFRGS-PV-0827-T in: D, right lateral; and E, ventral views. F, medial view of left dentary UFRGS-PV-0848-T. Scale bars equal 5 mm." captionText-2="Figure 10. The digitally segmented holotype skull of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A, left lateral; B, posterior; C, dorsal; and D, ventral views. Abbreviations: artcom, articular complex; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; c. vert, cervical vertebra; d, dentary; eo, exoccipital; epi, epipterygoid; ept, ectopterygoid; f, frontal; hy, hyoid; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; op, opisthotic; p, parietal; pal, palatine; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; pr, prootic; prf, prefrontal; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; vo, vomer. Scale bar equals 10mm." captionText-3="Figure 11. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of the holotype of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A–C, left maxilla in: A, lateral; B, ventral; and C, medial views. D–F, left nasal and prefrontal in: D, dorsal; E, lateral; and F, posterior views. G, H, left postfrontal in: G, medial; and H, lateral views. I, J, articulated frontals and parietals in: I, dorsal; and J, ventral views. K, L, left jugal in: K, lateral; and L, medial views. M, N, left postorbital in: M, medial; and N, lateral views. O, P, right squamosal in: O, lateral; and P, medial views. Abbreviations: add, additional; alt, alternating; ant, anterior; can, caniniform; con, conical; ept, epipterygoid; f, frontal; fac, facet; fl, flange; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pfr, prefrontal; pinf, pineal foramen; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; post, posterior; prf, prefrontal; proc, process; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; th, tooth; ven, ventral. Scale bars for A–H, K–P equal 5 mm; I, J equal 10 mm." captionText-4="Figure 12. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of the holotype of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A, B, left supratemporal in: A, dorsal; and B, ventral views. C–E, left quadrate in: C, medial; D, lateral; E, posterior views. F, left vomer in ventral view. G, H, left palatine in: G, lateral; and H, ventral views. I, J, pterygoids in: I, ventral; and J, dorsal views. K, left ectopterygoid in ventral view. L, left pterygoid and epipterygoid in lateral view. Abbreviations: ant, anterior; artcon, articular condyle; bs, basisphenoid; epi, epipterygoid; ept, ectopterygoid; fac, facet; fl, flange; for, foramen; iso, isolated; j, jugal; lat, lateral; m, maxilla; med, medial; p, parietal; pal, palatine; proc, process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rid, ridge; sq, squamosal; th, tooth; ven, ventral; ver, vertical; vo, vomer. Scale bars for A, B, F–H, K equals 1 mm; C, D, I, J, L equals 5 mm." captionText-5="Figure 13. The braincase and cervical vertebra of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A–F, nearcomplete braincase in: A, anterior; B, posterior; C, left lateral; D, right lateral; E, dorsal; and F, ventral views. G–K, fragments of the axis and atlas in: G, right lateral; H, left lateral; I, ventral; J, dorsal; and K, posterior views. Abbreviations: at, atlas; ax, axis; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; car. for, carotid foramen; cen, centrum; cul. proc, cultriform process; eo, exoccipital; int, intercentrum; ne. arch, neural arch; ocon, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; par, paroccipital; pila, pila antotica; pr, prootic; proc, process; ps, parasphenoid; so, supraoccipital. Scale bars for A–F equal 5 mm; G–K equal 1 mm." captionText-6="Figure 14. Reconstructions of the skulls of Clevosaurus brasiliensis (A–D) and Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (E–H). A, B, cranium of C. brasiliensis in: A, dorsal; B, ventral views. C, right lateral view of the cranium and mandible of C. brasiliensis. D, a medial view of the right mandible of C. brasiliensis. E, F, cranium of M. bonapartei in: E, dorsal, F, ventral views. G, a right lateral view of the cranium and mandible of M. bonapartei. H, a medial view of the right mandible of M. bonapartei. Abbreviations: ang, angular; art, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; cor, coronoid; d, dentary; epi, epipterygoid; ept, ectopterygoid; f, frontal; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; pfr, prefrontal; pra, prearticular; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; sur, surangular; vo, vomer. Scale bars equal 10mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959853" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959855" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959857" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959859" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959861" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959863" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959865" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10959853/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10959855/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10959857/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/10959859/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/10959861/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/10959863/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/10959865/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="803">8–14</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supplemental
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBE2738FAD7FDC45719F960" box="[1292,1356,1734,1757]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[159,226,1259,1280]" captionTargetBox="[159,1465,188,1242]" captionTargetId="figure-175@9.[159,1466,188,1242]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Cross-sections of the tooth implantation in Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (A–C, N) and Clevosaurus brasiliensis (D–M, O). A–C, coronal cross-sections showing tooth implantation in Microsphenodon bonapartei (UFRGS-PV-0972-T) in: A, posterior-most dentary tooth; B, posterior-most maxillary tooth; and C, palate. D–H, coronal cross-sections showing tooth implantation in Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0748-T) in: D, posterior-most dentary tooth; E, penultimate additional maxillary tooth; H, hatchling teeth; and for UFRGS-PV-0974-T in F, ultimate maxillary and dentary teeth; and G, hatchling teeth. Sagittal cross-sections of the bone bearing elements of Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0974-T) for I, palatine; J, left pterygoid; K, right pterygoid; L, left maxilla; and M, left dentary. N, left maxilla and dentary of Microsphenodon bonapartei (UFRGS-PV-0972-T) demonstrating the depth of the acrodont implantation. O, left maxilla and dentary of Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0748-T) demonstrating the depth of the acrodont implantation. Abbreviations: add, additional; alc, alveolar canal; cap, pulp cavity; d, dentary; ht, hatchling; j, jugal; m, maxilla; mc, Meckelian canal; pal, palatine; pm, premaxilla; prf, prefrontal; pt, pterygoid; th, tooth. Scale bars for A–K equal 1 mm; L–O equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959843/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="803">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33D6557FFBE273BFC96FC1450BAFC7D" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="804" pageId="17" pageNumber="803" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBE273BFC96FC145353FE88" blockId="17.[845,1467,1814,1901]" lastBlockId="18.[159,781,189,309]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="804" pageId="17" pageNumber="803">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4F3C81FFBE273BFC96FC145353FE88" collectionCode="T" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="804" pageId="17" pageNumber="803" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBE2738FC96FC1451EEF890" bold="true" box="[845,955,1814,1837]" pageId="17" pageNumber="803">
|
||
<typeStatus id="549C887EFFBE2738FC96FC1451E2F890" box="[845,951,1814,1837]" pageId="17" pageNumber="803" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
UFRGS-PV-0972-
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED36AE19FFBE2738FB48FC1456F6F890" box="[1171,1187,1814,1837]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="17" pageNumber="803">T</collectionCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBE2738FB67FC145742F890" box="[1212,1303,1814,1837]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[159,226,1776,1797]" captionTargetId="figure-1@15.[159,1467,188,1861]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 9. Cranial material of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (A, UFRGS-PV-0972-T; B, C, UFRGS-PV-0613-T; D, E, UFRGS-PV-0827-T; F, UFRGS-PV-0848-T). A, left lateral view of the holotype near-complete skull UFRGS-PV-0972-T. B, C, partial skull of UFRGS-PV-0613-T in: B, left lateral; and C, ventral views. D, E, right palatine UFRGS-PV-0827-T in: D, right lateral; and E, ventral views. F, medial view of left dentary UFRGS-PV-0848-T. Scale bars equal 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959855" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959855/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="803">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
, 10), a near-complete skull with some damage to its rostrum and missing the premaxillae and vomers. Much of the right side of the skull is damaged, but only the right maxilla and jugal are entirely missing. For the most part, the skull remains articulated and would have been ~
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF9B39FFBD273BFD1FFBFC5159FEA8" box="[708,780,254,277]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" unit="mm" value="19.0">19 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBD273BFF44FA4C5035FDB5" blockId="18.[159,781,334,520]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFF44FA4C53C0FED8" bold="true" box="[159,405,334,357]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Derivation of name.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectorName id="26D2530AFFBD273BFE7DFA4C539AFED8" box="[422,463,334,357]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">The</collectorName>
|
||
specific term
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBD273BFD5DFA4C5151FED8" authorityName="Chambi-Trowell & Martinell & Whitesid & Romo de Viva & Soare & Schult & Gil & Bento & Rayfiel" authorityYear="2021" box="[646,772,334,358]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bonapartei">
|
||
‘
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFD54FA4C5151FED8" box="[655,772,334,357]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">bonapartei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ refers to the late
|
||
<collectorName id="26D2530AFFBD273BFEACFA6D53A3FE3B" box="[375,502,367,390]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Argentinian</collectorName>
|
||
palaeontologist Jośe
|
||
<collectorName id="26D2530AFFBD273BFD2CFA6D5358FE1A" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">F. Bonaparte</collectorName>
|
||
(1928–2020), who led the main collections of fossil vertebrates from the
|
||
<collectorName id="26D2530AFFBD273BFE10FAB25020FE7A" box="[459,629,432,455]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Linha S̃ao Luis</collectorName>
|
||
outcrop until 2005, deposited at the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED36AE19FFBD273BFE79FAD353AEFE55" box="[418,507,465,488]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/3q02-t412" name="Universidade Federale do Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">UFRGS</collectionCode>
|
||
, including the discovery of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549C887EFFBD273BFF3CFAF35311FDB5" box="[231,324,497,520]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen here described.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBD273BFF44F92050BAFC7D" blockId="18.[159,781,546,960]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFF44F920504FFD84" bold="true" box="[159,538,546,569]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Additional referred specimens.</emphasis>
|
||
UFRGS-PV-0613-
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED36AE19FFBD273BFD22F920515CFD84" box="[761,777,546,569]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">T</collectionCode>
|
||
, UFRGS-PV-0848-
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED36AE19FFBD273BFEBCF9405322FDE4" box="[359,375,578,601]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">T</collectionCode>
|
||
and UFRGS-PV-0827-
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED36AE19FFBD273BFD6EF9405090FDE4" box="[693,709,578,601]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">T</collectionCode>
|
||
are referred to the new taxon, which were identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBD273BFD2FF961534FFD27" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFD2FF961534FFD27" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in previous studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFBD273BFDF6F9815281FD06" author="Bonaparte, J. F. & Sues, H. - D." pageId="18" pageNumber="804" pagination="917 - 923" refId="ref21083" refString="Bonaparte, J. F. & Sues, H. - D. 2006. A new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from the upper Triassic of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Palaeontology, 49, 917 - 923. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 49832006.00568. x" type="journal article" year="2006">Bonaparte & Sues 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Romo de Vivar Mart́ınez & Soares 2015; Romo-de-Vivar-Mart́ınez
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFEAAF9C753F6FD61" box="[369,419,709,732]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021). UFRGS-PV-0613-
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED36AE19FFBD273BFD10F9C7508EFD61" box="[715,731,709,732]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">T</collectionCode>
|
||
is a partial skull around
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF9B39FFBD273BFEA7F9E75391FD41" box="[380,452,741,764]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, and is in similar condition to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549C887EFFBD273BFEC0F804532EFCA0" box="[283,379,774,797]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, with damage to its rostrum and the right side of the skull; it was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFBD273BFD5BF8245373FCE3" author="Bonaparte, J. F. & Sues, H. - D." pageId="18" pageNumber="804" pagination="917 - 923" refId="ref21083" refString="Bonaparte, J. F. & Sues, H. - D. 2006. A new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from the upper Triassic of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Palaeontology, 49, 917 - 923. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 49832006.00568. x" type="journal article" year="2006">Bonaparte & Sues (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549C887EFFBD273BFE5CF84553B6FCE3" box="[391,483,839,862]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBD273BFDCEF84550E2FCE3" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[533,695,839,862]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFDCEF84550E2FCE3" box="[533,695,839,862]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where they interpreted it to be a juvenile of the taxon. UFRGS-PV-0848-
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED36AE19FFBD273BFEBCF88A5322FC22" box="[359,375,904,927]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">T</collectionCode>
|
||
is an isolated right mandible
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF9B39FFBD273BFD1FF88A5159FC22" box="[708,780,904,927]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" unit="mm" value="24.0">24 mm</quantity>
|
||
long. UFRGS-PV-0827-
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED36AE19FFBD273BFE7DF8AB53E3FC7D" box="[422,438,937,960]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">T</collectionCode>
|
||
is an isolated right palatine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33D6557FFBD273BFF44F8DB508EF905" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBD273BFF44F8DB5070FB8C" blockId="18.[159,781,985,1720]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFF44F8DB5341FC4D" bold="true" box="[159,276,985,1008]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
A small sphenodontian rhynchocephalian with a skull length of
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF9B39FFBD273BFE42F8F85059FBAC" box="[409,524,1017,1041]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" unit="mm" value="20.5" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="19.0">19–22 mm</quantity>
|
||
, which has the following unique combination of features:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBD273BFF44FF38531BFBCF" blockId="18.[159,781,985,1720]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">1. A single caniniform tooth present on both maxilla and dentary.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBD273BFF44FF795340FA88" blockId="18.[159,781,985,1720]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">2. The maxillary and dentary dentition is acrodont and the largest teeth take the form of two enlarged mesiodistally elongated additional teeth at the posterior of the dentary and maxilla, posterior to a row of smaller non-hatchling teeth that alternate in size.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBD273BFF44FE3C53BCFAE8" blockId="18.[159,781,985,1720]" box="[159,489,1342,1365]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">3. A broad flat parietal table.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBD273BFF44FE5C515FFA2B" blockId="18.[159,781,985,1720]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">4. Three to four small conical post-marginal teeth positioned behind the additional teeth of the maxilla.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBD273BFF44FE9C5394F9AA" blockId="18.[159,781,985,1720]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">
|
||
5. A palatine with a single medially positioned tooth, in addition to a secondary row or ridge of two teeth that are positioned at 45
|
||
<superScript id="7C529B94FFBD273BFE3FFED953B8FA51" attach="left" box="[484,493,1499,1516]" fontSize="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Ǫ</superScript>
|
||
to the long axes of the main lateral tooth row.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBD273BFF44FD2250BFF98A" blockId="18.[159,781,985,1720]" box="[159,746,1568,1591]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">6. Fused prearticular, articular and surangular bones.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBD273BFF44FD4253AAF9EA" blockId="18.[159,781,985,1720]" box="[159,511,1600,1623]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">7. Paired frontals and parietals.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBD273BFF44FD625017F9CA" blockId="18.[159,781,985,1720]" box="[159,578,1632,1655]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">8. Exoccipitals fused to basioccipital.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBD273BFF44FD82508EF905" blockId="18.[159,781,985,1720]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">9. Two rows of vomerine teeth, three rows of pterygoidal teeth and two rows of palatine teeth.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33D6557FFBD2730FF44FDF1531DFEA9" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="811" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBD273BFF44FDF15365F8B0" blockId="18.[159,781,1779,1901]" box="[159,304,1779,1805]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFF44FDF15365F8B0" bold="true" box="[159,304,1779,1805]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBD273BFF44FC175348F8D0" blockId="18.[159,781,1779,1901]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFF44FC1752B4F891" bold="true" box="[159,225,1813,1836]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Skull.</emphasis>
|
||
Nearly all bones of the skull are represented, but there is no complete vomer, any premaxillae or verifiable stapes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBD273BFC97FBBF57F8FB84" blockId="18.[844,1467,188,1081]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFC97FBBF51FEFF69" bold="true" box="[844,939,189,212]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Maxilla.</emphasis>
|
||
The maxillary facial process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBD273BFAD4FBBF57C6FF69" box="[1295,1427,188,212]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1667,1688]" captionTargetBox="[159,1466,189,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[159,1466,188,1650]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of the holotype of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A–C, left maxilla in: A, lateral; B, ventral; and C, medial views. D–F, left nasal and prefrontal in: D, dorsal; E, lateral; and F, posterior views. G, H, left postfrontal in: G, medial; and H, lateral views. I, J, articulated frontals and parietals in: I, dorsal; and J, ventral views. K, L, left jugal in: K, lateral; and L, medial views. M, N, left postorbital in: M, medial; and N, lateral views. O, P, right squamosal in: O, lateral; and P, medial views. Abbreviations: add, additional; alt, alternating; ant, anterior; can, caniniform; con, conical; ept, epipterygoid; f, frontal; fac, facet; fl, flange; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pfr, prefrontal; pinf, pineal foramen; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; post, posterior; prf, prefrontal; proc, process; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; th, tooth; ven, ventral. Scale bars for A–H, K–P equal 5 mm; I, J equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959859/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Fig. 11A–C</figureCitation>
|
||
) is relatively high but not as much as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBD273BFB37FBDF51C4FEA9" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFB37FBDF51C4FEA9" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Clevosaurus brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is broader. It bears a pronounced premaxillary process and a single caniniform (UFRGS-PV-0613-
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED36AE19FFBD273BFC96FA3C510AFEE8" box="[845,863,318,341]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">T</collectionCode>
|
||
, Romo de Vivar Mart́ınez & Soares 2015, fig. 3C, 4F;
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBD273BFC97FA5C5191FEC8" box="[844,964,350,373]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[159,226,1776,1797]" captionTargetId="figure-1@15.[159,1467,188,1861]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 9. Cranial material of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (A, UFRGS-PV-0972-T; B, C, UFRGS-PV-0613-T; D, E, UFRGS-PV-0827-T; F, UFRGS-PV-0848-T). A, left lateral view of the holotype near-complete skull UFRGS-PV-0972-T. B, C, partial skull of UFRGS-PV-0613-T in: B, left lateral; and C, ventral views. D, E, right palatine UFRGS-PV-0827-T in: D, right lateral; and E, ventral views. F, medial view of left dentary UFRGS-PV-0848-T. Scale bars equal 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959855" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959855/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Fig. 9B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
), which is followed by an edentulous region where the likely hatchling teeth have been worn to the bone, followed by around three to four smaller additional teeth that appear to alternate in size (Romo de Vivar Mart́ınez & Soares 2015, fig. 4F), and ultimately two large additional teeth bearing flanges. All the teeth are acrodont (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBD273BFC3EF91D562EFD8B" box="[997,1147,542,566]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[159,226,1259,1280]" captionTargetBox="[159,1465,188,1242]" captionTargetId="figure-175@9.[159,1466,188,1242]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Cross-sections of the tooth implantation in Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (A–C, N) and Clevosaurus brasiliensis (D–M, O). A–C, coronal cross-sections showing tooth implantation in Microsphenodon bonapartei (UFRGS-PV-0972-T) in: A, posterior-most dentary tooth; B, posterior-most maxillary tooth; and C, palate. D–H, coronal cross-sections showing tooth implantation in Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0748-T) in: D, posterior-most dentary tooth; E, penultimate additional maxillary tooth; H, hatchling teeth; and for UFRGS-PV-0974-T in F, ultimate maxillary and dentary teeth; and G, hatchling teeth. Sagittal cross-sections of the bone bearing elements of Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0974-T) for I, palatine; J, left pterygoid; K, right pterygoid; L, left maxilla; and M, left dentary. N, left maxilla and dentary of Microsphenodon bonapartei (UFRGS-PV-0972-T) demonstrating the depth of the acrodont implantation. O, left maxilla and dentary of Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0748-T) demonstrating the depth of the acrodont implantation. Abbreviations: add, additional; alc, alveolar canal; cap, pulp cavity; d, dentary; ht, hatchling; j, jugal; m, maxilla; mc, Meckelian canal; pal, palatine; pm, premaxilla; prf, prefrontal; pt, pterygoid; th, tooth. Scale bars for A–K equal 1 mm; L–O equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959843/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Fig. 4A–C, N</figureCitation>
|
||
). Posterior to the main tooth row are three to four small conical teeth. It is unclear whether the premaxillary process bore any successional teeth anterior to the caniniform, as this part of the maxilla is damaged. The posterior process is broad and only narrows abruptly close to its end. Unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBD273BFAEBF9C256C6FD4A" authority="(Chambi-Trowell et al. 2019)" baseAuthorityName="Chambi-Trowell" baseAuthorityYear="2019" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cambrica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFAEBF9C257EEFD6A" box="[1328,1467,704,727]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">C. cambrica</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFBD273BFC8FF9E256DFFD4A" author="Chambi-Trowell, S. A. V. & Whiteside, D. I. & Benton, M. J." box="[852,1162,736,759]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" pagination="41 - 64" refId="ref21354" refString="Chambi-Trowell, S. A. V., Whiteside, D. I. & Benton, M. J. 2019. Diversity in rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus skulls based on CT reconstruction of two Late Triassic species from Great Britain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 64, 41 - 64. doi: 10.4202 / app. 00569.2018" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Chambi-Trowell
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFBCAF9E25611FD4A" box="[1041,1092,736,759]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBD273BFB15F9E25764FD4A" box="[1230,1329,736,759]" genus="Cargninia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bairdi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFB15F9E25764FD4A" box="[1230,1329,736,759]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">C. bairdi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Sues
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFA5AF9E257EEFD4A" box="[1409,1467,736,759]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1994, fig. 1B), there is no posterior curvature of the maxillary dorsal process forming the antero-orbital margin; this shape is more akin to the maxilla of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBD273BFC97F8635644FCC5" authorityName="Whiteside" authorityYear="1986" box="[844,1041,865,888]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Diphydontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFC97F8635644FCC5" box="[844,1041,865,888]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Diphydontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Whiteside 1986, fig. 4A). Unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBD273BFC97F8835644FC25" authorityName="Whiteside" authorityYear="1986" box="[844,1041,897,920]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Diphydontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFC97F8835644FC25" box="[844,1041,897,920]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Diphydontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, the suborbital process remains near uniform for much of its length rather than tapering. Posteriorly, the maxilla forms a ventrally positioned medial shelf that contacts the jugal and ectopterygoids. Dorsomedially, the maxilla is somewhat concave where it would have contacted the nasal and prefrontal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBD273BFC97FF50567AFAD6" blockId="18.[844,1467,1106,1387]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFC97FF5051C6FBD4" bold="true" box="[844,915,1106,1129]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Nasal.</emphasis>
|
||
Only the left nasal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBD273BFB48FF505740FBD4" box="[1171,1301,1106,1130]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1667,1688]" captionTargetBox="[159,1466,189,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[159,1466,188,1650]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of the holotype of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A–C, left maxilla in: A, lateral; B, ventral; and C, medial views. D–F, left nasal and prefrontal in: D, dorsal; E, lateral; and F, posterior views. G, H, left postfrontal in: G, medial; and H, lateral views. I, J, articulated frontals and parietals in: I, dorsal; and J, ventral views. K, L, left jugal in: K, lateral; and L, medial views. M, N, left postorbital in: M, medial; and N, lateral views. O, P, right squamosal in: O, lateral; and P, medial views. Abbreviations: add, additional; alt, alternating; ant, anterior; can, caniniform; con, conical; ept, epipterygoid; f, frontal; fac, facet; fl, flange; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pfr, prefrontal; pinf, pineal foramen; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; post, posterior; prf, prefrontal; proc, process; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; th, tooth; ven, ventral. Scale bars for A–H, K–P equal 5 mm; I, J equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959859/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Fig. 11D–F</figureCitation>
|
||
) is preserved, and the anterior portion is damaged. The nasals are large and elongated compared to those in the short robust snouts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBD273BFBFDFFB156FEFB77" authorityName="Swinton" authorityYear="1939" box="[1062,1195,1203,1226]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFBFDFFB156FEFB77" box="[1062,1195,1203,1226]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Clevosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and more like those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBD273BFC72FFD1563BFB57" authorityName="Whiteside" authorityYear="1986" box="[937,1134,1235,1258]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Diphydontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFC72FFD1563BFB57" box="[937,1134,1235,1258]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Diphydontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBD273BFB61FFD1570BFB57" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1980" box="[1210,1374,1235,1258]" class="Reptilia" family="Gephyrosauridae" genus="Gephyrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFB61FFD1570BFB57" box="[1210,1374,1235,1258]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Gephyrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBD273BFC97FFF15672FAB7" baseAuthorityName="Fraser" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[844,1063,1267,1290]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Planocephalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFC97FFF15672FAB7" box="[844,1063,1267,1290]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Planocephalosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFBD273BFB89FFF156B8FAB7" author="Evans, S. E." box="[1106,1261,1267,1290]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" pagination="203 - 264" refId="ref21642" refString="Evans, S. E. 1980. The skull of a new eosuchian reptile from the Lower Jurassic of South Wales. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 70, 203 - 264." type="journal article" year="1980">Evans 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFBD273BFAC3FFF157E6FAB7" author="Fraser, N. C." box="[1304,1459,1267,1290]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" pagination="709 - 725" refId="ref21861" refString="Fraser, N. C. 1982. A new rhynchocephalian from the British Upper Trias. Palaeontology, 25, 709 - 725." type="journal article" year="1982">Fraser 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Whiteside 1986). The nasals are less convex than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBD273BFCABFE365645FAF6" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[880,1040,1332,1355]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFCABFE365645FAF6" box="[880,1040,1332,1355]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, reflecting a long rostrum positioned at a shallower angle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBD273BFC97FE865187F9E1" blockId="18.[844,1467,1411,1628]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFC97FE86519FFA26" bold="true" box="[844,970,1412,1435]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Prefrontal.</emphasis>
|
||
The prefrontal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBD273BFB4BFE865746FA26" box="[1168,1299,1411,1435]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1667,1688]" captionTargetBox="[159,1466,189,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[159,1466,188,1650]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of the holotype of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A–C, left maxilla in: A, lateral; B, ventral; and C, medial views. D–F, left nasal and prefrontal in: D, dorsal; E, lateral; and F, posterior views. G, H, left postfrontal in: G, medial; and H, lateral views. I, J, articulated frontals and parietals in: I, dorsal; and J, ventral views. K, L, left jugal in: K, lateral; and L, medial views. M, N, left postorbital in: M, medial; and N, lateral views. O, P, right squamosal in: O, lateral; and P, medial views. Abbreviations: add, additional; alt, alternating; ant, anterior; can, caniniform; con, conical; ept, epipterygoid; f, frontal; fac, facet; fl, flange; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pfr, prefrontal; pinf, pineal foramen; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; post, posterior; prf, prefrontal; proc, process; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; th, tooth; ven, ventral. Scale bars for A–H, K–P equal 5 mm; I, J equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959859/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Fig. 11D–F</figureCitation>
|
||
) appears relatively typical for rhynchocephalians, with a roughly lunate shape and a broad lateral contact with the maxilla, and medially with the nasal. Ventrally it contacts the palatine, but probably not the jugal unlike in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBD273BFAB0FD0651F6F981" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFAB0FD0651F6F981" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It has sustained some damage on its dorsolateral surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBD273DFC96FD7753C5FB7C" blockId="18.[844,1467,1653,1902]" lastBlockId="20.[159,781,1161,1217]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="806" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFC96FD775186F931" bold="true" box="[845,979,1653,1676]" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Postfrontal.</emphasis>
|
||
The anterior process of the postfrontal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBD273BFC8EFD975657F911" box="[853,1026,1685,1708]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1667,1688]" captionTargetBox="[159,1466,189,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[159,1466,188,1650]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of the holotype of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A–C, left maxilla in: A, lateral; B, ventral; and C, medial views. D–F, left nasal and prefrontal in: D, dorsal; E, lateral; and F, posterior views. G, H, left postfrontal in: G, medial; and H, lateral views. I, J, articulated frontals and parietals in: I, dorsal; and J, ventral views. K, L, left jugal in: K, lateral; and L, medial views. M, N, left postorbital in: M, medial; and N, lateral views. O, P, right squamosal in: O, lateral; and P, medial views. Abbreviations: add, additional; alt, alternating; ant, anterior; can, caniniform; con, conical; ept, epipterygoid; f, frontal; fac, facet; fl, flange; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pfr, prefrontal; pinf, pineal foramen; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; post, posterior; prf, prefrontal; proc, process; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; th, tooth; ven, ventral. Scale bars for A–H, K–P equal 5 mm; I, J equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959859/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Fig. 11G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
) is long and columnar, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBD273BFC96FDB7567DF971" baseAuthorityName="Fraser" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[845,1064,1717,1740]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Planocephalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFC96FDB7567DF971" box="[845,1064,1717,1740]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Planocephalosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBD273BFB50FDB75705F971" authorityName="Whiteside" authorityYear="1986" box="[1163,1360,1717,1740]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Diphydontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBD273BFB50FDB75705F971" box="[1163,1360,1717,1740]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="804">Diphydontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFBD273BFAADFDB751D7F951" author="Fraser, N. C." pageId="18" pageNumber="804" pagination="709 - 725" refId="ref21861" refString="Fraser, N. C. 1982. A new rhynchocephalian from the British Upper Trias. Palaeontology, 25, 709 - 725." type="journal article" year="1982">Fraser 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Whiteside 1986), while the posterior process appears to be very short to non-existent, but may simply be damaged, and the ventral process is bifurcated, with a deep groove into which the postorbital would have articulated. This ‘four-cornered’ postfrontal with a deep groove is very similar in shape to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBB273DFD7EFF8B5158FB1D" baseAuthorityName="Fraser" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[677,781,1161,1184]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="806" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFD7EFF8B5158FB1D" box="[677,781,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">C. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fraser 1988, fig. 39).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF586654FFBC273AFF44FD815377F8D0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959859" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10959859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959859/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="805" startId="19.[159,226,1667,1688]" targetBox="[159,1466,189,1650]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBC273AFF44FD815377F8D0" blockId="19.[159,1467,1667,1901]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFF44FD81535BF925" bold="true" box="[159,270,1667,1688]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">Figure 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBC273AFC36FD815751F925" authority="Chambi-Trowell & Martinell & Whitesid & Romo de Viva & Soare & Schult & Gil & Bento & Rayfiel, 2021" authorityName="Chambi-Trowell & Martinell & Whitesid & Romo de Viva & Soare & Schult & Gil & Bento & Rayfiel" authorityYear="2021" box="[1005,1284,1667,1688]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="805" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bonapartei" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFC36FD815751F925" box="[1005,1284,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">Microsphenodon bonapartei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26057B5FFBC273AFAC9FD8157EEF925" box="[1298,1467,1667,1688]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(UFRGS-PV-0972-T).
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFEA5FD9C53E7F90E" bold="true" box="[382,434,1693,1715]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">A–C,</emphasis>
|
||
left maxilla in:
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFD8EFD9C5038F90E" bold="true" box="[597,621,1694,1715]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">A,</emphasis>
|
||
lateral;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFD1BFD9C5083F90E" bold="true" box="[704,726,1694,1715]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">B,</emphasis>
|
||
ventral; and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFC80FD9C5127F90E" bold="true" box="[859,882,1694,1715]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">C,</emphasis>
|
||
medial views.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFBD1FD9C5669F90E" bold="true" box="[1034,1084,1693,1715]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">D–F,</emphasis>
|
||
left nasal and prefrontal in:
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFA81FD9C5724F90E" bold="true" box="[1370,1393,1694,1715]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">D,</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFF44FDBA52E0F970" bold="true" box="[159,181,1720,1741]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">E,</emphasis>
|
||
lateral; and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFEE9FDBA5313F970" bold="true" box="[306,326,1720,1741]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">F,</emphasis>
|
||
posterior views.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFE2AFDBA507FF970" bold="true" box="[497,554,1720,1741]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">G, H,</emphasis>
|
||
left postfrontal in:
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFD30FDBA5156F970" bold="true" box="[747,771,1720,1741]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">G,</emphasis>
|
||
medial; and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFC5EFDBA51CBF970" bold="true" box="[901,926,1720,1741]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">H,</emphasis>
|
||
lateral views.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFBF4FDBA560CF970" bold="true" box="[1071,1113,1720,1741]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">I, J,</emphasis>
|
||
articulated frontals and parietals in:
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFF44FDD152FBF955" bold="true" box="[159,174,1747,1768]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">I,</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal; and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFEEBFDD15317F955" bold="true" box="[304,322,1747,1768]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">J,</emphasis>
|
||
ventral views.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFE3BFDD1504CF955" bold="true" box="[480,537,1747,1768]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">K, L,</emphasis>
|
||
left jugal in:
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFD71FDD15096F955" bold="true" box="[682,707,1747,1768]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">K,</emphasis>
|
||
lateral; and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFC9DFDD15109F955" bold="true" box="[838,860,1747,1768]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">L,</emphasis>
|
||
medial views.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFC22FDD15662F955" bold="true" box="[1017,1079,1747,1768]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">M, N,</emphasis>
|
||
left postorbital in:
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFB25FDD1574EF955" bold="true" box="[1278,1307,1747,1768]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">M,</emphasis>
|
||
medial; and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFA78FDD157EEF955" bold="true" box="[1443,1467,1747,1768]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">N,</emphasis>
|
||
lateral views.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFEEBFDEC533FF8BE" bold="true" box="[304,362,1774,1795]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">O, P,</emphasis>
|
||
right squamosal in:
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFD9DFDEC500BF8BE" bold="true" box="[582,606,1774,1795]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">O,</emphasis>
|
||
lateral; and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFD33FDEC50A8F8BE" bold="true" box="[744,765,1774,1795]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">P,</emphasis>
|
||
medial views.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFC7BFDEC563FF8BE" bold="true" box="[928,1130,1774,1795]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">Abbreviations: add</emphasis>
|
||
, additional;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFB35FDEC575DF8BE" bold="true" box="[1262,1288,1774,1795]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">alt</emphasis>
|
||
, alternating;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFA48FDEC57E1F8BE" bold="true" box="[1427,1460,1774,1795]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">ant</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFF22FC0A5348F8A0" bold="true" box="[249,285,1800,1821]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">can</emphasis>
|
||
, caniniform;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFE7FFC0A539DF8A0" bold="true" box="[420,456,1800,1821]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">con</emphasis>
|
||
, conical;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFDF7FC0A5019F8A0" bold="true" box="[556,588,1800,1821]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">ept</emphasis>
|
||
, epipterygoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFD38FC0A50BEF8A0" bold="true" box="[739,747,1800,1821]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">f</emphasis>
|
||
, frontal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFC91FC0A513DF8A0" bold="true" box="[842,872,1800,1821]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">fac</emphasis>
|
||
, facet;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFC6DFC0A5191F8A0" bold="true" box="[950,964,1800,1821]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">fl</emphasis>
|
||
, flange;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFBFBFC0A567DF8A0" bold="true" box="[1056,1064,1800,1821]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">j</emphasis>
|
||
, jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFBACFC0A56DEF8A0" bold="true" box="[1143,1163,1800,1821]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">m</emphasis>
|
||
, maxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFB29FC0A56AAF8A0" bold="true" box="[1266,1279,1800,1821]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">n</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFA8BFC0A5708F8A0" bold="true" box="[1360,1373,1800,1821]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">p</emphasis>
|
||
, parietal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFF44FC2152EAF885" bold="true" box="[159,191,1827,1848]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">pal</emphasis>
|
||
, palatine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFEF2FC21531CF885" bold="true" box="[297,329,1827,1848]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">pfr</emphasis>
|
||
, prefrontal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFE1EFC2153BBF885" bold="true" box="[453,494,1827,1848]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">pinf</emphasis>
|
||
, pineal foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFD7BFC215094F885" bold="true" box="[672,705,1827,1848]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">pm</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFC9EFC21510BF885" bold="true" box="[837,862,1827,1848]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">po</emphasis>
|
||
, postorbital;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFC38FC215651F885" bold="true" box="[995,1028,1827,1848]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">pof</emphasis>
|
||
, postfrontal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFB51FC2156E1F885" bold="true" box="[1162,1204,1827,1848]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">post</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFAFCFC215712F885" bold="true" box="[1319,1351,1827,1848]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">prf</emphasis>
|
||
, prefrontal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFF44FC3C5298F8EE" bold="true" box="[159,205,1854,1875]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">proc</emphasis>
|
||
, process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFEECFC3C5311F8EE" bold="true" box="[311,324,1854,1875]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">q</emphasis>
|
||
, quadrate;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFE62FC3C539AF8EE" bold="true" box="[441,463,1854,1875]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">sq</emphasis>
|
||
, squamosal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFD8CFC3C503DF8EE" bold="true" box="[599,616,1854,1875]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">st</emphasis>
|
||
, supratemporal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFCC8FC3C517DF8EE" bold="true" box="[787,808,1854,1875]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">th</emphasis>
|
||
, tooth;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBC273AFCA7FC3C51F5F8EE" bold="true" box="[892,928,1854,1875]" pageId="19" pageNumber="805">ven</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral. Scale bars for A–H, K–P equal 5 mm; I, J equal 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF586654FFBB273DFF44F88C53CAFBE3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959861" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10959861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959861/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="806" startId="20.[159,226,910,931]" targetBox="[160,1466,188,892]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBB273DFF44F88C53CAFBE3" blockId="20.[159,1467,910,1118]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFF44F88C535BFC1E" bold="true" box="[159,270,910,931]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">Figure 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBB273DFC36F88C5751FC1E" authority="Chambi-Trowell & Martinell & Whitesid & Romo de Viva & Soare & Schult & Gil & Bento & Rayfiel, 2021" authorityName="Chambi-Trowell & Martinell & Whitesid & Romo de Viva & Soare & Schult & Gil & Bento & Rayfiel" authorityYear="2021" box="[1005,1284,910,931]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="806" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bonapartei" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFC36F88C5751FC1E" box="[1005,1284,910,931]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">Microsphenodon bonapartei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26057B5FFBB273DFAC9F88C57EEFC1E" box="[1298,1467,910,931]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(UFRGS-PV-0972-T).
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFEA4F8AB53E0FC03" bold="true" box="[383,437,937,958]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">A, B,</emphasis>
|
||
left supratemporal in:
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFD47F8AB50E6FC03" bold="true" box="[668,691,937,958]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">A,</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal; and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFCE9F8AB511DFC03" bold="true" box="[818,840,937,958]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">B,</emphasis>
|
||
ventral views.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFC3FF8AB5642FC03" bold="true" box="[996,1047,936,958]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">C–E,</emphasis>
|
||
left quadrate in:
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFB1CF8AB568BFC03" bold="true" box="[1223,1246,937,958]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">C,</emphasis>
|
||
medial;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFAE2F8AB5705FC03" bold="true" box="[1337,1360,937,958]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">D,</emphasis>
|
||
lateral;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFA7EF8AB57EEFC03" bold="true" box="[1445,1467,937,958]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">E,</emphasis>
|
||
posterior views.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFE99F8C15303FC65" bold="true" box="[322,342,963,984]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">F,</emphasis>
|
||
left vomer in ventral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFDABF8C150FFFC65" bold="true" box="[624,682,963,984]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">G, H,</emphasis>
|
||
left palatine in:
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFC8BF8C1513CFC65" bold="true" box="[848,873,963,984]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">G,</emphasis>
|
||
lateral; and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFC3CF8C15655FC65" bold="true" box="[999,1024,963,984]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">H,</emphasis>
|
||
ventral views.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFB42F8C15696FC65" bold="true" box="[1177,1219,963,984]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">I, J,</emphasis>
|
||
pterygoids in:
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFA81F8C1573CFC65" bold="true" box="[1370,1385,963,984]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">I,</emphasis>
|
||
ventral; and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFF10F8DC5288FC4E" bold="true" box="[203,221,990,1011]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">J,</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal views.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFEA8F8DC53D9FC4E" bold="true" box="[371,396,990,1011]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">K,</emphasis>
|
||
left ectopterygoid in ventral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFD28F8DC515CFC4E" bold="true" box="[755,777,990,1011]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">L,</emphasis>
|
||
left pterygoid and epipterygoid in lateral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFB29F8DC57E1FC4E" bold="true" box="[1266,1460,990,1011]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">Abbreviations: ant</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFF22F8FB536EFBB3" bold="true" box="[249,315,1017,1038]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">artcon</emphasis>
|
||
, articular condyle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFDD9F8FB504DFBB3" bold="true" box="[514,536,1017,1038]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">bs</emphasis>
|
||
, basisphenoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFD6EF8FB5086FBB3" bold="true" box="[693,723,1017,1038]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">epi</emphasis>
|
||
, epipterygoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFCB6F8FB51D8FBB3" bold="true" box="[877,909,1017,1038]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">ept</emphasis>
|
||
, ectopterygoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFBEAF8FB561AFBB3" bold="true" box="[1073,1103,1017,1038]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">fac</emphasis>
|
||
, facet;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFB44F8FB56F8FBB3" bold="true" box="[1183,1197,1017,1038]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">fl</emphasis>
|
||
, flange;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFAD1F8FB577DFBB3" bold="true" box="[1290,1320,1017,1038]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">for</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFA42F8FB57E0FBB3" bold="true" box="[1433,1461,1017,1038]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">iso</emphasis>
|
||
, isolated;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFF20FF115356FB95" bold="true" box="[251,259,1043,1064]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">j</emphasis>
|
||
, jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFE8CFF115324FB95" bold="true" box="[343,369,1043,1064]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">lat</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFE09FF1153B3FB95" bold="true" box="[466,486,1043,1064]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">m</emphasis>
|
||
, maxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFD89FF11502BFB95" bold="true" box="[594,638,1043,1064]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">med</emphasis>
|
||
, medial;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFD38FF1150A5FB95" bold="true" box="[739,752,1043,1064]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">p</emphasis>
|
||
, parietal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFC86FF115128FB95" bold="true" box="[861,893,1043,1064]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">pal</emphasis>
|
||
, palatine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFC37FF11564FFB95" bold="true" box="[1004,1050,1043,1064]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">proc</emphasis>
|
||
, process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFB5DFF1156CEFB95" bold="true" box="[1158,1179,1043,1064]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">pt</emphasis>
|
||
, pterygoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFAC0FF11577DFB95" bold="true" box="[1307,1320,1043,1064]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">q</emphasis>
|
||
, quadrate;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFA44FF1157E1FB95" bold="true" box="[1439,1460,1043,1064]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">qj</emphasis>
|
||
, quadratojugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFEEBFF2C531BFBFE" bold="true" box="[304,334,1070,1091]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">rid</emphasis>
|
||
, ridge;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFE45FF2C53E0FBFE" bold="true" box="[414,437,1070,1091]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">sq</emphasis>
|
||
, squamosal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFDEDFF2C501EFBFE" bold="true" box="[566,587,1070,1091]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">th</emphasis>
|
||
, tooth;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFD40FF2C50EAFBFE" bold="true" box="[667,703,1070,1091]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">ven</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFCC5FF2C516AFBFE" bold="true" box="[798,831,1070,1091]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">ver</emphasis>
|
||
, vertical;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFC7FFF2C51E9FBFE" bold="true" box="[932,956,1070,1091]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">vo</emphasis>
|
||
, vomer. Scale bars for A, B, F–H, K equals 1 mm; C, D, I, J, L equals 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBB273DFF44FFDE5342FA06" blockId="20.[159,782,1244,1467]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFF44FFDE52A9FB4E" bold="true" box="[159,252,1244,1267]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">Frontal.</emphasis>
|
||
The frontals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBB273DFE44FFDE5046FB4E" box="[415,531,1244,1267]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1667,1688]" captionTargetBox="[159,1466,189,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[159,1466,188,1650]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of the holotype of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A–C, left maxilla in: A, lateral; B, ventral; and C, medial views. D–F, left nasal and prefrontal in: D, dorsal; E, lateral; and F, posterior views. G, H, left postfrontal in: G, medial; and H, lateral views. I, J, articulated frontals and parietals in: I, dorsal; and J, ventral views. K, L, left jugal in: K, lateral; and L, medial views. M, N, left postorbital in: M, medial; and N, lateral views. O, P, right squamosal in: O, lateral; and P, medial views. Abbreviations: add, additional; alt, alternating; ant, anterior; can, caniniform; con, conical; ept, epipterygoid; f, frontal; fac, facet; fl, flange; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pfr, prefrontal; pinf, pineal foramen; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; post, posterior; prf, prefrontal; proc, process; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; th, tooth; ven, ventral. Scale bars for A–H, K–P equal 5 mm; I, J equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959859/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">Fig. 11I, J</figureCitation>
|
||
) are not fused, unlike those of basal rhynchocephalians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFBB273DFDF5FFFC50E1FAA8" author="Evans, S. E." box="[558,692,1278,1301]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806" pagination="203 - 264" refId="ref21642" refString="Evans, S. E. 1980. The skull of a new eosuchian reptile from the Lower Jurassic of South Wales. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 70, 203 - 264." type="journal article" year="1980">Evans 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFBB273DFD11FFFC5281FA8B" author="Fraser, N. C." pageId="20" pageNumber="806" pagination="709 - 725" refId="ref21861" refString="Fraser, N. C. 1982. A new rhynchocephalian from the British Upper Trias. Palaeontology, 25, 709 - 725." type="journal article" year="1982">Fraser 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Whiteside 1986). Rather, they are paired, forming an hourglass shape, with two long posterior flattened processes that overlap the parietals dorsally. Anterodorsally there are facets for the prefrontals and nasals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBB273DFF44FED55010F945" blockId="20.[159,781,1495,1784]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFF44FED55355FA53" bold="true" box="[159,256,1495,1518]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">Parietal.</emphasis>
|
||
The parietals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBB273DFE6FFED55079FA53" box="[436,556,1495,1518]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1667,1688]" captionTargetBox="[159,1466,189,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[159,1466,188,1650]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of the holotype of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A–C, left maxilla in: A, lateral; B, ventral; and C, medial views. D–F, left nasal and prefrontal in: D, dorsal; E, lateral; and F, posterior views. G, H, left postfrontal in: G, medial; and H, lateral views. I, J, articulated frontals and parietals in: I, dorsal; and J, ventral views. K, L, left jugal in: K, lateral; and L, medial views. M, N, left postorbital in: M, medial; and N, lateral views. O, P, right squamosal in: O, lateral; and P, medial views. Abbreviations: add, additional; alt, alternating; ant, anterior; can, caniniform; con, conical; ept, epipterygoid; f, frontal; fac, facet; fl, flange; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pfr, prefrontal; pinf, pineal foramen; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; post, posterior; prf, prefrontal; proc, process; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; th, tooth; ven, ventral. Scale bars for A–H, K–P equal 5 mm; I, J equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959859/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">Fig. 11I, J</figureCitation>
|
||
) form a broad and relatively short flat parietal table, and they are paired, unlike the fused elements of some basal rhynchocephalians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFBB273DFF01FD395337F9EF" author="Evans, S. E." box="[218,354,1595,1618]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806" pagination="203 - 264" refId="ref21642" refString="Evans, S. E. 1980. The skull of a new eosuchian reptile from the Lower Jurassic of South Wales. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 70, 203 - 264." type="journal article" year="1980">Evans 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFBB273DFEA1FD395057F9EF" author="Fraser, N. C." box="[378,514,1595,1618]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806" pagination="709 - 725" refId="ref21861" refString="Fraser, N. C. 1982. A new rhynchocephalian from the British Upper Trias. Palaeontology, 25, 709 - 725." type="journal article" year="1982">Fraser 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Whiteside 1986); the fusion is late in ontogeny in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBB273DFE37FD5E50E4F9CE" authorityName="Whiteside" authorityYear="1986" box="[492,689,1628,1651]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Diphydontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="806" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFE37FD5E50E4F9CE" box="[492,689,1628,1651]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">Diphydontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
according to Whiteside (1986). The posterior process on each parietal is short and tapers rapidly, with a distinctive slot on its dorsal surface for the supratemporal where it overlay both the parietal and quadrate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBB273DFF44FC11576EFAA3" blockId="20.[159,781,1811,1901]" lastBlockId="20.[844,1466,1161,1310]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFF44FC1152B1F897" bold="true" box="[159,228,1811,1834]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">Jugal.</emphasis>
|
||
The jugal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBB273DFEB5FC1153A6F897" box="[366,499,1811,1834]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1667,1688]" captionTargetBox="[159,1466,189,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[159,1466,188,1650]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of the holotype of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A–C, left maxilla in: A, lateral; B, ventral; and C, medial views. D–F, left nasal and prefrontal in: D, dorsal; E, lateral; and F, posterior views. G, H, left postfrontal in: G, medial; and H, lateral views. I, J, articulated frontals and parietals in: I, dorsal; and J, ventral views. K, L, left jugal in: K, lateral; and L, medial views. M, N, left postorbital in: M, medial; and N, lateral views. O, P, right squamosal in: O, lateral; and P, medial views. Abbreviations: add, additional; alt, alternating; ant, anterior; can, caniniform; con, conical; ept, epipterygoid; f, frontal; fac, facet; fl, flange; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pfr, prefrontal; pinf, pineal foramen; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; post, posterior; prf, prefrontal; proc, process; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; th, tooth; ven, ventral. Scale bars for A–H, K–P equal 5 mm; I, J equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959859/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">Fig. 11K, L</figureCitation>
|
||
) formed a broad contact with the ectopterygoid medioventrally and with the maxilla laterally. It contacted the palatine anteriorly. The bone formed a broad contact with the postorbital along the lateral surface of its dorsal process, which also overlay the squamosal ventrally. The jugal did not interdigitate with the postorbital unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBB273DFB08FFEA572DFB42" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[1235,1400,1256,1279]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="806" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFB08FFEA572DFB42" box="[1235,1400,1256,1279]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The posterior process is missing in all specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBB273DFC97FE35519AF991" blockId="20.[844,1467,1335,1580]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFC97FE355187FAF3" bold="true" box="[844,978,1335,1358]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">Postorbital.</emphasis>
|
||
The postorbital (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBB273DFB4BFE35574DFAF3" box="[1168,1304,1335,1358]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1667,1688]" captionTargetBox="[159,1466,189,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[159,1466,188,1650]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of the holotype of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A–C, left maxilla in: A, lateral; B, ventral; and C, medial views. D–F, left nasal and prefrontal in: D, dorsal; E, lateral; and F, posterior views. G, H, left postfrontal in: G, medial; and H, lateral views. I, J, articulated frontals and parietals in: I, dorsal; and J, ventral views. K, L, left jugal in: K, lateral; and L, medial views. M, N, left postorbital in: M, medial; and N, lateral views. O, P, right squamosal in: O, lateral; and P, medial views. Abbreviations: add, additional; alt, alternating; ant, anterior; can, caniniform; con, conical; ept, epipterygoid; f, frontal; fac, facet; fl, flange; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pfr, prefrontal; pinf, pineal foramen; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; post, posterior; prf, prefrontal; proc, process; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; th, tooth; ven, ventral. Scale bars for A–H, K–P equal 5 mm; I, J equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959859/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">Fig. 11M, N</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a triradiate bone that laterally overlapped the squamosal and jugal. The ventral process would have partially wrapped around the jugal along its lateral surface, a condition shared with European
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBB273DFBA3FEB456A8FA70" authorityName="Swinton" authorityYear="1939" box="[1144,1277,1462,1485]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="806" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFBA3FEB456A8FA70" box="[1144,1277,1462,1485]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">Clevosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fraser 1988;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFBB273DFC97FED456C2FA50" author="Chambi-Trowell, S. A. V. & Whiteside, D. I. & Benton, M. J." box="[844,1175,1494,1517]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806" pagination="41 - 64" refId="ref21354" refString="Chambi-Trowell, S. A. V., Whiteside, D. I. & Benton, M. J. 2019. Diversity in rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus skulls based on CT reconstruction of two Late Triassic species from Great Britain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 64, 41 - 64. doi: 10.4202 / app. 00569.2018" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Chambi-Trowell
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFBCBFED4561FFA50" box="[1040,1098,1494,1517]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but differing from the interdigitating condition seen in the jugal in
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFA79FEF7519AF991" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBB273DFA79FEF7519FF991" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="806" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">C. brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBB273DFC97FD4757CAF8A0" blockId="20.[844,1467,1605,1821]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFC97FD475185F9E1" bold="true" box="[844,976,1605,1628]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">Squamosal.</emphasis>
|
||
The squamosal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBB273DFB41FD475777F9E1" box="[1178,1314,1605,1628]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1667,1688]" captionTargetBox="[159,1466,189,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[159,1466,188,1650]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of the holotype of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A–C, left maxilla in: A, lateral; B, ventral; and C, medial views. D–F, left nasal and prefrontal in: D, dorsal; E, lateral; and F, posterior views. G, H, left postfrontal in: G, medial; and H, lateral views. I, J, articulated frontals and parietals in: I, dorsal; and J, ventral views. K, L, left jugal in: K, lateral; and L, medial views. M, N, left postorbital in: M, medial; and N, lateral views. O, P, right squamosal in: O, lateral; and P, medial views. Abbreviations: add, additional; alt, alternating; ant, anterior; can, caniniform; con, conical; ept, epipterygoid; f, frontal; fac, facet; fl, flange; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pfr, prefrontal; pinf, pineal foramen; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; post, posterior; prf, prefrontal; proc, process; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; th, tooth; ven, ventral. Scale bars for A–H, K–P equal 5 mm; I, J equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959859/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">Fig. 11O, P</figureCitation>
|
||
) is generally typical of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBB273DFC64FD675611F9C1" authorityName="Swinton" authorityYear="1939" box="[959,1092,1637,1660]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="806" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFC64FD675611F9C1" box="[959,1092,1637,1660]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">Clevosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Fraser 1988). There is some damage to the ventral process, but most of the bone is preserved. The ventral process is not curved or as broad as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBB273DFC55FDC45678F960" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[910,1069,1734,1757]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="806" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFC55FDC45678F960" box="[910,1069,1734,1757]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The lateral surfaces of both squamosals are damaged, so it is unclear whether there was a similar lateroventral depression as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBB273DFB27FC0457CDF8A0" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[1276,1432,1798,1821]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="806" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFB27FC0457CDF8A0" box="[1276,1432,1798,1821]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBB273CFC97FC345095FA38" blockId="20.[844,1467,1846,1901]" lastBlockId="21.[159,781,1095,1413]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="807" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBB273DFC97FC345654F8F0" bold="true" box="[844,1025,1846,1869]" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">Supratemporal.</emphasis>
|
||
The supratemporal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBB273DFB2AFC34572EF8F0" box="[1265,1403,1846,1869]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="20.[159,226,910,931]" captionTargetBox="[160,1466,188,892]" captionTargetId="figure-374@20.[159,1466,188,893]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 12. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of the holotype of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A, B, left supratemporal in: A, dorsal; and B, ventral views. C–E, left quadrate in: C, medial; D, lateral; E, posterior views. F, left vomer in ventral view. G, H, left palatine in: G, lateral; and H, ventral views. I, J, pterygoids in: I, ventral; and J, dorsal views. K, left ectopterygoid in ventral view. L, left pterygoid and epipterygoid in lateral view. Abbreviations: ant, anterior; artcon, articular condyle; bs, basisphenoid; epi, epipterygoid; ept, ectopterygoid; fac, facet; fl, flange; for, foramen; iso, isolated; j, jugal; lat, lateral; m, maxilla; med, medial; p, parietal; pal, palatine; proc, process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rid, ridge; sq, squamosal; th, tooth; ven, ventral; ver, vertical; vo, vomer. Scale bars for A, B, F–H, K equals 1 mm; C, D, I, J, L equals 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959861/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="806">Fig. 12A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a small, convex, plate-like bone that connects the squamosal to the parietal, with a ridge on its ventral side that articulates with both. It is roughly rectangular in profile, and midway along its long axes there is a parallel indentation, possibly indicating a site for attachment of the M. depressor mandibulae. Supratemporals have not been confirmed previously in any rhynchocephalians except clevosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFBA273CFDD9FE0E50DBFA9E" author="Jones, M. E. H." box="[514,654,1292,1315]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" pagination="548 - 562" refId="ref22675" refString="Jones, M. E. H. 2006. The Early Jurassic clevosaurs from China (Diapsida: Lepidosauria). New Mexico Museum Natural History Science Bulletin, 37, 548 - 562." type="journal article" year="2006">Jones 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFBA273CFD74FE0E5328FAFE" author="Chambi-Trowell, S. A. V. & Whiteside, D. I. & Benton, M. J. & Rayfield, E. J." pageId="21" pageNumber="807" pagination="919 - 939" refId="ref21413" refString="Chambi-Trowell, S. A. V., Whiteside, D. I., Benton, M. J. & Rayfield, E. J. 2020. Biomechanical properties of the jaws of two species of Clevosaurus and a reanalysis of rhynchocephalian dentary morphospace. Palaeontology, 63, 919 - 939. doi: 10.1111 / pala. 12493" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Chambi-Trowell
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFEDBFE2E5360FAFE" box="[256,309,1324,1347]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The supratemporal may be damaged posteriorly, and it is unclear whether it articulated with the paroccipital process as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBA273CFDC6FE6C50ECFA38" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[541,697,1390,1413]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFDC6FE6C50ECFA38" box="[541,697,1390,1413]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF586654FFBA273CFF44F880561DFBA1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959863" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10959863" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959863/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" startId="21.[159,226,898,919]" targetBox="[159,1466,188,880]" targetPageId="21" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBA273CFF44F880561DFBA1" blockId="21.[159,1467,897,1053]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFF44F880535EFC2A" bold="true" box="[159,267,898,919]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Figure 13.</emphasis>
|
||
The braincase and cervical vertebra of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBA273CFD7EF88051EDFC2A" authority="Chambi-Trowell & Martinell & Whitesid & Romo de Viva & Soare & Schult & Gil & Bento & Rayfiel, 2021" authorityName="Chambi-Trowell & Martinell & Whitesid & Romo de Viva & Soare & Schult & Gil & Bento & Rayfiel" authorityYear="2021" box="[677,952,898,919]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bonapartei" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFD7EF88051EDFC2A" box="[677,952,898,919]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Microsphenodon bonapartei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26057B5FFBA273CFC18F8805637FC2A" box="[963,1122,898,919]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(UFRGS-PV-0972-T).
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFA96F880572AFC2A" bold="true" box="[1357,1407,897,919]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">A–F,</emphasis>
|
||
nearcomplete braincase in:
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFE5EF89E53C9FC0C" bold="true" box="[389,412,924,945]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">A,</emphasis>
|
||
anterior;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFE24F89E5040FC0C" bold="true" box="[511,533,924,945]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">B,</emphasis>
|
||
posterior;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFD59F89E50CCFC0C" bold="true" box="[642,665,924,945]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">C,</emphasis>
|
||
left lateral;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFCCCF89E517BFC0C" bold="true" box="[791,814,924,945]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">D,</emphasis>
|
||
right lateral;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFC62F89E519AFC0C" bold="true" box="[953,975,924,945]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">E,</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal; and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFB95F89E5636FC0C" bold="true" box="[1102,1123,924,945]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">F,</emphasis>
|
||
ventral views.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFB25F89E5760FC0C" bold="true" box="[1278,1333,924,946]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">G–K,</emphasis>
|
||
fragments of the axis and atlas in:
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFEAEF8B553DBFC71" bold="true" box="[373,398,951,972]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">G,</emphasis>
|
||
right lateral;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFDCCF8B55065FC71" bold="true" box="[535,560,951,972]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">H,</emphasis>
|
||
left lateral;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFD70F8B550EEFC71" bold="true" box="[683,699,951,972]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">I,</emphasis>
|
||
ventral;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFCCEF8B55172FC71" bold="true" box="[789,807,951,972]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">J,</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal; and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFC7FF8B551E8FC71" bold="true" box="[932,957,951,972]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">K,</emphasis>
|
||
posterior views.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFBB2F8B5574BFC71" bold="true" box="[1129,1310,951,972]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Abbreviations: at</emphasis>
|
||
, atlas;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFABCF8B5572AFC71" bold="true" box="[1383,1407,951,972]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">ax</emphasis>
|
||
, axis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFF44F8D052EDFC5A" bold="true" box="[159,184,978,999]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">bo</emphasis>
|
||
, basioccipital;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFE8DF8D05339FC5A" bold="true" box="[342,364,978,999]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">bs</emphasis>
|
||
, basisphenoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFDD5F8D05035FC5A" bold="true" box="[526,608,978,999]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">car. for</emphasis>
|
||
, carotid foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFCFFF8D05113FC5A" bold="true" box="[804,838,978,999]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">cen</emphasis>
|
||
, centrum;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFC60F8D0564FFC5A" bold="true" box="[955,1050,978,999]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">cul. proc</emphasis>
|
||
, cultriform process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFB2FF8D0575FFC5A" bold="true" box="[1268,1290,978,999]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">eo</emphasis>
|
||
, exoccipital;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFA42F8D057E0FC5A" bold="true" box="[1433,1461,978,999]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">int</emphasis>
|
||
, intercentrum;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFEF3F8EE532BFBBC" bold="true" box="[296,382,1004,1025]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">ne. arch</emphasis>
|
||
, neural arch;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFDD7F8EE506EFBBC" bold="true" box="[524,571,1004,1025]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">ocon</emphasis>
|
||
, occipital condyle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFCD9F8EE514EFBBC" bold="true" box="[770,795,1004,1025]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">op</emphasis>
|
||
, opisthotic;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFC42F8EE51E8FBBC" bold="true" box="[921,957,1004,1025]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">par</emphasis>
|
||
, paroccipital;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFB97F8EE5627FBBC" bold="true" box="[1100,1138,1004,1025]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">pila</emphasis>
|
||
, pila antotica;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFAD0F8EE5776FBBC" bold="true" box="[1291,1315,1004,1025]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">pr</emphasis>
|
||
, prootic;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFA5DF8EE57E1FBBC" bold="true" box="[1414,1460,1004,1025]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">proc</emphasis>
|
||
, process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFF2FFF05535FFBA1" bold="true" box="[244,266,1031,1052]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">ps</emphasis>
|
||
, parasphenoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFE7EFF0553EFFBA1" bold="true" box="[421,442,1031,1052]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">so</emphasis>
|
||
, supraoccipital. Scale bars for A–F equal 5 mm; G–K equal 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBA273CFF44FE9C50ADF8A1" blockId="21.[159,781,1438,1820]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFF44FE9C5346FA08" bold="true" box="[159,275,1438,1461]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Quadrate.</emphasis>
|
||
The overall shape of the quadrate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBA273CFD38FE9C52BDFA68" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="20.[159,226,910,931]" captionTargetBox="[160,1466,188,892]" captionTargetId="figure-374@20.[159,1466,188,893]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 12. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of the holotype of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A, B, left supratemporal in: A, dorsal; and B, ventral views. C–E, left quadrate in: C, medial; D, lateral; E, posterior views. F, left vomer in ventral view. G, H, left palatine in: G, lateral; and H, ventral views. I, J, pterygoids in: I, ventral; and J, dorsal views. K, left ectopterygoid in ventral view. L, left pterygoid and epipterygoid in lateral view. Abbreviations: ant, anterior; artcon, articular condyle; bs, basisphenoid; epi, epipterygoid; ept, ectopterygoid; fac, facet; fl, flange; for, foramen; iso, isolated; j, jugal; lat, lateral; m, maxilla; med, medial; p, parietal; pal, palatine; proc, process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rid, ridge; sq, squamosal; th, tooth; ven, ventral; ver, vertical; vo, vomer. Scale bars for A, B, F–H, K equals 1 mm; C, D, I, J, L equals 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959861/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Fig. 12C–E</figureCitation>
|
||
) shares some similarity with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBA273CFDE1FEBC508CFA68" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[570,729,1470,1493]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFDE1FEBC508CFA68" box="[570,729,1470,1493]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it is far less robust, with a pronounced curved ventral condyle that is angled at roughly 45
|
||
<superScript id="7C529B94FFBA273CFDF1FEF95066F9B1" attach="left" box="[554,563,1531,1548]" fontSize="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Ǫ</superScript>
|
||
to the vertical strut in medial view, resulting in a more posteriorly positioned dorsal condyle. The medially positioned shelf along the ventral edge of the quadrate flange is pronounced but flat and not curved dorsally as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBA273CFD70FD8152B6F907" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFD70FD8152B6F907" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The bone is very porous around the condyles. A quadratojugal cannot be distinguished from the quadrate, and the quadratojugal foramen is small compared to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBA273CFF65FC0753F0F8A1" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[190,421,1797,1820]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Sphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFF65FC0753F0F8A1" box="[190,421,1797,1820]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Sphenodon punctatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and positioned ventrolaterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBA273CFF44FC34519BFAD4" blockId="21.[159,781,1846,1901]" lastBlockId="21.[844,1467,1095,1385]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFF44FC3452A1F8F0" bold="true" box="[159,244,1846,1869]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Vomer.</emphasis>
|
||
No complete vomer is known. Only a fragment of the left vomer, articulated with the palatine, is preserved in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549C887EFFBA273CFBD0FF45563DFBE3" box="[1035,1128,1095,1118]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBA273CFBA7FF45568EFBE3" box="[1148,1243,1095,1118]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="20.[159,226,910,931]" captionTargetBox="[160,1466,188,892]" captionTargetId="figure-374@20.[159,1466,188,893]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 12. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of the holotype of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A, B, left supratemporal in: A, dorsal; and B, ventral views. C–E, left quadrate in: C, medial; D, lateral; E, posterior views. F, left vomer in ventral view. G, H, left palatine in: G, lateral; and H, ventral views. I, J, pterygoids in: I, ventral; and J, dorsal views. K, left ectopterygoid in ventral view. L, left pterygoid and epipterygoid in lateral view. Abbreviations: ant, anterior; artcon, articular condyle; bs, basisphenoid; epi, epipterygoid; ept, ectopterygoid; fac, facet; fl, flange; for, foramen; iso, isolated; j, jugal; lat, lateral; m, maxilla; med, medial; p, parietal; pal, palatine; proc, process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rid, ridge; sq, squamosal; th, tooth; ven, ventral; ver, vertical; vo, vomer. Scale bars for A, B, F–H, K equals 1 mm; C, D, I, J, L equals 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959861/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Fig. 12F</figureCitation>
|
||
). It bears two rows of teeth, one central row with three teeth preserved and one lateral with two teeth preserved. Other disarticulated teeth are found separately in the matrix. Numerous teeth on the vomer are a character typical of basal rhynchocephalians such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBA273CFBF9FFEC5693FAB8" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1980" box="[1058,1222,1262,1285]" class="Reptilia" family="Gephyrosauridae" genus="Gephyrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFBF9FFEC5693FAB8" box="[1058,1222,1262,1285]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Gephyrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBA273CFB04FFEC57EFFAB8" baseAuthorityName="Fraser" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[1247,1466,1262,1285]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Planocephalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFB04FFEC57EFFAB8" box="[1247,1466,1262,1285]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Planocephalosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBA273CFC57FE125604FA9A" authorityName="Whiteside" authorityYear="1986" box="[908,1105,1296,1319]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Diphydontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFC57FE125604FA9A" box="[908,1105,1296,1319]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Diphydontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFBA273CFBAAFE125757FA9A" author="Evans, S. E." box="[1137,1282,1296,1319]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" pagination="203 - 264" refId="ref21642" refString="Evans, S. E. 1980. The skull of a new eosuchian reptile from the Lower Jurassic of South Wales. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 70, 203 - 264." type="journal article" year="1980">Evans 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFBA273CFAF9FE1257E6FA9A" author="Fraser, N. C." box="[1314,1459,1296,1319]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" pagination="709 - 725" refId="ref21861" refString="Fraser, N. C. 1982. A new rhynchocephalian from the British Upper Trias. Palaeontology, 25, 709 - 725." type="journal article" year="1982">Fraser 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Whiteside 1986), but two rows are also observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBA273CFA79FE335192FAD4" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFA79FE335192FAD4" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFBA273FFC97FE815311FCB4" blockId="21.[844,1467,1411,1901]" lastBlockId="22.[159,781,189,777]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="808" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFC97FE8151E4FA27" bold="true" box="[844,945,1411,1434]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Palatine.</emphasis>
|
||
The palatine (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBA273CFB8CFE8156FAFA27" box="[1111,1199,1411,1434]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[159,226,1259,1280]" captionTargetBox="[159,1465,188,1242]" captionTargetId="figure-175@9.[159,1466,188,1242]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Cross-sections of the tooth implantation in Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (A–C, N) and Clevosaurus brasiliensis (D–M, O). A–C, coronal cross-sections showing tooth implantation in Microsphenodon bonapartei (UFRGS-PV-0972-T) in: A, posterior-most dentary tooth; B, posterior-most maxillary tooth; and C, palate. D–H, coronal cross-sections showing tooth implantation in Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0748-T) in: D, posterior-most dentary tooth; E, penultimate additional maxillary tooth; H, hatchling teeth; and for UFRGS-PV-0974-T in F, ultimate maxillary and dentary teeth; and G, hatchling teeth. Sagittal cross-sections of the bone bearing elements of Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0974-T) for I, palatine; J, left pterygoid; K, right pterygoid; L, left maxilla; and M, left dentary. N, left maxilla and dentary of Microsphenodon bonapartei (UFRGS-PV-0972-T) demonstrating the depth of the acrodont implantation. O, left maxilla and dentary of Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0748-T) demonstrating the depth of the acrodont implantation. Abbreviations: add, additional; alc, alveolar canal; cap, pulp cavity; d, dentary; ht, hatchling; j, jugal; m, maxilla; mc, Meckelian canal; pal, palatine; pm, premaxilla; prf, prefrontal; pt, pterygoid; th, tooth. Scale bars for A–K equal 1 mm; L–O equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959843/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Figs 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBA273CFB1BFE8156ABFA27" box="[1216,1278,1411,1435]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[159,226,958,979]" captionTargetBox="[159,1466,188,941]" captionTargetId="figure-400@12.[159,1466,188,941]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Ventral view of palatines for Clevosaurus brasiliensis (A–D), and Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (E–G). A, UFSM-PV-0131; B, UFRGS-PV-0748-T; C, UFRGS-PV-0974-T; D, MCN-PV 2852. E, right palatine, UFRGS-PV-0827-T; F, right palatine, UFRGS-PV-0613-T; G, left palatine, UFRGS-PV-0972-T. Abbreviations: cl, cluster; d, dentary; iso, isolated; lat, lateral; rid, ridge; th, tooth. Not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959849" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959849/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">6E–G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBA273CFACBFE815737FA27" box="[1296,1378,1411,1434]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="20.[159,226,910,931]" captionTargetBox="[160,1466,188,892]" captionTargetId="figure-374@20.[159,1466,188,893]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 12. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of the holotype of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A, B, left supratemporal in: A, dorsal; and B, ventral views. C–E, left quadrate in: C, medial; D, lateral; E, posterior views. F, left vomer in ventral view. G, H, left palatine in: G, lateral; and H, ventral views. I, J, pterygoids in: I, ventral; and J, dorsal views. K, left ectopterygoid in ventral view. L, left pterygoid and epipterygoid in lateral view. Abbreviations: ant, anterior; artcon, articular condyle; bs, basisphenoid; epi, epipterygoid; ept, ectopterygoid; fac, facet; fl, flange; for, foramen; iso, isolated; j, jugal; lat, lateral; m, maxilla; med, medial; p, parietal; pal, palatine; proc, process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rid, ridge; sq, squamosal; th, tooth; ven, ventral; ver, vertical; vo, vomer. Scale bars for A, B, F–H, K equals 1 mm; C, D, I, J, L equals 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959861/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">12G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
) is distinct, bearing a slightly curved lateral row of six teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBA273CFC8EFEC451ECFA60" box="[853,953,1478,1501]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="20.[159,226,910,931]" captionTargetBox="[160,1466,188,892]" captionTargetId="figure-374@20.[159,1466,188,893]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 12. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of the holotype of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A, B, left supratemporal in: A, dorsal; and B, ventral views. C–E, left quadrate in: C, medial; D, lateral; E, posterior views. F, left vomer in ventral view. G, H, left palatine in: G, lateral; and H, ventral views. I, J, pterygoids in: I, ventral; and J, dorsal views. K, left ectopterygoid in ventral view. L, left pterygoid and epipterygoid in lateral view. Abbreviations: ant, anterior; artcon, articular condyle; bs, basisphenoid; epi, epipterygoid; ept, ectopterygoid; fac, facet; fl, flange; for, foramen; iso, isolated; j, jugal; lat, lateral; m, maxilla; med, medial; p, parietal; pal, palatine; proc, process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rid, ridge; sq, squamosal; th, tooth; ven, ventral; ver, vertical; vo, vomer. Scale bars for A, B, F–H, K equals 1 mm; C, D, I, J, L equals 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959861/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Fig. 12G</figureCitation>
|
||
), a single medially placed tooth, and a fused row of two teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBA273CFBC4FEEA56D7FA42" box="[1055,1154,1512,1535]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="20.[159,226,910,931]" captionTargetBox="[160,1466,188,892]" captionTargetId="figure-374@20.[159,1466,188,893]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 12. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of the holotype of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A, B, left supratemporal in: A, dorsal; and B, ventral views. C–E, left quadrate in: C, medial; D, lateral; E, posterior views. F, left vomer in ventral view. G, H, left palatine in: G, lateral; and H, ventral views. I, J, pterygoids in: I, ventral; and J, dorsal views. K, left ectopterygoid in ventral view. L, left pterygoid and epipterygoid in lateral view. Abbreviations: ant, anterior; artcon, articular condyle; bs, basisphenoid; epi, epipterygoid; ept, ectopterygoid; fac, facet; fl, flange; for, foramen; iso, isolated; j, jugal; lat, lateral; m, maxilla; med, medial; p, parietal; pal, palatine; proc, process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rid, ridge; sq, squamosal; th, tooth; ven, ventral; ver, vertical; vo, vomer. Scale bars for A, B, F–H, K equals 1 mm; C, D, I, J, L equals 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959861/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Fig. 12H</figureCitation>
|
||
) that are angled at roughly 45
|
||
<superScript id="7C529B94FFBA273CFCBCFD065125F9A8" attach="left" box="[871,880,1540,1557]" fontSize="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Ǫ</superScript>
|
||
to the lateral row (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBA273CFB8DFD0B56FAF99D" box="[1110,1199,1545,1568]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[159,226,1259,1280]" captionTargetBox="[159,1465,188,1242]" captionTargetId="figure-175@9.[159,1466,188,1242]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Cross-sections of the tooth implantation in Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (A–C, N) and Clevosaurus brasiliensis (D–M, O). A–C, coronal cross-sections showing tooth implantation in Microsphenodon bonapartei (UFRGS-PV-0972-T) in: A, posterior-most dentary tooth; B, posterior-most maxillary tooth; and C, palate. D–H, coronal cross-sections showing tooth implantation in Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0748-T) in: D, posterior-most dentary tooth; E, penultimate additional maxillary tooth; H, hatchling teeth; and for UFRGS-PV-0974-T in F, ultimate maxillary and dentary teeth; and G, hatchling teeth. Sagittal cross-sections of the bone bearing elements of Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0974-T) for I, palatine; J, left pterygoid; K, right pterygoid; L, left maxilla; and M, left dentary. N, left maxilla and dentary of Microsphenodon bonapartei (UFRGS-PV-0972-T) demonstrating the depth of the acrodont implantation. O, left maxilla and dentary of Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0748-T) demonstrating the depth of the acrodont implantation. Abbreviations: add, additional; alc, alveolar canal; cap, pulp cavity; d, dentary; ht, hatchling; j, jugal; m, maxilla; mc, Meckelian canal; pal, palatine; pm, premaxilla; prf, prefrontal; pt, pterygoid; th, tooth. Scale bars for A–K equal 1 mm; L–O equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959843/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Figs 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFBA273CFB1AFD0B5756F99D" box="[1217,1283,1544,1568]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[159,226,958,979]" captionTargetBox="[159,1466,188,941]" captionTargetId="figure-400@12.[159,1466,188,941]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Ventral view of palatines for Clevosaurus brasiliensis (A–D), and Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (E–G). A, UFSM-PV-0131; B, UFRGS-PV-0748-T; C, UFRGS-PV-0974-T; D, MCN-PV 2852. E, right palatine, UFRGS-PV-0827-T; F, right palatine, UFRGS-PV-0613-T; G, left palatine, UFRGS-PV-0972-T. Abbreviations: cl, cluster; d, dentary; iso, isolated; lat, lateral; rid, ridge; th, tooth. Not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959849" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959849/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">6E–G</figureCitation>
|
||
). This condition of a short, angled secondary row of teeth is seen also in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBA273CFC97FD4956B6F9DF" authority="(Evans et al. 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Evans" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[844,1251,1611,1634]" class="Reptilia" genus="Rebbanasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFC97FD4951A7F9DF" box="[844,1010,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Rebbanasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFBA273CFBD3FD49568CF9DF" author="Evans, S. E. & Prasad, G. V. R. & Manhas, B. K." box="[1032,1241,1611,1634]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" pagination="309 - 334" refId="ref21777" refString="Evans, S. E., Prasad, G. V. R. & Manhas, B. K. 2001. Rhynchocephalians (Diapsida: Lepidosauria) from the Jurassic Kota Formation of India. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 133, 309 - 334." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Evans
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFB82FD4956DAF9DF" box="[1113,1167,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
though that taxon has three rather than two teeth. The isolated medially positioned tooth is characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBA273CFB04FD8C5731F918" authorityName="Swinton" authorityYear="1939" box="[1247,1380,1678,1701]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFB04FD8C5731F918" box="[1247,1380,1678,1701]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Clevosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fraser 1988;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFBA273CFC4DFDAD560EF97B" author="Klein, C. G. & Whiteside, D. I. & de Lucas, V. S. & Viegas, P. A. & Benton, M. J." box="[918,1115,1711,1734]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" pagination="402 - 416" refId="ref22814" refString="Klein, C. G., Whiteside, D. I., de Lucas, V. S., Viegas, P. A. & Benton, M. J. 2015. A distinctive Late Triassic microvertebrate fissure fauna and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from Woodleaze Quarry, Gloucestershire, UK. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 126, 402 - 416." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Klein
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFC05FDAD564FF97B" box="[990,1050,1711,1734]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFBA273CFBB4FDAD57FEF97B" author="Chambi-Trowell, S. A. V. & Whiteside, D. I. & Benton, M. J." box="[1135,1451,1711,1734]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" pagination="41 - 64" refId="ref21354" refString="Chambi-Trowell, S. A. V., Whiteside, D. I. & Benton, M. J. 2019. Diversity in rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus skulls based on CT reconstruction of two Late Triassic species from Great Britain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 64, 41 - 64. doi: 10.4202 / app. 00569.2018" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Chambi-Trowell
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFAF5FDAD5737F97B" box="[1326,1378,1711,1734]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBA273CFC76FDD356EEF955" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[941,1211,1745,1768]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFC76FDD356EEF955" box="[941,1211,1745,1768]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Clevosaurus brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The six teeth in the lateral row are significantly fewer than observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBA273CFC97FC1151A5F897" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1980" box="[844,1008,1811,1834]" class="Reptilia" family="Gephyrosauridae" genus="Gephyrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFC97FC1151A5F897" box="[844,1008,1811,1834]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Gephyrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBA273CFB83FC115766F897" baseAuthorityName="Fraser" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[1112,1331,1811,1834]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Planocephalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFB83FC115766F897" box="[1112,1331,1811,1834]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Planocephalosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBA273CFC97FC375644F8F1" authorityName="Whiteside" authorityYear="1986" box="[844,1041,1845,1868]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Diphydontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFC97FC375644F8F1" box="[844,1041,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">Diphydontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFBA273CFBFFFC3756F3F8F1" author="Evans, S. E." box="[1060,1190,1845,1868]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" pagination="203 - 264" refId="ref21642" refString="Evans, S. E. 1980. The skull of a new eosuchian reptile from the Lower Jurassic of South Wales. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 70, 203 - 264." type="journal article" year="1980">Evans 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFBA273CFB62FC375769F8F1" author="Fraser, N. C." box="[1209,1340,1845,1868]" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" pagination="709 - 725" refId="ref21861" refString="Fraser, N. C. 1982. A new rhynchocephalian from the British Upper Trias. Palaeontology, 25, 709 - 725." type="journal article" year="1982">Fraser 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Whiteside 1986) and more similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBA273CFBA1FC545757F8D0" box="[1146,1282,1878,1901]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cambrica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFBA1FC545757F8D0" box="[1146,1282,1878,1901]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">C. cambrica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFBA273CFAC8FC5457DCF8D0" baseAuthorityName="Fraser" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[1299,1417,1878,1901]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hudsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFBA273CFAC8FC5457DCF8D0" box="[1299,1417,1878,1901]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="807">C. hudsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFF44FBBF5336FF69" box="[159,355,189,212]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sectumsemper">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFF44FBBF5336FF69" box="[159,355,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">C. sectumsemper</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fraser 1988;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFB9273FFDF2FBBF5150FF69" author="Klein, C. G. & Whiteside, D. I. & de Lucas, V. S. & Viegas, P. A. & Benton, M. J." box="[553,773,189,212]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" pagination="402 - 416" refId="ref22814" refString="Klein, C. G., Whiteside, D. I., de Lucas, V. S., Viegas, P. A. & Benton, M. J. 2015. A distinctive Late Triassic microvertebrate fissure fauna and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from Woodleaze Quarry, Gloucestershire, UK. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 126, 402 - 416." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Klein
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFDA3FBBF50E0FF69" box="[632,693,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFB9273FFF44FBDC538DFF48" author="Chambi-Trowell, S. A. V. & Whiteside, D. I. & Benton, M. J." box="[159,472,222,245]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" pagination="41 - 64" refId="ref21354" refString="Chambi-Trowell, S. A. V., Whiteside, D. I. & Benton, M. J. 2019. Diversity in rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus skulls based on CT reconstruction of two Late Triassic species from Great Britain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 64, 41 - 64. doi: 10.4202 / app. 00569.2018" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Chambi-Trowell
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFE87FBDC53C4FF48" box="[348,401,222,245]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There is a lateral groove on the palatine between the lateral tooth row and the maxillary process, as previously noted (Romo de Vivar Mart́ınez & Soares 2015; Romo-de-Vivar-Mart́ınez
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFF44FA615281FEC7" box="[159,212,355,378]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019). The maxillary process would likely have had a broad contact with the maxilla in life but the anterior part of the maxillary process has broken off. Posteriorly, the maxillary process contacts the ectopterygoid and jugal. The palatine articulates posteriorly on its dorsal surface with the ectopterygoid, and with the pterygoid along its medial ventral surface, excluding the pterygoid from the suborbital fenestra. This differs from the condition in non-eusphenodontians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFB9273FFDA0F96F5150FD39" author="Evans, S. E." box="[635,773,621,644]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" pagination="203 - 264" refId="ref21642" refString="Evans, S. E. 1980. The skull of a new eosuchian reptile from the Lower Jurassic of South Wales. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 70, 203 - 264." type="journal article" year="1980">Evans 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFB9273FFF44F98C5371FD18" author="Fraser, N. C." box="[159,292,654,677]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" pagination="709 - 725" refId="ref21861" refString="Fraser, N. C. 1982. A new rhynchocephalian from the British Upper Trias. Palaeontology, 25, 709 - 725." type="journal article" year="1982">Fraser 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Whiteside 1986); however, the pterygoid has only the slightest contact with the suborbital fenestra in the reconstruction of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFE77F9D35024FD55" authorityName="Whiteside" authorityYear="1986" box="[428,625,721,744]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Diphydontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFE77F9D35024FD55" box="[428,625,721,744]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Diphydontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Whiteside (1986, fig. 3b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFB9273FFF44F82052ABFB57" blockId="22.[159,781,802,1258]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFF44F8205340FC84" bold="true" box="[159,277,802,825]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Pterygoid.</emphasis>
|
||
The pterygoid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFB9273FFE03F820502CFC84" box="[472,633,802,825]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="20.[159,226,910,931]" captionTargetBox="[160,1466,188,892]" captionTargetId="figure-374@20.[159,1466,188,893]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 12. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of the holotype of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A, B, left supratemporal in: A, dorsal; and B, ventral views. C–E, left quadrate in: C, medial; D, lateral; E, posterior views. F, left vomer in ventral view. G, H, left palatine in: G, lateral; and H, ventral views. I, J, pterygoids in: I, ventral; and J, dorsal views. K, left ectopterygoid in ventral view. L, left pterygoid and epipterygoid in lateral view. Abbreviations: ant, anterior; artcon, articular condyle; bs, basisphenoid; epi, epipterygoid; ept, ectopterygoid; fac, facet; fl, flange; for, foramen; iso, isolated; j, jugal; lat, lateral; m, maxilla; med, medial; p, parietal; pal, palatine; proc, process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rid, ridge; sq, squamosal; th, tooth; ven, ventral; ver, vertical; vo, vomer. Scale bars for A, B, F–H, K equals 1 mm; C, D, I, J, L equals 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959861/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Fig. 12I, J, L</figureCitation>
|
||
) bears three rows of teeth, the third row being very short and consisting of just three teeth, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFD87F8675153FCC1" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[604,774,869,892]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFD87F8675153FCC1" box="[604,774,869,892]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFF44F884531BFC20" baseAuthorityName="Fraser & Benton" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[159,334,902,925]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Brachyrhinodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFF44F884531BFC20" box="[159,334,902,925]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Brachyrhinodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFE50F884515DFC20" authority="(Fraser 1982)" baseAuthorityName="Fraser" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[395,776,902,925]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Planocephalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFE50F8845033FC20" box="[395,614,902,925]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Planocephalosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFB9273FFDA3F88450A8FC20" author="Fraser, N. C." box="[632,765,902,925]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" pagination="709 - 725" refId="ref21861" refString="Fraser, N. C. 1982. A new rhynchocephalian from the British Upper Trias. Palaeontology, 25, 709 - 725." type="journal article" year="1982">Fraser 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. There is an interdigitating facet between the pterygoids anteriorly, and dorsally there is a raised ridge of bone on either side of this facet, but this is not as pronounced as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFF06FF09532FFB9F" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[221,378,1035,1058]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFF06FF09532FFB9F" box="[221,378,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The ramus between the start of the pterygoid flange and the lateral process is shorter than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFF29FF4C5053FBD8" authority="(Evans 2008)" baseAuthorityName="Evans" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[242,518,1102,1125]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Sphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFF29FF4C533CFBD8" box="[242,361,1102,1125]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Sphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFB9273FFEA1FF4C53A8FBD8" author="Evans, S. E." box="[378,509,1102,1125]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" refId="ref21710" refString="Evans, S. E. 2008. The skull of lizards and tuatara. Pp. 1 - 344 in C. Gans, A. S. Gaunt & K. Adler (eds) Biology of the Reptilia, Volume 20. Morphology H: The skull of Lepidosauria. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, New York." type="book" year="2008">Evans 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but is relatively longer and narrower than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFE4FFF6D5067FB3B" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[404,562,1135,1158]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFE4FFF6D5067FB3B" box="[404,562,1135,1158]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The pterygoid lateral processes widen laterally and articulate ventrally with the ectopterygoids. The basipterygoid facets are cup-like.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFB9273FFF44FE015376FAC3" blockId="22.[159,781,1283,1406]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFF44FE015312FAA7" bold="true" box="[159,327,1283,1306]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Ectopterygoid.</emphasis>
|
||
The ectopterygoid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFB9273FFDE5FE0150F2FAA7" box="[574,679,1283,1306]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="20.[159,226,910,931]" captionTargetBox="[160,1466,188,892]" captionTargetId="figure-374@20.[159,1466,188,893]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 12. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of the holotype of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A, B, left supratemporal in: A, dorsal; and B, ventral views. C–E, left quadrate in: C, medial; D, lateral; E, posterior views. F, left vomer in ventral view. G, H, left palatine in: G, lateral; and H, ventral views. I, J, pterygoids in: I, ventral; and J, dorsal views. K, left ectopterygoid in ventral view. L, left pterygoid and epipterygoid in lateral view. Abbreviations: ant, anterior; artcon, articular condyle; bs, basisphenoid; epi, epipterygoid; ept, ectopterygoid; fac, facet; fl, flange; for, foramen; iso, isolated; j, jugal; lat, lateral; m, maxilla; med, medial; p, parietal; pal, palatine; proc, process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rid, ridge; sq, squamosal; th, tooth; ven, ventral; ver, vertical; vo, vomer. Scale bars for A, B, F–H, K equals 1 mm; C, D, I, J, L equals 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959861/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Fig. 12K</figureCitation>
|
||
) closely resembles that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFEB9FE2653AAFA86" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[354,511,1316,1339]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFEB9FE2653AAFA86" box="[354,511,1316,1339]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but has a relatively longer, more gracile maxillary process and a shorter ventral process.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFB9273FFF44FE955094F9C8" blockId="22.[159,781,1431,1653]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFF44FE95536EFA13" bold="true" box="[159,315,1431,1454]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Epipterygoid.</emphasis>
|
||
The epipterygoid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFB9273FFDC5FE9550D4FA13" box="[542,641,1431,1454]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="20.[159,226,910,931]" captionTargetBox="[160,1466,188,892]" captionTargetId="figure-374@20.[159,1466,188,893]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 12. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of the holotype of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A, B, left supratemporal in: A, dorsal; and B, ventral views. C–E, left quadrate in: C, medial; D, lateral; E, posterior views. F, left vomer in ventral view. G, H, left palatine in: G, lateral; and H, ventral views. I, J, pterygoids in: I, ventral; and J, dorsal views. K, left ectopterygoid in ventral view. L, left pterygoid and epipterygoid in lateral view. Abbreviations: ant, anterior; artcon, articular condyle; bs, basisphenoid; epi, epipterygoid; ept, ectopterygoid; fac, facet; fl, flange; for, foramen; iso, isolated; j, jugal; lat, lateral; m, maxilla; med, medial; p, parietal; pal, palatine; proc, process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rid, ridge; sq, squamosal; th, tooth; ven, ventral; ver, vertical; vo, vomer. Scale bars for A, B, F–H, K equals 1 mm; C, D, I, J, L equals 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959861/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Fig. 12L</figureCitation>
|
||
) is rod-like dorsally and wider and more flattened ventrally where it articulates with the pterygoid flange. It is nearly identical to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFEE3FEF95383F9AF" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[312,470,1531,1554]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFEE3FEF95383F9AF" box="[312,470,1531,1554]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other clevosaurs where this has been described, as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFDEDFD1E508FF98E" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1980" box="[566,730,1564,1587]" class="Reptilia" family="Gephyrosauridae" genus="Gephyrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFDEDFD1E508FF98E" box="[566,730,1564,1587]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Gephyrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFF44FD3F5331F9E9" authorityName="Whiteside" authorityYear="1986" box="[159,356,1597,1620]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Diphydontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFF44FD3F5331F9E9" box="[159,356,1597,1620]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Diphydontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFB9273FFEA2FD3F53AAF9E9" author="Evans, S. E." box="[377,511,1597,1620]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" pagination="203 - 264" refId="ref21642" refString="Evans, S. E. 1980. The skull of a new eosuchian reptile from the Lower Jurassic of South Wales. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 70, 203 - 264." type="journal article" year="1980">Evans 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Whiteside 1986; Sues
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFF44FD5C5285F9C8" box="[159,208,1630,1653]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1994;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFB9273FFEFEFD5C5000F9C8" author="Chambi-Trowell, S. A. V. & Whiteside, D. I. & Benton, M. J." box="[293,597,1630,1653]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" pagination="41 - 64" refId="ref21354" refString="Chambi-Trowell, S. A. V., Whiteside, D. I. & Benton, M. J. 2019. Diversity in rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus skulls based on CT reconstruction of two Late Triassic species from Great Britain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 64, 41 - 64. doi: 10.4202 / app. 00569.2018" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Chambi-Trowell
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFE04FD5C504DF9C8" box="[479,536,1630,1653]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 8C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFB9273FFF44FD8C5744FF49" blockId="22.[159,782,1678,1901]" lastBlockId="22.[844,1467,189,244]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFF44FD8C5324F918" bold="true" box="[159,369,1678,1701]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Parabasisphenoid.</emphasis>
|
||
The parasphenoid and basisphenoid are fused (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFB9273FFEC2FDB253CCF97A" box="[281,409,1711,1735]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="21.[159,226,898,919]" captionTargetBox="[159,1466,188,880]" captionTargetId="figure-455@21.[159,1466,188,880]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 13. The braincase and cervical vertebra of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A–F, nearcomplete braincase in: A, anterior; B, posterior; C, left lateral; D, right lateral; E, dorsal; and F, ventral views. G–K, fragments of the axis and atlas in: G, right lateral; H, left lateral; I, ventral; J, dorsal; and K, posterior views. Abbreviations: at, atlas; ax, axis; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; car. for, carotid foramen; cen, centrum; cul. proc, cultriform process; eo, exoccipital; int, intercentrum; ne. arch, neural arch; ocon, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; par, paroccipital; pila, pila antotica; pr, prootic; proc, process; ps, parasphenoid; so, supraoccipital. Scale bars for A–F equal 5 mm; G–K equal 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959863" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959863/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Fig. 13A–F</figureCitation>
|
||
), forming the floor of the braincase, which is much narrower than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFDBEFDD35153F955" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[613,774,1745,1768]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFDBEFDD35153F955" box="[613,774,1745,1768]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Anteriorly, there are two elongate basipterygoid processes that widen anteriorly and articulate with the pterygoids. The cultriform process is elongate and reaches at least as far as the end of the interpterygoid vacuity. There are two carotid foramina, one on each side of the base of the cultriform process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFB9273FFB7FFBDF5755FF49" box="[1188,1280,221,244]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="21.[159,226,898,919]" captionTargetBox="[159,1466,188,880]" captionTargetId="figure-455@21.[159,1466,188,880]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 13. The braincase and cervical vertebra of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A–F, nearcomplete braincase in: A, anterior; B, posterior; C, left lateral; D, right lateral; E, dorsal; and F, ventral views. G–K, fragments of the axis and atlas in: G, right lateral; H, left lateral; I, ventral; J, dorsal; and K, posterior views. Abbreviations: at, atlas; ax, axis; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; car. for, carotid foramen; cen, centrum; cul. proc, cultriform process; eo, exoccipital; int, intercentrum; ne. arch, neural arch; ocon, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; par, paroccipital; pila, pila antotica; pr, prootic; proc, process; ps, parasphenoid; so, supraoccipital. Scale bars for A–F equal 5 mm; G–K equal 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959863" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959863/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Fig. 13F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFB9273FFC97FA0F570DFD3B" blockId="22.[844,1467,269,646]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFC97FA0F5627FE99" bold="true" box="[844,1138,269,292]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Basioccipital-exoccipitals.</emphasis>
|
||
The basioccipitals and exoccipitals are fused (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFB9273FFBF3FA2F56FFFEF9" box="[1064,1194,300,324]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="21.[159,226,898,919]" captionTargetBox="[159,1466,188,880]" captionTargetId="figure-455@21.[159,1466,188,880]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 13. The braincase and cervical vertebra of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A–F, nearcomplete braincase in: A, anterior; B, posterior; C, left lateral; D, right lateral; E, dorsal; and F, ventral views. G–K, fragments of the axis and atlas in: G, right lateral; H, left lateral; I, ventral; J, dorsal; and K, posterior views. Abbreviations: at, atlas; ax, axis; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; car. for, carotid foramen; cen, centrum; cul. proc, cultriform process; eo, exoccipital; int, intercentrum; ne. arch, neural arch; ocon, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; par, paroccipital; pila, pila antotica; pr, prootic; proc, process; ps, parasphenoid; so, supraoccipital. Scale bars for A–F equal 5 mm; G–K equal 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959863" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959863/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Fig. 13A–F</figureCitation>
|
||
), as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFAD4FA2F57E6FEF9" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1980" box="[1295,1459,301,324]" class="Reptilia" family="Gephyrosauridae" genus="Gephyrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFAD4FA2F57E6FEF9" box="[1295,1459,301,324]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Gephyrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFC97FA4F5672FED9" baseAuthorityName="Fraser" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[844,1063,333,356]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Planocephalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFC97FA4F5672FED9" box="[844,1063,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Planocephalosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFB57FA4F5704FED9" authorityName="Whiteside" authorityYear="1986" box="[1164,1361,333,356]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Diphydontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFB57FA4F5704FED9" box="[1164,1361,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Diphydontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFB9273FFAA3FA4F51D4FE39" author="Evans, S. E." pageId="22" pageNumber="808" pagination="203 - 264" refId="ref21642" refString="Evans, S. E. 1980. The skull of a new eosuchian reptile from the Lower Jurassic of South Wales. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 70, 203 - 264." type="journal article" year="1980">Evans 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFB9273FFC4EFA6F564DFE39" author="Fraser, N. C." box="[917,1048,365,388]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" pagination="709 - 725" refId="ref21861" refString="Fraser, N. C. 1982. A new rhynchocephalian from the British Upper Trias. Palaeontology, 25, 709 - 725." type="journal article" year="1982">Fraser 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Whiteside 1986) and differing from the condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFBCEFA8F56EDFE19" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[1045,1208,397,420]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFBCEFA8F56EDFE19" box="[1045,1208,397,420]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other clevosaurs. The exoccipitals would have formed more than 50% of the foramen magnum. The basal tubera are short and project posteroventrally. The occipital condyle is lunate in shape, with a slightly raised medial ridge positioned just anteriorly of the condyle, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFB2EF92C57EFFDF8" authorityName="Whiteside" authorityYear="1986" box="[1269,1466,558,581]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Diphydontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFB2EF92C57EFFDF8" box="[1269,1466,558,581]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Diphydontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Whiteside 1986, fig. 26a). The basioccipital articulates with the dorsal surface of the parabasisphenoid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFB9273FFC96F99D5677FB04" blockId="22.[844,1467,671,1209]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFC96F99D5770FD0B" bold="true" box="[845,1317,671,694]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Opisthotics, prootics and supraoccipital.</emphasis>
|
||
These bones (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFB9273FFC8EF9BD5183FD6B" box="[853,982,703,727]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="21.[159,226,898,919]" captionTargetBox="[159,1466,188,880]" captionTargetId="figure-455@21.[159,1466,188,880]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 13. The braincase and cervical vertebra of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A–F, nearcomplete braincase in: A, anterior; B, posterior; C, left lateral; D, right lateral; E, dorsal; and F, ventral views. G–K, fragments of the axis and atlas in: G, right lateral; H, left lateral; I, ventral; J, dorsal; and K, posterior views. Abbreviations: at, atlas; ax, axis; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; car. for, carotid foramen; cen, centrum; cul. proc, cultriform process; eo, exoccipital; int, intercentrum; ne. arch, neural arch; ocon, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; par, paroccipital; pila, pila antotica; pr, prootic; proc, process; ps, parasphenoid; so, supraoccipital. Scale bars for A–F equal 5 mm; G–K equal 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959863" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959863/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Fig. 13A–F</figureCitation>
|
||
) cannot be distinguished in the scans, and it is possible all three were fused, forming the roof of the braincase, as observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFB7AF802574FFCAA" baseAuthorityName="Fraser" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[1185,1306,768,791]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hudsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFB7AF802574FFCAA" box="[1185,1306,768,791]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">C. hudsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fraser 1988, p. 140; O’ Brien
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFBC1F8225606FC8A" box="[1050,1107,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2018;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFB9273FFB63F82251D4FCEA" author="Chambi-Trowell, S. A. V. & Whiteside, D. I. & Benton, M. J." pageId="22" pageNumber="808" pagination="41 - 64" refId="ref21354" refString="Chambi-Trowell, S. A. V., Whiteside, D. I. & Benton, M. J. 2019. Diversity in rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus skulls based on CT reconstruction of two Late Triassic species from Great Britain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 64, 41 - 64. doi: 10.4202 / app. 00569.2018" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Chambi-Trowell
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFAA0F82257EEFC8A" box="[1403,1467,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFC0AF8425621FCEA" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[977,1140,832,855]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFC0AF8425621FCEA" box="[977,1140,832,855]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The roof of the braincase appears to have a much lower bone density than the rest of the skull and as a result is hard to distinguish from the matrix, a feature in common with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFC97F8C35189FC65" box="[844,988,961,984]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cambrica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFC97F8C35189FC65" box="[844,988,961,984]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">C. cambrica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFBFCF8C356F0FC65" baseAuthorityName="Fraser" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[1063,1189,961,984]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hudsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFBFCF8C356F0FC65" box="[1063,1189,961,984]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">C. hudsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(O’ Brien
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFAF0F8C35730FC65" box="[1323,1381,961,984]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2018;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFB9273FFC97F8E356D8FC45" author="Chambi-Trowell, S. A. V. & Whiteside, D. I. & Benton, M. J." box="[844,1165,993,1016]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" pagination="41 - 64" refId="ref21354" refString="Chambi-Trowell, S. A. V., Whiteside, D. I. & Benton, M. J. 2019. Diversity in rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus skulls based on CT reconstruction of two Late Triassic species from Great Britain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 64, 41 - 64. doi: 10.4202 / app. 00569.2018" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Chambi-Trowell
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFBD6F8E3561FFC45" box="[1037,1098,993,1016]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFB01F8E35729FC45" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[1242,1404,993,1016]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFB01F8E35729FC45" box="[1242,1404,993,1016]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The supraoccipital forms part of the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum, and its dorsal surface is broad and relatively flat, with no dorsal crest present. The pila antotica is similar in shape to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFB24FF6057D1FBC4" authorityName="Swinton" authorityYear="1939" box="[1279,1412,1122,1145]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFB24FF6057D1FBC4" box="[1279,1412,1122,1145]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Clevosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, lateromedially flattened and curving dorsally, widening to a squared-off head.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFB9273EFC97FFD05041F94F" blockId="22.[844,1467,1234,1901]" lastBlockId="23.[159,781,1455,1778]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="809" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFC97FFD051E4FB54" bold="true" box="[844,945,1234,1257]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Dentary.</emphasis>
|
||
The dentaries (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFB9273FFBAAFFD0575AFB54" box="[1137,1295,1234,1258]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="14.[159,226,1214,1235]" captionTargetBox="[168,1450,201,1187]" captionTargetId="figure-225@14.[159,1467,188,1197]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 8. The lower left mandible of Brazilian sphenodontians. A–C, J, Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0748-T) in: A, lateral; B, dorsal; C, medial; and J, scaled lateral views. D, I, Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFSM-PV-0131) in: D, lateral; and I, scaled lateral views. E, K, Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0974-T) in: E, lateral; and K, scaled lateral views. F–H, L, Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T) in: F, lateral; G, dorsal; H, medial; and L, scaled lateral views. M, Lanceirosphenodon (CAPPA/UFSM 0226) in scaled view. Abbreviations: add, additional; alt, alternating; ang, angular; artcom, articular complex; cor, coronoid; cpr, coronoid process; ht, hatchling; mc, Meckelian canal; men, mentonian; mdf, mandibular foramen; pra, prearticular; proc, process; ret, retroarticular; sb, secondary bone; sur, surangular; sy, symphysis; th, tooth; wft, wear facet. Scale bars equal 10mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959853" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959853/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Fig. 8F–H, L</figureCitation>
|
||
) are relatively long and narrow, with a high coronoid process and they have the pronounced edentulous region between the ultimate tooth and coronoid process often seen in clevosaurs and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFC05FE5156F6FAD7" authorityName="Whiteside" authorityYear="1986" box="[990,1187,1363,1386]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Diphydontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFC05FE5156F6FAD7" box="[990,1187,1363,1386]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Diphydontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFB04FE5157EFFAD7" baseAuthorityName="Fraser" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[1247,1466,1363,1386]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Planocephalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFB04FE5157EFFAD7" box="[1247,1466,1363,1386]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Planocephalosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFB9273FFC8FFE715189FA37" author="Fraser, N. C." box="[852,988,1395,1418]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" pagination="709 - 725" refId="ref21861" refString="Fraser, N. C. 1982. A new rhynchocephalian from the British Upper Trias. Palaeontology, 25, 709 - 725." type="journal article" year="1982">Fraser 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Whiteside 1986; Fraser 1988;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFB9273FFA8FFE71518EFA17" author="Fraser, N. C. & Benton, M. J." pageId="22" pageNumber="808" pagination="413 - 445" refId="ref21955" refString="Fraser, N. C. & Benton, M. J. 1989. The Triassic reptiles Brachyrhinodon and Polysphenodon and the relationships of the sphenodontids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 96, 413 - 445." type="journal article" year="1989">Fraser & Benton 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Sues
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFBF4FE915631FA17" box="[1071,1124,1427,1450]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1994;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFB9273FFB1AFE9151D4FA76" author="Chambi-Trowell, S. A. V. & Whiteside, D. I. & Benton, M. J." pageId="22" pageNumber="808" pagination="41 - 64" refId="ref21354" refString="Chambi-Trowell, S. A. V., Whiteside, D. I. & Benton, M. J. 2019. Diversity in rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus skulls based on CT reconstruction of two Late Triassic species from Great Britain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 64, 41 - 64. doi: 10.4202 / app. 00569.2018" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Chambi-Trowell
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFAA4FE9157E1FA17" box="[1407,1460,1427,1450]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As in most rhynchocephalians, there is a raised lip of secondary bone on the lateral surface of the dentary. The symphysis is long and slants anterodorsally at a low angle, and seemingly lacks the medially positioned post-symphyseal lamina seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFC97FD575675F9D1" box="[844,1056,1621,1644]" genus="Lanceirosphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFC97FD575675F9D1" box="[844,1056,1621,1644]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Lanceirosphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Romo de Vivar
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFB2CFD575778F9D1" box="[1271,1325,1621,1644]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2020a, fig. 5). The dentary has pronounced diagonal wear facets from the maxillary teeth, as often seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFAEEFD9757EFF911" authorityName="Swinton" authorityYear="1939" box="[1333,1466,1685,1708]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFAEEFD9757EFF911" box="[1333,1466,1685,1708]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Clevosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fraser 1988;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFB9273FFC37FDB756FAF971" author="Klein, C. G. & Whiteside, D. I. & de Lucas, V. S. & Viegas, P. A. & Benton, M. J." box="[1004,1199,1717,1740]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" pagination="402 - 416" refId="ref22814" refString="Klein, C. G., Whiteside, D. I., de Lucas, V. S., Viegas, P. A. & Benton, M. J. 2015. A distinctive Late Triassic microvertebrate fissure fauna and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from Woodleaze Quarry, Gloucestershire, UK. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 126, 402 - 416." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Klein
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFBEFFDB75632F971" box="[1076,1127,1717,1740]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFB9273FFB19FDB751D4F951" author="Chambi-Trowell, S. A. V. & Whiteside, D. I. & Benton, M. J." pageId="22" pageNumber="808" pagination="41 - 64" refId="ref21354" refString="Chambi-Trowell, S. A. V., Whiteside, D. I. & Benton, M. J. 2019. Diversity in rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus skulls based on CT reconstruction of two Late Triassic species from Great Britain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 64, 41 - 64. doi: 10.4202 / app. 00569.2018" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Chambi-Trowell
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFA5BFDB757EEF971" box="[1408,1467,1717,1740]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFBC1FDD7568AF951" authorityName="Whiteside" authorityYear="1986" box="[1050,1247,1749,1772]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Diphydontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFBC1FDD7568AF951" box="[1050,1247,1749,1772]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">Diphydontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but not present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB9273FFC97FDF451BEF8B0" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[844,1003,1782,1805]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB9273FFC97FDF451BEF8B0" box="[844,1003,1782,1805]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="808">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The anterior-most region of the dentary appears to be edentulous (but as the scanned
|
||
<typeStatus id="549C887EFFB9273FFA86FC1457EFF890" box="[1373,1466,1814,1837]" pageId="22" pageNumber="808" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
has damage in this region of the jaw, we cannot verify this). There appears to be a single caniniform, followed by 4–5 hatchling teeth, then 4–6 teeth that alternate in size, increasing in size posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFB8273EFDF3FED350C9FA55" box="[552,668,1489,1512]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="14.[159,226,1214,1235]" captionTargetBox="[168,1450,201,1187]" captionTargetId="figure-225@14.[159,1467,188,1197]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 8. The lower left mandible of Brazilian sphenodontians. A–C, J, Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0748-T) in: A, lateral; B, dorsal; C, medial; and J, scaled lateral views. D, I, Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFSM-PV-0131) in: D, lateral; and I, scaled lateral views. E, K, Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0974-T) in: E, lateral; and K, scaled lateral views. F–H, L, Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T) in: F, lateral; G, dorsal; H, medial; and L, scaled lateral views. M, Lanceirosphenodon (CAPPA/UFSM 0226) in scaled view. Abbreviations: add, additional; alt, alternating; ang, angular; artcom, articular complex; cor, coronoid; cpr, coronoid process; ht, hatchling; mc, Meckelian canal; men, mentonian; mdf, mandibular foramen; pra, prearticular; proc, process; ret, retroarticular; sb, secondary bone; sur, surangular; sy, symphysis; th, tooth; wft, wear facet. Scale bars equal 10mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959853" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959853/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">Fig. 8F, G</figureCitation>
|
||
; UFRGS-PV-0613-
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED36AE19FFB8273EFED1FEF0534EF9B4" box="[266,283,1522,1545]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">T</collectionCode>
|
||
, Romo de Vivar Mart́ınez & Soares 2015, fig. 3C, 4F), and finally there are two large flanged mesiodistally elongated teeth with roughly triangular lateral profile. There are no escape structures, and rather like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB8273EFF08FD755152F933" authority="(Romo de Vivar et al. 2020 a)" baseAuthorityName="Romo de Vivar" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[211,775,1655,1678]" genus="Lanceirosphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="809" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFF08FD7553F2F933" box="[211,423,1655,1678]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">Lanceirosphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
(Romo de Vivar
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFDADFD7550FFF933" box="[630,682,1655,1678]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2020a)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the teeth have a convex lingual surface with the cusp deflected lingually. Like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB8273EFE69FDB85066F96C" authorityName="Saila" authorityYear="2005" box="[434,563,1722,1745]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="809" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="convallis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFE69FDB85066F96C" box="[434,563,1722,1745]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">C. convallis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the hatchling teeth remain visible in adult specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF586654FFB8273EFF44FF9B503AFAD5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959865" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10959865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959865/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="809" startId="23.[159,226,1177,1198]" targetBox="[160,1466,189,1156]" targetPageId="23" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFB8273EFF44FF9B503AFAD5" blockId="23.[159,1467,1176,1384]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFF44FF9B535CFB13" bold="true" box="[159,265,1177,1198]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">Figure 14.</emphasis>
|
||
Reconstructions of the skulls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB8273EFD8FFF9B5114FB13" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[596,833,1177,1198]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="809" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFD8FFF9B5114FB13" box="[596,833,1177,1198]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">Clevosaurus brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFC8AFF9B51D5FB13" bold="true" box="[849,896,1176,1198]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">A–D</emphasis>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB8273EFC60FF9B5698FB13" authority="Chambi-Trowell & Martinell & Whitesid & Romo de Viva & Soare & Schult & Gil & Bento & Rayfiel, 2021" authorityName="Chambi-Trowell & Martinell & Whitesid & Romo de Viva & Soare & Schult & Gil & Bento & Rayfiel" authorityYear="2021" box="[955,1229,1177,1198]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="809" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bonapartei" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFC60FF9B5698FB13" box="[955,1229,1177,1198]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">Microsphenodon bonapartei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26057B5FFB8273EFB0DFF9B573AFB13" box="[1238,1391,1177,1198]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFAA5FF9B57F8FB13" bold="true" box="[1406,1453,1176,1198]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">E–H</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFF44FFB15281FB75" bold="true" box="[159,212,1203,1224]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">A, B,</emphasis>
|
||
cranium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB8273EFE94FFB1538FFB75" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[335,474,1203,1224]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="809" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFE94FFB1538FFB75" box="[335,474,1203,1224]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in:
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFDDFFFB1504EFB75" bold="true" box="[516,539,1203,1224]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">A,</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFDB6FFB150D7FB75" bold="true" box="[621,642,1203,1224]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">B,</emphasis>
|
||
ventral views.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFCC0FFB15167FB75" bold="true" box="[795,818,1203,1224]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">C,</emphasis>
|
||
right lateral view of the cranium and mandible of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB8273EFAF2FFB157E1FB75" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[1321,1460,1203,1224]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="809" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFAF2FFB157E1FB75" box="[1321,1460,1203,1224]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFF44FFCC52E3FB5E" bold="true" box="[159,182,1230,1251]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">D,</emphasis>
|
||
a medial view of the right mandible of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB8273EFD9CFFCC5087FB5E" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[583,722,1230,1251]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="809" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFD9CFFCC5087FB5E" box="[583,722,1230,1251]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFD3AFFCC5141FB5E" bold="true" box="[737,788,1230,1251]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">E, F,</emphasis>
|
||
cranium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB8273EFC4BFFCC564FFB5E" authorityName="Chambi-Trowell & Martinell & Whitesid & Romo de Viva & Soare & Schult & Gil & Bento & Rayfiel" authorityYear="2021" box="[912,1050,1230,1251]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="809" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bonapartei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFC4BFFCC564FFB5E" box="[912,1050,1230,1251]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">M. bonapartei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in:
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFB9EFFCC560EFB5E" bold="true" box="[1093,1115,1230,1251]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">E,</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFB77FFCC5695FB5E" bold="true" box="[1196,1216,1230,1251]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">F,</emphasis>
|
||
ventral views.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFA82FFCC5727FB5E" bold="true" box="[1369,1394,1230,1251]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">G,</emphasis>
|
||
a right lateral view of the cranium and mandible of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB8273EFD48FFEB5171FB43" authorityName="Chambi-Trowell & Martinell & Whitesid & Romo de Viva & Soare & Schult & Gil & Bento & Rayfiel" authorityYear="2021" box="[659,804,1257,1278]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="809" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bonapartei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFD48FFEB5171FB43" box="[659,804,1257,1278]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">M. bonapartei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFCE1FFEB5106FB43" bold="true" box="[826,851,1257,1278]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">H,</emphasis>
|
||
a medial view of the right mandible of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB8273EFAF8FFEB57E1FB43" authorityName="Chambi-Trowell & Martinell & Whitesid & Romo de Viva & Soare & Schult & Gil & Bento & Rayfiel" authorityYear="2021" box="[1315,1460,1257,1278]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="809" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bonapartei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFAF8FFEB57E1FB43" box="[1315,1460,1257,1278]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">M. bonapartei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFF44FE015332FAA5" bold="true" box="[159,359,1283,1304]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">Abbreviations: ang</emphasis>
|
||
, angular;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFE0AFE0153BAFAA5" bold="true" box="[465,495,1283,1304]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">art</emphasis>
|
||
, articular;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFDB9FE01502EFAA5" bold="true" box="[610,635,1283,1304]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">bo</emphasis>
|
||
, basioccipital;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFCCDFE015179FAA5" bold="true" box="[790,812,1283,1304]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">bs</emphasis>
|
||
, basisphenoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFC10FE0151B9FAA5" bold="true" box="[971,1004,1283,1304]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">cor</emphasis>
|
||
, coronoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFBBFFE015624FAA5" bold="true" box="[1124,1137,1283,1304]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">d</emphasis>
|
||
, dentary;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFB00FE0156ACFAA5" bold="true" box="[1243,1273,1283,1304]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">epi</emphasis>
|
||
, epipterygoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFA4EFE0157E0FAA5" bold="true" box="[1429,1461,1283,1304]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">ept</emphasis>
|
||
, ectopterygoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFEEBFE1C536DFA8E" bold="true" box="[304,312,1310,1331]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">f</emphasis>
|
||
, frontal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFE48FE1C53CEFA8E" bold="true" box="[403,411,1310,1331]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">j</emphasis>
|
||
, jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFE3CFE1C53AEFA8E" bold="true" box="[487,507,1310,1331]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">m</emphasis>
|
||
, maxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFD84FE1C5039FA8E" bold="true" box="[607,620,1310,1331]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">n</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFD61FE1C5092FA8E" bold="true" box="[698,711,1310,1331]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">p</emphasis>
|
||
, parietal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFCF0FE1C511EFA8E" bold="true" box="[811,843,1310,1331]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">pal</emphasis>
|
||
, palatine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFC69FE1C5186FA8E" bold="true" box="[946,979,1310,1331]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">pm</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFB8EFE1C563BFA8E" bold="true" box="[1109,1134,1310,1331]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">po</emphasis>
|
||
, postorbital;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFB2BFE1C5744FA8E" bold="true" box="[1264,1297,1310,1331]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">pof</emphasis>
|
||
, postfrontal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFA4EFE1C57E0FA8E" bold="true" box="[1429,1461,1310,1331]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">pfr</emphasis>
|
||
, prefrontal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFED6FE3B5364FAF3" bold="true" box="[269,305,1337,1358]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">pra</emphasis>
|
||
, prearticular;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFE65FE3B5380FAF3" bold="true" box="[446,469,1337,1358]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">ps</emphasis>
|
||
, parasphenoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFDAFFE3B50DCFAF3" bold="true" box="[628,649,1337,1358]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">pt</emphasis>
|
||
, pterygoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFCDFFE3B5144FAF3" bold="true" box="[772,785,1337,1358]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">q</emphasis>
|
||
, quadrate;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFC5FFE3B51CCFAF3" bold="true" box="[900,921,1337,1358]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">so</emphasis>
|
||
, supraoccipital;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFBE4FE3B5600FAF3" bold="true" box="[1087,1109,1337,1358]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">sq</emphasis>
|
||
, squamosal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFB01FE3B56BEFAF3" bold="true" box="[1242,1259,1337,1358]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">st</emphasis>
|
||
, supratemporal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFA48FE3B57E1FAF3" bold="true" box="[1427,1460,1337,1358]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">sur</emphasis>
|
||
, surangular;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFECAFE51537CFAD5" bold="true" box="[273,297,1363,1384]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">vo</emphasis>
|
||
, vomer. Scale bars equal 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFB8273EFF44FC115375F8D0" blockId="23.[159,781,1811,1901]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFF44FC115347F897" bold="true" box="[159,274,1811,1834]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">Coronoid.</emphasis>
|
||
The coronoid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFB8273EFE15FC115016F897" box="[462,579,1811,1835]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="14.[159,226,1214,1235]" captionTargetBox="[168,1450,201,1187]" captionTargetId="figure-225@14.[159,1467,188,1197]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 8. The lower left mandible of Brazilian sphenodontians. A–C, J, Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0748-T) in: A, lateral; B, dorsal; C, medial; and J, scaled lateral views. D, I, Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFSM-PV-0131) in: D, lateral; and I, scaled lateral views. E, K, Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0974-T) in: E, lateral; and K, scaled lateral views. F–H, L, Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T) in: F, lateral; G, dorsal; H, medial; and L, scaled lateral views. M, Lanceirosphenodon (CAPPA/UFSM 0226) in scaled view. Abbreviations: add, additional; alt, alternating; ang, angular; artcom, articular complex; cor, coronoid; cpr, coronoid process; ht, hatchling; mc, Meckelian canal; men, mentonian; mdf, mandibular foramen; pra, prearticular; proc, process; ret, retroarticular; sb, secondary bone; sur, surangular; sy, symphysis; th, tooth; wft, wear facet. Scale bars equal 10mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959853" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959853/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">Fig. 8F–H</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a small, thin bone; it is unclear whether it projected above the dentary.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFB82731FC96FEB253D4FA3A" blockId="23.[845,1467,1456,1901]" lastBlockId="24.[159,781,1259,1415]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="810" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFC96FEB257EEFA7A" bold="true" box="[845,1467,1456,1479]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">Articular complex (prearticular, surangular and</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFC96FED25632FA5A" bold="true" box="[845,1127,1488,1511]" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">articular) and angular.</emphasis>
|
||
The articular complex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFB8273EFA4BFED251DCF9B5" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="14.[159,226,1214,1235]" captionTargetBox="[168,1450,201,1187]" captionTargetId="figure-225@14.[159,1467,188,1197]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 8. The lower left mandible of Brazilian sphenodontians. A–C, J, Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0748-T) in: A, lateral; B, dorsal; C, medial; and J, scaled lateral views. D, I, Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFSM-PV-0131) in: D, lateral; and I, scaled lateral views. E, K, Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0974-T) in: E, lateral; and K, scaled lateral views. F–H, L, Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T) in: F, lateral; G, dorsal; H, medial; and L, scaled lateral views. M, Lanceirosphenodon (CAPPA/UFSM 0226) in scaled view. Abbreviations: add, additional; alt, alternating; ang, angular; artcom, articular complex; cor, coronoid; cpr, coronoid process; ht, hatchling; mc, Meckelian canal; men, mentonian; mdf, mandibular foramen; pra, prearticular; proc, process; ret, retroarticular; sb, secondary bone; sur, surangular; sy, symphysis; th, tooth; wft, wear facet. Scale bars equal 10mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959853" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959853/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">Fig. 8D–F</figureCitation>
|
||
) appears to be fused, as the facets between the bones are indistinguishable from one another. The angular is flattened and reaches as far anteriorly as the posterior-most tooth of the dentary. The mandibular foramen is formed between the surangular and dentary and is large, unlike that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB8273EFB54FD91577AF917" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[1167,1327,1683,1706]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="809" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFB54FD91577AF917" box="[1167,1327,1683,1706]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The dorsal surface of the surangular is also very wide and robust compared to other rhynchocephalians, and the articular is robust, with a remarkably long retroarticular process that forms a spoon-like structure that tapers posteriorly and is deepest laterally, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB8273EFB4EFC345767F8F0" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[1173,1330,1846,1869]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="809" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB8273EFB4EFC345767F8F0" box="[1173,1330,1846,1869]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="809">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The articular condyle is full of porous bone. The fusion of the prearticular, articular and surangular in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB72731FD83FFE95158FABF" authorityName="Chambi-Trowell & Martinell & Whitesid & Romo de Viva & Soare & Schult & Gil & Bento & Rayfiel" authorityYear="2021" box="[600,781,1259,1282]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="810" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB72731FD83FFE95158FABF" box="[600,781,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">Microsphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an important difference from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB72731FDD8FE0E5158FA9E" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[515,781,1292,1315]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="810" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB72731FDD8FE0E5158FA9E" box="[515,781,1292,1315]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">Clevosaurus brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but a feature shared with early diverging rhynchocephalians such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB72731FE8AFE4D53A0FADB" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1980" box="[337,501,1359,1382]" class="Reptilia" family="Gephyrosauridae" genus="Gephyrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="810" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB72731FE8AFE4D53A0FADB" box="[337,501,1359,1382]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">Gephyrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB72731FDD5FE4D5086FADB" authorityName="Whiteside" authorityYear="1986" box="[526,723,1359,1382]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Diphydontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="810" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB72731FDD5FE4D5086FADB" box="[526,723,1359,1382]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">Diphydontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB72731FF44FE7253D4FA3A" box="[159,385,1392,1415]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB72731FF44FE72532BFA3A" baseAuthorityName="Fraser" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[159,382,1392,1415]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Planocephalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="810" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Planocephalosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF586654FFB72731FF44FF6F53FDFB21" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959867" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10959867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959867/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="810" startId="24.[159,226,1133,1154]" targetBox="[159,1466,188,1115]" targetPageId="24" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFB72731FF44FF6F53FDFB21" blockId="24.[159,1467,1133,1180]" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB72731FF44FF6F535CFB3F" bold="true" box="[159,265,1133,1154]" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">Figure 15.</emphasis>
|
||
Life reconstruction of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB72731FE2AFF6F5156FB3F" authority="Chambi-Trowell & Martinell & Whitesid & Romo de Viva & Soare & Schult & Gil & Bento & Rayfiel, 2021" authorityName="Chambi-Trowell & Martinell & Whitesid & Romo de Viva & Soare & Schult & Gil & Bento & Rayfiel" authorityYear="2021" box="[497,771,1133,1154]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="810" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bonapartei" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB72731FE2AFF6F5156FB3F" box="[497,771,1133,1154]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">Microsphenodon bonapartei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26057B5FFB72731FCD7FF6F51F0FB3F" box="[780,933,1133,1154]" pageId="24" pageNumber="810" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(top left) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB72731FBECFF6F5776FB3F" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[1079,1315,1133,1154]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="810" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB72731FBECFF6F5776FB3F" box="[1079,1315,1133,1154]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">Clevosaurus brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(bottom right). Work by Lavinia Gandolfi.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFB72731FF44FEA7566EFA14" blockId="24.[159,781,1445,1901]" lastBlockId="24.[845,1467,1259,1449]" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB72731FF44FEA75010FA01" bold="true" box="[159,581,1445,1468]" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">Additional and postcranial material.</emphasis>
|
||
Among the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549C887EFFB72731FD0FFEA75298FA60" pageId="24" pageNumber="810" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
material, long rod-like elements are observed beneath the skull (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFB72731FEA1FEEA53B5FA42" box="[378,480,1512,1535]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="17.[159,226,905,926]" captionTargetBox="[159,1466,188,888]" captionTargetId="figure-359@17.[159,1466,188,888]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 10. The digitally segmented holotype skull of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A, left lateral; B, posterior; C, dorsal; and D, ventral views. Abbreviations: artcom, articular complex; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; c. vert, cervical vertebra; d, dentary; eo, exoccipital; epi, epipterygoid; ept, ectopterygoid; f, frontal; hy, hyoid; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; op, opisthotic; p, parietal; pal, palatine; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; pr, prootic; prf, prefrontal; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; vo, vomer. Scale bar equals 10mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959857" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959857/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">Fig. 10D</figureCitation>
|
||
), inferred to be remnants of the hyoid apparatus. Likewise, we also found very thin broken fragments of bone behind both orbits (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFB72731FD38FD2852A4F9DF" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="17.[159,226,905,926]" captionTargetBox="[159,1466,188,888]" captionTargetId="figure-359@17.[159,1466,188,888]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 10. The digitally segmented holotype skull of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A, left lateral; B, posterior; C, dorsal; and D, ventral views. Abbreviations: artcom, articular complex; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; c. vert, cervical vertebra; d, dentary; eo, exoccipital; epi, epipterygoid; ept, ectopterygoid; f, frontal; hy, hyoid; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; op, opisthotic; p, parietal; pal, palatine; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; pr, prootic; prf, prefrontal; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; vo, vomer. Scale bar equals 10mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959857" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959857/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">Fig. 10A, C</figureCitation>
|
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), which we suggest are fragments of the sclerotic ossicles. The axis and atlas are present (
|
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<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFB72731FD38FD6F52B8F918" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="21.[159,226,898,919]" captionTargetBox="[159,1466,188,880]" captionTargetId="figure-455@21.[159,1466,188,880]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 13. The braincase and cervical vertebra of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A–F, nearcomplete braincase in: A, anterior; B, posterior; C, left lateral; D, right lateral; E, dorsal; and F, ventral views. G–K, fragments of the axis and atlas in: G, right lateral; H, left lateral; I, ventral; J, dorsal; and K, posterior views. Abbreviations: at, atlas; ax, axis; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; car. for, carotid foramen; cen, centrum; cul. proc, cultriform process; eo, exoccipital; int, intercentrum; ne. arch, neural arch; ocon, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; par, paroccipital; pila, pila antotica; pr, prootic; proc, process; ps, parasphenoid; so, supraoccipital. Scale bars for A–F equal 5 mm; G–K equal 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959863" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959863/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">Fig. 13G–K</figureCitation>
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), but the former has sustained considerable damage dorsally so that much of the neural arch is missing and only the centrum of the axis remains intact. The centrum of the atlas is fused to that of the axis, forming the odontoid process which articulates dorsally to the atlas intercentrum. The axis intercentrum is possibly preserved, but the suture lines between it and the atlas intercentrum cannot be distinguished in the scans and only the atlas intercentrum is prominent. The atlas/axis complex has a similar configuration to that in basal rhynchocephalians such as
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB72731FC96FE7251A4FA3A" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1980" box="[845,1009,1392,1415]" class="Reptilia" family="Gephyrosauridae" genus="Gephyrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="810" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB72731FC96FE7251A4FA3A" box="[845,1009,1392,1415]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">Gephyrosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFB72731FBDEFE7256DFFA3A" author="Evans, S. E." box="[1029,1162,1392,1415]" pageId="24" pageNumber="810" pagination="81 - 116" refId="ref21678" refString="Evans, S. E. 1981. The postcranial skeleton of the Lower Jurassic eosuchian Gephyrosaurus bridensis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 73, 81 - 116." type="journal article" year="1981">Evans 1981</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 2) and eusphenodontians like
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB72731FC66FE905661FA14" baseAuthorityName="Evans" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[957,1076,1426,1449]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Sphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="810" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB72731FC66FE905661FA14" box="[957,1076,1426,1449]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">Sphenodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFB72731FC97FEE55643F9BC" blockId="24.[844,1467,1511,1901]" box="[844,1046,1511,1537]" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">
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||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB72731FC97FEE55643F9BC" bold="true" box="[844,1046,1511,1537]" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">Reconstructions</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFB72730FC97FD0B531DFEA9" blockId="24.[844,1467,1511,1901]" lastBlockId="25.[159,781,189,276]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="811" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">
|
||
The anatomy of the two Brazilian taxa has been presented in some detail based on
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB72731FB71FD2856ECF9FF" bold="true" box="[1194,1209,1578,1602]" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">M</emphasis>
|
||
CT scans, and we offer standardized skull drawings of both (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFB72731FB3DFD495761F9DF" box="[1254,1332,1611,1634]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="23.[159,226,1177,1198]" captionTargetBox="[160,1466,189,1156]" captionTargetId="figure-246@23.[159,1466,188,1156]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 14. Reconstructions of the skulls of Clevosaurus brasiliensis (A–D) and Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (E–H). A, B, cranium of C. brasiliensis in: A, dorsal; B, ventral views. C, right lateral view of the cranium and mandible of C. brasiliensis. D, a medial view of the right mandible of C. brasiliensis. E, F, cranium of M. bonapartei in: E, dorsal, F, ventral views. G, a right lateral view of the cranium and mandible of M. bonapartei. H, a medial view of the right mandible of M. bonapartei. Abbreviations: ang, angular; art, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; cor, coronoid; d, dentary; epi, epipterygoid; ept, ectopterygoid; f, frontal; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; pfr, prefrontal; pra, prearticular; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; sur, surangular; vo, vomer. Scale bars equal 10mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959865/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
). The detail is based entirely on the fossils, and, because of their completeness, we had to make very few assumptions or restorations of missing parts. In the case of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB72731FAEEFDAD5192F955" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="810" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB72731FAEEFDAD5192F955" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">Clevosaurus brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFB72731FC01FDD35609F955" box="[986,1116,1744,1768]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="23.[159,226,1177,1198]" captionTargetBox="[160,1466,189,1156]" captionTargetId="figure-246@23.[159,1466,188,1156]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 14. Reconstructions of the skulls of Clevosaurus brasiliensis (A–D) and Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (E–H). A, B, cranium of C. brasiliensis in: A, dorsal; B, ventral views. C, right lateral view of the cranium and mandible of C. brasiliensis. D, a medial view of the right mandible of C. brasiliensis. E, F, cranium of M. bonapartei in: E, dorsal, F, ventral views. G, a right lateral view of the cranium and mandible of M. bonapartei. H, a medial view of the right mandible of M. bonapartei. Abbreviations: ang, angular; art, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; cor, coronoid; d, dentary; epi, epipterygoid; ept, ectopterygoid; f, frontal; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; pfr, prefrontal; pra, prearticular; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; sur, surangular; vo, vomer. Scale bars equal 10mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959865/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">Fig. 14A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
), it lacks a complete vomer, as well as the stapes. In the case of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB72731FB65FDF051D9F897" authorityName="Chambi-Trowell & Martinell & Whitesid & Romo de Viva & Soare & Schult & Gil & Bento & Rayfiel" authorityYear="2021" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="810" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bonapartei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB72731FB65FDF051D9F897" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">Microsphenodon bonapartei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFB72731FC45FC115648F897" box="[926,1053,1811,1835]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="23.[159,226,1177,1198]" captionTargetBox="[160,1466,189,1156]" captionTargetId="figure-246@23.[159,1466,188,1156]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 14. Reconstructions of the skulls of Clevosaurus brasiliensis (A–D) and Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (E–H). A, B, cranium of C. brasiliensis in: A, dorsal; B, ventral views. C, right lateral view of the cranium and mandible of C. brasiliensis. D, a medial view of the right mandible of C. brasiliensis. E, F, cranium of M. bonapartei in: E, dorsal, F, ventral views. G, a right lateral view of the cranium and mandible of M. bonapartei. H, a medial view of the right mandible of M. bonapartei. Abbreviations: ang, angular; art, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; cor, coronoid; d, dentary; epi, epipterygoid; ept, ectopterygoid; f, frontal; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; pfr, prefrontal; pra, prearticular; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; sur, surangular; vo, vomer. Scale bars equal 10mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959865/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="810">Fig. 14E–H</figureCitation>
|
||
), the posterior process of the jugal is broken off, only a small portion of the left vomer is preserved and it is missing the premaxillae and stapes. The whole-body life drawings (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFB62730FE0EFBBF5072FF69" box="[469,551,189,212]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="24.[159,226,1133,1154]" captionTargetBox="[159,1466,188,1115]" captionTargetId="figure-326@24.[159,1466,188,1115]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 15. Life reconstruction of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (top left) and Clevosaurus brasiliensis (bottom right). Work by Lavinia Gandolfi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959867/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="811">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
) represent the head shapes according to the fossil data, but the body shapes are speculative.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |