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<mods:title id="B1A878998648BF15A995B97E851A6501">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B7DFFC7FF56FD3FFCABFD2F" bold="true" box="[151,853,710,737]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B7DFFC7FF56FD3FFCABFD2F" ID-CoL="4Q3DX" authority="(Milne Edwards &amp; Haime, 1857)" baseAuthorityName="Milne Edwards &amp; Haime" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[151,853,710,737]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Pterostenella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plumatilis">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B7DFFC7FF56FD3FFCABFD2F" bold="true" box="[151,853,710,737]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B7DFFC7FF56FD3FFE48FD2E" bold="true" box="[151,438,710,737]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Pterostenella plumatilis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7DFFC7FE05FD3FFCB2FD2F" author="Milne Edwards, H. &amp; Haime, J." box="[452,844,710,737]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref104679" refString="Milne Edwards, H. &amp; Haime, J. (1857) Histoire naturelle des coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits, Vol. 1. a la Libraire Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, xxxiv + 326 pp., 8 pls., numbered A 1 - 6 + B 1 - 2. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11574" type="book chapter" year="1857">Milne Edwards &amp; Haime, 1857</bibRefCitation>
)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B7DFFC7FF56FCF5FC98FCEC" blockId="107.[151,1148,779,834]" box="[151,870,779,803]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B7DFFC7FF56FCF5FC98FCEC" box="[151,870,779,803]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B7DFFC7FF56FCF5FD2AFCEC" author="Milne Edwards, H. &amp; Haime, J." box="[151,724,779,803]" page="141" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" year="1857">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B7DFFC7FF56FCF5FD2AFCEC" ID-CoL="4MCB4" authority="Milne Edwards &amp; Haime, 1857: 141" authorityName="Milne Edwards &amp; Haime" authorityPageNumber="141" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,724,779,803]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Primnoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plumatilis">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B7DFFC7FF56FCF5FEA5FCEC" box="[151,347,779,803]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Primnoa plumatilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7DFFC7FEA3FCF2FD2AFCEC" author="Milne Edwards, H. &amp; Haime, J." box="[354,724,779,803]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref104679" refString="Milne Edwards, H. &amp; Haime, J. (1857) Histoire naturelle des coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits, Vol. 1. a la Libraire Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, xxxiv + 326 pp., 8 pls., numbered A 1 - 6 + B 1 - 2. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11574" type="book chapter" year="1857">Milne Edwards &amp; Haime, 1857: 141</bibRefCitation>
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(
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B7DFFC7FD20FCF2FCC7FCEC" box="[737,825,779,803]" name="Réunion" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Reunion</collectingCountry>
Is.).
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B7DFFC7FF56FCD3FB82FC8D" blockId="107.[151,1148,779,834]" box="[151,1148,810,834]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B7DFFC7FF56FCD3FB82FC8D" box="[151,1148,810,834]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B7DFFC7FF56FCD3FD91FC8D" author="Versluys, J." box="[151,623,810,834]" page="42" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" year="1906">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B7DFFC7FF56FCD3FD91FC8D" ID-CoL="4Q3DX" authority="Versluys 1906: 40 - 42" authorityName="Versluys" authorityPageNumber="40 - 42" authorityYear="1906" box="[151,623,810,834]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Pterostenella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plumatilis">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B7DFFC7FF56FCD3FE77FC8D" box="[151,393,810,834]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Pterostenella plumatilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7DFFC7FE4EFCD3FD91FC8D" author="Versluys, J." box="[399,623,810,834]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 187" refId="ref110492" refString="Versluys, J. (1906). Die Gorgoniden Der Siboga-Expedition. II. Die Primnoidae. Siboga-Expedition Monograph, 13 a, 1 - 187." type="book chapter" year="1906">Versluys 1906: 4042</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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, figs. 3945;
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B7DFFC7FD39FCD3FBC1FC8D" author="Bayer, F. M. &amp; Stefani, J." box="[760,1087,810,834]" page="456" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" year="1988">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7DFFC7FD39FCD3FBC1FC8D" author="Bayer, F. M. &amp; Stefani, J." box="[760,1087,810,834]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="449 - 476" refId="ref99115" refString="Bayer, F. M. &amp; Stefani, J. (1988) Primnoidae (Gorgonacea) de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Bulletin du Museium national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, 10 (A), 3, 449 - 476." type="journal article" year="1988">Bayer &amp; Stefani 1988: 456457</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 1.
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B7DFFC7FF56FC89FC70FC45" blockId="107.[151,910,880,907]" box="[151,910,880,907]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B7DFFC7FF56FC4AFEA7FA0A" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B7DFFC7FF56FC4AFED7FC02" blockId="107.[151,1436,947,1045]" box="[151,297,947,973]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Justification:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B7DFFC7FF06FC2EFC4DFBDA" blockId="107.[151,1436,947,1045]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B7DFFC7FF06FC2EFC59FC3E" box="[199,935,983,1009]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7DFFC7FC79FC2EFB29FC3E" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[952,1239,983,1009]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando 2011: 129130</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 93, fig. 11h (Cuddalore);
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7DFFC7FEECFC02FDAFFBDA" author="Fernando, S. &amp; Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C." box="[301,593,1019,1045]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
Fernando
<emphasis id="B955DB457B7DFFC7FE5FFC02FE31FBDA" box="[414,463,1019,1045]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">et al</emphasis>
. 2017: 304
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 143, fig. 11h (Cuddalore).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B7DFFC7FF06FBBAFEA7FA0A" blockId="107.[151,1437,1091,1477]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B7DFFC7FF06FBBAFE62FB92" box="[199,412,1091,1117]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Literature analysis</emphasis>
: The descriptions of the Indian material by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7DFFC7FC46FBBAFBBCFB92" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[903,1090,1091,1117]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7DFFC7FBB9FBBAFA8DFB92" author="Fernando, S. &amp; Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C." box="[1144,1395,1091,1117]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
Fernando
<emphasis id="B955DB457B7DFFC7FB28FBBAFAE4FB92" box="[1257,1306,1091,1117]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
</bibRefCitation>
are identical, but clearly do not represent this species. In their list of synonyms these authors include
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7DFFC7FB25FB9EFF1BFB6A" author="Bayer, F. M. &amp; Stefani, J." pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="449 - 476" refId="ref99115" refString="Bayer, F. M. &amp; Stefani, J. (1988) Primnoidae (Gorgonacea) de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Bulletin du Museium national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, 10 (A), 3, 449 - 476." type="journal article" year="1988">Bayer &amp; Stefani (1988)</bibRefCitation>
, who remark that the polyps occur in pairs or whorls of 34 with 5 to 7 scales in the abaxial rows, and direct readers to “la description excellente des spécimens de la´Siboga » publiée par
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7DFFC7FB43FB56FA93FB06" author="Versluys, J." box="[1154,1389,1199,1225]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 187" refId="ref110492" refString="Versluys, J. (1906). Die Gorgoniden Der Siboga-Expedition. II. Die Primnoidae. Siboga-Expedition Monograph, 13 a, 1 - 187." type="book chapter" year="1906">VERSLUYS (1906)</bibRefCitation>
”. In the latter publication the colony form of this species is shown as pinnate and the polyps as short and straight and angled from the branch. But in
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7DFFC7FDC3FB0EFD3EFADE" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[514,704,1271,1297]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7DFFC7FD38FB0EFC05FADE" author="Fernando, S. &amp; Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C." box="[761,1019,1271,1297]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
Fernando
<emphasis id="B955DB457B7DFFC7FCACFB0EFC5EFADE" box="[877,928,1271,1297]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
</bibRefCitation>
the colony is shown to be generally dichotomous, the close-up of one side of a branch shows part of a whorl with 3 polyps implying a full whorl of at least 6, and the polyps are curved with at least twice as many scales in an abaxial row than in
<emphasis id="B955DB457B7DFFC7FAC7FAC6FEEEFAB2" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B7DFFC7FAC7FAC6FEF2FAB2" authorityName="Versluys" authorityYear="1906" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Pterostenella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plumatilis">Pterostenella plumatilis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Additionally, in the sclerite figures the polyp body scales seem to be ornamented with a dense complex of reticulate ridges and a radially ridged distal margin, indicating the material would be better assigned to a genus like
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B7DFFC7FF08FA52FEACFA0A" box="[201,338,1451,1477]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Callogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B7DFFC7FF08FA52FEACFA0A" box="[201,338,1451,1477]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Callogorgia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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