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<document id="5C516B30C33DC5E1DDB6F53AC93962CB" ID-CLB-Dataset="21810" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2017.382" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ea406606-dfbd-4121-9d8c-108041a032b4" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3860077" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1590591302827" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Cakenberghe, Victor Van, Tungaluna, Guy-Crispin Gembu, Akawa, Prescott Musaba, Seamark, Ernest &amp; Verheyen, Erik" docDate="2017" docId="0389878798035A01D821FDCAD71CFAFB" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-2017-382.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 382" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Macronycteris gigas" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="32" masterDocId="FFB0FFFF981C5A1EDA61FF8BD215FFE0" masterDocTitle="The bats of the Congo and of Rwanda and Burundi revisited (Mammalia: Chiroptera)" masterLastPageNumber="327" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="32" updateTime="1698841734290" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="4FB1C2E43CBDCFF1430199DB6D3368A2">The bats of the Congo and of Rwanda and Burundi revisited (Mammalia: Chiroptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2E509977DA6DD68759BF6AAF8C79DCB7">Cakenberghe, Victor Van</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="697D08A2DE25176410B2026EF5868378">University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Functional Morphology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein, 1, B- 2610 Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium. &amp; AfricanBats NPC, 357 Botha Ave, Kloofsig, 0157, Republic of South Africa. &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 9 A 0 E 1 AF 5 - C 248 - 4648 - 9 D 64 - 443112890346 &amp; Corresponding author: Victor. VanCakenberghe @ uantwerpen. be</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7952FACA0E38813F711B57EEDB8CAA17">Tungaluna, Guy-Crispin Gembu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1AEB1B6F14F0E7D244A2B4BC872AED95">Faculté des Sciences, Université de Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo. &amp; Email: gembuguycrispin @ gmail. com &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 2 AE 2 F 96 F-A 138 - 419 B-B 650 - 6 DB 44 D 535 D 14 &amp; Faculté des Sciences, Université de Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo. &amp; Email: prescottmusaba @ yahoo. fr &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 4 C 40421 C- 1 D 84 - 4 BD 1 - A 444 - 360300 ECBEEC</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6EDCE68F060A8E6AC6C6A59AAA2006D9">Seamark, Ernest</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4C2DD53CCC1E2469E260F2853C8545C9">AfricanBats NPC, 357 Botha Ave, Kloofsig, 0157, Republic of South Africa. &amp; Centre for Wildlife Management, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X 20 Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, Republic of South Africa. &amp; Email: ernest. seamark @ africanbats. org &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: B 60 CA 9 A 1 - D 288 - 468 E-AEEB-D 0 F 136 E 96 F 5 B</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="126B150B24136C9059FFCB6B17924515">Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences - OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium. &amp; University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, B- 2610 Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium. &amp; Email: erik. verheyen @ naturalsciences. be &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 86 B 40463 - E 3 D 9 - 4147 - 9 ED 3 - D 7302 E 0 D 64 B 6</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="E87442B59E2E2E5F9CEA3992B63CEE30">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<heading id="D0D781FD98035A01D821FDCAD1E6FDBB" box="[576,1011,576,603]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C204D1298035A01D821FDCAD1E6FDBB" ID-CoL="5TJF2" authority="(Wagner, 1845)" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[576,1011,576,603]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Macronycteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B954EA8398035A01D821FDCAD123FDBB" bold="true" box="[576,822,577,603]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Macronycteris gigas</emphasis>
(Wagner, 1845)
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<figureCitation id="131B2A1498035A01D8B5FDEED130FD9F" box="[724,805,613,639]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[233,1353,307,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[225,1363,299,1888]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 13. Distribution maps. AB. Macronycteris gigas (Wagner, 1845). CD. Macronycteris vittatus (Peters, 1852). EF. Cardioderma cor (Peters, 1872). A, C, E. Distribution in the CRB area. B, D, F. Pan-African distribution." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3860111" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3860111/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
AB
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D1298035A01DADCFD2AD094FD5B" authority="Wagner, 1845: 148" authorityName="Wagner" authorityPageNumber="148" authorityYear="1845" box="[189,641,672,699]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B954EA8398035A01DADCFD2AD38CFD5A" box="[189,409,673,699]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Rhinolophus gigas</emphasis>
Wagner, 1845: 148
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.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3011BF98035A01DADCFD4DD106FD00" box="[189,787,709,736]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B954EA8398035A01DADCFD4DD2D9FD00" box="[189,204,710,736]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">*</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D1298035A01DAB2FD4ED11AFD00" ID-CoL="3M375" authority="(Wagner, 1845)" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[211,783,709,736]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="commersoni" subSpecies="gigas">
<emphasis id="B954EA8398035A01DAB2FD4ED05BFD3F" box="[211,590,709,735]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Hipposideros commersoni gigas</emphasis>
(Wagner, 1845)
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.
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<paragraph id="8B9F369198035A01DADCFC8CD6DEFC1C" blockId="31.[189,1399,774,1021]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
For a long time “
<taxonomicName id="4C204D1298035A01DBE9FC8DD0A8FCC0" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1813" box="[392,701,774,800]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="commersoni">
<emphasis id="B954EA8398035A01DBE9FC8DD0A8FCC0" box="[392,701,774,800]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Hipposideros commersoni</emphasis>
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” was considered to occur across the African continent, but
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B6098035A01DADCFCA0D3A3FCA5" author="McWilliam" box="[189,438,811,837]" firstAuthor="McWilliam" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref269791" refString="McWilliam A. N. 1982. Adaptive Responses to Seasonality in Four Species of Microchiroptera in Coastal Kenya. PhD thesis, University of Aberdeen, UK. Available from http: // aulib. abdn. ac. uk / F /? func = findb &amp; find _ code = SYS &amp; request = 001620585 [accessed 29 Nov. 2017]." type="url" year="1982">McWilliam (1982: 9)</bibRefCitation>
found
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<emphasis id="B954EA8398035A01D868FCA7D05CFCA5" box="[521,585,812,837]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">gigas</emphasis>
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to be specifically different from
<taxonomicName id="4C204D1298035A01D9ABFCA7D64CFCA5" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1813" box="[970,1113,812,837]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="commersoni">
<emphasis id="B954EA8398035A01D9ABFCA7D64CFCA5" box="[970,1113,812,837]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">commersoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which ultimately led to the restriction of the usage of the name “
<taxonomicName id="4C204D1298035A01D8C3FCC4D1C3FC89" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1813" box="[674,982,847,873]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="commersoni">
<emphasis id="B954EA8398035A01D8C3FCC4D1C3FC89" box="[674,982,847,873]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Hipposideros commersoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” for populations from
<collectingCountry id="F337760198035A01DE88FCC4D762FC89" box="[1257,1399,847,873]" name="Madagascar" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
only.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B6098035A01DB61FCFFD012FC6F" author="Happold" box="[256,519,884,911]" firstAuthor="Happold" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="385 - 387" refId="ref263209" refString="Happold M. 2013 k. Hipposideros gigas Giant Leaf-nosed Bat. In: Happold M. &amp; Happold D. (eds) Mammals of Africa Volume IV. Hedgehogs, Shrews and Bats: 385 - 387. Bloomsbury Publishing, London." type="book chapter" year="2013" yearSuffix="k">Happold (2013k: 385)</bibRefCitation>
indicates that both
<taxonomicName id="4C204D1298035A01D895FCFED121FC6E" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[756,820,885,910]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B954EA8398035A01D895FCFED121FC6E" box="[756,820,885,910]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D1298035A01D910FCFED1D2FC6E" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[881,967,885,910]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vittatus">
<emphasis id="B954EA8398035A01D910FCFED1D2FC6E" box="[881,967,885,910]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">vittatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(or its synonym
<emphasis id="B954EA8398035A01DEF4FCFED73EFC6E" box="[1173,1323,885,910]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">marungensis</emphasis>
) were reported to occur sympatrically, which makes them separate species as well (see also
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B6098035A01DEDDFC12D2F9FC37" author="Simmons" firstAuthor="Simmons" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="312 - 567" refId="ref273235" refString="Simmons N. B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. In: Wilson D. E. &amp; Reeder D. M. (eds) Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference: 312 - 567. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore." type="book chapter" year="2005">Simmons 2005: 372</bibRefCitation>
, 377). Unfortunately, however, as mentioned by these two authors, this split probably makes it necessary to re-examine all material collected prior to 2005 to assess their identification.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9F369198035A01DADCFBAED71CFAFB" blockId="31.[189,1399,1061,1307]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Although
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B6098035A01DB5BFBAED06AFBDF" author="Hayman" box="[314,639,1061,1087]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hayman" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref265860" refString="Hayman R. W., Misonne X. &amp; Verheyen W. N. 1966. The bats of the Congo and of Rwanda and Burundi. Annalen van het Koninklijk Museum voor Midden Afrika, Zoologische Wetenschappen, Ser. 8, 154: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1966">
Hayman
<emphasis id="B954EA8398035A01DBCDFBADD3FBFBDF" box="[428,494,1061,1087]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
(1966: 44)
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report the two “subspecies”, they only provided a map for
<taxonomicName id="4C204D1298035A01DADCFBC1D3ADFB83" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[189,440,1098,1123]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="commersoni" subSpecies="gigas">
<emphasis id="B954EA8398035A01DADCFBC1D3ADFB83" box="[189,440,1098,1123]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">H. commersoni gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(map 50), which also contained the data for the other form. The distribution map provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B6098035A01DB35FBE5D049FB69" author="Happold" box="[340,604,1134,1161]" firstAuthor="Happold" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="385 - 387" refId="ref263209" refString="Happold M. 2013 k. Hipposideros gigas Giant Leaf-nosed Bat. In: Happold M. &amp; Happold D. (eds) Mammals of Africa Volume IV. Hedgehogs, Shrews and Bats: 385 - 387. Bloomsbury Publishing, London." type="book chapter" year="2013" yearSuffix="k">Happold (2013k: 386)</bibRefCitation>
indicates that “
<taxonomicName id="4C204D1298035A01D976FBE4D168FB68" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[791,893,1135,1160]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B954EA8398035A01D976FBE4D168FB68" box="[791,893,1135,1160]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">H. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” primarily occurs in western Africa to the
<collectingCountry id="F337760198035A01DADCFB18D3DBFB4D" box="[189,462,1171,1197]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
, coastal
<collectingCountry id="F337760198035A01D855FB18D09FFB4D" box="[564,650,1171,1197]" name="Angola" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Angola</collectingCountry>
and in the coastal areas around the border between
<collectingCountry id="F337760198035A01DE96FB18D751FB4D" box="[1271,1348,1171,1197]" name="Kenya" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Kenya</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F337760198035A01DADCFB3CD33FFB31" box="[189,298,1207,1233]" name="Tanzania" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
. Furthermore, she plots a few isolated records in the eastern part of the
<collectingCountry id="F337760198035A01DE1AFB3CD6AEFB31" box="[1147,1211,1207,1233]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">DRC</collectingCountry>
. The SDM map is fairly similar, although we connect the western African populations with those from the
<collectingCountry id="F337760198035A01DF67FB57D757FB16" box="[1286,1346,1244,1270]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">DRC</collectingCountry>
and believe the eastern African populations represent
<taxonomicName id="4C204D1298035A01D960FA8AD619FAFA" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[769,1036,1281,1306]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Macronycteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vittatus">
<emphasis id="B954EA8398035A01D960FA8AD619FAFA" box="[769,1036,1281,1306]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Macronycteris vittatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
rather than
<taxonomicName id="4C204D1298035A01DEFAFA8AD717FAFA" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[1179,1282,1281,1306]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B954EA8398035A01DEFAFA8AD717FAFA" box="[1179,1282,1281,1306]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">M. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>