522 lines
99 KiB
XML
522 lines
99 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="7C4A22F09A3EFCFF69E978298A69343C">Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="038923740B623365FF73AA3F1CE3FD5D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6520709" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209285981" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6520709" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B623365FF73AA3F1CE3FD5D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038923740B623365FF73AA3F1CE3FD5D" lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B623368FF73AA3F1B33FAE8" authority="(Kluge, 1908)" baseAuthorityName="Kluge" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[151,580,1374,1401]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Mixtoscutella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="ussowi">
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<emphasis id="B9544E700B623368FF73AA3F18E2FAE9" bold="true" box="[151,405,1374,1401]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Mixtoscutella ussowi</emphasis>
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(Kluge, 1908)
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(
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<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B623368FF7BAAE21981FA0D" box="[159,246,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1645,1669]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-20@86.[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 28. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544584/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Figs 28</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B623368FEE6AAE21844FA0D" box="[258,307,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="93.[151,250,1605,1629]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,211,1557]" captionTargetId="figure-17@93.[151,1436,211,1557]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURE 33. Type specimens of Rhamphostomella and Mixtoscutella species. A, B. Rhamphostomella sibirica (Kluge, 1929). Lectotype, ZIRAS 1/50730 (Laptev Sea). C, D. Rhamphostomella tatarica (Androsova, 1958). Paratype, ZIRAS 2/3852 (Tatar Strait, Sea of Japan). E, F. Rhamphostomella spinigera Lorenz, 1886. Lectotype, NHMW 92535 (Jan Mayen). G. Mixtoscutella ovata (Smitt, 1868). Lectotype, SMNH-Type-9303 (Red Bay, west Spitsbergen, Svalbard and Jan Mayen). H. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). Lectotype, ZIRAS 4/2331 (estuary of Mezen River, White Sea). Scale bars: A–F, H, 250 µm; G, 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544595" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544595/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">33H</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B623368FF73AAA61B3DFA4F" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[151,586,1479,1503]" page="527" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" year="1908">
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<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B623368FF73AAA61B3DFA4F" authority="Kluge, 1908 a, p. 527" authorityName="Kluge" authorityPageNumber="527" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,586,1479,1503]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="ussowi">
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<emphasis id="B9544E700B623368FF73AAA6181AFA4F" box="[151,365,1479,1503]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Schizoporella ussowi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B623368FE97AAA61889FA4F" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[371,510,1479,1503]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="515 - 540" refId="ref90905" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1908 a) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Bryozoen des Weissen Meeres. Annual Reports of the Zoological Museum of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 12, 515 - 540." type="journal article" year="1908">Kluge, 1908a</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 527
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, figs 2a–c.
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B623368FF73AA871B32FA6E" authority=": Kluge 1953, p. 175" authorityName="Kluge" authorityPageNumber="175" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,581,1510,1534]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bryocryptellidae" genus="Hippodiplosia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="ussowi">
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<emphasis id="B9544E700B623368FF73AA871804FA6D" box="[151,371,1510,1534]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Hippodiplosia ussowi</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B623368FE64AA87188EFA6E" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[384,505,1510,1534]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="169 - 179" refId="ref91183" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1953) Class Bryozoa. In: Ushakov, P. V. (Ed.), Fauna of the Sea of Okhotsk and Conditions of its Existence. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad, USSR, pp. 169 - 179. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1953">Kluge 1953</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 175
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; 1961, p. 135; 1962, p. 501, fig. 348; 1975, p. 609, fig. 348;
|
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<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B623368FB47AA871CEFFA6E" author="Androsova, E. I." box="[1187,1432,1510,1534]" page="139" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" year="1958">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B623368FB47AA871C3AFA6E" author="Androsova, E. I." box="[1187,1357,1510,1534]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="90 - 204" refId="ref86122" refString="Androsova, E. I. (1958) Bryozoa of the order Cheilostomata of the northern part of the Sea of Japan. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 5, 90 - 204. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1958">Androsova 1958</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 139
|
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</treatmentCitation>
|
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, fig. 62;
|
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<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B623368FEF3A9651B61F98D" author="Kluge, G. A. & Androsova, E. I. & Gostilovskaya, M. G." box="[279,534,1540,1565]" page="212" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" year="1959">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B623368FEF3A96518BEF98C" author="Kluge, G. A. & Androsova, E. I. & Gostilovskaya, M. G." box="[279,457,1540,1564]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="173 - 256" refId="ref91442" refString="Kluge, G. A., Androsova, E. I. & Gostilovskaya, M. G. (1959) Class Bryozoa. The list of marine fauna of the southern Sakhalin and southern Kuril Islands. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 6, 173 - 256. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1959">
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Kluge
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B623368FEBFA96418FFF98C" box="[347,392,1540,1564]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
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. 1959
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</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 212
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9F92620B623368FF73A9421BB1F9AB" blockId="85.[151,1436,1479,1687]" box="[151,710,1571,1595]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B623368FF73A9421B31F9AB" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[151,582,1571,1595]" page="330" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" year="1933">
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<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B623368FF73A9421B31F9AB" authority=": Osburn 1933, p. 330" authorityName="Osburn" authorityPageNumber="330" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,582,1571,1595]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bryocryptellidae" genus="Hippodiplosia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="smitti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B623368FF73A9421811F9AB" box="[151,358,1571,1595]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Hippodiplosia smitti</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B623368FE90A942188DF9AB" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[372,506,1571,1595]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="291 - 385" refId="ref93738" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1933) Bryozoa of the Mount Desert Region. In: Procter, W. (Ed.), Biological Survey of the Mount Desert Region. Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, pp. 291 - 385." type="book chapter" year="1933">Osburn 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 330
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 9, fig. 6.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B623368FF73A9231B31F9E8" blockId="85.[151,1436,1479,1687]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB30B54C0B623368FF73A9231B31F9E8" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B623368FF73A9231B9EF9CA" author="Gontar, V. I. & Denisenko, N. V." box="[151,745,1602,1626]" page="358" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" year="1989">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B623368FF73A9231B9EF9CA" authority=": Gontar & Denisenko 1989, p. 358" authorityName="Gontar & Denisenko" authorityPageNumber="358" authorityYear="1989" box="[151,745,1602,1626]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Hippoporina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="ussowi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B623368FF73A923181EF9C9" box="[151,361,1602,1625]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Hippoporina ussowi</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B623368FE9EA9231BE3F9CA" author="Gontar, V. I. & Denisenko, N. V." box="[378,660,1602,1626]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="341 - 371" refId="ref88701" refString="Gontar, V. I. & Denisenko, N. V. (1989) Arctic Ocean Bryozoa. In: Herman, Y. (Ed.), The Arctic Seas. Climatology, Oceanography, Geology, and Biology. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, USA, pp. 341 - 371. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4613 - 0677 - 1 _ 14" type="book chapter" year="1989">Gontar & Denisenko 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 358
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B623368FD13A9231A9DF9CA" author="Denisenko, N. V." box="[759,1002,1602,1626]" page="37" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" year="1990">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B623368FD13A9231AD5F9CA" author="Denisenko, N. V." box="[759,930,1602,1626]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref87292" refString="Denisenko, N. V. (1990) Distribution and ecology of Bryozoa of the Barents Sea. Kolsky Scientific Center of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Appatity, USSR, 156 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1990">Denisenko 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 37
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; 2013, p. 184;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B623368FB74A9231CEFF9CA" author="Grischenko, A. V." box="[1168,1432,1602,1626]" page="189" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" year="1997">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B623368FB74A9231C33F9CA" author="Grischenko, A. V." box="[1168,1348,1602,1626]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="153 - 192" refId="ref89452" refString="Grischenko, A. V. (1997) Bryozoans (Ctenostomida, Cheilostomida) of the shelf zone of the Commander Islands. In: Rzhavsky, A. V. (Ed.), Benthic Flora and Fauna of the Shelf Zone of the Commander Islands. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 153 - 192. [in Russian with English summary]" type="book chapter" year="1997">Grischenko 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 189
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B623368FF23A9011B35F9E8" author="Shunatova, N. N. & Ostrovsky, A. N." box="[199,578,1632,1657]" page="115" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" year="2001">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B623368FF23A9011881F9E9" author="Shunatova, N. N. & Ostrovsky, A. N." box="[199,502,1632,1657]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="113 - 142" refId="ref95277" refString="Shunatova, N. N. & Ostrovsky, A. N. (2001) Individual autozooidal behaviour and feeding in marine bryozoans. Sarsia, 86, 113 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.2001.10420468" type="journal article" year="2001">Shunatova & Ostrovsky 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 115
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B623368FF73A91E1A24F907" blockId="85.[151,1436,1479,1687]" box="[151,851,1663,1687]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB30B54C0B623368FF73A91E1A24F907" box="[151,851,1663,1687]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B623368FF73A91E1B88F907" author="Winston, J. E. & Hayward, P. J." box="[151,767,1663,1687]" page="124" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" year="2012">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B623368FF73A91E1B88F907" ID-CoL="6WTW8" authority=": Winston & Hayward 2012, p. 124" authorityName=": Winston & Hayward" authorityPageNumber="124" authorityYear="2012" box="[151,767,1663,1687]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="ussowi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B623368FF73A91E18EEF907" box="[151,409,1663,1687]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Rhamphostomella ussowi</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B623368FE42A91E1BC3F907" author="Winston, J. E. & Hayward, P. J." box="[422,692,1663,1687]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref96358" refString="Winston, J. E. & Hayward, P. J. (2012) The marine bryozoans of the northeast coast of the United States: Maine to Virginia. Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir, 11, 1 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11688" type="journal article" year="2012">Winston & Hayward 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 124
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 80.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B623368FF73A9A41AFDF84C" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B623368FF73A9A41A7BF893" blockId="85.[151,1436,1733,2012]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B623368FF73A9A418F4F94F" bold="true" box="[151,387,1733,1759]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B623368FE69A9A71A7BF893" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405392" collectingDate="1876-06-27" collectionCode="ZIRAS" collectorName="K. S. Merezhkovsky." location="Mezen River" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" specimenCode="ZIRAS 4" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B623368FE69A9A7188DF94F" box="[397,506,1734,1759]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<typeStatus id="549B2CC00B623368FE69A9A7188DF94F" box="[397,506,1734,1759]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB863A190B623368FDEFA9A41B04F94F" box="[523,627,1733,1759]" collectionCode="ZIRAS" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">ZIRAS 4</specimenCode>
|
||
/2331, single colony fragment, Stn 8,
|
||
<date id="FF9EB4A20B623368FBCDA9A41DB0F94F" box="[1065,1223,1733,1760]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" value="1876-06-27">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFDA4D4A0B623368FBCDA9A41DB0F94F" box="[1065,1223,1733,1760]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" value="1876-06-27">27 June 1876</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, estuary of
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B623368FAB4A9A719A0F893" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B623365FF73AA3F1CE3FD5D:8EFFC4B90B623368FAB4A9A719A0F893" name="Mezen River" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Mezen River</location>
|
||
, White Sea, dredge, collector
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B623368FDC3A9881A7BF893" box="[551,780,1769,1795]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">K.S. Merezhkovsky.</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B623368FF23A86C1BF1F803" blockId="85.[151,1436,1733,2012]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B623368FF23A86C1B1CF8DB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405310" collectionCode="ZIRAS" collectorName="G. A. Kluge." county="Zajatskie Islands" location="Onego Bay" municipality="Solovetskiy Archipelago" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" specimenCode="ZIRAS 13" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB863A190B623368FF23A86C1840F8B8" box="[199,311,1805,1832]" collectionCode="ZIRAS" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">ZIRAS 13</specimenCode>
|
||
/13526, colony fragment, summer 1897,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62FEEAEE0B623368FD1CA86C1AC4F8B7" box="[760,947,1805,1831]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Zajatskie Islands</collectingCounty>
|
||
of the
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFB08180B623368FC18A86C1C66F8B7" box="[1020,1297,1805,1831]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Solovetskiy Archipelago</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B623368FAFEA86C1CEFF8B8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B623365FF73AA3F1CE3FD5D:8EFFC4B90B623368FAFEA86C1CEFF8B8" box="[1306,1432,1805,1832]" county="Zajatskie Islands" municipality="Solovetskiy Archipelago" name="Onego Bay" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Onego Bay</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B623368FF73A8501878F8DB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B623365FF73AA3F1CE3FD5D:8EFFC4B90B623368FF73A8501878F8DB" box="[151,271,1841,1867]" county="Zajatskie Islands" municipality="Solovetskiy Archipelago" name="White Sea" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">White Sea</location>
|
||
, dredge, collector
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B623368FE04A8501B1CF8DB" box="[480,619,1841,1867]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">G.A. Kluge.</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B623368FD96A8501D77F8DB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405360" box="[626,1024,1841,1868]" collectionCode="ZIRAS" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" specimenCode="ZIRAS 14" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB863A190B623368FD96A8501B92F8DC" box="[626,741,1841,1868]" collectionCode="ZIRAS" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">ZIRAS 14</specimenCode>
|
||
/50567, colony fragment
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B623368FBE8A8531D9FF8DB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405465" box="[1036,1256,1841,1868]" collectionCode="KIENM" location="Collection" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B623368FBE8A8531D1FF8DC" box="[1036,1128,1842,1868]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">KIENM</collectionCode>
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B623368FB94A8501D9FF8DB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B623365FF73AA3F1CE3FD5D:8EFFC4B90B623368FB94A8501D9FF8DB" box="[1136,1256,1841,1867]" name="Collection" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Collection</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B623368FB10A8531899F804" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405490" collectingDate="1988-09-18" collectionCode="RV" county="Nazarovsk" elevation="48" latitude="60.116665" location="Korfa Gulf" longLatPrecision="103" longitude="165.95" municipality="Stn" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kamchatka">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B623368FB10A8531C6FF8DC" box="[1268,1304,1842,1868]" country="Italy" name="Collection of Leptospira Strains" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">RV</collectionCode>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B623368FAC4A8501CE2F8DB" box="[1312,1429,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62FEEAEE0B623368FAC4A8501CE2F8DB" box="[1312,1429,1841,1867]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Nazarovsk</collectingCounty>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFB08180B623368FF73A83419CBF8FF" box="[151,188,1877,1903]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Stn</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
394,
|
||
<date id="FF9EB4A20B623368FF1EA83418A1F8FF" box="[250,470,1877,1903]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" value="1988-09-18">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFDA4D4A0B623368FF1EA83418A1F8FF" box="[250,470,1877,1903]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" value="1988-09-18">18 September 1988</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B623368FE04A8341B29F8FF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B623365FF73AA3F1CE3FD5D:8EFFC4B90B623368FE04A8341B29F8FF" box="[480,606,1877,1903]" county="Nazarovsk" latitude="60.116665" longLatPrecision="103" longitude="165.95" municipality="Stn" name="Korfa Gulf" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" stateProvince="Kamchatka">Korfa Gulf</location>
|
||
, eastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E45C800B623368FD5AA8341AC3F8FF" box="[702,948,1877,1903]" country="Russia" name="Kamchatka" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Kamchatka Peninsula</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B623368FC5AA8341D4BF8FF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B623365FF73AA3F1CE3FD5D:8EFFC4B90B623368FC5AA8341D4BF8FF" box="[958,1084,1877,1903]" county="Nazarovsk" latitude="60.116665" longLatPrecision="103" longitude="165.95" municipality="Stn" name="Bering Sea" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" stateProvince="Kamchatka">Bering Sea</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B623368FBA3A8361DB5F8E0" box="[1095,1218,1878,1906]" degrees="60" direction="north" minutes="07.0" orientation="latitude" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" precision="92" value="60.116665">60°07.0ʹ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B623368FB29A8361C24F8E0" box="[1229,1363,1878,1906]" degrees="165" direction="east" minutes="57.0" orientation="longitude" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" precision="92" value="165.95">165°57.0ʹ E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B623368FF73A81819A5F804" box="[151,210,1913,1940]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" unit="m" value="48.0">
|
||
<elevation id="000D75510B623368FF73A81819A5F804" box="[151,210,1913,1940]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" unit="m" value="48.0">48 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, rock dredge, collector A
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B623368FE16A81B1BF5F803" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405425" box="[498,642,1913,1940]" collectionCode="V" location="Rzhavsky" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kamchatka">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B623368FE16A81B1B7FF804" box="[498,520,1914,1940]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B623368FDF6A8181BF5F803" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B623365FF73AA3F1CE3FD5D:8EFFC4B90B623368FDF6A8181BF5F803" box="[530,642,1913,1939]" name="Rzhavsky" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" stateProvince="Kamchatka">Rzhavsky</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B623368FF23A8FC1AFDF84C" blockId="85.[151,1436,1733,2012]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B623368FF23A8FC18CCF827" bold="true" box="[199,443,1949,1975]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Additional material.</emphasis>
|
||
Seven specimens. IMB Collection, Commander Intertidal Expedition (1972) Stn 194/2;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B623368FF73A8A31984F84C" box="[151,243,1986,2012]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">KIENM</collectionCode>
|
||
Collection (1992) Stns 54, 88 (see Appendix 1 for details).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF5FC2EA0B61336BFF73A90C1DFAF87E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544584" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6544584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544584/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" startId="86.[151,250,1645,1669]" targetBox="[213,1374,181,1622]" targetPageId="86">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B61336BFF73A90C1DFAF87E" blockId="86.[151,1437,1645,2030]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B61336BFF73A90C1856F915" bold="true" box="[151,289,1645,1669]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">FIGURE 28.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B61336BFEC3A90F1BE1F916" authority="(Kluge, 1908)" baseAuthorityName="Kluge" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[295,662,1646,1670]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Mixtoscutella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="ussowi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B61336BFEC3A90F188AF915" box="[295,509,1646,1670]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Mixtoscutella ussowi</emphasis>
|
||
(Kluge, 1908)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B60336AFF23AFF61BCFF9E5" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B60336AFF23AFF61B1FFE8D" blockId="87.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B60336AFF23AFF61809FF21" bold="true" box="[199,382,151,177]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Measurements.</emphasis>
|
||
ZIRAS 14/50567, Korfa Gulf, eastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E45C800B60336AFCDEAFF61ACBFF21" box="[826,956,151,177]" country="Russia" name="Kamchatka" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Kamchatka</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Bering Sea (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B60336AFBB2AFF61D90FF21" box="[1110,1255,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1645,1669]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-20@86.[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 28. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544584/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Fig. 28A–M</figureCitation>
|
||
). ZL, 0.67–1.13 (0.91 ± 0.11). ZW, 0.37–0.70 (0.54 ± 0.07). ZD, 0.60–0.78 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B60336AFCDAAFDA1A3BFF44" box="[830,844,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 2). OrL, 0.20–0.25 (0.23 ± 0.01). OrW, 0.21–0.25 (0.23 ± 0.01). OeL, 0.35–0.43 (0.39 ± 0.02) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B60336AFD7AAFBE1BDBFF68" box="[670,684,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 15). OeW, 0.36–0.44 (0.39 ± 0.02) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B60336AFB8FAFBE1D0EFF68" box="[1131,1145,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 15). Av(s)L, 0.09–0.14 (0.11 ± 0.01). P(f)N, 32–49 (42) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B60336AFDF4AE621B69FE8C" box="[528,542,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 10).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B60336AFF23AE471C25FE19" blockId="87.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B60336AFF23AE47182EFED0" bold="true" box="[199,345,294,320]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Colonies encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B60336AFC8FAE461AA1FED1" box="[875,982,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1645,1669]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-20@86.[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 28. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544584/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Fig. 28A</figureCitation>
|
||
), roughly circular, up to 11 ×
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B60336AFADDAE461C0AFED1" box="[1337,1405,295,321]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
in maximal dimension, bright-yellow to beige when alive, light yellow when dry. Zooids of medium size, oblonghexagonal, oval to irregularly polygonal, arranged in quincunx, delineated by undulating fused lateral walls.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B60336AFF23AEF21A79FC85" blockId="87.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
|
||
Frontal shield mixed, comprising umbonuloid and lepralioid components (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B60336AFC14AEF21DFAFE3D" box="[1008,1165,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1645,1669]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-20@86.[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 28. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544584/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Fig. 28A, D, F</figureCitation>
|
||
), flattened to moderately convex and coarsely granular medially. Proximal to orifice is narrow imperforate area, extending along zooidal midline and corresponding to umbonuloid part of shield. Extensive peripheral area, corresponding to lepralioid part of shield, bearing numerous pseudopores lying in large, deep, polygonal (square, trapezoid, rectangular) infundibular depressions. With age, frontal shield appearing increasingly reticulate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B60336AFC53AD421D4CFDAD" box="[951,1083,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1645,1669]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-20@86.[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 28. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544584/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Fig. 28F, G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Interior of frontal shield (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B60336AFA8BAD4219CAFDF1" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1645,1669]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-20@86.[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 28. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544584/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Fig. 28I</figureCitation>
|
||
) showing mixed structure. Ring scar indistinct (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B60336AFD09AD261A22FDF1" box="[749,853,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1645,1669]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-20@86.[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 28. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544584/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Fig. 28L</figureCitation>
|
||
), forming irregular boundary between umbonuloid exterior wall and extra-umbonuloid interior wall microstructure. Narrow umbonuloid component occupying more than 50% length of frontal shield (55% in one measured zooid), corresponding to external imperforate area.Adjacent pseudoporous area surrounding imperforate region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B60336AFD07ADD21A0DFD5D" box="[739,890,691,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1645,1669]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-20@86.[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 28. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544584/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Fig. 28I, J, L</figureCitation>
|
||
), corresponding to lepralioid part of shield. One or two small areolae (connecting hypostegal and visceral coelomic cavities) visible lateral to primary orifice (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B60336AFA8BADB6199EFC85" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1645,1669]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-20@86.[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 28. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544584/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Fig. 28B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
), as smallest pores in shield interior (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B60336AFD6FAD9A1A77FC85" box="[651,768,763,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1645,1669]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-20@86.[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 28. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544584/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Fig. 28I, J</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B60336AFF23AC7E1DC3FC11" blockId="87.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
|
||
Primary orifice (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B60336AFE61AC7E1B38FCA9" box="[389,591,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1645,1669]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-20@86.[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 28. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544584/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Fig. 28A, B, C, J</figureCitation>
|
||
) roughly circular to pyriform; distal and lateral margins formed by upper terminal part of distal transverse wall. Сondyles usually narrow triangular, with acute or rounded tips. Distal margin of orifice rounded, proximal margin with deep, wide U-shaped sinus. No oral spines or lyrula.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B60336AFF23ACEA1B59FBA5" blockId="87.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
|
||
Secondary orifice (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B60336AFE7BACEA1B3DFC35" box="[415,586,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1645,1669]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-20@86.[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 28. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544584/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Fig. 28D, E, G</figureCitation>
|
||
) rounded to transversely oval, generally repeating form of primary orifice, cormidial; restricted distally by vertical thickening of proximal wall of daughter zooid and, occasionally, by adjacent zooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B60336AFF0BACB21802FC7D" box="[239,373,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1645,1669]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-20@86.[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 28. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544584/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Fig. 28C–E</figureCitation>
|
||
); proximal curvature formed by distal side of avicularian cystid connecting to weakly elevated, very small lateral lappets from frontal shield; in ovicellate zooids, these low lappets connecting with proximolateral corners of ooecium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B60336AFE9BAB7A1B56FBA5" box="[383,545,1051,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1645,1669]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-20@86.[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 28. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544584/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Fig. 28E, F, G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B60336AFF23AB5E1C69FB79" blockId="87.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
|
||
Cystid of suboral avicularium small, only slightly broadened and elevated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B60336AFBD0AB5E1DB5FBC9" box="[1076,1218,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1645,1669]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-20@86.[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 28. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544584/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Fig. 28A–G</figureCitation>
|
||
), situated medially proximal to orifice, surface finely to coarsely granular, with 3–4 minute communication pores. Avicularian frontal surface (rostral/postmandibular areas) angular, crossing zooidal midline, facing obliquely distally. Rostrum low (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B60336AFA8BABE61991FB55" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1645,1669]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-20@86.[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 28. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544584/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Fig. 28B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
), short, oval, transversely oriented, directed distolaterally to laterally, forming blunt angle with postmandibular area. Palate short, lingulate, foramen repeating shape of palate; opesia semicircular. Crossbar complete.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B60336AFF23AB9219A7FA51" blockId="87.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
|
||
Ovicells initially hyperstomial, becoming subimmersed and even appearing endozooidal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B60336AFB02AB921C07FA9D" box="[1254,1392,1267,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1645,1669]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-20@86.[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 28. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544584/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Fig. 28E–G</figureCitation>
|
||
) as consequence of overgrowth by secondary calcification from frontal shields of daughter and adjacent zooids; surface coarsely granular, with 1–2 divergent sutures subdividing secondary calcification from contiguous zooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B60336AFAD4AA5A19D8FAE9" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1645,1669]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-20@86.[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 28. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544584/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Fig. 28F– G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ooecium formed by distal autozooid, ooecial fold developing at colony margin concurrently with formation of frontal shield of distal zooid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B60336AFE0DAAE21B23FA0D" box="[489,596,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1645,1669]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-20@86.[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 28. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544584/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Fig. 28A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Fully completed ooecia with concave proximal margin; pseudopores not seen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B60336AFF23AAAA1D2FF999" blockId="87.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
|
||
Zooids interconnected by 1‒2 mural pore chambers in each distolateral wall (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B60336AFBC1AAAA1DE5FA75" box="[1061,1170,1483,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1645,1669]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-20@86.[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 28. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544584/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Fig. 28M</figureCitation>
|
||
). Communication pores forming two multiporous septula or spread randomly in basal half of transverse walls.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B60336AFF23A9721D46F9C1" blockId="87.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
|
||
Basal surface of zooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B60336AFE3DA9721B49F9BD" box="[473,574,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1645,1669]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-20@86.[213,1374,181,1622]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 28. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544584/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Fig. 28K</figureCitation>
|
||
) fully calcified, flattened, textured with coarse, parallel or irregular lineation, without protuberances. Boundaries between zooids recognizable by fine incisions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B60336AFF23A93A1BCFF9E5" blockId="87.[151,1437,150,2013]" box="[199,696,1627,1653]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Ancestrula and early astogeny not observed.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B603365FF23A91E1D3EFF69" lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B60336AFF23A91E1851F8DD" blockId="87.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B60336AFF23A91E184CF909" bold="true" box="[199,315,1663,1689]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
In his original description,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B60336AFD88A91E1A7AF909" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[620,781,1663,1689]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="515 - 540" refId="ref90905" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1908 a) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Bryozoen des Weissen Meeres. Annual Reports of the Zoological Museum of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 12, 515 - 540." type="journal article" year="1908">Kluge (1908a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
assigned this species to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B60336AFBFFA91E1DC3F909" authorityName="Hincks" authorityYear="1877" box="[1051,1204,1663,1689]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B60336AFBFFA91E1DC3F909" box="[1051,1204,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Schizoporella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It was subsequently placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B60336AFEF7A9C218C4F92D" authorityName="Canu" authorityYear="1916" box="[275,435,1699,1725]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bryocryptellidae" genus="Hippodiplosia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B60336AFEF7A9C218C4F92D" box="[275,435,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Hippodiplosia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B60336AFE2EA9C21B1FF92D" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[458,616,1699,1725]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="291 - 385" refId="ref93738" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1933) Bryozoa of the Mount Desert Region. In: Procter, W. (Ed.), Biological Survey of the Mount Desert Region. Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, pp. 291 - 385." type="book chapter" year="1933">Osburn 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B60336AFD9FA9C21A7EF92D" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[635,777,1698,1725]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="169 - 179" refId="ref91183" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1953) Class Bryozoa. In: Ushakov, P. V. (Ed.), Fauna of the Sea of Okhotsk and Conditions of its Existence. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad, USSR, pp. 169 - 179. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1953">Kluge 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B60336AFCF8A9C21A20F92D" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[796,855,1699,1725]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="1 - 584" refId="ref91342" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1962) Bryozoa of the northern Seas of the USSR. Identification Keys on the Fauna of the USSR, 76, 1 - 584. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1962">1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B60336AFC8EA9C31AD4F92D" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[874,931,1698,1725]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref91415" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1975) Bryozoa of the Northern Seas of the USSR. Amerind Publishing, New Delhi, 711 pp." type="book" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B60336AFC04A9C21D06F92C" authorityName="Neviani" authorityYear="1895" box="[992,1137,1699,1724]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Hippoporina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B60336AFC04A9C21D06F92C" box="[992,1137,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Hippoporina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B60336AFB62A9C21C3DF92D" author="Denisenko, N. V." box="[1158,1354,1699,1725]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref87292" refString="Denisenko, N. V. (1990) Distribution and ecology of Bryozoa of the Barents Sea. Kolsky Scientific Center of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Appatity, USSR, 156 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1990">Denisenko 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B60336AFAB8A9C21CE0F92D" author="Denisenko, N. V." box="[1372,1431,1699,1725]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="178 - 188" refId="ref87447" refString="Denisenko, N. V. (2013) Phylum Bryozoa. Check-list of species of free-living invertebrates of the Russian Far Eastern Seas. Explorations of the Fauna of the Seas, 75, 178 - 188." type="journal article" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B60336AFF73A9A6182AF971" author="Grischenko, A. V." box="[151,349,1735,1761]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="153 - 192" refId="ref89452" refString="Grischenko, A. V. (1997) Bryozoans (Ctenostomida, Cheilostomida) of the shelf zone of the Commander Islands. In: Rzhavsky, A. V. (Ed.), Benthic Flora and Fauna of the Shelf Zone of the Commander Islands. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 153 - 192. [in Russian with English summary]" type="book chapter" year="1997">Grischenko 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B60336AFE95A9A61BD8F971" author="Winston, J. E. & Hayward, P. J." box="[369,687,1735,1761]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref96358" refString="Winston, J. E. & Hayward, P. J. (2012) The marine bryozoans of the northeast coast of the United States: Maine to Virginia. Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir, 11, 1 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11688" type="journal article" year="2012">Winston & Hayward (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
tentatively assigned it to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B60336AFC30A9A61DE9F971" authorityName="Grischenko & Gordon & Taylor & Kuklinski & Denisenko & Spencer-Jones & Ostrovsky" authorityYear="2022" box="[980,1182,1735,1761]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B60336AFC30A9A61DE9F971" box="[980,1182,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Rhamphostomella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, pointing out that it is strikingly similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B60336AFE9FA98A18A9F894" baseAuthorityName="Smitt" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[379,478,1771,1797]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Mixtoscutella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="ovata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B60336AFE9FA98A18E5F894" box="[379,402,1771,1796]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B60336AFE44A98A18A9F894" box="[416,478,1771,1796]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">ovata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and does not belong in either of the superfamilies Smittinoidea or Schizoporelloidea, in which species formerly assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B60336AFDB6A86E1B85F8B9" authorityName="Canu" authorityYear="1916" box="[594,754,1807,1833]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bryocryptellidae" genus="Hippodiplosia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B60336AFDB6A86E1B85F8B9" box="[594,754,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Hippodiplosia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are now classified, warranting a deeper investigation of its morphology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B603365FF23A8361D3EFF69" blockId="87.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastBlockId="88.[151,1437,151,718]" lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B60336AFF23A8361B70F8E1" author="Winston, J. E. & Hayward, P. J." box="[199,519,1879,1905]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref96358" refString="Winston, J. E. & Hayward, P. J. (2012) The marine bryozoans of the northeast coast of the United States: Maine to Virginia. Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir, 11, 1 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11688" type="journal article" year="2012">Winston & Hayward (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered the single series of large marginal pores to be areolae. However, the underside of the frontal shield shows 1–2 areolae laterally to the zooidal orifice in the vicinity of the umbonuloid part of the shield. Although the marginal pseudopores have an areolar position, we doubt that they are similar in function (long suspected in lepralioid pseudoporous shields, in which it is assumed that there is an organic continuity between the hypostegal and visceral coeloms).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FD4DAFF61AAAFF21" author="Winston, J. E. & Hayward, P. J." box="[681,989,151,177]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref96358" refString="Winston, J. E. & Hayward, P. J. (2012) The marine bryozoans of the northeast coast of the United States: Maine to Virginia. Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir, 11, 1 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11688" type="journal article" year="2012">Winston & Hayward (2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 124) also wrote that the ooecia have “imperforate calcification”, but presented no evidence of this. All ooecia were covered by secondary calcification in our material, so the presence or absence of ooecial pseudopores remains unresolved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B6F3365FF23AE621DCFFED1" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B6F3365FF23AE621DCFFED1" blockId="88.[151,1437,151,718]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B6F3365FF23AE62185BFE8D" bold="true" box="[199,300,259,285]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B6F3365FED7AE621B57FE8C" baseAuthorityName="Kluge" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[307,544,259,285]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Mixtoscutella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="ussowi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B6F3365FED7AE621B57FE8C" box="[307,544,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Mixtoscutella ussowi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been recorded from depths of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B6F3365FC4EAE621D79FE8D" box="[938,1038,259,285]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.05" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" unit="m" value="50.5" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="1.0">1–100 m</quantity>
|
||
on seafloors of rock, shell and silt. Colonies encrust pebbles, mollusc shells, barnacles, other bryozoans and brown and red algae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B6F3365FF23AE2B1CE3FD5D" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B6F3365FF23AE2B1CE3FD5D" blockId="88.[151,1437,151,718]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B6F3365FF23AE2B1816FEF4" bold="true" box="[199,353,330,356]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
This is a boreal-Arctic, circumpolar, sublittoral species. Arctic records include White Sea (Kluge 1908;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FF04AE0E18B4FE19" author="Gostilovskaya, M. G." box="[224,451,366,393]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="434 - 471" refId="ref89200" refString="Gostilovskaya, M. G. (1957) Bryozoa of the White Sea. Materials of Complex Investigations of the White Sea, 1, 434 - 471. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1957">Gostilovskaya 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FE35AE0E1A76FE19" author="Gontar, V. I. & Denisenko, N. V." box="[465,769,367,393]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="341 - 371" refId="ref88701" refString="Gontar, V. I. & Denisenko, N. V. (1989) Arctic Ocean Bryozoa. In: Herman, Y. (Ed.), The Arctic Seas. Climatology, Oceanography, Geology, and Biology. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, USA, pp. 341 - 371. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4613 - 0677 - 1 _ 14" type="book chapter" year="1989">Gontar & Denisenko 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FCEAAE0E1D14FE19" author="Shunatova, N. N. & Ostrovsky, A. N." box="[782,1123,367,393]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="113 - 142" refId="ref95277" refString="Shunatova, N. N. & Ostrovsky, A. N. (2001) Individual autozooidal behaviour and feeding in marine bryozoans. Sarsia, 86, 113 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.2001.10420468" type="journal article" year="2001">Shunatova & Ostrovsky 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Barents Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FAEBAE0E1CEFFE19" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[1295,1432,367,393]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="1 - 584" refId="ref91342" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1962) Bryozoa of the northern Seas of the USSR. Identification Keys on the Fauna of the USSR, 76, 1 - 584. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1962">Kluge 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FF73AEF319A5FE3D" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[151,210,402,429]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" refId="ref91415" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1975) Bryozoa of the Northern Seas of the USSR. Amerind Publishing, New Delhi, 711 pp." type="book" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FF06AEF21B6EFE3D" author="Gontar, V. I. & Denisenko, N. V." box="[226,537,403,429]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="341 - 371" refId="ref88701" refString="Gontar, V. I. & Denisenko, N. V. (1989) Arctic Ocean Bryozoa. In: Herman, Y. (Ed.), The Arctic Seas. Climatology, Oceanography, Geology, and Biology. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, USA, pp. 341 - 371. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4613 - 0677 - 1 _ 14" type="book chapter" year="1989">Gontar & Denisenko 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FDCDAEF21B90FE3D" author="Denisenko, N. V." box="[553,743,403,429]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" refId="ref87292" refString="Denisenko, N. V. (1990) Distribution and ecology of Bryozoa of the Barents Sea. Kolsky Scientific Center of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Appatity, USSR, 156 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1990">Denisenko 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Kara Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FC9FAEF21D70FE3D" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[891,1031,403,429]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="1 - 584" refId="ref91342" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1962) Bryozoa of the northern Seas of the USSR. Identification Keys on the Fauna of the USSR, 76, 1 - 584. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1962">Kluge 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FBF2AEF31D26FE3D" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[1046,1105,402,429]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" refId="ref91415" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1975) Bryozoa of the Northern Seas of the USSR. Amerind Publishing, New Delhi, 711 pp." type="book" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FB85AEF21CEFFE3D" author="Gontar, V. I. & Denisenko, N. V." box="[1121,1432,403,429]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="341 - 371" refId="ref88701" refString="Gontar, V. I. & Denisenko, N. V. (1989) Arctic Ocean Bryozoa. In: Herman, Y. (Ed.), The Arctic Seas. Climatology, Oceanography, Geology, and Biology. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, USA, pp. 341 - 371. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4613 - 0677 - 1 _ 14" type="book chapter" year="1989">Gontar & Denisenko 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Denisenko 2021), western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B6F3365FE2CAED61B4AFE41" box="[456,573,439,465]" name="Greenland" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FDA9AED61B92FE41" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[589,741,439,465]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="291 - 385" refId="ref93738" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1933) Bryozoa of the Mount Desert Region. In: Procter, W. (Ed.), Biological Survey of the Mount Desert Region. Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, pp. 291 - 385." type="book chapter" year="1933">Osburn 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FD16AED61D55FE41" author="Gontar, V. I. & Denisenko, N. V." box="[754,1058,439,465]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="341 - 371" refId="ref88701" refString="Gontar, V. I. & Denisenko, N. V. (1989) Arctic Ocean Bryozoa. In: Herman, Y. (Ed.), The Arctic Seas. Climatology, Oceanography, Geology, and Biology. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, USA, pp. 341 - 371. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4613 - 0677 - 1 _ 14" type="book chapter" year="1989">Gontar & Denisenko 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FBD4AED61C14FE41" author="Denisenko, N. V. & Blicher, M. E." box="[1072,1379,439,465]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="73" refId="ref87545" refString="Denisenko, N. V. & Blicher, M. E. (2021) Bryozoan diversity, biogeographic patterns and distribution in Greenland waters. Marine Biodiversity, 51, 73. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 021 - 01213 - 9" type="journal article" year="2021">Denisenko & Blicher 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B6F3365FF0AAEBA1814FE65" box="[238,355,475,501]" name="Greenland" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FE96AEBA1BD1FE65" author="Denisenko, N. V. & Blicher, M. E." box="[370,678,475,501]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="73" refId="ref87545" refString="Denisenko, N. V. & Blicher, M. E. (2021) Bryozoan diversity, biogeographic patterns and distribution in Greenland waters. Marine Biodiversity, 51, 73. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 021 - 01213 - 9" type="journal article" year="2021">Denisenko & Blicher 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There are North Atlantic records from Mount Desert Island, Cape Ann, and Isles of Shoals, Massachusetts, northeastern North America (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FC4CAE9E1D49FD89" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[936,1086,511,537]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="291 - 385" refId="ref93738" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1933) Bryozoa of the Mount Desert Region. In: Procter, W. (Ed.), Biological Survey of the Mount Desert Region. Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, pp. 291 - 385." type="book chapter" year="1933">Osburn 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FBADAE9E1C04FD89" author="Winston, J. E. & Hayward, P. J." box="[1097,1395,511,537]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref96358" refString="Winston, J. E. & Hayward, P. J. (2012) The marine bryozoans of the northeast coast of the United States: Maine to Virginia. Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir, 11, 1 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11688" type="journal article" year="2012">Winston & Hayward 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the northern Pacific
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B6F3365FE92AD421891FDAC" baseAuthorityName="Kluge" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[374,486,547,572]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Mixtoscutella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="ussowi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B6F3365FE92AD421891FDAC" box="[374,486,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">M. ussowi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been reported from the Bering Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FC7AAD421D53FDAD" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[926,1060,547,573]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="1 - 584" refId="ref91342" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1962) Bryozoa of the northern Seas of the USSR. Identification Keys on the Fauna of the USSR, 76, 1 - 584. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1962">Kluge 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FBC9AD431D1FFDAD" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[1069,1128,546,573]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" refId="ref91415" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1975) Bryozoa of the Northern Seas of the USSR. Amerind Publishing, New Delhi, 711 pp." type="book" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), including the Commander Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FF10AD2618CEFDF1" author="Grischenko, A. V." box="[244,441,583,609]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="153 - 192" refId="ref89452" refString="Grischenko, A. V. (1997) Bryozoans (Ctenostomida, Cheilostomida) of the shelf zone of the Commander Islands. In: Rzhavsky, A. V. (Ed.), Benthic Flora and Fauna of the Shelf Zone of the Commander Islands. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 153 - 192. [in Russian with English summary]" type="book chapter" year="1997">Grischenko 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2002), and it was recently found in Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka (our data). In the Sea of Okhotsk, it has been reported from shallow waters along the southeast coast of Sakhalin Island, in Sakhalin Gulf, and near the Shantar Archipelago (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FDFDADEE1BE8FD39" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[537,671,655,681]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="118 - 143" refId="ref91300" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1961) Species list of Bryozoa of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 7, 118 - 143. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1961">Kluge 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FD4FADEE1B91FD39" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[683,742,655,681]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="1 - 584" refId="ref91342" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1962) Bryozoa of the northern Seas of the USSR. Identification Keys on the Fauna of the USSR, 76, 1 - 584. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1962">1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FD14ADEF1A5BFD39" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[752,812,654,681]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" refId="ref91415" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1975) Bryozoa of the Northern Seas of the USSR. Amerind Publishing, New Delhi, 711 pp." type="book" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the Sea of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B6F3365FC36ADEE1D62FD39" box="[978,1045,655,681]" name="Japan" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it has been reported from northern Primorye (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FEEAADD218BAFD5D" author="Androsova, E. I." box="[270,461,690,717]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="90 - 204" refId="ref86122" refString="Androsova, E. I. (1958) Bryozoa of the order Cheilostomata of the northern part of the Sea of Japan. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 5, 90 - 204. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1958">Androsova 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FE3CADD21B2AFD5E" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[472,605,691,718]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="118 - 143" refId="ref91300" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1961) Species list of Bryozoa of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 7, 118 - 143. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1961">Kluge 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and along the southwestern coast of Sakhalin Island (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B6F3365FB24ADD21CFFFD5D" author="Kluge, G. A. & Androsova, E. I. & Gostilovskaya, M. G." box="[1216,1416,690,717]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="173 - 256" refId="ref91442" refString="Kluge, G. A., Androsova, E. I. & Gostilovskaya, M. G. (1959) Class Bryozoa. The list of marine fauna of the southern Sakhalin and southern Kuril Islands. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 6, 173 - 256. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1959">
|
||
Kluge
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B6F3365FAE9ADD21C49FD5D" box="[1293,1342,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1959
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |