352 lines
52 KiB
XML
352 lines
52 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="FE486E19BB12F99C1B75A269D88FE9FC">Redescription of the orb-weaving spider Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798) (Araneae, Araneidae)</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="B9572575FFA5052FFF46406BFE3E495E" bold="true" box="[151,448,1628,1654]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Gasteracantha geminata</emphasis>
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(
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)
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<paragraph id="8B9CF967FFA5052FFF464092FA894994" blockId="0.[151,1436,1699,1948]" box="[151,1399,1699,1724]" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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<emphasis id="B9572575FFA5052FFF464092FEB14994" box="[151,335,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Aranea geminata</emphasis>
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: 292
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(Description of ♀ (Ramanathapuram,
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, 78o50'
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;
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))
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<emphasis id="B9572575FFA5052FFF4640F2FE6149F4" box="[151,415,1733,1756]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Gasteracantha geminata</emphasis>
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: 16
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, fig. 260 (Description and illustration of ♀).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9CF967FFA5052FFF4640D2FD9C49D4" blockId="0.[151,1436,1699,1948]" box="[151,610,1765,1788]" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2382E4FFA5052FFF4640D2FDA049D4" authority="Walckenaer, 1841: 158" authorityName="Walckenaer" authorityPageNumber="158" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,606,1765,1788]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Plectana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geminata">
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<emphasis id="B9572575FFA5052FFF4640D2FEA149D4" box="[151,351,1765,1788]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Plectana geminata</emphasis>
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: 158
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9CF967FFA5052FFF464132FCE14834" blockId="0.[151,1436,1699,1948]" box="[151,799,1797,1820]" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB33DE49FFA5052FFF464132FCE14834" box="[151,799,1797,1820]" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2382E4FFA5052FFF464132FDAC4834" authority="Butler, 1873: 168" authorityName="Butler" authorityPageNumber="168" authorityYear="1873" box="[151,594,1797,1820]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="connata">
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<emphasis id="B9572575FFA5052FFF464132FE6C4834" box="[151,402,1797,1820]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Gasteracantha connata</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A82DF76FFA5052FFE494132FDAC4834" author="Butler" box="[408,594,1797,1820]" page="168" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" year="1873">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB28496FFA5052FFE494132FDDE4834" author="Butler" box="[408,544,1797,1820]" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refString="Butler, A. G. (1873) A monographic list of the species of Gasteracantha or crab-spiders, with descriptions of new species. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1873, 153 - 180." type="journal article" year="1873">Butler, 1873</bibRefCitation>
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: 168
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</treatmentCitation>
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(Description of ♀)
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9CF967FFA5052FFF464112FB464814" blockId="0.[151,1436,1699,1948]" box="[151,1208,1829,1852]" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB33DE49FFA5052FFF464112FB464814" box="[151,1208,1829,1852]" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2382E4FFA5052FFF464112FE7D4814" box="[151,387,1829,1852]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rimata">
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<emphasis id="B9572575FFA5052FFF464112FE7D4814" box="[151,387,1829,1852]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Gasteracantha rimata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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O. P.-
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<treatmentCitation id="0A82DF76FFA5052FFE124112FD464814" author="Cambridge" box="[451,696,1829,1852]" page="282" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" year="1879">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB28496FFA5052FFE124112FD7C4814" author="Cambridge" box="[451,642,1829,1852]" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refString="Cambridge, O. P. (1879) On some new and little known species of Araneidea, with remarks on the genus Gasteracantha. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1879, 279 - 293." type="proceedings paper" year="1879">Cambridge, 1879</bibRefCitation>
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: 282
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 26, fig. 3 (Description and illustration of ♀)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9CF967FFA5052FFF464172FA9A48B4" blockId="0.[151,1436,1699,1948]" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB33DE49FFA5052FFF464172FA9A48B4" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2382E4FFA5052FFF464172FD944874" ID-CoL="3FC5N" authority="Simon, 1895: 836" authorityName="Simon" authorityPageNumber="836" authorityYear="1895" box="[151,618,1861,1884]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geminata">
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<emphasis id="B9572575FFA5052FFF464172FE614874" box="[151,415,1861,1884]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Gasteracantha geminata</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A82DF76FFA5052FFE764172FD944874" author="Simon" box="[423,618,1861,1884]" page="836" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" year="1895">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB28496FFA5052FFE764172FDCA4874" author="Simon" box="[423,564,1861,1884]" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refString="Simon, E. (1895) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Vol. 1. Paris, pp. 761 - 1084." type="book" year="1895">Simon, 1895</bibRefCitation>
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: 836
|
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, figs. 883-887 (Description of ♂ and illustrations of ♂ & ♀).
|
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<treatmentCitation id="0A82DF76FFA5052FFAD24172FF0F4854" author="Pocock" page="233" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" year="1900">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB28496FFA5052FFAD24172FA664874" author="Pocock" box="[1283,1432,1861,1884]" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refString="Pocock, R. I. (1900) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Arachnida. London, 279 pp." type="book" year="1900">Pocock, 1900</bibRefCitation>
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: 233
|
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 79 (Description and illustration of ♀).
|
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<treatmentCitation id="0A82DF76FFA5052FFD184152FC844854" author="Dahl" box="[713,890,1893,1916]" page="267" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" year="1914">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB28496FFA5052FFD184152FCBA4854" author="Dahl" box="[713,836,1893,1916]" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refString="Dahl, F. (1914) Die Gasteracanthen des Berliner Zoologischen Museums und deren geographische Verbreitung. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 7, 235 - 301." type="journal article" year="1914">Dahl, 1914</bibRefCitation>
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: 267
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
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, fig. 11 (Illustration of ♀).
|
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<treatmentCitation id="0A82DF76FFA5052FFB704152FA9F4854" author="Tikader" box="[1185,1377,1893,1916]" page="53" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" year="1982">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB28496FFA5052FFB704152FAC74854" author="Tikader" box="[1185,1337,1893,1916]" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refString="Tikader, B. K. (1982) Family Araneidae (= Argiopidae), typical orbweavers. Fauna India (Araneae), 2, 1 - 293." type="journal article" year="1982">Tikader, 1982</bibRefCitation>
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: 53
|
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</treatmentCitation>
|
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, figs. 107-110 (Description and illustration of ♀).
|
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<treatmentCitation id="0A82DF76FFA5052FFD4E41B2FC7B48B4" author="Kim" box="[671,901,1925,1948]" page="175" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" year="2013">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB28496FFA5052FFD4E41B2FCAF48B4" author="Kim" box="[671,849,1925,1948]" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refString="Kim, J. P., Ye, S. H., Park, J. E., Jang, J. H. & Son, J. H. (2013) Redescription of Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798) (Araneae: Araneidae) from Sri Lanka. Korean Arachnology, 29, 175 - 181." type="journal article" year="2013">
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Kim
|
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<emphasis id="B9572575FFA5052FFD0441B2FCF548B4" box="[725,779,1925,1948]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2013
|
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</bibRefCitation>
|
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: 175
|
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</treatmentCitation>
|
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, figs. 1-8 (Description and illustration of ♀).
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</paragraph>
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|
||
<paragraph id="8B9CF967FFA5052FFF4641FDFA6248C9" blockId="0.[151,1436,1992,2017]" box="[151,1436,1992,2017]" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA5052FFF4641FDFE8948C9" bold="true" box="[151,375,1994,2017]" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334B9F7FFA5052FFEAE41FDFE4648C9" box="[383,440,1994,2017]" name="India" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Kerala, Alappuzha, Pathiramanal Island (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE179FA0FFA5052FFC5441FDFBEA48C9" box="[901,1044,1992,2017]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" precision="1" value="9.618642">9o37'07.11''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE179FA0FFA5052FFBF141FDFB4248C9" box="[1056,1212,1992,2017]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" precision="1" value="76.384705">76o23'04.95''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), 0 m, Pradeep M.S.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9CF967FFA4052EFF4646ADFB284FFF" blockId="1.[151,1436,152,1116]" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">
|
||
leg. 0
|
||
<date id="FF9DDFA7FFA4052EFF0746ADFE704F99" box="[214,398,154,177]" pageId="1" pageNumber="148" value="2014-02-05">5 February 2014</date>
|
||
, by hand,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2532EEFFA4052EFDD446ADFDCC4F99" box="[517,562,154,177]" pageId="1" pageNumber="148" type="generic">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 3 ♀ (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3261A2FFA4052EFDAC46ADFD364F99" box="[637,712,154,177]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7csr-pk9c" name="Arachnology Division, Sacred Heart College" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">ADSH</collectionCode>
|
||
096626A). Kerala, Alappuzha, Pathiramanal Island (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE179FA0FFA4052EFAD946ADFA664F99" box="[1288,1432,152,177]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="148" precision="1" value="9.618642">9o37'07.11''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE179FA0FFA4052EFF4646F7FECC4FFF" box="[151,306,190,215]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="148" precision="1" value="76.384705">76o23'04.95''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), 0 m, Pradeep M.S. leg.
|
||
<date id="FF9DDFA7FFA4052EFDEE46F7FCEE4FFF" box="[575,784,192,215]" pageId="1" pageNumber="148" value="2014-11-22">22 November 2014</date>
|
||
, by hand,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2532EEFFA4052EFCAC46F7FC154FFF" box="[893,1003,192,215]" pageId="1" pageNumber="148" type="subadult">2 subadult</specimenCount>
|
||
♂, (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3261A2FFA4052EFBCB46F7FB984FFF" box="[1050,1126,192,215]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7csr-pk9c" name="Arachnology Division, Sacred Heart College" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">ADSH</collectionCode>
|
||
096626B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C339AAECFFA4052EFF1646D5FCE14D27" pageId="1" pageNumber="148" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9CF967FFA4052EFF1646D5FCE14D27" blockId="1.[151,1436,152,1116]" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA4052EFF1646D5FEC24FD1" bold="true" box="[199,316,226,249]" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2382E4FFA4052EFE9046D5FE3F4FD1" box="[321,449,226,249]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geminata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA4052EFE9046D5FE3F4FD1" box="[321,449,226,249]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">G. geminata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most similar to
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA4052EFD5446D5FD2A4FD1" box="[645,724,226,249]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">G. k u hl i</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB28496FFA4052EFD0C46D5FC6B4FD1" author="Koch" box="[733,917,226,249]" pageId="1" pageNumber="148" refString="Koch, C. L. (1837) Die Arachniden. Nurnberg, Dritter Band, pp. 105 - 119, Vierter Band, 108 pp." type="book chapter" year="1837">C. L. Koch, 1837</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB28496FFA4052EFC7246D5FBAB4FD1" author="Song" box="[931,1109,226,249]" pageId="1" pageNumber="148" refString="Song, D. X., Zhu, M. S. & Chen, J. (1999) The spiders of China. Hebei University of Science and Technology Publishing House, Shijiazhuang, 640 pp." type="book" year="1999">
|
||
Song
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA4052EFC3346D5FBE94FD1" box="[994,1047,226,249]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, figs. 168G-H, M, S-T). Males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2382E4FFA4052EFF624732FECD4E34" box="[179,307,261,284]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geminata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA4052EFF624732FECD4E34" box="[179,307,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">G. geminata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be easily distinguished from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2382E4FFA4052EFD204732FCBC4E34" box="[753,834,261,284]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuhli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA4052EFD204732FCBC4E34" box="[753,834,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">G. kuhli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the disto-median process of conductor (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA4052EFADD4732FAAC4E34" box="[1292,1362,261,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1729,1751]" captionTargetBox="[375,1194,1175,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[340,1247,1167,1708]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male, retrolateral. B, Female, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral. F, same, dorsal. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 1 mm; C – F, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241737/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C, 2C) (absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2382E4FFA4052EFED8471FFEA24E17" box="[265,348,296,319]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuhli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA4052EFED8471FFEA24E17" box="[265,348,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">G. kuhli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), reniform paramedian apophysis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA4052EFD09471FFCDE4E17" box="[728,800,296,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1729,1751]" captionTargetBox="[375,1194,1175,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[340,1247,1167,1708]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male, retrolateral. B, Female, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral. F, same, dorsal. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 1 mm; C – F, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241737/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C, 2C) (circular in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2382E4FFA4052EFC22471FFBBA4E17" box="[1011,1092,296,319]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuhli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA4052EFC22471FFBBA4E17" box="[1011,1092,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">G. kuhli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), median apophysis with distoretrolateral serration (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA4052EFE55477DFE324E49" box="[388,460,330,353]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1729,1751]" captionTargetBox="[375,1194,1175,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[340,1247,1167,1708]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male, retrolateral. B, Female, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral. F, same, dorsal. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 1 mm; C – F, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241737/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C–D, 2C–D) (median apophysis with prolateral serration in
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA4052EFBB8477DFB444E49" box="[1129,1210,330,353]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">G. k u hl i</emphasis>
|
||
) and large, dorsally inconspicuous posterior opisthosomal spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA4052EFD5E475AFD274EAC" box="[655,729,365,388]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1729,1751]" captionTargetBox="[375,1194,1175,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[340,1247,1167,1708]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male, retrolateral. B, Female, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral. F, same, dorsal. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 1 mm; C – F, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241737/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A, 2A) (posterior opisthosomal spines in
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA4052EFB7A475AFB034EAC" box="[1195,1277,365,388]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">G. k u hl i</emphasis>
|
||
are short and dorsally conspicuous). Females can be distinguished by the M-shaped posterior border line of the epigynum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA4052EFA9047A7FA7C4E8F" box="[1345,1410,400,423]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1658,1680]" captionTargetBox="[164,1419,434,1629]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,434,1637]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male habitus, dorsal. B, Female habitus, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral; F, same, dorsal. Abbreviations: C, conductor; CD, copulatory duct; dC, distomedian process of conductor; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; LL, lateral lobe of epigynum; MA, median apophysis; PB, posterior border line of epigynum; PMA, paramedian apophysis; pTA, prolateral tibial apophysis; rCy, retrolateral cymbial extension; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; S, scapus; SH, spermathecal head; T, tegulum. Scale bars: A, 0.61 mm; B, 1.32 mm; C – D, 0.18 mm; E – F, 0.07 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241738/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
E) (posterior border line in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2382E4FFA4052EFE4C4785FE0E4EE1" box="[413,496,434,457]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuhli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA4052EFE4C4785FE0E4EE1" box="[413,496,434,457]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">G. kuhli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not M-shaped), posteriorly directed fertilization ducts (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA4052EFB8C4785FB624EE1" box="[1117,1180,434,457]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1658,1680]" captionTargetBox="[164,1419,434,1629]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,434,1637]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male habitus, dorsal. B, Female habitus, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral; F, same, dorsal. Abbreviations: C, conductor; CD, copulatory duct; dC, distomedian process of conductor; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; LL, lateral lobe of epigynum; MA, median apophysis; PB, posterior border line of epigynum; PMA, paramedian apophysis; pTA, prolateral tibial apophysis; rCy, retrolateral cymbial extension; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; S, scapus; SH, spermathecal head; T, tegulum. Scale bars: A, 0.61 mm; B, 1.32 mm; C – D, 0.18 mm; E – F, 0.07 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241738/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
F) (fertilization ducts in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2382E4FFA4052EFF4647E2FF154EC4" box="[151,235,469,492]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuhli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA4052EFF4647E2FF154EC4" box="[151,235,469,492]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">G. kuhli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are anteriorly directed) and the long, closely placed paired lateral opisthosomal spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA4052EFB6347E2FB054EC4" box="[1202,1275,469,492]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1729,1751]" captionTargetBox="[375,1194,1175,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[340,1247,1167,1708]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male, retrolateral. B, Female, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral. F, same, dorsal. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 1 mm; C – F, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241737/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B, 2B) (lateral opisthosomal spines in
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA4052EFE4147CFFE214D27" box="[400,479,504,527]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">G. k u hl i</emphasis>
|
||
are short and widely placed).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C339AAECFFA4052DFF16442DFBC548C7" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="149" pageId="1" pageNumber="148" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9CF967FFA4052EFF16442DFBAA4B74" blockId="1.[151,1436,152,1116]" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA4052EFF16442DFEAC4D19" bold="true" box="[199,338,538,561]" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA4052EFE88442DFE6E4D19" box="[345,400,538,561]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Male</emphasis>
|
||
(from Pathiramanal Island,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA4052EFD6F442DFCFA4D19" box="[702,772,538,561]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1729,1751]" captionTargetBox="[375,1194,1175,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[340,1247,1167,1708]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male, retrolateral. B, Female, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral. F, same, dorsal. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 1 mm; C – F, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241737/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A, 2A): Prosoma black; cephalic region provided with a midanterior projection accomodating AMEs; thoracic region provided with numerous tiny tubercles. Clypeus, chelicerae, maxillae, labium, sternum black. Opisthosoma creamy white with black patches; dorsum provided with 20 sigillae arranged as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA4052EFEE944B5FE874DB1" box="[312,377,642,665]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1658,1680]" captionTargetBox="[164,1419,434,1629]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,434,1637]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male habitus, dorsal. B, Female habitus, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral; F, same, dorsal. Abbreviations: C, conductor; CD, copulatory duct; dC, distomedian process of conductor; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; LL, lateral lobe of epigynum; MA, median apophysis; PB, posterior border line of epigynum; PMA, paramedian apophysis; pTA, prolateral tibial apophysis; rCy, retrolateral cymbial extension; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; S, scapus; SH, spermathecal head; T, tegulum. Scale bars: A, 0.61 mm; B, 1.32 mm; C – D, 0.18 mm; E – F, 0.07 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241738/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A; unlike female, lateral spines on the opisthosoma absent, posterior ones present, but difficult to distinguish in dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA4052EFE6C4492FE004D94" box="[445,510,677,700]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1658,1680]" captionTargetBox="[164,1419,434,1629]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,434,1637]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male habitus, dorsal. B, Female habitus, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral; F, same, dorsal. Abbreviations: C, conductor; CD, copulatory duct; dC, distomedian process of conductor; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; LL, lateral lobe of epigynum; MA, median apophysis; PB, posterior border line of epigynum; PMA, paramedian apophysis; pTA, prolateral tibial apophysis; rCy, retrolateral cymbial extension; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; S, scapus; SH, spermathecal head; T, tegulum. Scale bars: A, 0.61 mm; B, 1.32 mm; C – D, 0.18 mm; E – F, 0.07 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241738/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A); marginal and ventral opisthosoma provided with numerous tiny, pointed tubercles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA4052EFF4E44FFFF194DF7" box="[159,231,712,735]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1729,1751]" captionTargetBox="[375,1194,1175,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[340,1247,1167,1708]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male, retrolateral. B, Female, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral. F, same, dorsal. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 1 mm; C – F, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241737/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A, 2A); venter with circular corrugations. Legs yellowish-brown with broad black patches. Body length 3.25. Prosoma length 1.29, width (at the middle) 0.85. Opisthosoma length 1.96, width (at the middle) 1.77. Eyes diameter: AME 0.07. ALE 0.07. PME 0.06. PLE 0.07. Eye interdistance: AME–AME 0.07. AME–ALE 0.19. AME–PME 0.07. PME–PME 0.05. PME–PLE 0.24. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.11, at ALEs 0.11. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 1.27 [0.29, 0.17, 0.15, 0.66], I 2.87 [0.91, 0.45, 0.58, 0.53, 0.40], II 2.57 [0.84, 0.41, 0.47, 0.46, 0.39], III 1.74 [0.56, 0.27, 0.30, 0.30, 0.31], IV 2.6 [0.89, 0.35, 0.51, 0.49, 0.36]. Leg formula: 1423. Pedipalp (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA4052EFBA54542FB454CA4" box="[1140,1211,885,908]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1729,1751]" captionTargetBox="[375,1194,1175,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[340,1247,1167,1708]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male, retrolateral. B, Female, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral. F, same, dorsal. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 1 mm; C – F, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241737/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C–D, 2C–D): Palpal segments yellowish-brown; cymbium brown. Tibia with a disto-prolateral finger-like extension directed at 10o’clock position (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA4052EFF2C458DFEBB4CF9" box="[253,325,954,977]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1729,1751]" captionTargetBox="[375,1194,1175,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[340,1247,1167,1708]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male, retrolateral. B, Female, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral. F, same, dorsal. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 1 mm; C – F, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241737/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C, 2C); RTA with broad base and narrow tip, base of RTA directed at 4o’clock, but its tip at 3o’clock (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA4052EFF4E45EAFF1C4CDC" box="[159,226,989,1012]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1658,1680]" captionTargetBox="[164,1419,434,1629]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,434,1637]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male habitus, dorsal. B, Female habitus, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral; F, same, dorsal. Abbreviations: C, conductor; CD, copulatory duct; dC, distomedian process of conductor; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; LL, lateral lobe of epigynum; MA, median apophysis; PB, posterior border line of epigynum; PMA, paramedian apophysis; pTA, prolateral tibial apophysis; rCy, retrolateral cymbial extension; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; S, scapus; SH, spermathecal head; T, tegulum. Scale bars: A, 0.61 mm; B, 1.32 mm; C – D, 0.18 mm; E – F, 0.07 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241738/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
D). Cymbium with a baso-retrolateral extension (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA4052EFD2D45EAFCBB4CDC" box="[764,837,989,1012]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1729,1751]" captionTargetBox="[375,1194,1175,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[340,1247,1167,1708]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male, retrolateral. B, Female, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral. F, same, dorsal. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 1 mm; C – F, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241737/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
D, 2D). Embolus with slightly broad base and narrow, blunt tip, directed at 3o’clock position (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA4052EFD9C4237FD694B3F" box="[589,663,1024,1047]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1729,1751]" captionTargetBox="[375,1194,1175,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[340,1247,1167,1708]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male, retrolateral. B, Female, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral. F, same, dorsal. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 1 mm; C – F, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241737/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C, 2C). Conductor with a disto-median, filiform process, with distinct ridges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA4052EFF364215FED34B11" box="[231,301,1058,1081]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1729,1751]" captionTargetBox="[375,1194,1175,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[340,1247,1167,1708]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male, retrolateral. B, Female, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral. F, same, dorsal. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 1 mm; C – F, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241737/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C, 2C). Paramedian apophysis nearly reniform, with less sclerotized basal part, lying in close contact with the basal part of embolus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA4052EFE604272FE094B74" box="[433,503,1093,1116]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1729,1751]" captionTargetBox="[375,1194,1175,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[340,1247,1167,1708]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male, retrolateral. B, Female, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral. F, same, dorsal. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 1 mm; C – F, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241737/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C, 2C). Median apophysis serrated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA4052EFCAA4272FC3E4B74" box="[891,960,1093,1116]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1729,1751]" captionTargetBox="[375,1194,1175,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[340,1247,1167,1708]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male, retrolateral. B, Female, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral. F, same, dorsal. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 1 mm; C – F, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241737/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C–D, 2C–D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5CA9EFFFA4052EFF4640F6FB8E49DC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241737/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="148" targetBox="[375,1194,1175,1703]" targetPageId="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9CF967FFA4052EFF4640F6FB8E49DC" blockId="1.[151,1435,1729,1780]" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA4052EFF4640F6FEF149FF" bold="true" box="[151,271,1729,1751]" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2382E4FFA4052EFEC640F5FD4549FF" authority="Fabricius, 1798" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1798" box="[279,699,1730,1751]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geminata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA4052EFEC640F5FDF949FF" box="[279,519,1730,1751]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Gasteracantha geminata</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius, 1798)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A, Male, retrolateral. B, Female, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral. F, same, dorsal. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 1 mm; C–F, 0.5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9CF967FFA4052DFF16412DFD104E57" blockId="1.[151,1436,1818,2014]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,152,383]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="149" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA4052EFF16412DFEE94819" box="[199,279,1818,1841]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Female</emphasis>
|
||
(Pathiramanal Island,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA4052EFDDF412DFDA84819" box="[526,598,1818,1841]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1729,1751]" captionTargetBox="[375,1194,1175,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[340,1247,1167,1708]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male, retrolateral. B, Female, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral. F, same, dorsal. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 1 mm; C – F, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241737/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B, 2B): Prosoma brown (dark-black in live specimen). Sternum with a large, median dirty-white patch. Opisthosoma hexagonal, white, provided posteriorly and laterally with paired, thick spines; lateral pairs closely packed, while posterior pair widely separated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA4052EFCB04168FC56485E" box="[865,936,1887,1910]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1729,1751]" captionTargetBox="[375,1194,1175,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[340,1247,1167,1708]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male, retrolateral. B, Female, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral. F, same, dorsal. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 1 mm; C – F, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241737/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="148">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B, 2B); dorsum provided with three transverse black bands and four rows of large sigillae; venter black with irregularly scattered white patches, transverse corrugations and a large conical tubercle between epigynum and anal tubercle. Legs yellowish-brown with black patches. Body length 7.55 (excluding the posterior spines). Prosoma length 2.65, width (at the middle) 3.19. Opisthosoma length 4.90, width (at the middle) 10.65 (excluding the lateral spines). Eyes diameter: AME 0.05 ALE 0.06. PME 0.05. PLE 0.06. Eye interdistance: AME–AME 0.08. AME–ALE 1.24. AME–PME 0.21. PME–PME 0.10. PME–PLE 1.25. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.22, at ALEs 0.24. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 3.95 [1.22, 0.62, 0.83, 1.28], I 8.62 [2.70, 1.37, 1.77, 1.78, 1.00], II 8.15 [2.72, 1.29, 1.53, 1.65, 0.96], III 6.21 [2.03, 0.94, 1.15, 1.17, 0.92], IV 9.85 [3.25, 1.28, 2.07, 2.12, 1.13]. Leg formula: 4123. Epigynum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA7052DFDED4715FD7A4E11" box="[572,644,290,313]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1729,1751]" captionTargetBox="[375,1194,1175,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[340,1247,1167,1708]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male, retrolateral. B, Female, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral. F, same, dorsal. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 1 mm; C – F, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241737/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="149">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
E–F, 2E–F): Posterior borderline folded slightly in front, with a median depression to form M-shape (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA7052DFE044772FDE84E74" box="[469,534,325,348]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1658,1680]" captionTargetBox="[164,1419,434,1629]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,434,1637]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male habitus, dorsal. B, Female habitus, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral; F, same, dorsal. Abbreviations: C, conductor; CD, copulatory duct; dC, distomedian process of conductor; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; LL, lateral lobe of epigynum; MA, median apophysis; PB, posterior border line of epigynum; PMA, paramedian apophysis; pTA, prolateral tibial apophysis; rCy, retrolateral cymbial extension; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; S, scapus; SH, spermathecal head; T, tegulum. Scale bars: A, 0.61 mm; B, 1.32 mm; C – D, 0.18 mm; E – F, 0.07 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241738/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="149">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
E). Scapus short, squarish, as long as the lateral lobes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA7052DFBB84772FB574E74" box="[1129,1193,325,348]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1658,1680]" captionTargetBox="[164,1419,434,1629]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,434,1637]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male habitus, dorsal. B, Female habitus, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral; F, same, dorsal. Abbreviations: C, conductor; CD, copulatory duct; dC, distomedian process of conductor; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; LL, lateral lobe of epigynum; MA, median apophysis; PB, posterior border line of epigynum; PMA, paramedian apophysis; pTA, prolateral tibial apophysis; rCy, retrolateral cymbial extension; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; S, scapus; SH, spermathecal head; T, tegulum. Scale bars: A, 0.61 mm; B, 1.32 mm; C – D, 0.18 mm; E – F, 0.07 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241738/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="149">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
E). Spermathecal head globular with short, wide copulatory duct (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318E5E2FFA7052DFD8F475FFD5B4E57" box="[606,677,360,383]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1729,1751]" captionTargetBox="[375,1194,1175,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[340,1247,1167,1708]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798). A, Male, retrolateral. B, Female, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral. F, same, dorsal. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 1 mm; C – F, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241737/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="149">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
F, 2F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5CA9EFFFA7052DFF46404DFF0D480A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241738/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="149" targetBox="[164,1419,434,1629]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9CF967FFA7052DFF46404DFF0D480A" blockId="2.[151,1436,1658,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="149">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA7052DFF46404DFEEF49B8" bold="true" box="[151,273,1658,1680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="149">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2382E4FFA7052DFECA404CFD3D49B8" authority="Fabricius, 1798" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1798" box="[283,707,1659,1680]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geminata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA7052DFECA404CFDF249B8" box="[283,524,1659,1680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="149">Gasteracantha geminata</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius, 1798)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A, Male habitus, dorsal. B, Female habitus, dorsal. C, Left male palp, prolateral. D, same, retrolateral. E, Epigynum, ventral; F, same, dorsal. Abbreviations: C, conductor; CD, copulatory duct; dC, distomedian process of conductor; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; LL, lateral lobe of epigynum; MA, median apophysis; PB, posterior border line of epigynum; PMA, paramedian apophysis; pTA, prolateral tibial apophysis; rCy, retrolateral cymbial extension; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; S, scapus; SH, spermathecal head; T, tegulum. Scale bars: A, 0.61 mm; B, 1.32 mm; C–D, 0.18 mm; E–F, 0.07 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9CF967FFA7052DFF16417AFD25484C" blockId="2.[151,1436,1869,2031]" box="[199,731,1869,1892]" pageId="2" pageNumber="149">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA7052DFF16417AFEC7484C" bold="true" box="[199,313,1869,1892]" pageId="2" pageNumber="149">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
Female body length (n = 3) 7.55–8.02.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9CF967FFA7052DFF164147FBC548C7" blockId="2.[151,1436,1869,2031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="149">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA7052DFF164147FE7E48AF" bold="true" box="[199,384,1904,1927]" pageId="2" pageNumber="149">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
Both males and females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2382E4FFA7052DFD104147FCBB48AF" box="[705,837,1904,1927]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geminata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA7052DFD104147FCBB48AF" box="[705,837,1904,1927]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="149">G. geminata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
construct orb-webs, preferably in open places among bushes at a height of
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB5482FFA7052DFE5941A4FE364882" box="[392,456,1939,1962]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="149" unit="m" value="0.5">0.5 m</quantity>
|
||
to
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB5482FFA7052DFE2041A4FDE34882" box="[497,541,1939,1962]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="149" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
||
above from the ground level. The web is a highly geometrical orb-web oriented obliquely to the ground level. The adult male spider (described here) was collected from the web of one of the females.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9572575FFA7052DFF1641EFFEA748C7" bold="true" box="[199,345,2008,2031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="149">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Known only from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334B9F7FFA7052DFDF441EFFDA248C7" box="[549,604,2008,2031]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="149">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334B9F7FFA7052DFD4141EFFD0648C7" box="[656,760,2008,2031]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="2" pageNumber="149">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
(World Spider Catalog 2014).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |