181 lines
20 KiB
XML
181 lines
20 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="A3DC7EDB1AB1E5BAD935D03980E9FA03">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A84A16349963BBB5AF68A694ABB23E75">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="61AA57350D1CBCD9C4A559676C471E57">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="569391CBF6D97D52AC85503AB9F89455">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8857CEBC6FCC104B4B80927350CB7E7B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6F1914DF9C3D80F81E5F8815DB444FE8">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B43FFF9FF56FD78FB00FA96" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639696" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209290963" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7639696" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B43FFF9FF56FD78FB00FA96" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B43FFF9FF56FD78FB00FA96" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B43FFF9FF56FD78FDEEFD54" box="[151,528,641,668]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B43FFF9FF56FD78FDEEFD54" blockId="85.[151,528,641,668]" box="[151,528,641,668]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B43FFF9FF56FD78FDEEFD54" bold="true" box="[151,528,641,668]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B43FFF9FF56FD78FDEEFD54" ID-CoL="39BPS" authority="Grasshoff, 1999" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,528,641,668]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Ellisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="azilia">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B43FFF9FF56FD78FDEEFD54" bold="true" box="[151,528,641,668]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B43FFF9FF56FD78FEBDFD53" bold="true" box="[151,323,641,668]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Ellisella azilia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B43FFF9FE8BFD78FDEEFD54" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[330,528,641,667]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B43FFF9FF56FD46FC70FCD6" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B43FFF9FF56FD46FC70FD18" blockId="85.[151,910,703,727]" box="[151,910,703,727]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B43FFF9FF56FD46FC70FD18" box="[151,910,703,727]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B43FFF9FF56FD46FE03FD18" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[151,509,703,727]" page="79" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" year="1999">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B43FFF9FF56FD46FE03FD18" ID-CoL="39BPS" authority="Grasshoff, 1999: 79" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityPageNumber="79" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,509,703,727]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Ellisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="azilia">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B43FFF9FF56FD46FED4FD18" box="[151,298,703,727]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Ellisella azilia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B43FFF9FEF0FD46FE03FD18" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[305,509,703,727]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff, 1999: 79</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 131; pl. 9, fig. 2 (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B43FFF9FD1EFD46FC7DFD18" box="[735,899,703,727]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B43FFF9FF56FD06FC70FCD6" blockId="85.[151,910,767,793]" box="[151,910,767,793]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B43FFF9FF56FCBEFB00FA96" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B43FFF9FF56FCBEFED7FCAE" blockId="85.[151,1436,839,937]" box="[151,297,839,865]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B43FFF9FF06FC92FCBFFC66" blockId="85.[151,1436,839,937]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B43FFF9FF06FC92FC73FC4A" box="[199,909,875,901]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B43FFF9FC5AFC92FB62FC4A" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[923,1180,875,901]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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Kumar
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B43FFF9FC2EFC92FBE1FC4A" box="[1007,1055,875,901]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2014a: 10
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
, pl. 2, fig. A–C (Guitor Is.);
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B43FFF9FF0AFC76FE10FC66" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[203,494,911,937]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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||
Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B43FFF9FEFAFC76FE92FC66" box="[315,364,911,937]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 226
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 107, fig. A–C (Guitor Is.).
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B43FFF9FF06FC2EFB00FA96" blockId="85.[151,1437,983,1369]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B43FFF9FF06FC2EFE5EFC3E" box="[199,416,983,1009]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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||
: The publications of
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B43FFF9FD62FC2EFC60FC3E" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[675,926,983,1009]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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Kumar
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B43FFF9FD3CFC2EFCCAFC3E" box="[765,820,983,1009]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
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||
. (2014a)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
and
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B43FFF9FC1FFC2EFB17FC3E" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[990,1257,983,1009]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B43FFF9FB95FC2EFB75FC3E" box="[1108,1163,983,1009]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
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. (2017)
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</bibRefCitation>
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present almost identical descriptions, and their colony is quite different to the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B43FFF9FCA8FC02FC35FBDA" box="[873,971,1019,1045]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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as is the polyp distribution. But the true characteristics of the Indian material are unknown because many of the sclerites that are figured are also figured for both
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B43FFF9FF11FBBAFEAAFB93" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1999" box="[208,340,1091,1116]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Ellisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nuctenea">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B43FFF9FF11FBBAFEAAFB93" box="[208,340,1091,1116]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. nuctenea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B43FFF9FE4BFBBAFE07FB93" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1999" box="[394,505,1091,1116]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Ellisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="eustata">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B43FFF9FE4BFBBAFE07FB93" box="[394,505,1091,1116]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. eustata</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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in a modified form and the text has been taken almost word-for-word from parts of the original description by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B43FFF9FE05FB9EFD78FB4E" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[452,646,1127,1153]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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||
. In the sclerite figure given in
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B43FFF9FC1AFB9EFB29FB4E" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[987,1239,1127,1153]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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||
Fernando
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B43FFF9FB8AFB9EFB7DFB4E" box="[1099,1155,1127,1153]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al.</emphasis>
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||
(2017)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
, starting from the left: the first sclerite is also figured for
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B43FFF9FD92FB72FCFCFB6B" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1999" box="[595,770,1163,1189]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Ellisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nuctea">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B43FFF9FD92FB72FCFCFB6B" box="[595,770,1163,1189]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Ellisella nuctea</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, but smaller; the second and third sclerites are also figured for that species, but stretched or enlarged; the fourth sclerite is figured for
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B43FFF9FC11FB56FB75FB06" box="[976,1163,1199,1225]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B43FFF9FC11FB56FB76FB06" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1999" box="[976,1160,1199,1225]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Ellisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="eustala">Ellisella eustala</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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||
but enlarged; the fifth is figured for the same species, but longer and narrower, along with the sixth, which is slightly wider but considerably stretched. Additionally, most of the sclerites in the
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B43FFF9FD10FB0EFC32FADE" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[721,972,1271,1297]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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||
Fernando
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B43FFF9FC83FB0EFC85FADE" box="[834,891,1271,1297]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
description also appear in modified form in the
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B43FFF9FF1FFAE2FE34FAFA" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[222,458,1307,1333]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B43FFF9FEF2FAE2FE95FAFA" box="[307,363,1307,1333]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
sclerite figure for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B43FFF9FD5AFAE2FBB0FAFA" authority="Grasshoff, 2000" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="2000" box="[667,1102,1307,1333]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gubalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B43FFF9FD5AFAE2FC71FAFA" box="[667,911,1307,1333]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Verrucella gubalensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B43FFF9FC57FAE2FBB0FAFA" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[918,1102,1307,1333]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref101466" refString="Grasshoff, M. (2000) The gorgonians of the Sinai coast and the Strait of Gubal, Red Sea (Coelenterata, Octocorallia). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 224, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="2000">Grasshoff, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B43FFF9FB98FAE2FAC6FAFA" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K." box="[1113,1336,1306,1333]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="15 - 33" refId="ref103709" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K. (2015) Abundance of shallow water octocorals in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. In: Venkataraman, K. & Sivaperuman, C. (Eds.), Marine faunal diversity in India: taxonomy, ecology and conservation. London Academic Press, London, pp. 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 801948 - 1.00002 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2015">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B43FFF9FB6FFAE2FB18FAFA" box="[1198,1254,1307,1333]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
just lists the species and figures the specimen from the 2014 paper.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B43FFF9FCE6FAC6FBECFA96" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Geetha, S. & Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R." box="[807,1042,1343,1369]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="96 - 102" refId="ref103354" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Geetha, S., Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R. (2018 a) Diversity and distribution of gorgonians (Octocorallia) in the Long Island and it's adjacent areas in Middle Andaman, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 47, 96 - 102." type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B43FFF9FCBAFAC6FC53FA96" box="[891,941,1343,1369]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2018a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
just lists the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |