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<document id="C22152BEFBD1B6692902ADEDF79A05F8" ID-CLB-Dataset="45308" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.280255" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9d264785-6035-49e2-b6cf-29e3022a6e80" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="280255" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460448439561" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Razowski, Józef &amp; Brown, John W." docDate="2012" docId="038987EFFF9BFFEEFF61C4DB392C3FC6" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03222p027.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3222" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Phtheochroa Stevens 1829" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="2" masterDocId="FFB0FF97FF9AFFEFFFF6C7153C1A3816" masterDocTitle="Descriptions of new Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) reared from native fruit in Kenya" masterLastPageNumber="27" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1698338011529" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="96708ACF718203E725837996D98A6ED6">Descriptions of new Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) reared from native fruit in Kenya</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C33A6572FF9BFFEEFF61C4DB3DFB3BFE" box="[151,481,974,1000]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9F36F9FF9BFFEEFF61C4DB3DFB3BFE" blockId="1.[151,481,974,1000]" box="[151,481,974,1000]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<heading id="D0D78195FF9BFFEEFF61C4DB3DFB3BFE" bold="true" box="[151,481,974,1000]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFF61C4DB3DFB3BFE" ID-CoL="92JXC" authority="Stevens, 1829" authorityName="Stevens" authorityYear="1829" box="[151,481,974,1000]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Phtheochroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFF61C4DB3DFB3BFE" bold="true" box="[151,481,974,1000]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFF61C4DB3D293BFE" bold="true" box="[151,307,974,1000]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Phtheochroa</emphasis>
Stevens, 1829
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33A6572FF9BFFEEFF61C303392C3FC6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9F36F9FF9BFFEEFF61C3033EA83C3D" blockId="1.[151,690,1045,1067]" box="[151,690,1045,1067]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<typeStatus id="549B885BFF9BFFEEFF61C3033CD23C3D" box="[151,200,1046,1067]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFED0C3033E3F3C3D" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" box="[294,549,1045,1067]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Tortrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosana">
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFED0C3033DCB3C3D" box="[294,465,1046,1067]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Tortrix rugosana</emphasis>
Hübner
</taxonomicName>
, [
<date id="FF9E1039FF9BFFEEFDC3C3003EB13C3D" box="[565,683,1045,1067]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" value="1796" valueMax="1799">17961799</date>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9F36F9FF9BFFEEFF61C3423CCF3D32" blockId="1.[151,1437,1111,2000]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
Species currently included in
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFE1EC34D3E623C66" box="[488,632,1112,1136]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Phtheochroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFE1EC34D3E623C66" box="[488,632,1112,1136]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Phtheochroa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been treated variously as
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFC28C34C39163C79" authority="Stephens, 1852" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1852" box="[990,1292,1111,1136]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Hysterosia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFC28C34C384C3C66" box="[990,1110,1113,1136]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Hysterosia</emphasis>
Stephens, 1852
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFAEFC34D3D223C82" authority="Guenee, 1845" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Trachysmia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFAEFC34D39803C66" box="[1305,1434,1112,1136]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Trachysmia</emphasis>
Guenée, 1845
</taxonomicName>
, or
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFE93C3693DEF3C82" box="[357,501,1148,1172]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Phtheochroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFE93C3693DEF3C82" box="[357,501,1148,1172]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Phtheochroa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but there has been considerable inconsistency in the application of these names. The
<typeStatus id="549B885BFF9BFFEEFF3BC3B53CE73CAE" box="[205,253,1184,1208]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">type</typeStatus>
species of the three genera have very similar male genitalia and a forewing costal fold in the male. Although male secondary structures such as a costal fold typically are unreliable indicators of relationship, within
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFF61C3F23D1F3CE9" box="[151,261,1255,1279]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cochylini">Cochylini</taxonomicName>
a male costal fold occurs only in the species of this genus (but not all included species have a costal fold).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9F36F9FF9BFFEEFF31C23A381F3E9A" blockId="1.[151,1437,1111,2000]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
Based on facies, species of
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFDF5C2253E883D5E" box="[515,658,1328,1352]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Phtheochroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFDF5C2253E883D5E" box="[515,658,1328,1352]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Phtheochroa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sensu stricto) (
<typeStatus id="549B885BFF9BFFEEFCBAC23A3F643D51" box="[844,894,1327,1351]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">type</typeStatus>
species
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFC16C22438BD3D51" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" box="[992,1191,1327,1352]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Tortrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosana">
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFC16C22438503D5E" box="[992,1098,1329,1352]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">rugosana</emphasis>
Hübner
</taxonomicName>
[
<date id="FF9E1039FF9BFFEEFB40C23A39203D51" box="[1206,1338,1327,1351]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" value="1796" valueMax="1799">17961799</date>
]) can be separated from those of
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFE4DC2403E293D7A" box="[443,563,1365,1388]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Hysterosia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFE4DC2403E293D7A" box="[443,563,1365,1388]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Hysterosia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sensu stricto) by a banded forewing pattern, usually with conspicuously upraised scales, and a reduction or loss of the forewing costal fold. However, on the basis of the male genitalia of the
<typeStatus id="549B885BFF9BFFEEFF36C2883CEA3DA3" box="[192,240,1437,1461]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">type</typeStatus>
species,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFEA3C2883DD73DA2" box="[341,461,1437,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Hysterosia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFEA3C2883DD73DA2" box="[341,461,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Hysterosia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(i.e.,
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFDF8C2883E683DA2" box="[526,626,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">inopiana</emphasis>
[Haworth 1811]) and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFC9CC2893FF73DA2" box="[874,1005,1436,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Trachysmia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFC9CC2893FF73DA2" box="[874,1005,1436,1460]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Trachysmia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(i.e.,
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFBDAC28938D13DA2" box="[1068,1227,1436,1460]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">duponchelana</emphasis>
Duponchel, 1843) are almost certainly congeneric. The
<typeStatus id="549B885BFF9BFFEEFDCDC2D43E713DCF" box="[571,619,1473,1497]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">type</typeStatus>
species of
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFD1DC2D53F603DCE" box="[747,890,1472,1496]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Phtheochroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFD1DC2D53F603DCE" box="[747,890,1472,1496]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Phtheochroa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(i.e.,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFC4BC2D4383D3DCE" box="[957,1063,1473,1496]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Tortrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosana">
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFC4BC2D4383D3DCE" box="[957,1063,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">rugosana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) has similar genitalia, but with a much shorter uncus. While a short uncus and banded forewing pattern are somewhat concordant, these characters are not shared by all species in the group. Until a phylogenetic analysis of the included species is performed, it is uncertain whether the three genera are each monophyletic (representing genera, subgenera within
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFB13C139396C3E52" box="[1253,1398,1580,1604]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Phtheochora</emphasis>
, or species groups) or one or more are paraphyletic with respect to the others. In the absence of compelling evidence to the contrary, we opt for a conservative approach and retain all in
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFC99C1613FE43E9A" box="[879,1022,1652,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Phtheochroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFC99C1613FE43E9A" box="[879,1022,1652,1676]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Phtheochroa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9F36F9FF9BFFEEFF31C18D3D0F3F72" blockId="1.[151,1437,1111,2000]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
As currently defined,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFE37C18D3E4B3EA6" box="[449,593,1688,1712]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Phtheochroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFE37C18D3E4B3EA6" box="[449,593,1688,1712]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Phtheochroa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes 110 species distributed primarily in the Palearctic, Nearctic, and Neotropical regions (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B08FF9BFFEEFE7EC1A93E063EC2" author="Brown" box="[392,540,1724,1748]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Brown J. W. (2005) World Catalogue of Insects, Volume 5. Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 741 pp." type="book" year="2005">Brown 2005</bibRefCitation>
). Three recently described species are known from the Afrotropical region:
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFA71C1A83DA93EEE" authority="Razowski, 2005" authorityName="Razowski" authorityYear="2005" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Phtheochroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalica">
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFA71C1A83CE93EEE" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">P. natalica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B08FF9BFFEEFF0DC1F53DA93EEE" author="Razowski" box="[251,435,1760,1784]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Razowski, J. (2005) Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) from South Africa. 1: Tortricini and Cochylini. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 74, 495 - 508." type="journal article" year="2005">Razowski, 2005</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFE49C1F43ED43EEE" authority="Aarvik, 2010" authorityName="Aarvik" authorityYear="2010" box="[447,718,1760,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Phtheochroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lonnvei">
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFE49C1F43E343EEE" box="[447,558,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">P. lonnvei</emphasis>
Aarvik, 2010
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFCFDC1F4383F3EEE" authority="Aarvik, 2010" authorityName="Aarvik" authorityYear="2010" box="[779,1061,1760,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Phtheochroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kenyana">
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFCFDC1F43F9E3EEE" box="[779,900,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">P. kenyana</emphasis>
Aarvik, 2010
</taxonomicName>
. Most species have a well-developed, long, rodlike uncus; large, pendant socii; a large, broad phallus with 12 (rarely 3) long cornuti; a transtilla with a short, usually rectangular mesal lobe; and long, parallel-sided valvae with a distinct sacculus and a sclerotized costa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9F36F9FF9BFFEEFF31C065392C3FC6" blockId="1.[151,1437,1111,2000]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
Whereas most
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFE9BC0653DC13F9E" box="[365,475,1904,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cochylini">Cochylini</taxonomicName>
utilize
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFDD9C0653EB03F9E" box="[559,682,1904,1928]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
as larval food plants, many species of
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFBADC06538F13F9E" box="[1115,1259,1904,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Phtheochroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFBADC06538F13F9E" box="[1115,1259,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Phtheochroa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
apparently prefer other plant families, including
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFDE0C0813EB23FBA" box="[534,680,1940,1964]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFD42C0813F4D3FBA" box="[692,855,1940,1964]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Berberidaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Berberidaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFC94C08138043FBA" box="[866,1054,1940,1964]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chenopodiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Chenopodiaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFBDFC08138D63FBA" box="[1065,1228,1940,1964]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cucurbitaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFB2EC081397D3FBA" box="[1240,1383,1940,1964]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipsacaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Dipsacaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFA84C0813CFA3FC6" class="Liliopsida" family="Liliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Liliales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Liliaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFF1DC0AD3DBF3FC6" box="[235,421,1976,2000]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plumbaginaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Plumbaginaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFE46C0AC3E143FC6" box="[432,526,1977,2000]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFDECC0AD3EB63FC6" box="[538,684,1976,2000]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhamnaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rhamnaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFD41C0AC3F3E3FC6" box="[695,804,1977,2000]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFCD9C0AD3FBF3FC6" box="[815,933,1976,2000]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D7AFF9BFFEEFC2DC0AD39283FC6" authority="Brown et al. 2010" authorityName="Brown et al." authorityYear="2010" box="[987,1330,1976,2000]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
Ulmaceae (Brown
<emphasis id="B954EAEBFF9BFFEEFB59C0AC38FD3FC6" box="[1199,1255,1976,2000]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
2010)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>